Small Animal Coursepack 2014.doc€¦ · Steps in selecting a career • Consider your _ • Narrow the search • Study the ... • Net Worth or owner’s equity=_ •

Animal Science II-Small Animal – K. Harris

1

UNIT A-LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT

Essential Standard 1.00 Demonstrate leadership qualities through participation in the small animal care instructional program.

Objective 1.01 Discuss leadership qualities desired by the small animal care industry.

Leadership Qualities

• Integrity

_______________________________________________________________________

• Courage

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

• Management

_______________________________________________________________________

• Unselfishness

_______________________________________________________________________

• Loyalty

_______________________________________________________________________

• Enthusiasm

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

• Plan

_______________________________________________________________________

• Knowledge

_______________________________________________________________________

• Tact

_______________________________________________________________________

Components of the Program

• __________________________________________________

Provides opportunities to explore interests, gain work experiences, and keep records

• __________________________________________________

Studying and learning subject matter in the classroom.


2

• __________________________________________________

Learning by demonstration and practice in shops, greenhouses, nurseries, and other

settings.

• __________________________________________________

The organization that develops leadership, citizenship skills, and student ability in

parliamentary law.

-Includes ________________________________________________________

-Communication skills are developed through speaking and CDEs such as public

speaking, creed, parliamentary procedure, agricultural sales, and oral reasons.

Other Agricultural Agencies

• __________________________________________________

Educational agency of the USDA and part of the university system

-Sponsors 4-H clubs to enhance personal development and provide skill

development for agricultural youth.

Objective 1.02 Use public speaking techniques to deliver a speech.

Types of Speeches

• Informative

_______________________________________________________________________

• Persuasive

_______________________________________________________________________

• Integrate

_______________________________________________________________________

Methods of Presentations

• _____________________________________

The speech is written and learned.

• _____________________________________

Little or no formal preparation

Variables to consider...

• _____________________________________

Why are you giving the speech?


3

• _____________________________________

What group is hearing the speech?

• _____________________________________

What is the event?

• _____________________________________

What is the speech?

• _____________________________________

How is the speech written or organized?

Variables in Oral Delivery

• Voice

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

• Stage presence

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

• Power of expression

_______________________________________________________________________

• Response to questions

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

• General effect

o _________________________________________

o _________________________________________

o _________________________________________

o _________________________________________

o _________________________________________

Speech Outline

• Introduction

o ________________________________________________________________

___

o ________________________________________________________________

___

o ________________________________________________________________


4

___

• Body

o ________________________________________________________________

___

o ________________________________________________________________

___

• Conclusion

o ________________________________________________________________

___

o ________________________________________________________________

___

Choosing a Topic

• Should be of interest to the _________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

• Takes into consideration the __________________ of the audience and the

_______________ the speech should be important to the audience.

Objective 1.03 Use Robert’s Rules of Order to conduct an orderly transaction of business.

What is Parliamentary Procedure?

• Parliamentary procedure is _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

• Parliamentary procedure is governed by _____________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Parliamentary Law

• Robert’s Rule of Order

– Rules for _______________________________________________________________

– Assures that all sides are __________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

• Main Objective:

– _________________________________________________________

– _________________________________________________________


5

– _________________________________________________________

– _________________________________________________________

Methods of Voting

• _____________________________

Aye (pronounced “I”) or No

• _____________________________

Standing or show of hands

• _____________________________

Often used for elections or nominations

• _____________________________

Each member is asked to state vote

Voting

• Single majority

– ___________________________________________ of the votes cast

• Two-thirds majority

– _______________________________________ must be for the motion

– usually used when the ____________________________________________________

• Quorum

– _______________________________________________________________________

Gavel

• __________________________________________________

• Meaning of the taps

– 1 tap means ______________________________________________

– 2 taps means _____________________________________________

– 3 taps means _____________________________________________

– Series of taps

• ____________________________________________________


6

Rank of Motions

• Most motions are made when _______________________________________________

• Motions must be higher ranking or arise out of a motion to be made when a motion is on

the floor

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

Motions

Main Motion

• Used to get group approval for a _____________________________________

________________________________________________________________

• Wording: _______________________ NOT “I make a motion”

• _____________________________________

• _____________________________________

• _____________________________________

• _____________________________________

• _____________________________________

Amendments

• Used to _____________________________________

• 3 ways to amend: _____________________________________

• Wording: “I move to amend the motion”

• _____________________________________

• _____________________________________

• _____________________________________

• _____________________________________

• _____________________________________

Adjourn

• Used to _____________________________________

• Wording: “I move to adjourn”

• _____________________________________

• _____________________________________


7

• _____________________________________

• _____________________________________

• _____________________________________

Appeal

• ____________________________________________________________

• Wording: “I appeal the decision of the chair”

• _____________________________________

• _____________________________________

• _____________________________________

• _____________________________________

• _____________________________________

Point of Order

• Used when one believes a _____________________________________

• Wording: “I rise to a point of order”

• _____________________________________

• _____________________________________

• _____________________________________

• _____________________________________

• _____________________________________

Division of the House

• _____________________________________

• Wording: “I call for a division of the house.”

• _____________________________________

• _____________________________________

• _____________________________________

• _____________________________________

• _____________________________________

Lay on the table

• _______________________________________________________________

• Motion must be _____________________________________at the next meeting to be


8

discussed

• Wording: “I move to lay this motion on the table”

• _____________________________________

• _____________________________________

• _____________________________________

• _____________________________________

• _____________________________________

Previous question

• Used to _____________________________________

• Wording: “I move to previous question”

• _____________________________________

• _____________________________________

• _____________________________________

• _____________________________________

• _____________________________________

Refer to committee

• Used to ________________________________________________________

• Wording: “I move to refer this motion to a committee to report at our next meeting.”

• _____________________________________

• _____________________________________

• _____________________________________

• _____________________________________

• _____________________________________

Essential Standard 2.00 Develop career objectives by implementing a Supervised Agricultural

Experience program.

Objective 2.01 Explore types of SAE programs.

Factors in selecting a career

• Standard of living-________________________________________________________

• Personal contacts-________________________________________________________


9

• _______________________________________________________________________

• _______________________________________________________________________

• Location of employment

• Your interest, likes, and dislikes

• _______________________________________________________________________________

• Working hours and time for leisure

• _______________________________________________________________________

• Your health & happiness

Steps in selecting a career

• Consider your ___________________________________________________________

• Narrow the search

• Study the _______________________________________________________________

• Plan for an alternative occupation

• Prepare a career plan

• Be willing to pay the price for success

o Education

o Dedication

• Get work experience

o _________________________

o _________________________

o _________________________

School-to-work Plan

• For a school-to-work plan to be effective it must be ______________________________

Objective 2.02 Use an appropriate SAE record system to substantiate SAE activities.

Elements of a Financial (Net Worth) Statement

• Current Assets

o Items quickly converted to cash or that will be sold within 12 months


10

▪ ___________________________________________

▪ ___________________________________________

▪ ___________________________________________

▪ ___________________________________________

▪ ___________________________________________

▪ ___________________________________________

• Non-current Assets

o Items that have a useful life or more than one year

▪ ___________________________________________

▪ ___________________________________________

• Total assets=_____________________________+__________________________________

• Current Liabilities

o Accounts and notes payable, this year’s part of non-current liabilities

▪ ________________________________________________________________

▪ ________________________________________________________________

▪ ________________________________________________________________

• Non-Current Liabilities

o ________________________________________________________________________

• Total liabilities=_______________________________+_______________________________

• Net Worth or owner’s equity=_______________________________________________

• _________________________________________=total assets/net worth

o Used by banks and lending institutions to decide whether or not to lend money to

specific people or businesses


11

UNIT B- THE SMALL ANIMAL CARE INDUSTRY

Essential Standard 3.00 Discuss the importance of the small animal industry.

Objective 3.01 Discuss careers and skills needed for employment in the small animal care

industry.

Benefits of Small Animals

• Economic

• ___________________________ to national economy

• Companions to ____________________ of American Families

• Children learn responsibility

• Improves quality of life for elderly

• Product testing

• Develop

________________________________________________________

• ___________________________________________________

_____

• Pet therapy

• Relieve ________________________________________________

• Reduces _______________________________________________

• Watch dogs, police dogs, seeing eye dogs

• __________________________________

• Low in cholesterol, sodium and fat

• Fur and wool

• Exhibition

• Rabbits provide multiple benefits

• Pets

• Food

• Clothing

• Research

Economics


12

• Retail pet stores

• __________________________________________________________

_____

• Biomedical research

• Supported by

____________________________________________________

• ___________________________________________________ small

animals

• Education

• 6 million used for ___________________________________________

• 4 million small animals used in the LD50 test

• Americans spending on pets

• __________________________________________________

• Veterinary expenses

• _________________________________ annually

• ______________________________________________$9.3 billion

• ______________________________________________$2.7 billion

• Dogs require twice as much for

____________________________________________

• Pet food manufacturers produce ______________________ in sales (2006).

General Pet Ownership

• ________________________more cats than dogs (___________________________)

• Each owner averages ____________________________________________

• More households have __________________________________________________

• Fish, birds, and rabbits rank third, fourth, and fifth respectively.

Job Types in the Small Animal Industry

• Care and management industry

• Pets

• Lab animals


13

• Zoo animals

• Health

• Training

• Biological Sciences

• Food and equipment supply

• Pharmaceutical and biotechnology research

• Hospitals

• Universities

• Diagnostic Labs

• Private firms

• Exhibitors

• Operates animals acts

● Carnivals

● Circus

● Fairs (Cleveland County Fair)

● Zoo

● Marine mammal displays

Care and Management Jobs

• Pet care worker

• Boarding kennels

• Animal hospitals

• Shelters

• Pet stores

• Training schools

• Pet grooming parlors

• Kennel attendants

• __________________________________________________________

_____

• Cleans

• Animal groomers


14

• Bathes, brushes & trims hair and nails

• Dog trainers

• Teaches the dog to

_______________________________________________

• Small Animal Breeders

• Raises & markets

________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

• Usually specialized for one breed

• Pet shop owners and managers

• Dealers

• Sell lab animals

● Research

● education

• Veterinarians (DVM)

● Control animal injuries and disease

● Disease prevention

● Inspection

o ___________________________________________________

______

● Surgery

● Establish diets

● Prescribe medications

• Vet. Technicians

• Assist veterinarians and other staff

• Skills needed:

➢ Previous experience as a keeper

➢ Part-time volunteer work

▪ Shelters

▪ Pet shops

▪ clinics

Objective 3.02 Discuss medical terminology used by those working in the veterinarian phase of

the small animal care industry.


15

Medical Terminology

• Components of medical terminology

• Prefix

● Beginning of the word indicating:

● Number

● Location

● Time

● Status

• Root words

● Word part that gives the fundamental meaning of a word

• Suffixes

• Word part at the end of a word indicating:

● Procedure

● Condition

● Disease

● Disorder

Medical Prefixes

• a-, an-

________________________________________________________________

● Anemia- without blood

• anti-

_________________________________________________________________

● Antiseptic- against infection

• bi-

___________________________________________________________________

● Bilateral- two sides

• dys-

_________________________________________________________________

● Dysentery- abnormal infection of the colon

• pre-

__________________________________________________________________

● Preoperative- before surgery

• carp

• __________________________________________________________


16

_____

● carpel- pertaining to the wrist

• cardi

• __________________________________________________________

_____

● cardiology- study of the heart

• dors

• __________________________________________________________

_____

● dorsal- relating to the back

• dent, odont

● __________________________________________________________

_____

● dentist- person who works with teeth

• Gastr

● __________________________________________________________

_____

● gastronomy- surgical opening of the stomach

• Gingiv

● __________________________________________________________

_____

● gingivitis- inflammation of the gums

• phleb, ven

● __________________________________________________________

_____

● phlebotomist- person who obtains blood from veins

Medical Suffixes

• algia

● __________________________________________________________

_____

● arthralgia- painful joints

• centesis

● __________________________________________________________

_____


17

● Cytocentesis- removing fluid from the bladder

• itis

● __________________________________________________________

_____

● bronchitis

• rrhea

● __________________________________________________________

_____

● diarrhea

Positional Terminology

• Ventral___________________________________________________________

_____

• Cranial___________________________________________________________

_____

• Anterior__________________________________________________________

_____

• Posterior_________________________________________________________

_____

• Dorsal___________________________________________________________

_____

• Caudal___________________________________________________________

_____

• Dorsal (frontal) plane

____________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

• Transversal plane

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________


18

General Terminology (Write a definition for each of the following terms.)

• Antisepsis

_____________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

• Biopsy

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

• Catheterization

_________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

• Clutch

________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

• Colostrum

_____________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

• Contact transmission

____________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

• Endogenous

___________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

• Exogenous

____________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

• Incubation

____________________________________________________________


19

_______________________________________________________________________

• Infectious disease

______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

• Pocket pets

___________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

• Preventative health care programs

_________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

• Quarantine

____________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

• Spaying

______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

• Zoonoses

_____________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

• Neutering

_____________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

Essential Standard 4.00 Explore social issues related to working with small animals.

Objective 4.01 Summarize animal rights and animal welfare.

Animal Rights

● Not the same as animal welfare.

● Media may wrongly use the two terms interchangeably.


20

Modern Animal Rights Movement

● _______________________________animal rights groups exist today.

● Came into prominence in the

______________________________________________

● Initially made up of _______________________________________________, many

of whom were ____________________________________.

Animal Rights Beliefs

● Animals have same rights as humans

(______________________________________

______________________________________________________________________)

● Use of animals for human purpose is wrong and suggests that

___________________

_____________________________________________________________________

● Animals should not be used for:

● _____________________________________________________

● _____________________________________________________

● _____________________________________________________

● _____________________________________________________

● _____________________________________________________

● ____________________________________ is often used to prevent people

from using animals.

PETA

● ________________________________________________________________

_____

● Largest animal rights group in the world with over

______________________________

● Since 1980, it has been dedicated to establishing and protecting rights of

animals.

Animal Welfare

● Animal domestication dates back to

_________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

● Early U.S. used animals for food, clothing, shelter, transportation, and

horsepower.

Animal Welfare (Religious)

● ______________________________________ that God gave man dominion

over

animals including use and care


21

● Genesis 1:26

● Various religions use animal sacrifice and detail how to humanely slaughter the

animal.

Animal Welfare (Legal)

● Animal welfare influenced early laws

● Laws protecting animals were present before

_________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

Animal Welfare Beliefs

● Humane treatment of animals

● Proper

_______________________________________________________________

● Proper care for

_________________________________________________________

and treatment for injuries

● ______________________________________________________ should be

done in

a humane way

Objective 4.02 Demonstrate safe work habits and techniques used when working with small

animals.

Zoonoses

• A disease that can be transmitted from

______________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

Example: Rabies

Rabies

• A viral disease

• Affects the nervous system

• Contracted by:

• _______________________________________________

• _______________________________________________

• _______________________________________________

• _______________________________________________________ is

recommended when in doubt


22

• 93% of reported bites were from wild animals

• Children five to nine receive the most animals bites

• Most domestic animals are not infected if vaccinated regularly

Toxoplasmosis

• Disease from Toxoplasma gondii parasite

• Usually carried by cats

• Infected by ingesting

______________________________________________

• Spread by:

• __________________________________________________________

_____

• Contaminated

___________________________________________________

• Affects those with suppressed immune system

• Concern for pregnant women

• __________________________________________________________

_____

• __________________________________________________________

_____

• __________________________________________________________

_____

• Prevention:

• Disposable gloves when cleaning litter box

• Thoroughly washing hands

Ringworm

• Fungal disease

• Skin lesion:

● __________________________________________________________

_____

● __________________________________________________________

_____

● __________________________________________________________


23

_____

• Spread by

_____________________________________________________________

• Indirectly by equipment

• Treatment:

● Iodine soap or antifungal drugs

Psittacosis (Parrot Fever)

• Contracted by caged birds of the Psittacosis family

• Transmitted through

_____________________________________________________

• Bacteria

• Prevention:

• Wear dust mask

• Eliminating mites and lice

• Spraying disinfectants

Cat-scratch fever

• Non-serious

• Cat bites and scratches

• Symptoms:

• __________________________________________________________

_____

• Treated with antibiotics

• Affected area may be slow to heal

Samonellosis

• Caused by the Salmonella bacteria

• Children and elderly most at risk

• Symptoms appear 12-72hrs after infection:

• __________________________________________________________

_____

• __________________________________________________________

_____


24

• __________________________________________________________

_____

• Pet

__________________________________________________________________

• Most likely to infect humans

Streptococcal

• Bacteria

• Results in sore throat

• Can be

_______________________________________________________________

• Treated with penicillin

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

• Cause

_______________________________________________________________

• Fever

• Headaches

• Nausea & Vomiting

• Skin rash

• Death if not treated

• Primarily passed by the American dog tick

• 6 other species can carry the disease

Lyme Disease

• First case in 1969 in Wisconsin

• Named in 1977

• Lyme Connecticut

• Children developed

______________________________________________

• Bacterial disease (Borrelia burgdurferi)

• Distinctive

____________________________________________________________

• Flu like symptoms


25

• Painful joints

• Fatigue may last for months

• Can damage internal organs without antibiotics used as treatment

• Vaccines can be administered

Parasites

• Gain subsistence from a host organism

• Can be ________________________ or _____________________________

• Children are most at risk because

__________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

Ticks

• Seven species carry Rocky Mountain Spotted fever

• Five species carry Lyme disease

Roundworms

• Ascarids (Toxocara species) & Hookworms

• Affect dogs and cats

• May be passed to humans

• Fever

• Headache

• ______________________________________________________________

most effective preventative method

Tapeworm

● Occasionally carried by dogs and cats

• Alveolar Hydatid Disease (AHD)

● Rare

● Potentially fatal (50-70%)

● __________________________________________________________

_____

● May go unnoticed for years

● Avoid hand to mouth contact


26

Working with Animals Safely

● Frequently wash hands and use protective clothing to

__________________________ ______________________________________.

● Separate sick animals and treat in separate areas.

● Do not eat, drink, or store food and drink in treatment areas.

● Never wash lab coats and protective clothing with regular clothes.

● Protective Clothing

• __________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________ should be worn

when handling chemicals or applying pesticides.

• Leather gloves help to protect from

___________________________________

• ______________________________________________________ offer

some protection from bites and scratches.

• ________________________________________ should be worn when

there is a danger of inhaling toxic dust and other substances.

Chemical Safety

● Use chemicals according to label instructions

● Store chemicals in the original container

● Avoiding over-mixing and storing chemicals, but if they must be stored make sure

they are in a locked location and clearly labeled.

● Dispose of all chemicals and their containers according to label instructions.

● Frequently wash hands and exposed area after using chemicals.

Proper Handling Techniques

● Prevent injury to the animal and the handler.

● Keep a first-aid kit available for workers who do suffer bites or scratches.

● Briefly restrain animals when needed for examination or treatment.

● To work around the head of a cat, wrap the animal in a blanket and place it into a

__________________________________________________ so the handler can grasp

the back of the head and hold the head between the thumb and fingers.

● Dogs are restrained by placing one arm under

________________________________ with the forearm holding the head while the


27

other arm is placed ____________________

______________________________________________ to pull it close to the handler.

● Dog muzzles can be created by

___________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

● Rabbits can be picked up by grabbing the

____________________________________ and placing a hand under the rump for

support.

● To hold them, simply move the hand from the

_________________________________

_________________________________________

● Rabbits seldom bite, but can cause injury by kicking with their back legs.

● They may be injured if placed on a

_________________________________________

• Foot pads are covered with fur.

• Can result in

___________________________________________________________

● Rats and mice that are used to being held may be picked up by grasping the tail

close to the body and then using the other hand to grasp the loose skin in the neck and

shoulder area.


28

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-UNIT C

Essential Standard 5.00 Discuss the role of major systems of small animals.

Objective 5.01 Discuss the role of major body systems of small animals.

Basic Anatomy Terminology

• Cheek-

_____________________________________________________________________

• Dewlap-

_____________________________________________________________________

• Elbow- upper joint of the

________________________________________________________

• Flank- fleshy part of the side between

_____________________________________________

• Foot pad- part that the animal walks on

• Guard hair- longer course hair above the shorter under fur

_____________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

• Hock- tarsal joint halfway up the

__________________________________________________

• Muzzle- projecting jaw

_________________________________________________________

• Nose pad

o ________________________________________________________________

o Used for investigating food and unfamiliar objects

o Called the _________________________________________________ in cats

• Rump- upper rounded part of the hindquarter (a.k.a. croup)

• Shoulder- above the elbow of

____________________________________________________

• Stifle- joint above the

__________________________________________________________

• Thigh- area between the

________________________________________________________

• Whiskers- long hairs growing near the mouth


29

Basic Anatomy Terminology- Birds

• Crown-

______________________________________________________________________

• Ear covert-feathers covering the ears

• Nape-

_______________________________________________________________________

• Orbital ring-ring around the eye

Basic Anatomy Terminology- Fish, Amphibians, and Reptiles

• Brille-transparent layer

_________________________________________________________

o Eyelid for snakes

• Fins-Web of skin supported with

__________________________________________________

o Enables fish to move through water

• Gills-Major organ of the respiratory system

o Breath without lungs

• Scales-Modified portion of the

___________________________________________________

o Provides protection

o Fish and reptiles

• Scutes-Epidermal scales found on

________________________________________________

Skeletal System

• Purpose-to protect vital body organs and give form or shape to the body

o Skull protects brain

o _____________________________________ protect lungs and internal organs

o Spinal column or backbone protects the ________________________________

and provides _____________________________________________________

• Axial skeleton

o ____________________________________________________

o ____________________________________________________


30

o ____________________________________________________

o ____________________________________________________

• Pectoral limb

o front limbs

o ____________________________________________________

o scapula _____________________________________________

o humerus _____________________________________________

o radius and ulna _______________________________________

o carpals, metacarpals and phalanges _______________________

• Pelvic limb

o rear legs and pelvic bones

o hooks

o pin bones

o femur _______________________________________________

o tibia and fibula ________________________________________

o Tarsals ______________________________________________

o Metatarsals ___________________________________________

o Phalanges ____________________________________________

Skeletal System-Birds

• Have some unique bones unlike mammals

• Most have a skull bone that

_____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

• Some have a skull with an upper beak fused to it while other birds have hinges on both

upper and lower mandibles giving it more flexibility

Internal Anatomy

• Heart

o major organ in the circulatory system

o 3 muscle layers

▪ Circulatory System

▪ ________________________________________

● second layer muscle that makes up the thickness of the heart

▪ ________________________________________

● thin layer inside myocardium

▪ ________________________________________


31

● thin cover over the myocardium

o Other parts of the circulatory system are the arteries, capillaries, veins and blood

o Circulatory System- Functions

▪ Transports

● _______________________________________________

● _______________________________________________

● _______________________________________________

▪ Protects against microbes and injury

• Kidneys and Bladder

o Part of the excretory system

o rids the body of waste

o Maintain chemical composition

▪ __________________________________________________________

o regulates tissue fluid

• Stomach and Intestines

o Major part of digestive system

o breaks food down into smaller pieces to be used by the body

o Nutrients are _____________________________________________________

• Lungs

o Part of the respiratory system

o oxygen is taken in by the nose, passed on to the lungs and then _____________

________________________________________________________________

• Nervous System

o Brains, spinal cord, and nerves

o Coordinator of ____________________________________________________

o Regulates other systems

o Controls _________________________________________________________

• Reproductive system

o Ovaries and testes

▪ ________________________________

▪ ________________________________

o Help produce new individuals of the same species

• Muscular System

o Muscles

o Movement

o Posture

o Support


32

o Produces heat

Digestive System

• Single-stomached

o ________________________________________________________________

o includes all of the small animals

▪ Cats

▪ Dogs

▪ Rabbits

▪ Birds

• Rabbits

o Non-ruminant herbivores

o Consumes large amounts of roughage

o Large cecum and colon between the small and large intestines

▪ contains bacteria

o Rabbits eat _______________________________________________________

▪ __________________________________________________________

▪ Usually occurs late night or early morning

▪ Makes use of undigested material so they can make full use of bacteria

in cecum

• Birds

o ______________________________________________________

o Saliva is added to aid in swallowing

o Very little breakdown in the mouth

o Gizzard

▪ Largest digestive organ

▪ Grinds and crushes

• Digestive Process of Non-Ruminants

o Food is broken down in mouth (except birds)

o Passes to the stomach

o Small Intestine

▪ __________________________________________________________

o Large Intestine

▪ Absorption of Water

▪ Addition of mucus

• Digestive Process

o Food is broken down in the mouth (except birds), stomach (gizzard), and then


33

passed into the small intestine.

▪ Primary site for digestion

▪ Absorption of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

o Undigested food passes from the small intestine into the large intestine

▪ Absorption of water

▪ Addition of mucus to aid in waste passage

• Fish Digestive System

o Systems vary

o Type of feed determines ____________________________________________

▪ Some fish swallow their prey whole while others chew it up

• Reproduction in Small Animals

o Sexual Reproduction is the union of egg and sperm to product a new animal.

o Two parents required:

▪ Male furnishes sperm

▪ Female supplies egg or ovum

• Sexual Terminology

o Conception-Creation of new life by ____________________________________

▪ Union of egg and sperm

o Estrus-___________________________________________________________

▪ Female is receptive to breeding

▪ Stand for mating

o Gestation-Period of ________________________________________________

▪ Begins at conception ends at parturition

o Ovulation-Release of egg

o Parturition-Process of ______________________________________________

• Female Reproductive Anatomy

o Ovary

▪ Primary reproductive organ

▪ Produces the female gamete __________________________________

o Gamete

▪ Sex cell that unites with other sex cells

o Embryo

▪ Developing young

▪ Mammals

● Enters uterus after ____________________________________

o Uterus

▪ Place of embryo growth and development


34

o Cervix

▪ Part of uterus that ___________________________________________

▪ Cervical mucus

● ___________________________________________________

o Vagina

▪ Reproductive passageway

▪ Urine excretion

o Vulva

▪ External opening of reproductive tract

• Male Reproductive Anatomy

o Testicle

▪ Primary organ

▪ Produces male gametes

▪ Externally held in scrotum

● ___________________________________________________

o Sheath

▪ Fold of skin

▪ Protective covering

Objective 12.02-Use principals of reproductive physiology to determine gestation characteristics

in small animals

Gestation

o Time from conception to parturition (birth)

o Varies for each species

General Characteristics

o Increase size of breast and abdomen and appetite

o Restlessness

▪ __________________________________________________________

End of Gestation

o Pocket pets and rabbits

▪ __________________________________________________________

▪ Wood shavings

▪ Straw

▪ Paper

o Dogs and cats

▪ Birthing box


35

▪ __________________________________________________________

▪ Helps them to get comfortable with the setting

Species Period (days)

Cats

Dogs

Rabbits

Hamsters

Gerbils

Rats

Mice

Guinea Pig

Ferrets

Essential Standard 6.00-Examine the role of nutrition in the support of animal life.

Objective 6.01-Discuss the nutritional requirements of small animals including deficiency

symptoms and functions.

Nutrition

o Process by which animals receive a proper and balanced food and water ration

so it can _________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________.

Nutrients

o Substance or feedstuff that is necessary for an organism to live and grow

o Single group of foods of the same general chemical composition that supports

animal life

o There are six basic nutrients

▪ Water

● More important nutrient than any other nutrient

● makes up ___________________________ of an animal’s body

● Aides in ____________________________________________

● Dissolves and transports nutrients

● Regulates body ______________________________________

● Carries waste from the body

● Supports ____________________________________________

▪ Proteins

● Complex nutrients composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and

nitrogen

● Develop and repairing body organs and tissues


36

o muscles, nerves, skin, hair, hooves, and feathers

● Production of ________________________________________

● Reproduction process of the developing fetus

● Developing the young

● Transmitting _________________________________________

▪ Carbohydrates

● Converting of ________________________________________

● Made up of chemical elements

o ____________________________________________

o ____________________________________________

o ____________________________________________

● Supports breathing and digesting

● Production of heat for body warmth

● Stores fat

● Types of carbohydrates

o _____________________________________________

o _____________________________________________

o _____________________________________________

o Fats

▪ Chemical elements of

● Carbon

● Hydrogen

● Oxygen

▪ Same elements as __________________________________________

but different combinations

▪ Fats contain _____________________________________ more energy

▪ Aid in absorbing fat-soluble vitamins

● ___________________________________________________

▪ Provides the essential fatty acids needed in an animal’s diet

o Vitamins

▪ Organic substances needed for specific biochemical reactions

▪ A,B, C, D, E and K

▪ Needed in small amounts

▪ Regulation of body glands

● ___________________________________________________

● ___________________________________________________

● ___________________________________________________

o The chemical processes occurring within a living cell or

organism that are necessary for the maintenance of life.


37

In metabolism some substances are broken down to

yield energy for vital processes while other substances,

necessary for life, are synthesized.

o Minerals

▪ Supply the material for building the skeleton and producing regulators

such as enzymes and hormones

▪ Divided into 2 groups

● Macro

● Micro

▪ Macro vs. Micro

● Macro

o Seven major minerals needed in largest quantity and

most likely lacking in the ration

● Micro

o Nine trace minerals needed in small amounts

▪ Macro-minerals

● ____________________________________________

● Calcium

● Potassium

● ____________________________________________

● Sulfur

● Magnesium

▪ Micro-minerals

● Iron

● ____________________________________________

● Copper

● Cobalt

● ____________________________________________

● Zinc

● Molybdenum

● ____________________________________________

● Fluorine

Nutrient Deficiencies

o Slow growth

▪ __________________________________________________________

o Water deficiency

▪ Overheating

▪ slowdown in normal body functions occurs

o Carbohydrates


38

▪ lack of energy

▪ Lack of ___________________________________________________

▪ loss of ____________________________________________________

o Proteins

▪ Normal growth development and repairing of body organs ex: muscles,

nerves, skin, hair, hooves, and feathers suffers

▪ Protein deficiency may result

● Anorexia

● Anemia

● Edema

● Slow growth rate

● Low birth weight of young

● Lower milk production

● Decreased feed efficiency

o Fats

▪ Provides energy

▪ aids in absorption of _________________________________________

o Vitamins

▪ various body functions will suffer when vitamins are lacking

▪ Depends on the vitamins in question

o Mineral deficiency

▪ __________________________________________________________

▪ poor feed efficiency

▪ decreased _________________________________________________

▪ decrease in milk, meat, eggs, and wool production

Objective 6.02-Distinguish between feeding programs for small animals.

Nutrient Use

o Maintenance

▪ keeping constant

▪ no gain or loss of weight

▪ usually high in ______________________________________________

o Growth

▪ increase in body size

▪ rations high in ______________________________________________

o Reproduction

▪ Failures are a major result from poor nutrition

▪ Contains a large amount of protein, minerals, and vitamins

▪ Improper nutrition can affect ___________________________________


39

__________________________________________________________

▪ Babies that are underweight at birth, or which become an aborted fetus

are often the result of improper nutrition to female during gestation

o Lactation

▪ Time during which females are _________________________________

▪ Requires the proper nutrients to have large milk production

▪ Diet high in ________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

▪ The same nutrients contained in the milk are the same needed by a

lactating female

o Work and activity

▪ Increased amounts of fats and carbohydrates are needed in a working

diet to supply the extra energy needed

▪ Hunting dogs need special diets because they require energy to chase

after game

Feeding Terminology

• Diet-Feed and water that an animal uses

o Amount and type of feedstuff is based upon:

▪ Animal Needs

▪ Kind of and amounts of nutrients contained in feed

• Palatability- digestible and appeals to the animal

o A good nutritious feed is only good ____________________________________

• Feed classifications

o Roughages (or forages)

▪ __________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

o Concentrates

▪ recommended for small animals as a regular part of their diet

▪ High ________________________________

● Corn, wheat, sorghum, barley, rye, oats

▪ High ________________________________

● Soybean meal, cottonseed oil meal, sunflower meal

o Supplements

▪ contains a specific nutrient

o Ration

▪ feed that contains the right amount and proportion of nutrients


40

• Specific Diets

o Dogs and Cats

▪ Commercial feed is the best

▪ Puppies need diet higher in protein than adults and food intake is

regulated by activity

▪ Cats need _________________________________________________

▪ 10% of their diet should be ____________________________________

o Rabbits

▪ Pellet type of commercial feed is best

▪ Avoid feeding too much ______________________________________

__________________________________________________________

o Pocket Pets

▪ Best to use pellet type commercial feed

▪ If mixing ration; should have a wide range of food

▪ Gerbils

● Need ______________________________________________

in diet

▪ Rats

● Can have __________________________________ substituted

▪ Ferrets

● Can eat ____________________________________________

▪ Mice

● Will not _____________________________________________

▪ Guinea pigs

● Need solid food to dull their teeth and a certain amount of

___________________________________________________

o Amphibians & Reptiles

▪ Prefer to eat animals if large enough

▪ Tadpoles

● eat pellets of rabbit, dog, or cat food

▪ Turtles

● Pieces of

___________________________________________________

● Strawberries and other fruits

▪ Snakes (in captivity)

● Full grown can learn to eat ______________________________

● Variety of insects

● Baby rodents


41

● Frogs and toads

▪ Lizards

● Most eat insects

o Birds

▪ Diet mostly consists of seeds

▪ Including __________________________________________________

▪ Fruit and nectar birds

● Oranges

● Grapes

● Apple slices

o Fish

▪ Diet is affected by ___________________________________________

▪ Higher temperature

● Increased food intake

▪ Variety of food should be given to _______________________________

__________________________________________________________

▪ Amount fish is fed should be amount it can eat in a few minutes to avoid

__________________________________________________________

▪ Smaller fish

● Flaked food

▪ Larger Fish

● ______________________________________

● ______________________________________

● ______________________________________


42

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-UNIT C

Essential Standard 5.00 Discuss the role of major systems of small animals.

Objective 5.02 Discuss the ways that disease processes affect major body systems.

Infectious Diseases of Dogs

• Group of diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms

– Canine distemper

– Canine parvovirus infection

– Kennel cough

– Rabies

– Canine brucellosis

– Salmonellosis

Canine Distemper

• Caused by the inhalation of the airborne virus.

• Symptoms:

– Early-

___________________________________________________________

– Later-

___________________________________________________________

Canine Parvovirus Infection

• Caused by viral contact of materials contaminated with

_________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

• Affects mostly

_________________________________________________________

• Symptoms:

– Vomiting

– Bloody diarrhea

– Refusal to eat

Kennel Cough (Tracheobronchitis)

• __________________________________________________ contracted in

confinement (pet shops, dog shows, kennels, etc.)

• Symptom:

– Cough

Rabies

• Viral disease that attacks the central nervous system.


43

• All _________________________________________________________ can

transmit rabies.

• Symptoms

--Occur 2 weeks to 3 months after bite. Severe can be within 10 days.

– Furious rabies-animal may act strange then wander off, attack and bite

anything in its path, often frothing at the mouth

– Dumb rabies-no wandering, but paralysis of lower jaw followed by body

paralysis and death

Canine Brucellosis

• Bacterial disease spread through breeding

• Females

– __________________________________________________________

_____

– __________________________________________________________

_____

– Enlargement of lymph nodes

• Males

– Swelling of

______________________________________________________

Salmonellosis

• Bacterial disease spread by ingestion of food contaminated by feces.

Basic Noninfectious Diseases of Dogs

Heart Disease

• 2 types

– ____________________________________________________

– ____________________________________________________

• Symptoms

– Coughing at night during sleep

– Coughing during exercise

– Inability to exercise

– Open mouth breathing at rest

Cataracts

• Cause

_______________________________________________________________


44

• Can be hereditary or not

• Can cause blindness

• More often affects

______________________________________________________

Arthritis

• Degenerative joint disease that causes

______________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

• Large, old and obese dogs are more prone to the disease.

Basic Fungus Diseases of Dogs

Ringworm

• Most common fungal disease.

• Symptoms:

– Broken hairs around the face, ears or feet.

– Reddened skin and scaly skin develop.

– Crusting and scaling in severe cases.

Blastomycosis

• Inhaling infected spores of soil enriched with

_________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

• Symptoms:

– Coughing

– Rapid breathing

– Pneumonia

– Fever

Internal Parasites of Dogs

Ascarids or Roundworms

• May grow to 8 inches in length when mature

• Affect mainly puppies and deprive them of nutrients

• Transmitted by

_________________________________________________________


45

• Severe infestation causes pot-bellied appearance

• Danger to

_____________________________________________________________

Hookworms

• Blood-sucking parasites that attach to the small intestine, causing small spots of

bleeding

• Adult worms attach to the small intestine where they digest

_____________________

______________________________________________________________________.

• Heavy infestations cause the animal to appear weak, listless, and anemic

• Affects older dogs and puppies

Whipworms

• Broad at one end and narrow at the other.

• Use the narrow end to attach to the

_________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

• Adults produce “shell” protected eggs that may live for years in the soil.

• Produce watery feces and may result in dehydration and death.

Tapeworms

• Flat and segmented worms that live in the small intestine.

• Shed terminal segments in feces.

• Usually the largest worms affecting dogs reaching 1 foot or more in length

• Most depend on a host such as a flea or wild rabbit to develop.

• Not harmful for dogs, but may cause serious injury to humans.

Heartworms

• Thin worms that live in the major artery carrying blood from the heart to the

lungs.

• Serious threat to dogs causing major injury to vital organs.

• Transmitted by

_________________________________________________________

• Prevention is preferred to treatment which is only effective in early infestation.

• Symptoms


46

– Frequent coughing

– Labored breathing

– Fainting in severe cases

Infectious Diseases of Cats

Feline Panleukopenia

• Cat distemper caused by

_________________________________________________

• Affects cats younger than

________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

• Spread by direct contact, infected food and water dishes, bedding, and litter

boxes.

• Symptoms:

– Depression

– Loss of appetite

– High fever

– Lethargy

– Vomiting

– Diarrhea

– Dehydration

Feline herpesvirus (FHV)

• Respiratory infection caused by a DNA virus.

• Shed in discharges from

_________________________________________________ and transmitted by direct

contact.

• Cats can become carriers, but

_____________________________________________

• Symptoms:

– Depression

– Sneezing and coughing

– Severe eye and nasal discharges

– Increase in temperature

– Mouth ulcers

Feline Enteric Coronavirus

• Caused by ingestion of contaminated feces in kittens

__________________________


47

______________________________________________________________________.

• Spread by ingestion of contaminated feces.

• Symptoms:

– Low grade fever

– Vomiting

– Soft or watery diarrhea

– Blood in the feces

– Dehydration

Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)

• Disease caused by coronavirus that leads to

_________________________________

• Coronavirus infections are more common, but few show signs.

• Symptoms

– Fever

– Refusal to eat

– Depression

– Weight loss

Noninfectious Diseases of Cats

Feline Urologic Syndrome (FUS)

• A.K.A. Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease

• May range from mild inflammation to blockage of the

___________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

Causes of FUS

• Improper diet (where cats are fed high levels of magnesium and phosphorus)

• Low water intake that causes concentrations of

_______________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

• Possibly a virus

Wet Eye

• Excessive tear production or blockage of drainage canals that drain tears to the

nasal cavity causing tears to overflow at the corner of the eyes.

Internal Parasites of Cats


48

Toxoplasmosis

• Disease caused by infection with single-celled protozoan parasite Toxoplasm

gondii.

• Contracted from eating raw meat or contaminated feces.

• Fever, jaundice, and difficulty moving may result.

• No vaccination and humans can become infected through cat litter boxes.

Ascarids (Toxocara cati)

• Ascarids from ingesting eggs passed in the feces of an infected animal or in the

case of kittens from the milk of an infected mother cat.

• Severe cases may cause pot-bellied appearance (distended abdomen) and an

unthrifty cat.

Hookworm (Ancylostoma tubaeforme)

• Infection occurs when larvae is ingested from contaminated food or water, or

when larvae penetrates the skin.

• May cause dark-colored feces and anemia from the loss of blood.

Tapeworm (Dipylidium caninum)

• Require a cost other than the cat for development.

• Dipylidium caninum must be hosted by fleas and Tania taeniaeformis may be

hosted by rats and mice.

• Neither type causes major harm.

External Parasites of Small Animals

Fleas

• Brown, blood-sucking insects of small size that move rapidly over the skin.

• May develop from eggs to adult in as little as

_________________________________

• May first be detected in the

_______________________________________________ area of the animal.

• Cause irritation and extreme itching

• May be controlled with powders, dips, shampoos, collars, oral insecticides,

foggers and sprays.

Ticks

• Blood-sucking arthropods of the skin.


49

• Two main families of ticks: hard and soft

• Two types of hard ticks are a concern: brown dogs tick (can survive indoors) and

American dog tick (lives on grass and shrubs)

• Main soft tick is the Spirose Ear Tick.

• Larvae and nymph stage live in and cause irritation to the outer ear canal.

Lice

• Wingless insects that may bite or suck blood from the host.

• Not common on dogs.

• If infestation occurs, the dog will experience hair loss from scratching and

rubbing.

• Two treatments 12 days apart with dips, dusts, or spray can control.

Mites

• ________________________________________________________________

_____

• Five species cause the most problems

– Demodectic mites

– Two types of sarcoptic mites

– Ear mites

– Cheyletiella mites

Demodectic Mites

• No not usually cause problems.

• A severe infestation may result in hair loss, reddening of the skin, and encrusting

in spots or over the entire body of the dog.

Sarcoptic Mites

• Burrow within the outer layer of the skin.

• Highly contagious.

• _________________________________________________________ which

case intense irritation and itching that may result in the dog injuring itself as it tries to

scratch, chew or rub the skin.

Ear Mites

• Highly contagious

• Found in the outer ear canal and other areas of dogs, cats, and rabbits.

• Common problem


50

• Infected animals may

____________________________________________________

• Flea products are effective treatment, as well as, ear drops.

Cheyletiella Mites

• Contagious

• Cause a condition known as

______________________________________________

• Severe scaling on the back may occur, but itching is not as severe as with other

mite infestations.

Chiggers

• Orange-red larvae stages of Trombicula mites that cause an itchy, red rash on

the belly, face, feet and legs.

– Picked up from

___________________________________________________

– Remain on the skin for a short time and usually do not require treatment

other than something to stop the itching.

Poisons Affecting Small Animals

Insecticides

• May cause poisoning if ingested in sufficient amounts.

• Organophosphates and carbamate compounds are the main source of

insecticidal poisoning.

• Boric acid from roach bait and arsenic from ant traps can also poison animals.

Plants

• ________________________________________________________________

_____ contain insoluble calcium oxadate crystals that cause irritation to the mouth and

intestinal tract.

• Poinsettia, Japanese yew, azalea, and flower bulbs may cause mild intestinal

upset.

Household Chemicals

• Ammonia, bleach, borates, hydroxides, pine oil, and phenol can cause sickness if

pets ingest them.

Rodenticides

• Strychnine and warfarin can cause internal bleeding and death if ingested in

sufficient amounts.


51

Herbicides

• Glyphosphate herbicides and arsenic-based weed killers can poison pets.

Antifreeze

• Common source of poisoning because it has a

________________________________ that animals like.

• Animal may appear

_____________________________________________________

Rabbit Diseases

Enteritis

• Intestinal tract inflammation

• Probably the most common cause

_________________________________________

• Causes include: stress, unsanitary conditions, and high energy feeds

Enteritis Symptoms

• Diarrhea

_______________________________________________________

• Animals will stop eating but drink lots of water

• Animals

________________________________________________________

• Almost 100% mortality rate

Enteritis Treatment

• Prevention is best. Accomplished through proper environment, sanitary

conditions, feeding rations that are high in fiber, low in energy, control of birds

and rodents that carry the disease.

• Treatment when applicable is through broad spectrum antibiotics.

Snuffles

• Disease aggravated by stressful conditions such as poor sanitation, poor

ventilation, changing temperatures, shipping, or show conditions.

• Symptoms:

___________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

• Prevention: Reduce stress through proper environment.

Mastitis


52

• Inflammation of

________________________________________________________

• Also called caked breast

• May cause nursing problems

• Nursing baby rabbits may bite the nipples when they are unable to nurse

• Nursing mothers may refuse to nurse the young.

Mastitis Prevention and Treatment

• Remove concentrates from the diet for 72 hours.

• Widespread cases, clean and disinfect all nesting boxes.

Wry Neck

• Condition caused by inflammation of the inner neck.

• Head tilted to the side is the most common symptom.

• Often found where snuffles are also present.

• Best prevented by controlling upper respiratory diseases.

Fur Chewing

• Pulling of fur from itself or other rabbits caused by simple boredom, a nutrient

deficiency, and a low-fiber diet.

• Prevention and treatment: Best by feeding hay or straw to add fiber to the diet.

Adding magnesium oxide to the ration also helps.

Hutch Burn

● Chapped or burning condition of the external genital area of the doe. Caused by

_____________________________________________________________________

● Prevention and treatment: keep bedding clean. Treatment is with antibiotic

creams.

Sore Hocks

• Ulcerated area on the bottom of the foot pads most often associated with rough

wire cage floors and size of the foot pad not supporting the weight of the animal.

• Large breed with long foot pads are most often affected.

Sore Hocks Prevention and Treatment

• Get off wire and place on a solid surface

• Apply astringents to the sore pads


53

– ___________________________________________________

______

– ___________________________________________________

______

– ___________________________________________________

______

Hamster Diseases

Wet Tail (Enteritis)

• Most common disease of hamsters

• Caused by poor sanitation, bacteria, viruses, and diet.

Wet Tail Symptoms

• Wetness around the tail and rear of the animal caused by runny diarrhea.

• High death rate occurs within 2 days of symptoms appearing.

• Most often associated with poor sanitation caused by general neglect

and poor care.

Wet Tail Prevention and Treatment

• Change and disinfect spoiled bedding, cages, and equipment and isolate

infected animals.

• Keep temperature around 70 degrees to avoid estivation (sleep above 80

degrees) or hibernation (below 50 degrees). Avoid drafts.

• Animals do not respond well to treatment.

Common Diarrhea

• Caused by incorrect diet with overabundance of green leafy materials,

vegetables, or fruits.

• Should not be confused with serious infections.

• Correct by removing green leafy vegetables and fruits and feeding dry grains and

seeds.

Gerbil Diseases

Colds

• Gerbils are hardy and seldom affected by disease, but colds are most common.

• Symptoms:

– Loss of appetite


54

– Constant sneezing

– Runny eyes and nose

Cold Prevention and Treatment

• Reduce stress caused by overcrowding (gerbils need more space than

hamsters)

• Avoid drafts, humidity and temperature fluctuations.

Red Nose

• Commonly caused by the Staphylococcus bacteria.

• Animal will recover without any medication.

• Symptoms:

– Hair loss

– Red, swollen areas of the skin around the nose and muzzle

Rat Diseases

Respiratory Disease

• Common disease caused by Microplasma pulmonis

• Symptoms:

– Nasal discharge

– Snuffling

– Rattled breathing

– Rubbing eyes and nose

– Tilted head

– Uncoordinated and circling

Mouse Diseases

• Hardy animals with proper diet, housing, and exercise.

• Respiratory disease can be caused by several organisms and result from changes in

temperature, drafts, high humidity.

• Symptoms: squeaking or rattling breath, runny nose, watery eyes and fur loss.

• Salmonella and related bacteria are responsible for many of the serious infectious

diseases.

• Control with clean cages, clean water, clean feed, and parasite control.

Guinea Pig Diseases


55

• Very healthy under favorable conditions.

• Avoid drafts and keep temperature and humidity constant to avoid problems.

• Common cold and respiratory diseases can be a problem if environment is not good.

Colds in Guinea Pigs

• Animals become lethargic, listless, have nasal discharge and sneezing

• Prevention:

– Maintaining a good environment

– Immediate treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics

– Increase Vitamin C

Toxemia

• Build-up of toxins in the blood that developed in late pregnancy.

• Symptoms: females will be lethargic, go off feed, refuse to eat, and have difficulty

breathing.

• Prevention and Treatment: Feed a high quality diet to the pregnant female and

add ½ teaspoon of sugar in the water bottle.

Chinchilla Illnesses

Chinchilla Environment

• Need proper nutrition and a clean, dry, draft-free environment with low stress.

• Provide adequate ventilation

• Avoid temperatures above 80 degrees or cold drafts and high humidity

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Organism that causes infection in wounds, inflammation of eyes and ears,

pneumonia, intestinal inflammation, uterine inflammation, and poisoning of the circulatory

system.

Eye Inflammation (conjunctivitis)

• Swelling and redness around the eyes, sensitivity to light, watering, and pus

formation.

• Treatment: Isolate infected animals, wash eyes gently with warm boric acid

solution, and use ophthalmic medications. Clean cages and feed containers.

Inner Ear Infection (otitis)

• Symptoms: Twisting and lowering of the head, hanging head to one side,

running in a circle.


56

• Prevention and Treatment: Avoid drafty, cool environmental conditions. Clean

the ear with warm boric acid solution and treat with ear drops.

Pneumonia

• Symptoms: listlessness, failure to eat, breathing difficulty, swollen abdomen

• Prevention and treatment: Eliminate cold drafty, and high humidity conditions

and treat immediately with aureomycin, penicillin, or other antibiotics.

Impaction

• Lower digestive system becomes tightly packed with food material or feces. May

then follow diarrhea.

• Caused by poor quality feed, stress, and poor nutrition.

• Animal is often humped with chin resting between its front feet.

Treatment for Impaction

• Give a dropper full of mineral oil daily OR

• Add up to three full droppers of grapefruit juice to the animal’s diet.

Ferret Illnesses

Canine distemper

• A disease that also affects

________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

• Symptoms: discharge from the eyes and nose, breathing problems, diarrhea.

Canine Distemper Treatment

• Vaccination is important.

• Vaccinate at 12 weeks of age and give boosters annually to prevent

canine and feline distemper.

• Treatment is not effective.

Hemorrhagic enteritis

• Bloody diarrhea is commonly seen

• Symptoms: Go off feed, bloody diarrhea, weight loss, dehydration, possibly

death

• Prevention and treatment: Treat with antibiotics and sulfur material.

Botulism

• Caused by toxin produced by bacteria.


57

• Symptoms: breathing difficulty and paralysis

• Death can occur without symptoms.

• Keep food supply fresh.

Disease Prevention and Treatment for Pocket Pets

Maintain Good Sanitation

• Remove spoiled urine soaked bedding regularly

• Remove urine and feces contaminated feed regularly

• Keep fresh water available at all times

Provide a Good Environment

• Keep animals free of drafts and eliminate any cool, damp drafts immediately

• Maintain low humidity. Higher humidity contributes to respiratory diseases.

• Maintain constant temperature that does not fluctuate to a great degree.

• Provide adequate ventilation to remove stale air.

• Feed an appropriate ration.

General Disease Treatment for Pocket Pets

• First, isolate sick animals to prevent the spread of disease.

• Remove and replace bedding from the cage of a sick animal.

• Chemically disinfect and sanitize cage prior to installing new bedding.

• Use medicated water routinely when disease is a constant threat.

• Use proper treatments and antibiotics if recommended.

• Dispose of dead animals properly (burn and bury in some cases)

• Cull animals that do not show signs of improvement.

• Improve environmental conditions that may be causing disease.

• Avoid breeding animals that may have inherited diseases.

• Use recommended pesticides to control pests.

Parasites of Birds

Internal Parasites

• Rarely a problem with birds


58

• Roundworms

– Diagnosis is by observing feces for long, thin, white worms.

– Contracted from ingesting worm eggs in contaminated feces, soil, or

food.

– Symptoms: blockage of intestines, poor plummage, weight loss,

diarrhea.

– Treatments are available

• Tapeworms

– Diagnosed by observing small rice-like segments in the feces

– Contracted from eating an intermediate host such as house flies, fleas,

ticks, or earthworms.

– Proper cleaning and sanitation are the best prevention.

– Treatment with piprazine, nicotine sulfate and Kamal powder

External Parasites

• Red Mites

– Appear as tiny red specks and feed on blood of infected birds at night,

causing restlessness, scratching, and picking at their feathers.

– Spread through contact with infected birds.

– Adults may be dusted with pyrethium powder.

– Clean and disinfect all cages and nest boxes.

• Feather Mites

– Cause a bird to chew or pick its feathers.

– Look for small, gray-colored moving specks

– Feed on the bird during both day and night

– Symptoms: restlessness, severe scratching, feather picking, skin

irritation

– Cages and equipment should be treated with nicotine sulfate, Malathion,

or coumaphos and birds should be sprayed with a mite spray.

• Scaly Leg Mites

– _________________________________________________________

of budgerigars, lovebirds, and canaries.

– Live their entire life cycle on the bird.

– Symptoms: white scaly deposits that become thickened, enlarged, and

encrusted

– Treatment: Use

_______________________________________________ to kill the mites and

loosen deposits. This also suffocates the mites.


59

Bacterial Diseases in Birds

Parrot Fever

• Chlamydiosis or psittacosis

• Bacterial disease that affects the liver and spleen.

• Contracted mainly through feces and contaminated food and water.

• Symptoms: nasal discharges, listlessness, appetite loss, weight loss, greenish-

colored diarrhea and labored breathing.

• Psittacosis

____________________________________________________________

• Treat birds with chlortetracycline-impregnated seed for at least 21 days.

Bumblefoot

• A painful ailment associated with

___________________________________________

• Symptoms: feet and joints become hot and swollen with a thick, grayish white

fluid and not walking or clasping onto perch.

• Prevent by using suitable perches and sanitation.

• Treatment is with antibiotics.

Viral Diseases in Birds

Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease

• A.K.A. French Molt

• Viral disease that attacks the immune system.

• Symptoms become evident at the first molt when new feathers do not emerge or

are deformed and break off.

• Nails may be soft, overgrown, and lose their pigment.

• There is no cure for this disease.

• Treatment is with vitamins, minerals, and control of secondary diseases through

sanitation.

Newcastle Disease

• Viral disease that has

___________________________________________________

• Imported birds are the main source of possible infection.


60

• Symptoms: Respiratory difficulty (wheezing) followed by tremors, wing droop,

and a twisted neck.

• Birds should be vaccinated to prevent the disease.

Nutritional Problems in Birds

Goiter

• Swelling of the ________________________________________________ in

the neck and interference with breathing.

• Major cause is iodine deficiency.

• Especially a problem for budgerigars

Rickets (Osteomalacia)

• Imbalance or deficient amount of calcium, phosphorus, or Vitamin D3 that causes

deterioration or softening of the bones.

• Symptoms: lameness, stiff-legged gait, constant resting in the squatting position,

decreased growth.

• Oyster shell or coarse limestone in the diet and Vitamin D3 supplementation is

the best preventative.

Obesity

• Too much food, not enough activity or seeds high in fat.

• Bird owners should avoid feeding too many sunflower seeds if obesity is a

problem.

Other Aviary Problems

Overgrown Claws

• Can result in injury if they become entangled in the cage.

• May be clipped with pet nail clippers.

• Avoid the pinkish streak in the center of the claw. It is a blood vessel.

Feather Plucking

• Boredom, bad diet, needs mate, lack of bathing

• Birds living indoors need regular bathing or spraying to encourage preening.

• Preening is

____________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________


61

Symptoms of Problems with Birds

• Sleeping on two legs may indicate that a bird is uncomfortable or ailing. Birds

normally

______________________________________________________________________.

• A bird that fluffs its feathers out is usually chilled and trying to

___________________ ____________________________________.

• If feces are runny, a digestive ailment may be the problem.

• Not flying and lack of activity may indicate the bird is sick.

• Eye discharges or continually closed eyes are an indication of cold, etc.

• Wheezing, noisy, or irregular breathing may be a sign of a respiratory problem.

• Not eating or very little eating indicates a loss of appetite that is often associated

with sickness.

Prevention of Diseases and Ailments

• Select a healthy bird

• Place bird in a dry, warm, draft-free place

• Subject the bird to little stress

• No other animals should be around

• Quarantine and observation period of at least 3-4 weeks before introducing to

other birds.

• Keep perches and cage clean

• Sanitation is extremely important—should provide fresh food and water.

• Bathing and spraying reduces feather dust and dirt and cuts down on mites

– Small birds prefer to bathe in a container which may be placed in the

cage at regular intervals for 30 minute time periods.

– Large birds need to be sprayed with a fine mist from a plant sprayer.

Mist should be sprayed above the animal and allowed to filter down. Do not

saturate, but gently spray 2-3 times per week.

At the First Sign of Illness


62

• Cage temperature should be maintained between 85-90 degrees F.

– Move the cage to a warmer location

– Adjust the temperature with a light bulb near the cage or a heating pad

under the cage.

– Provide 2 or 3 perches so that the bird can find the most comfortable

temperature

• Partially cover the cage to prevent drafts

• Provide quick energy fluids such as

________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________.

Diseases of the Aquarium

Signs and Symptoms of Disease

• Fish are behaving unusual/strange

• Fish are floating to the surface, sinking to the bottom, or leaning to the side of the

aquarium.

• Fins are unusually lying flat against the body.

• Rolled caudal fins

• A fish is off by itself and not swimming with the school.

• Fish appears to be in slow motion and not keeping up with the other fish.

• Breathing seems unusually faster and deeper than normal.

• Fish is at the surface gasping for air.

• Rubbing/scratching against objects in the aquarium.

• Not interested in eating.

• Belly appears caved in or unusually thin.

• Belly appears bloated or swollen.

• Color of fish has changed or unusual.

• Fin appears frayed.

• Back and spinal column appear distorted.

• Eyes are not clear, appear cloudy.

• White spots are covering the body.

• Scales that stick out from the body instead of lying flat.


63

• Protruding eyes

• Anal discharge hanging from the fish.

Parasites of Fish

White Spot (Ich)

• Caused by the parasitic organism Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and causes

numerous white spots on the body and fins of a stressed fish.

_____________________________

______________________________________________________________________

Slime Disease

• Parasites attack skin of fish causing a large amount of mucus. May cause death

if it attacks the __________________________________

Hole-In-The-Head

• Organism Hexsamita live under skin in muscle tissue and make the tissue break

down and skin opens up to make the fish

__________________________________________.

Velvet Disease

• Organism Oodinium penetrates skin cells and feed on fish.

White Fungus Growth

• White growth around mouth, fins, eye, and gills. A secondary infection is usually

present already.

Flukes

• Worm-like parasite that attaches to the gills and body of the fish.

Anchor Worms

• Adhere and burrow under scales to attack the muscles

Fish Lice

• Attach to body of fish and pierce skin to

_____________________________________

Bacterial Diseases Affecting Fish

Fin Rot

• Where the edges of the fish’s fins start to appear frayed and ragged, lose their

color and the tissue between the fins breaks down.

Mouth Fungus

• Caused by bacteria with a white tufty material appearing around the mouth and

white patches on the skin.


64

Neon Disease

• Caused by parasite Plistophora hyphessobryconis. This organism is found in the

fish’s body tissue where it causes the production of spores which are released when it

dies.

Tuberculosis

• Causes by bacteria that invades the organs and tissues of the body.

Pseudomonas and Aeromonas

• Secondary infections in fish that are already sick. Fish have swollen bellies,

lesions or ulcers.

Environmental Problems

• Lack of oxygen and overabundance or carbon dioxide can be readily observed

when almost all of the fish are swimming near the surface gulping for air.

• Incorrect water pH-causes respiratory problems and excess mucus production.

• Chemical filtration ability reduced and ammonia builds up—observed by cloudy,

murky water

• Gravel filtration system pollution buildup of iron sulphite can be observed by the

black color on the gravel.

Treatment

• Use of chemicals in the water with the aquarium being thoroughly cleaned before

the fish are returned.

• Placement of fish in a hospital tank for treatment before returning to normal tank.

• Most treatments can be found at the local pet store.

Amphibians and Reptiles

Salmonella

• Bacterial disease that can be transmitted to humans.

• Affects the digestive tract and causes watery, green foul-smelling diarrhea.

Mouth Rot

• Fungal disease associated with sores or open wounds in the mouth.

Mites and Ticks

• External parasites that attack amphibians and reptiles.

• Mites usually go undetected until there is a heavy infestation.


65

• Symptoms: anemia, anorexia, depression, stress, listlessness, lack of appetite,

possible death.


66

UNIT E- DOGS

13.00 Use information specific to each breed to select to select the best dog for a given

trait

Seven Major Groups of Dogs

● _________________________________________

● _________________________________________

● _________________________________________

● _________________________________________

● _________________________________________

● _________________________________________

● _________________________________________

● _________________________________________

■ Parson Russell Terrier according to the AKC

Sporting

● Twenty-four breeds make up the sporting group

● Pointers

■ Dogs developed about 200 years ago from England

■ Named from the stance they take when finding game

● ___________________________________________________ in

combination with white or solid color

● Less coat care due to ____________________________

● ___________________________________________

● ___________________________________________

● ___________________________________________

● ___________________________________________

● Irish Setter

■ Noted for its ________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

● Mahogany or rich chestnut red with no trace of black in the coat color

● __________________________________________ than English

setters

■ Used for all types of game, but train slower than some other breeds

■ Ideal show dog, but _________________________________________


67

● American Cocker Spaniels

■ Smallest members of the sporting dog family

● Sandy color with elegant appearance and cheerful disposition

■ Soft-hearted dog that makes an ________________________________

___________________________________________________________

● Labrador Retrievers

■ Active water dog that was _____________________________________

___________________________________________________________

■ ________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

■ Very dependable

● One of the best used breeds for guide dogs or for _____________

_____________________________________________________

■ __________________________________________________________

● Colors of _____________________________________________

■ Usually not as tall as pointers

The Hounds

● Hunts by scent or by sight

● The greyhound and Alghan hound hunt by sight, while most others hunt by smell

● Basset hound

■ __________________________________________________________

■ __________________________________________________________ than

any other breed for its size

● Gentle, devoted dogs that are good with children, but may be

_____________________________________________________

■ Usually ____________________________________________________

■ Not exceeding _________________ in height

■ Weighs ______________________on average

● Beagles

■ Noted for their ______________________________________________

■ Make great pets and companions

■ Weight and Height

● ____________________________________________________

● ____________________________________________________

■ Colors range from a blue with __________________________________


68

___________________________________________________________

● Bloodhounds

■ One of the most docile of all breeds

■ Can ______________________________________________________

■ Disposition:

● Affectionate, but somewhat shy

● Non aggressive

● ____________________________________________________

● Excellent pets for children

■ Colors range from tawny to black and tan or red and tan

■ __________________________________________________________

● Dachshund

■ Perfected in the _____________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

● Dachshunds are ____________________________________________

● Long bodied muscular dogs

● __________________ pounds

● __________________ at the shoulder

● Lively and courageous

● A barker that makes a good watchdog

● Good with children

● Used mainly as a _______________________________________

● Greyhounds

■ __________________________________________________________

■ Greyhounds are good at hunting all types of game

● Because of its speed, they were used in packs to __________________

___________________________________________________________

■ Used in the United States for______________________________

■ Valuable as a _________________________

■ Need lots of exercise

● Not suited for apartment dwelling

■ Not recommended as a companion dog for children

The Terrier Group

● Developed to hunt ________________________________

● Its name is derived from the Latin word _______________________________

● Two subgroups:


69

■ _____________________________________

■ _____________________________________

● Bull Terriers

● Cross of the _______________________________________________

____________________________________ that were used for dogfights

■ Loving and affectionate

■ Will readily fight to protect themselves or their master

● White or colored:

● White (may have some black markings about the head)

● Colored bull terriers are any color but white, with ___________________

___________________________________________________________

● Fox Terrier

■ Either smooth or wired, depending on ____________________________

___________________________________________________________

● _____________________________should be the dominant color

■ One of the Best known and most widely distributed purebred dogs

● Noted for their courage in hunting animals that _______________

_____________________________________________________

● Fox terriers are easy to train

● Affectionate

● Good companion dogs

Working Dogs

● Perform a service to humans

■ _____________________________________________

■ _____________________________________________

■ _____________________________________________

■ _____________________________________________

● Great Dane

■ One of two largest breeds of dogs

■ Friendly companion or watchdog.

■ Weight

● _________________________ for females

● _________________________ for males

■ Height at the shoulder

● ____________ for females

● ____________ for males


70

● Saint Bernards

■ __________________________________________________________

■ Excellent sense of smell

■ Coat made it suitable to perform rescue in extreme mountain climate conditions

■ Peaceful, quiet, and gentle dog

● ____________________________________________________

● Makes a good companion dog

■ Color

● Red with white markings or white with red markings

● Siberian Husky

■ __________________________________________________________

■ Endurance sled dog

■ Found its home in ____________________

● Began to win the ______________________________________ in the

early 1900’s

■ Friendly and gentle dog

● May be stubborn and ill around children

■ Not aggressiveness or protective

● ____________________________________________________

■ Color

● Pure white to all other colors including black

Herding Dogs

● Developed to assist the ___________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

● Shetland sheepdog

■ __________________________________________________________

■ Excellent family pets and companion dogs

● Docile

● Devoted dog

● Intelligent

■ Color

● Black, blue merle, and sable with markings of white and/or tan

Toys

● ______________________________________________________________


71

● Most often used as house pets and companions

● Chihuahua

■ Named for the state of ________________________________________

■ Smallest breed of dog in the world

● ____________________________________________________

■ Noted as a _________________________________________________

● Does not like other breeds of dogs

■ Courageous, energetic, lively, alert, and intelligent

● Pekingese

■ ______________________________________

■ Extremely affectionate with its owner

● Make good watchdogs or lapdogs for apartment dwellers

■ Will show great courage

● ____________________________________________________

■ Require _____________________________________ to prevent decay

■ Needs frequent coat care to keep its long, fine hair well groomed

● Pug

■ Very old breed

■ Noted for its __________________________________________; short, square

muzzle; deep wrinkled forehead; and large, massive head

■ Intelligent

■ Affectionate

● Enjoy lots of attention

● Love children

■ Easily trained

● Shih Tzu

■ Chinese breed with a _________________________________________

● Requires constant care to prevent matting and knotting

■ Color

● Eyes and nose are rim black with any coat color

■ Looks like a ________________________________________________

● Has an aristocratic, arrogant carriage

Non-sporting

● Miscellaneous breeds


72

● Used mainly for companion dogs

● Dalmatian

■ Calm, quiet dog

● Intelligent

■ Has been used as a trail hound for ______________________________

___________________________________________________________

■ Most notably used as a _______________________________________

___________________________________________________________

■ Will follow their master if at all possible regardless of the mode of the master’s

travel

● Thrives on human companionship

● Natural as guardians

● Love children

■ Color

● White with black spots or white with liver brown spots

● Poodle

■ Very intelligent

● ____________________________________________________

■ Known as the national dog of __________________________________

● Used as a ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

● Used today as companion and show dogs

■ All colors with an even and solid coat color at the skin

■ Weight

● Standards average ________________ pounds for females and

__________________ pounds for males

● Miniature varieties average ______________ pounds for females and

______________ pounds for males

● Toy Poodles average ________________ pounds for females and

__________________ pounds for males

■ Height at the shoulder

● Standards are __________________

● Miniature varieties average ___________________

● Toy Poodles are _________________

Exceptions

Breeds not included in the seven major Groups

● The Jack Russell Terrier


73

● Developed around 200 years ago in England by a clergyman,

___________________________________________________________

● Known for its _______________________________________________

● The dog may have a smooth or wirehaired coat

■ Color

● White with black or tan markings or a combination of the three colors

■ Weight

● ____________________ pounds

■ Height

● At the shoulder _____________________

Breed Considerations

Size

■ Large or small based on space requirements both for the dog and for what you

have available

■ Will it be inside or outside?

● Chihuahua

■ _______________________________________________

● Mastiff

■ Weighs _______________________and are best suited for

________________________________________________

Temperament

■ Active or quiet breed

● Fox terrier

■ _______________________________________________

● Labrador and a Sheepdog

■ _______________________________________________

Hair Coat

■ Type of hair coat determines grooming requirements

● Longhaired or wirehaired

■ More grooming

■ Prone to skin disease

● Short haired

■ Brings less dirt inside

Purpose of dog

■ Is the dog for sporting, hunting, service, companion,show, guard, or racing?

Price of dog


74

■ Depends on demand

● More common breeds are typically less expensive

● Less common breeds can be more expensive

Source

● ______________________________________________

■ buys from local breeders

● ______________________________________________

■ purebreds and mixed breeds

● ______________________________________________

■ if wanting a purebred

● ______________________________________________

■ works for a companion or family dog

Use?

■ Affects all other considerations

■ __________________________________________________________

Cost?

■ Mixed breed less expensive than a purebred pedigreed animal

Pedigree?

■ __________________________________________________________

■ Very important for show or hunting

Sex?

■ Will it be spayed or neutered?

■ Used for breeding?

Age?

■ Puppy

● ____________________________________________________

● ____________________________________________________

● May get bigger in size than expected

■ Adults

● You know the size it is

● Already trained

Conformation

■ General structure

● Look

● Make-up of animal


75

■ important for show to meet breed requirements

■ will it be able to swim

■ run after game if for hunting or sporting

Family history?

■ ____________________________________

■ ____________________________________

Personal preference?

■ What color you like

■ What markings do you like

Grooming

Hair

● Daily brushing recommended

■ To________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________

● Check for mats in long hair

■ Tease with comb ______________________________________

_____________________________________________________

● Cut burrs by ____________________________________

________________________________________________

● Terriers and wirehaired breeds

■ Need plucking

● A stripping knife is used to _________________________

________________________________________________

● _____________________________________is used with the

stripping knife to pluck hair

Cleaning the Ears

● Clean once a month

● Use cotton swab or soft cloth _________________________________

___________________________________________________________

● Only ear parts that can be seen should be cleaned

● Use a finger, never a sharp or pointed object

● Check for _________________________________________________

Cleaning the Eyes


76

● Use _____________________________________________________ to

remove any irritating substance

● Check for any _____________________________________________

Cleaning the Teeth

● Clean regularly to prevent ____________________________________

● Use small toothbrush with soft bristles

● Use a mix of ______________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

● Clean from the gum line to the tips of teeth

● _________________________________________________________ help

maintain healthy teeth

● Clean 1 to 2 times per week

Nail Care

● Trimmed occasionally

● ______________________________________________ when cutting

● Avoid cutting the nail bed which will cause bleeding

■ ____________________________________

● Stops bleeding

● Use clippers not scissors

Health concerns for dogs

Dog diseases

Infectious diseases

■ Caused by _________________________________________________

Kennel Cough (tracheobronchitis)

● _________________________________________________________

● Contracted in confinement

■ pet shops

■ dog shows

■ kennels

● Symptom: cough

Rabies


77

● Viral disease

■ Attacks the central nervous system

● _________________________________________________________

● Symptoms:

■ Occur 2 weeks to 3 months after bite

■ Severe can be within 10 days

● _________________________________________________

■ act strange then wander off

■ attack and bite anything

■ frothing at the mouth

● __________________________________________________

■ no wandering but paralysis of lower jaw

■ followed by paralysis of body and death

Canine Brucellosis

■ _____________________________________________

■ Causes ______________________________________

■ Failure to whelp

■ Enlargement of the lymph nodes

■ Swelling of the ______________________________________________

Salmonellosis

■ bacterial disease

■ ingestion of ________________________________________________

Noninfectious Dog Diseases

Cataracts

■ __________________________________________________________

■ can be hereditary or not

■ can cause blindness

■ found mostly _______________________________________________

Fungal diseases

Ringworm

■ __________________________________________________________

■ Symptoms

● begin as __________________________________ around the face

ears, or feet


78

● ____________________________________________________

● crusting and scaling in severe cases

Internal Parasites

Ascarids

■ __________________________________________________________

■ Affect mainly puppies

● deprive them of nutrients

● Severe infestation will cause a ___________________________

_____________________________________________________

■ Transmitted by female dogs to puppies

■ Danger to ___________________________

External Parasites

Fleas

■ __________________________________________________________

● move rapidly over the skin

■ Develop from eggs to adult in as little as 16 days

● first detected in the ____________________________________ area

● cause irritation and extreme itching

■ Controlled with ______________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

Ticks

■ __________________________________________________________

● Two main families

■ __________________________________

● Brown dog tick can survive indoors

● American dog tick lives in grass and on shrubs

■ __________________________________

● Spirose Ear tick

■ larvae and nymph stage live in and cause irritation to the outer ear canal

Poisons

Plants

■ Philodendron

■ Dieffenbachia (Dumbcane)


79

● ____________________________________________________

■ Pothos

■ Caladium

● contain insoluble calcium oxadate crystals

● ____________________________________________________

Household chemicals and cleaners

■ Can cause sickness if ingested

● ______________________________________

● ______________________________________

● ______________________________________

● ______________________________________

● ______________________________________

Rodenticides

■ Used for rodent control

● Strychnine & warfarin

■ _______________________________________________

■ _______________________________________________

Antifreeze

■ Common source

■ __________________________________________

■ Symptoms:

● ____________________________________

● ____________________________________


80

UNIT F-CATS

15.00 Use information specific to each breed to choose the best cat for a given use.

Cat Breeds

• Differ in ___________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________

• For our discussions we will focus on the two major types of hair:

– Shorthaired Breeds

– Longhaired Breeds

Shorthair Breeds

Abyssinian

• ________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________

• Medium sized

– Muscular cat

• ______________________ shaped eyes

• Very active

– Fond of water

– Can be taught to __________________________

American Shorthair

(Domestic Shorthair)

• Came to __________________________________________________

• 34 recognized color patterns

– _______________________________ is the most common color

• Medium to large sized

• Affectionate

– makes great lap cat

Bombay (1958)

• Relatively new breed resulting from _____________________________

___________________________________________________________

– Medium sized cat

– Jet black


81

– __________________________________________ colored eyes

• Disposition

– Graceful, charming, and get along well with others, even strangers

Burmese

• Originated in _______________________________________________

• 1930’s

• Cross between _____________________________________________

– Medium-sized

– Sable-brown in color with gold eyes

– Good disposition, enjoy being held

• Can become bossy, stubborn, and angry

Cornish Rex

• Small to medium size

• __________________________________________________________

• Must be kept _______________________________________________

– lacks ________________________________________ to protect it from

the elements

Devon Rex

• Resulted from ______________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

– Medium sized cat with wavy hair coat

– Large, wide-based ears are set low and distinctive to this breed

Korat

• Highly prized, ______________________________________________

– Protective of family members, and reserved with strangers

• Medium-sized cat

– Silver blue fur tipped with silver

• Produces a ________________________________________________

Manx

• Among earliest European breeds

– result of a genetic mutation

• Medium-sized

– affectionate cat

– tends to be better in one-to-one relationships

• ________________________________________________________________


82

_____________________________________________________

– others have a short tail __________________________________

– some have a long tail ___________________________________

Siamese

• Known for one-on-one devotion to one person

• Eye color is always __________________________________________

• Head forms an _____________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

– Very little pigmentation in color pattern

– Pigmentation is darker at the points

– Color is restricted to the points: ___________________________

_____________________________________________________

• Medium-sized

– very long and refined

• Siamese cats are very unpredictable; however, they are described as

___________________________________________________________

• Fearless cats of extraordinary intelligence.

• Siamese cats are particularly sensitive to vaccinations and anesthetics

Singapura

• Small breed

• Known for its’ quiet, shy disposition

• Males weigh at most _________________________________

• Females usually weigh less than ________________________

Snowshoe Breed

• Medium to large size

– Similar to American Shorthair

• ________________________________________

– Bright blue eyes are large, oval

– Ears are large and broad at base

– Wedge shaped head

• The mask, tail, ears, and legs are usually defined seal or blue with the masking

colors covering the entire face, except for inverted white V-shaped pattern over mouth

and nose

Sphynx

• __________________________________________________________

• Known for its _______________________________________________


83

• Indoor cat

– cannot survive outdoors

– depends upon people for survival

– Constantly _________________

• Adores body contact and is very affectionate

• Normal body temperature is 4°F higher than most other breeds

– unable to store body fat

– must eat more frequently to maintain its body temperature

Longhair Breeds

Birman

• Sturdy cat of medium to large size

• Long, silky coat that does not mat

– requires little care

• Very sociable

– needs the company of others

• __________________________________________________________

– Eyes are round

– Ears are medium with rounded tips

Maine Coon

• Oldest natural breed in _______________________________________

– native American origin

• Large-sized

– reaches 12 -18 pounds

• _______________________________________ is the best known color

• Lovable and friendly

– has a tiny voice that ____________________________________

Persian

• __________________________________________________________

• Medium to large size

– short, compact body

– large head

– small rounded ears

• Well mannered

– easy going

– quiet cats


84

• Make good apartment cats and excellent companions

• __________________________________________________________

• Requires regular bathing

– removes ___________________________________from the coat

Ragdoll

• Originated in the ____________________________________________

• Exceptionally large

• Heavy breed

• Blue eyes

• Docile, quiet, and composed

– named because _______________________________________

_____________________________________________________

– take a ____________________________________when handled

Selecting a Pet Cat

The Cat vs. The Dog

• Requires less care

– independent nature

• Lower feeding cost

– smaller

• Initial purchase price is less

Qualities to consider

• Adult cats are better for elderly or busy owners

• Kittens adapt quickly

• Females reach sexual maturity at ______________________________

– estrus cycle __________________________________________

• Friendly affectionate pets

– “they don’t usually kill or injure small children”

• Pedigree animals have certain characteristics

– most cats are mixed breeds

• Long haired breeds require frequent grooming

– require air conditioned facilities

• Mixed breeds are cheaper to purchase.


85

Choosing a healthy cat

1. Look for signs of health

– ____________________________________________________

– ____________________________________________________

– Nose should be _______________________________________

– Clean glossy coat

– Free of mats

2. Look for signs of illness

– Discharge from the eyes or nose

– Buildup of wax in the ears

• _______________________________________________

– External Parasites

• Fleas

– Internal Parasites

• Potbellied cats may indicate ________________________

________________________________________________

Grooming Cats

• Removes old and dead hair

• Provides opportunity to check for:

– Parasites

– Skin disorders

– Eye problems

– Ear problems

Longhaired Cats

• Need daily care to keep free of _________________________________

• Equipment

– Combs

– Blunt end scissors

– Nail clippers

– Grooming brush

– Grooming powder

• Procedures for longhair cats

– 1st-Use a wide tooth comb for animal

– 2nd- Use a small toothed comb


86

– Once all tangles are out, brush hair in opposite direction of growth

occasionally and sprinkle grooming powder

• _____________________________________________

________________________________________

– Check for ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

Grooming Tools

• Comb with two sizes of teeth (fine toothed and a flea comb).

• Nail Clippers

• Grooming brush natural bristles ________________________________

___________________________________________________________

• Grooming powder such as ____________________________________

___________________________________________________________

Shorthair Grooming

• Rubber grooming brush

• Fine-toothed/ flea comb

• Soft chamois, silk, nylon pad

• Rubber grooming brush

– Avoid removing good hair

Bathing Cats

• Start bathing as early as ______________________________________

• Avoid splashing or running water when cat is present

• Use __________________________inches of warm water

• Gently lower cat into the water until the entire cat is wet

• Keep water our of eyes and ears

• Apply a baby shampoo to the wet coat, lather and rinse

• Medicated shampoo for fleas

• Towel dry __________________________________________________

Other Grooming

• Check teeth and gums

– ____________________________________________________

• Check for ear mites


87

– ________________________________________indicates mites

– Use ear drops to treat

• Used special clippers to trim claws

– Do not cut into pink area of claw, __________________________

– Scratching post helps to reduce claw trimming

Health concerns for cats

Diseases

Infectious

– Cat Distemper (FPV)

– Feline herpes virus (FHV)

– Feline calicivirus (FCV)

– Feline Rhinotracheitis (FVR)

– Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)

– Feline Leukemia (FeLV)

– Feline Enteric Corona virus (FECV)

– Rabies

Feline Panleukopenia (FPV)

• Feline distemper

– caused by a __________________________________________

– Abnormally low white blood cell count

– Affects young cats

– ____________________________________________________

• Spread by direct contact but also from food and water, bedding, litter boxes, etc.

• Symptoms:

– Depression

– loss of appetite

– high fever

– lethargy

– vomiting

– diarrhea

– dehydration

Feline herpes virus (FHV)

• Caused by respiratory virus infection


88

– __________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________

– transmitted through ____________________________________

• Can ______________________________________________________

• Symptoms

– depression

– sneezing

– coughing

– severe eye and nasal discharges

– increase in temperature

Feline Enteris Corona virus (FECV)

• ________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

• Symptoms: low grade fever, vomiting, soft or watery diarrhea, blood in the feces

and dehydration.

Feline Infectious Peritonitis virus (FIP)

• __________________________________________________________

• Affect those with weak immune systems

• __________________________________________________________

• Symptoms:

– fever

– loss of appetite

– depression

– weight loss

Non-infectious

– Feline Urological syndrome (fus)

– Entropion

– Wet eye

Wet Eye

– __________________________________________________________

– blockage of drainage canal causing the tears to overflow at the inner corner of

the eyes


89

Feline Urologic syndrome (fus)

• A feline urinary tract disease also referred to as FLUTD

• May range from mild inflammation to blockage of the urethra

• __________________________________________________________

Internal Parasites

• ____________________________- prtozoan parasite Toxoplasm gondii

infection

• ____________________________-Toxocara cati

• ____________________________-Ancylostoma tubaeforme

• ____________________________-Dipylidium caninum

External Parasites

• ____________________________- Felicola subrostratus

• ____________________________-denidex cati

• ____________________________-Notoedres cati

• ______________________________-ear mites, walking dandruff mites,

chiggers, fleas and ticks.

Fungal Diseases and Poisonings

• Cats and dogs share the same concerns for fungal diseases and poisonings

– Insecticides

– Plants

– Household cleaners

– Rodenticides

– Antifreeze


90

UNIT G-RABBITS, FERRETS, AND POCKET PETS

17.00 Summarize the use of Rabbits, Ferrets, and Pocket Pets

Rabbits

■ Developed into forty-five recognized breeds

■ Divided into five weight categories

❑ ______________________________________

❑ ______________________________________

❑ ______________________________________

❑ ______________________________________

❑ ______________________________________

Dwarf or Miniature Breeds

■ Britannia Petite

■ Netherland Dwarf

■ Himalayan

Himalayan

■ One of the oldest and widest distributions

■ Young rabbits are ___________________________________________

❑ Matures rabbits become ________________________________

_____________________________________________________

Small Breeds

■ Dutch

■ Tan

■ Florida White

Dutch

■ Originated in Holland and developed in England

■ Unique color markings

❑ colored patches on each side of the head that _______________

_____________________________________________________

❑ rear half is also colored the same as _______________________

Florida White

■ Developed in Florida

❑ Crossed with _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

■ Short and compact

❑ well-rounded hips and hindquarters

■ Bred for a _________________________________________________


91

___________________________________________________________

Medium Breeds

■ English Spot

■ Standard Chinchilla

■ English Angora

■ Belgian Hare

■ Rhinelander

■ Rex

English Spot

■ Introduced to US from England

■ A unique chair of markings, the size of a pea, run from the ___________

___________________________________________________________

English Angora

■ Has a short, compact body and the head, ears, feet, and body are

___________________________________________________________

Large Breeds

■ Californian

■ Cinnamon

■ American

■ English Lop

■ New Zealand

■ Silver Fox

English Lop

■ _________________________________________________________

■ Body is medium length with well arched back and low head carriage

New Zealand

■ Leading choice for __________________________________________

■ White is preferred because ___________________________________

___________________________________________________________

Giant

■ Giant Angora


92

■ French Lop

■ Flemish Giant

Giant Angora

■ Developed for maximum amount of _____________________________

■ Has the body structure of a commercial animal with a unique coat structure

French Lop

■ Ears are shorter than the English Lop and ________________________

________________________ shape from the crown approximately 1 ½ inches or more

below the muzzle

Flemish Giant

■ Originated in Belgium

■ This is the _________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

Pocket Pets

■ Not defined by breeds

■ Grouped by ________________________________________________

Golden Hamster

■ Adults reach _________________ long

❑ weigh about ___________________

■ Rich mahogany or orange color on the back with a white or creamy colored

underside

❑ ________________________________ is usually present along the side

of the cheeks

■ Long-haired or ______________________ hamsters have long, silky fur

Gerbils

■ Adult gerbils reach ______________ long nose to tail

■ Weigh ____________________

■ Mongolian Gerbil

❑ reddish brown to dark brown

Rats

■ Black

❑ tail is ________________________________________________

❑ ears are about half as long as the head

❑ color is usually black or dark gray with a brown or gray-white underside

■ Brown


93

❑ _____________________________________________________

❑ tail is always shorter than the head and body

❑ thicker and more robust

❑ short and more rounded ears

❑ fur is ______________________________________ on the back with

____________________________________ on the underside

Mice

■ Self colors

❑ ___________________________

■ Tans

❑ any color with _______________________

■ Piebald or pied marked mice

❑ ____________________________________________________

■ Satins

❑ any color or markings with _______________________________

Guinea Pig

■ Adults guinea pigs

❑ reach ____________________________________

❑ weigh from _______________________________

■ Guinea pigs have very sensitive hearing and can __________________

___________________________________________________________

■ Self-defense for guinea pigs is to _______________________________

___________________________________________________________

■ Types:

❑ Abyssinian

■ rough, wiry hair coat

■ the hair is made up of swirls or cowlicks

called_____________________

❑ American

■ hair is short, very glossy and fine in texture

❑ Peruvian

■ longhaired variety that may reach _____________in length

■ since guinea pigs do not have a tail it is difficult to distinguish the

front from the back of the Peruvian. _______

________________________________________________

❑ Satin

■ coat is fine, dense, and soft

Chinchillas

■ Adults range in length from ________________________


94

❑ tail of ___________________

❑ weigh ___________________

■ Standard

❑ _________________________________ that is most popular

■ White

❑ _____________________________________________________

■ Beige

❑ _____________________________________________________

■ Black

❑ has a black undercoat, very narrow ________________________

_____________________________________________________

Ferrets

■ Common Sable

❑ ranges from light to dark, depending on the shade of both the

_____________________________________________________

❑ the underfur ranges from ________________________________

■ White

❑ red-eyed is referred to as ________________________________

❑ there are a few black-eyed white

■ Sliver Mitt

❑ underfur of _________________with _______________________ of

black and white

❑ gives a ______________________________________________

■ Sterling Silver

❑ similar to Silver Mitt but with ______________________________

_____________________________________________________

■ Butterscotch

❑ underfur is same as sable but the guard hairs, mask, and hood colorings

are ___________________________________________

■ Cinnamon

❑ underfur is white or off-white and guard hairs that are __________

_____________________________________________________

Uses of rabbits, ferrets, and pocket pets

Rabbits

■ Meat

❑ High in ___________________________

❑ Low in ______________________________________________


95

❑ Very _____________________________

■ Research and laboratory

❑ Florida White

■ Developed as a __________________________________

________________________________________________

❑ Used to produce disease fighting antibodies

❑ Study _______________________________________________

❑ Research ____________________________________________

❑ Skin irritation tests

■ test the reaction of ________________________________

________________________________________________

■ Have been used in tests for cosmetics

❑ do not have __________________________________________

❑ cannot shed tears to dilute chemicals put into their eyes

■ Most companies do not use this test anymore

■ Fur/wool-divided into four types

❑ Normal

■ regular rabbit

❑ Rex

■ short

❑ Angora

■ like wool

❑ Satin

■ mutation fur

■ smaller in diameter

■ transparent outer shell

■ Compared to sheep’s wool, rabbit’s wool is _______________________

___________________________________________________________

❑ Does not cause irritation to skin

❑ Not as scratchy

■ Used in the manufacturing

❑ Clothing

❑ Toys

❑ Coats

❑ Hats

❑ Gloves

■ Pets

❑ With diversity in size they can fit into different home situations


96

■ Trainable to use __________________________________

■ Require little special care

■ Clean, gentle, and lovable pets

Hamsters

■ Used in ___________________________________________________

■ Found that they could be _____________________________________

__________________________________________________________

■ Golden hamster

❑ most abundant hamster used for research and pets

■ Dwarf/small desert hamsters

❑ make good pets

❑ Children have more problem handling them due to ____________

_____________________________________________________

Gerbils

■ Japanese scientists were the first to _____________________________

❑ easy to work with

❑ gentle

❑ active during the day

❑ have no special food or housing requirements

■ ___________________________________________________

____________________________________________

■ popular pets

Rats

■ White albino rats

❑ Have been of major importance in _________________________

_____________________________________________________

■ used in developing drugs

■ studying diseases, nutrition, aging, and other topics

❑ Intelligent and have the ability to learn so have been used in behavioral

studies

■ _____________________________________

❑ especially have been accepted as pets

Mice

■ Used for medical and biological research


97

❑ especially with hereditary studies

■ Pet mice are _______________________________________________

■ When handled frequently, show little tendency to __________________

___________________________________________________________

Guinea pigs

■ Bred originally for ___________________________________________

❑ Still used by the native people of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia as a

_____________________________________________________

■ Used for research on pathology, nutrition, genetics, toxicology, and serum

development

■ Used by Louis Pasteur in his research on ___________________

■ Used also as a pet

Chinchillas

■ Used as a source of fur for thousands of years

❑ Brought to ___________________________________________ to

breed for their fur

❑ Many furs are sold as a group

■ Requires _______________________________________

________________________________________________

■ Used as pets since the __________________

Ferrets

■ Recently been found to be wonderful pets

❑ have a musky smell and need to be ________________________

❑ males also need to be __________________________________

■ Used in the 1800s for ________________________________________

❑ run into holds and run the rodents out

■ leave a scent behind that would trigger fear

■ Help ___________________________________ in hard to reach places

■ Used in scientific research

❑ catch the _____________________________________________

Diseases of rabbits, ferrets, and pocket pets

General Disease Prevention

1. Maintain good sanitation

❑ Remove spoiled urine soaked bedding regularly


98

❑ Remove urine and feces contaminated feed regularly

❑ Keep fresh water available at all times

2. Provide a good environment that:

❑ Is free of drafts

❑ Has low humidity

■ higher humidity contributes to _______________________

________________________________________________

❑ Maintains a constant temperature

❑ Adequate ventilation

■ This helps prevent respiratory diseases

❑ Feed and appropriate ration

General Disease Treatment

■ Isolate sick animals from others

■ Remove and replace bedding, etc. from the cage of a sick animal

■ Chemically disinfect and sanitize cage prior to installing new bedding

■ Use _______________________________________________ routinely when

disease is a constant threat

■ Use proper treatments and antibiotics if recommended

■ Dispose of dead animals properly _______________________________

___________________________________________________________

■ _____________________animals that do not show signs of improvement

■ Improve environmental conditions that may be causing disease

■ Avoid breeding animals that may have inherited diseases

■ Use recommended pesticides to control pest

Rabbit Diseases

Enteritis

❑ Intestinal tract inflammation

❑ Probably the most common cause of ____________________________

___________________________________________________________

❑ __________________________________________________________

____________________________________ all contribute to the disease.

❑ Symptoms

■ diarrhea stained with blood

■ Off Feed, but drink lots of water and grind their teeth

■ _____________________________________________________

■ Prevention

❑ best accomplished through proper environment, sanitary


99

conditions, feeding rations that are high in fiber and lower in energy, and

control of rodents and birds that may carry the disease

■ Treatment using broad spectrum antibiotics

Snuffles

■ Aggravated by stressful conditions such as _______________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________

■ Symptoms:

❑ persistent _____________________________

❑ ____________________________________________________

■ Prevention and treatment:

❑ Reduce stress through proper environment

Mastitis

■ Inflammation of mammary tissue; also called ______________________

❑ May cause ___________________________________________

❑ Nursing baby rabbits may bite the nipples when they are unable to nurse,

and nursing mothers may refuse to nurse the young

■ Treat by removing concentrates from the diet for 72 hours

■ When widespread cases in the rabbitry exist, clean and disinfect all nesting

boxes

Hamster Diseases

Wet tail – also called _______________________________

■ Description: The most important disease of hamsters. Enteritis is caused by

________________________________________________________

❑ wetness around the tail and rear of the animal, caused by a

_____________________________________________________

❑ high death rate occurs within ___________________ of symptoms

appearing

❑ most often associated with poor sanitation caused by

_____________________________________________________


❑ Change and disinfect spoiled bedding, cages and equipment and isolate

infected animals

❑ Keep temperatures around 70°F

■ avoid estivation (____________________________________________) when

temperatures go above 80°F or hibernation when temperatures go below 50°F

❑ Keep cage at constant temperature and avoid drafts


100

❑ Animals often do not respond well to treatment

Gerbil Diseases

■ Gerbils are hardy and seldom affected by disease, but ___________

___________________________________________________________

■ Symptoms:

❑ loss of appetite, constant sneezing, and runny eyes and nose

■ Avoid changing the temperature, drafts, damp condition, and overcrowding


❑ Best treatment is to reduce stress caused by overcrowding

■ (______________________________________________

__________________________________________), avoid drafts,

humidity, and temperature fluctuations

Rat Diseases

■ Respiratory disease caused by Microplasma pulmonis is a common

disease

■ Symptoms:

❑ _____________________________________________________

❑ rubbing the eyes and nose

❑ _____________________________________________________

■ Prevent with proper ventilation and good sanitation

❑ remove contaminated feed

❑ provide clean bedding

❑ maintain a draft free, constant temperature with low humidity

■ Treat with antibiotics added to water

❑ Isolate and eliminate affected animals if antibiotics added to the drinking

water are ineffective

External parasites

■ Description: Polyplax spinulosa is a type of _______________________

___________________________________________________________

❑ Mites also cause hair loss, skin irritation, and may result in

________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________


❑ Treat lice and mites with flea powder every three to four days

❑ allow dust to stay on the animal for about ___________________ at the

time


101

Mice Diseases

Mice are hardy with the proper diet, housing, and exercise

■ Respiratory disease is caused by several organisms and result from

environmental conditions such as changes in _______________________

___________________________________________________________

❑ Symptoms:

■ squeaking or rattling breath, runny nose, watery eyes, and fur

loss

❑ It is best to prevent infestation by eliminating environmental causes

■ ______________________________________________________ are

responsible for many of the serious infectious diseases

❑ Control with clean cages, clean water, clean feed, and parasite control.

■ Mites –

❑ commonly infected with several mites that cause skin irritation and

inflammation due to _____________________________________

❑ Control with insecticide.

Guinea Pig Diseases

Guinea pigs are very healthy under favorable environmental conditions

■ Avoid drafts and keep temperature and humidity constant to avoid problems

■ Description: Common cold and respiratory diseases can be a major problem and

result in animals that are ____________________________

___________________________________________________________


❑ Maintain a good environment and immediate treatment with broad-

spectrum antibiotics accompanied with increased ______________

Chinchilla Diseases

Eye inflammation ____________________________

■ Symptoms:

❑ swelling and redness around the eyes, sensitivity to light, watering, and

pus formation

■ Isolate infected animals

❑ wash eyes gently with warm boric acid solution

❑ use ophthalmic medications

❑ Clean and disinfect cages and feed containers

Ferret Diseases


102

Canine distemper – a disease that also affects dogs

■ Description: _______________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

■ Symptoms include

❑ Discharge from the eyes and nose, breathing problems, and diarrhea


❑ Vaccinate at twelve weeks of age

❑ give boosters annually to prevent canine and feline distemper

■ Treatment is not effective

Housing and Feeding

Rabbit Housing and Equipment

■ Hutch size depends on the size of the animal

❑ small rabbits need cages 24“ wide x 24" long x 14" high

❑ large rabbits (over 12 pounds) needing 24" x 48"x 18" high

■ _________________________________________ is an active breed that needs

even more space

■ Solid wood floors are needed for large breeds (over 12 pounds) to

___________________________________________________________

❑ Absorbent materials for solid floors should be replaced weekly, but cages

should be cleaned daily

■ Wire floors are easier to keep clean because ______________________

___________________________________________________________

❑ Cages for small rabbits will need to be cleaned once or twice a week

■ Control urine odor with _______________________________________

sprinkled in the corners of the collection tray

❑ replace absorbent material on a regular basis

■ Raise rabbits outside year-round

❑ protect from winter wind

❑ provide air movement in hot weather if temperature goes above 90°F

■ A ________________________________________________________ can

help keep the rabbit cool in hot weather

■ Ventilation is a must

❑ avoid cool, damp, drafts

■ ___________________ of daylight or artificial lighting promotes breeding

■ ______________________________________________ that clip on the outside

of the cage allow quick feeding and help eliminate waste

❑ Bowls take up cage space and are subject to be tipped over

■ Rabbits need a lot of water


103

❑ ___________________________________________ is minimum

❑ 32 ounce bottle is better

❑ Vaccum-type water bottles

■ clip on the outside of the cage

■ best for eliminating wet dewlaps and spills that can spoil bedding

and result in lack of water for the pet

Feeding Rabbits

■ Best to use ________________________________________________

formulated to meet daily nutritional needs

❑ use fruits, vegetables, and leafy green foods in moderation to avoid

gastrointestinal problems

❑ Grass hay, oats, corn, oatmeal, wheat germ, pieces of carrot, carrot tops,

slices of apples and bananas, pineapple, and green beans are all acceptable

■ Young rabbits

❑ should not be fed leafy green vegetables

❑ high water content

❑ results in _____________________________________________

Gerbil Housing and Equipment

Same as hamsters, but gerbils are more active and need more space

❑ A breeding pair need 150 square inches of floor space

❑ Multiple gerbils need 36 square inches of floor space

❑ Overcrowding can lead to cannabilism.

■ Gerbils can jump, so a ________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

■ Avoid cotton and wool for bedding

❑ can cause blockage in the digestive system

■ __________________________________________________________ towels

make excellent temporary tunnels and gerbils enjoy chewing them up

■ Only use solid plastic exercise wheels

❑ __________________________________________________________

________________________________________________

Feeding Gerbils

■ Easiest to use commercially prepared hard pellets

❑ Mixed rations should contain seed, corn, oats, wheat, and barley


104

❑ Avoid sudden changes in the diet

❑ Don’t overfeed greens (lettuce, cabbage, carrots, turnips, and beets)

■ may cause diarrhea

■ __________________________________________________________

❑ adds variety to their diet

❑ feeding oilseed like sunflower may lead to ___________________

■ Gerbils do not drink much water, an 8 ounce drip-type water bottle is best

UNIT H- BIRDS

19.00 Summarize the use of birds as pets.

Parrot Family

■ Contains some of the smartest birds.

■ Many species can be taught to talk, are affectionate, and make excellent pets.

■ Members of the parrot family are known for their __________________

______________, especially the ________________________________

■ Includes Cockatoos, Cockatiels, Conures, Macaws, Parrots, Parakeets,

Lovebirds, Hanging Parakeets

Cockatoos

■ _________________ or tuft of feathers on the top of the head

■ Ability to mimic words and sounds

■ Intelligent

■ Range in length from 13-30”

■ Popular birds that make excellent pets

■ Tame easily

Cockatiel

■ One of the most popular pet birds

■ About 12” long (the size of a small cockatoo)

■ Commonly found in pet stores at a reasonable price

■ ________________________________________ are mostly available.

■ Ideal for beginners and youngsters

■ Easy to raise and affectionate

Blue and Gold Macaw

■ Up to 30” long

■ Most alert and intelligent of all macaws


105

■ Very curious and mischievous

■ Prices usually range from _____________________________________

■ This species is one of the more ________________________________ and

most ___________________________________________________

African Gray Parrot

■ 13” long

■ Primary color is __________________________

■ Very alert, intelligent and affectionate

■ Considered to be the ________________________________________

■ Voice closely resembles a ____________________________________

Budgerigar-budgie

■ Most popular _____________________________________ in the world

■ Australian bird that gets its name, which means ___________________

____________________________, from the _______________________

■ About 7” long with a primary color of ____________________________

■ Can be taught to talk with proper training

■ Easy to care for, inexpensive pet

■ Eats food from _____________________________________________

Perching Birds

■ Largest family of birds

■ Almost ___________________ of all birds (5,100 of 9,000 bird species)

■ Good singers known as ______________________________________

Canary

■ Very important pet

■ Some are bred for their color

■ Others are bred for their ______________________________________

■ Some are bred to have a crested top ____________________________

___________________________________________________________

Care and maintenance of pet birds

Cages

■ For large parrot-type birds must be made of heavy-gauge metal

– Size ranges from 26” long x 20” wide x 20” high for a single cockatiel to

6’ x 3’ x 3’ for a mynah bird

– Cockatoos, Conures, Macaws, and Parrots need larger cages


106

■ Finches need a rectangular cage to allow ________________________

_______________________________________________ to imitate their natural flight

and reduce stress from circular flight.

■ Finches need a larger cage than canaries and budgies.

Perches

■ Size and style depend on the bird

■ Most store bought cages come with _____________________________

________________________ which may be uncomfortable for birds.

– If birds refuse to perch, replace plastic perches with ___________

______________________ that are more natural for birds.

■ Larger birds like larger perches, smaller birds like smaller perches

– Finches/canaries- ½” round perch

– Budgerigars- ½” oval perch

– Parrots- 1’ square perch

■ The perch for large parrot-type birds must be replaced as these birds destroy

wood perches. However, the bird _________________________

____________________________ and stays busy in the process.

■ _______________________________________ make natural perches, but care

must be taken to insure they are free of mold and pesticide residue.

■ Tapered perches work well because they give the bird a choice of most of the

comfortable perching spot.

Water and Feed Containers

■ Water containers need to be hard and easy to clean materials like glass,

ceramic, or stainless steel

■ _________________________________________ that hang outside the cage

with a metal spout/tube extending into the cage work excellent.

■ Feed containers may be plastic for smaller birds, but parrot-type birds need the

same kind of material used for watering containers

Toys

■ Prevent _______________________________________

■ Large parrot-type birds need __________________________________

___________________________________________________________

■ Smaller birds like canaries and finches can have __________________


107

___________________________________________________________

Cage Location

■ Location of cage must be out of direct sunlight, free from drafts, in a place of

constant temperature, and protected from hazards like

___________________________________________________________

Feeding

■ Most birds eat one of three things—_____________________________

___________________________________________________________

Seed

■ The vast majority of birds have a diet of seed

– Cereal seeds—higher content of carbohydrates compared to oil

▪ ___________________________________________________

____________________________________________

– Oil seeds—higher in fat content than cereal seed and lower in

carbohydrates

▪ ___________________________________________________

____________________________________________

Handling and Training

■ Allow birds to adjust to new locations for 2 to 3 days before any handling is

attempted.

■ Offer a treat at regular intervals until it will take the treat through an open door

cage

■ Press a stick perch up against the bird’s chest above the legs to encourage the

bird to step up on it

■ Once the bird is comfortable one may substitute a finger or hand for the bird to

perch on

■ Leather gloves may be needed for larger birds that _________________

___________________________________________________________

Clipping Wings

■ Wings can be clipped to restrict their ability to _____________________

___________________________________________________________

■ ________________________________________


108

■ Primary and secondary flight feathers are cut just above ____________

___________________________________________________________

■ Cutting into the feather shaft will result in _________________________

___________________________________________________________

■ The two outer primary flight feathers are left for ____________________

___________________________________________________________

Teaching to Talk

■ Budgerigars, cockatiels, parrots, macaws and cockatoos can be taught to talk

■ __________________________________ are usually the best learners and

easiest to teach

■ Remove distractions such as mirrors, toys, and feed during lessons

■ The same person needs to work with a bird on a regular basis. Usually

____________________________________________ are better trainers.

■ Lessons should be given at the same time everyday.

■ Limit the length to about ______________________________ each day

■ Use short phrases and words and slowly repeat them

Bird Health

Internal Parasites

■ Rarely a problem with birds, however some are possible

– Roundworms

– Tapeworms

Roundworms

■ Contracted from ingesting worm eggs in _________________________

___________________________________________________________

■ Diagnosis is by observing feces for _____________________________

___________________________________________________________

■ Symptoms: blockage of the intestines, poor plumage, weight loss, diarrhea

■ Several treatments are available

Tapeworms

■ Contracted by eating an intermediate host such as _________________

___________________________________________________________

■ Diagnosed by observing small, ________________________________


109

_________________________ in the feces

■ Proper cleaning and sanitation practices are best prevention

■ Treatment is with piprazine, nicotine sulfate and kamal powder

External Parasites

■ Red Mites

■ Feather Mites

■ Scaly leg mites

Scaly Leg Mites

■ Mites that tunnel under the scales on the legs of budgies, lovebirds, and

canaries.

■ Have their _________________________________________________

■ Symptoms: White scaly deposits that become ____________________

___________________________________________________________

■ Treatment

– Use _________________________________________________ to kill

the mites and loosen the deposits

– This also plugs the air holes used by the mites and causes them to

suffocate

– Additional treatment is by cleaning cages, perches, and equipment

Bacterial Diseases

Bumblefoot

■ A painful ailment associated with staphylococcal infections

■ Symptoms: feet and joints become hot and swollen with a thick, grayish white

fluid, and not walking or clasping onto the perch

■ Prevention: _______________________________________________

■ Treatment: Antibiotics

Viral Diseases

Newcastle

■ Respiratory difficulty (wheezing) is one of the first symptoms, followed by

tremors, wing droop, and a twisted neck.


110

■ ____________________________________________ are the main source of

possible infections

■ Spreads rapidly with a high mortality rate

■ Should be vaccinated to prevent the disease

Goiter

■ Swelling of the thyroid glands in the neck and interference with breathing

■ Major cause is _____________________________________________

■ Seems to be a special problem for Budgerigars

Nutritional Problems

Feather Plucking

■ Due to boredom, bad diet, lack of bathing, or bird is in need of a mate

■ Birds living indoors need regular bathing or spraying to encourage preening and

avoid feather plucking.

■ _________________________________ is the process that a bird goes through

in cleaning and trimming its feathers with its beak.

Bathing

■ Regular bathing and spraying reduces feather dust and dirt and cuts down on

mites

■ Small birds (budgerigars, canaries, finches, mynah birds, lories, cockatiels)

prefer _____________________________________________

■ A container may be placed in the cage at regular intervals for ________

___________________________________________________________

■ Larger birds need to be sprayed with a __________________________

___________________________________________________________

■ The mist should be allowed to filter down onto the bird rather than being sprayed

directly on the animal.

■ The bird does not need to be saturated, but gently sprayed __________

___________________________________________________________

Symptoms of Problems

■ Sleeping on two legs may indicate the bird is uncomfortable or ailing.

___________________________________________________________

■ A bird who fluffs its feathers out is usually ________________________


111

___________________________________________________________

■ If feces is runny, a __________________________________________ may be

the problem.

■ Not flying around and lack of activity may indicate sickness.

■ Eye discharges or continually closed eyes are an indication of cold, etc.

■ Wheezing, noisy, or irregular breathing may be a sign of a respiratory problem.

■ Not eating or very little eating indicates a loss of appetite that is often associated

with illness.

At the First Signs of Illness

■ Cage temperature should be maintained between _________________

___________________________________________________________

– Move the cage to a warmer location if needed

– Adjust the temperature of the cage with a light bulb near the cage or a

heating pad under the cage

■ Provide 2 to 3 perches so that the bird can find the most comfortable temperature

■ Partially cover the cage to ____________________________________

■ Provide quick energy fluids like ________________________________

___________________________________________________________


112

UNIT I-FISH, AMPHIBIANS, AND REPTILES

21.00 Summarize the use of fish, amphibians, and retiles for pets.

Species/Breeds of Fish

Egg laying fish

– Koi

– Goldfish

– Betas

– Tetras

– Barbs

– Catfish

– Chinese Algae Eater

– Headstanders

Goldfish

• Very popular first fish for many children

• Hardy and easy to keep freshwater fish that prefers pools or cold water

aquariums

• Prefer a temperature range of 32-68˚F

• Can live in various types of water as long as ______________________

___________________________________________________________

Betas

• Freshwater fish that are ______________________________________

• Frequently kept alone as a specimen fish in a species-only aquarium

• _________________________ must never be put in the same aquarium

• One or two females may be put in a community aquarium but it may affect their

________________________________

• Prefer a temperature range of 80˚F ± 3˚

Livebearing fish

• __________________________________________________________


113

• Live in shoals or groups of five or more

– Guppies

– Swordtails

– Mollies

– Platys

Guppies

• Most popular

• Varieties only differ in shapes of their fins and tails

• Prefer water temperatures 68-75˚F

• May average giving birth to ___________________________________

___________________________________________________________

Swordtails

• Known for its long ___________________________________________

• Like environment similar to guppies

• Average 3-4 ¾” long


Mollies

• Most species are black and differ only in the size of their fins


• Dwell in large groups or schools

• Have problems with large fins _________________________________

___________________________________________________________

Saltwater Breeds

• Live in saltwater and require the addition of sodium chloride (salt) to create a

marine environment

• Most of these ornamental fish lay eggs

– Angelfish

– Butterfly fish


114

– Brasslets

– Clown fish

– Sergeant Major

Angelfish

• Some can live in freshwater

• Delicate in appearance, but are very hardy

• Eggs are __________________________________________________ and

placed either in foliage or sand as part of the incubation process

• Prefer water temperature of 77-86˚F

Clown Fish

• Orange in color with _________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

• Each white band & fins are edged in black

• Known for their ability to live around the tentacles of the sea anemone in a

mutually beneficial relationship known as symbiosis

Breeds of Amphibians

• Newts

• Salamanders

• Frogs

• Toads

Newts and Salamanders

• Range in size from a few inches to 5’ or more

• Usually have four legs and long tails

Frogs and Toads

• Differ in that frogs ___________________________________________

___________________________________________________________while toads


115

have a rough skin and dry appearance

• True frogs include the American Bullfrog and may grow to 14” long

• _____________________________________ is the common toad in the eastern

United States

• Green Tree Frog is actually a yellow-green toad with a yellow stripe running from

its lower jaw back along its sides

Species of Reptiles

• Boa constrictors

• Garter snakes

• Green anole

• Skinks

• Savannah Monitor

• Chameleon

Boa Constrictors

• Popular pets because they adjust well to captivity and tame quickly

• May grow 18’ long

• Like to feed on small animals, birds, fish, and eggs

Savannah Monitor

• A lizard that can be used as a pet

• May reach sizes up to ________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

Common Chameleon

• A true chameleon that reaches about 10” in length

• __________________________________________________________ to

adapt to their surroundings

Physiology of fish, amphibians, and reptiles


116

Terminology

• Ornamental fish-

– Kept for their appearance ________________________________

_____________________________________________________

– Personal appeal to people

– Not usually used for food

• Tropical fish

– Popular fish for aquariums that come from the _______________

_____________________________________________________

• Marine fish

– Fish that are kept in salt water aquariums

– Often more colorful than freshwater varieties

• Freshwater fish

– Fish that are kept in a freshwater tank

– Often _______________________________________________

• Community fish

– Fish that do well in an aquarium with other fish species

– Examples include: _____________________________________

_____________________________________________________

• Species fish

– __________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________

– Examples: Blind Cave Fish, Piranhas, Red-Tailed Shark, Schomburgk’s

Leaf Fish, Spiny eels, Killifish (one pair alone in an aquarium), Betas (alone in an

aquarium)

• Live bearer

– Fish that give birth to ___________________________________

– Examples: guppies, Mollies, Platys, and Swordtails

• Egg layers

– Fish that _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________


117

– Examples: tetras, barbs, catfish, goldfish

• _________________________________

– The reproduction ritual where eggs are deposited and fertilized by egg

laying species of fish

Water/Salt Requirements

• Fish must maintain proper levels of salt and water in their bodies.

• Water flows from areas of weak salt solution to areas of strong salt solution by

_______________________

• Freshwater fish do not need to drink water because their body concentration is

higher than the water

• Saltwater fish have a lower concentration of salt in their bodies than in the water.

Therefore, they must drink water to keep from dehydrating.

Feeding Habits

• Bottom feeders (dwellers) are fish that inhabit the lower level of the aquarium and

_______________________________________________

• Their mouth may be _________________________________________ and

they may have barbs to help them locate food.

• Example: barbs

• Middle feeders (middle-water fish) primarily occupy the middle layer of the

aquarium and usually have small mouths that are straight forward because they are

eating feed that is straight in front of them.

• Top feeders usually eat from the surface and occupy the upper levels of the

aquarium.

• Often, their mouths will be turned ____________________and they will have

_______________________________________________ designed for rapid movement

to help them catch insects.

• Some fish, like ___________________________, do not show a preference for

the level of the aquarium.

Physiology of Respiration

• Fish use organs called____________________ to breathe.


118

• Water is drawn through the mouth by constant opening and closing of the mouth.

• This forces water into the pharynx and out through gills.

• _________________________________ in water is taken into the blood and

________________________is released into the water from the gills.

• A few species of fish come to the surface and gulp air into their mouth. They are

able to use atmospheric oxygen because part of their intestines allow for intake of

oxygen. The air is then swallowed into the digestive system and taken into the blood.

Physiology of Movement

• __________________-a moveable structure that allow the fish to swim and

maintain balance.

– Most bony fish have rayed fins that consist of ________________

_____________________________________________________

– Rays can be sharp, soft, or spiny.

– Fins are very flexible.

• Most fish have at least one fin along their back (dorsal), one underside near the

tail (anal), and one tail fin (caudal).

– Some have a small fleshy fin located between the dorsal and caudal

called an ________________________________________

– Fish also have a pair of fins located behind the head called the

_____________________________________________________ located

behind them.

Physiology of Amphibians

• Cold blooded animals that have thin, moist skin that allows them to breathe

through the skin by _____________________________________

• Amphibians usually live in moist environments, but location usually depends on

their _____________________________________________

• Amphibians do not have scales.

• Amphibians crush their prey and swallow it whole because they do not have

teeth.

• They also live part of their life in water. Adult amphibians spend part or all of


119

their life on land.

Physiology of Reptiles

• Reptiles are cold blooded vertebrates that have ___________________

___________________________________________________________

• Reptiles have bony __________________________________________ that

cover their body.

• Reptiles include crocodiles, lizards, snakes, turtles, tortoises, etc.

• Some give birth by laying eggs ________________________________, others

retain the eggs in their body until they hatch and give birth to young

________________________________, and in others their young develop in a placental

sac and are born live _______________________.

Establishing a Healthy Environment

Signs of Disease-Fish

• Strange or unusual behavior.

• Floating to the surface, sinking to the bottom, or leaning to the side of the

aquarium.

• Fins are ___________________________________________________ against

the body.

• __________________________________________________________

• A fish is off by itself and not swimming with the school.

• Appears to be in slow motion and not keeping up with the other fish.

• Breathing seems faster and deeper than normal.

• Fish is at the surface gasping for air.

• Rubbing or scratching against objects in the aquarium.

• Not interested in eating.

• ___________________________________________ or unusually thin.

• Belly appears ______________________________________________

• Color of fish has changed or is unusual.

• Fins appear ________________________________________________


120

• Back and spinal column appear distorted.

• Eyes are not clear, appear cloudy.

• Scales are sticking out instead of flat against the body.

• White spots covering body.

• Protruding eyes.

• ________________________________________ hanging from the fish.

Parasites in Fish

• White spot (Ich)

– Caused by the parasitic organism _________________________

_________________________ and causes numerous __________

_______________

– One of the most common diseases found in aquarium fish.

• Slime disease

– Parasites attack skin of fish causing a large amount of

________________________

– May cause death if it attacks the gills.

Bacterial Diseases-Fish

• Finrot

– Where the edges of the fish’s fins start to appear _____________

_____________________________________________________

– Fish lose their color

– Tissue between the fins breaks down

Treatment of Diseases

• Use of chemicals in the water with the aquarium being thoroughly cleaned before

fish are returned.

• Some need to be placed in a __________________________________ and

treated before returning to normal tank.

• Most treatments can be found at the local pet store.


121

Diseases-Amphibians and Reptiles

• __________________________________is a bacterial disease that can be

transmitted to humans. It affects the digestive tract and causes

___________________________________________________________

• Mites and ticks are external parasites that attack amphibians and reptiles.

• Mites usually go undetected until there is a heavy infestation.

• Symptoms include: anemia, anorexia, depression, stress, listlessness, lack of

appetite, and possible death.

Habitat Requirements

Purchasing an Aquarium

• Decide on tank type (glass or plastic)

– _____________________ is cheaper, but ___________________ is

easier to clean.

– __________________________________ are more expensive than all

glass and offer more support to the glass.

• Tank size

– Size depends on the amount you want to invest and the type (species) of

fish.

– Ranges from a simple Beta or goldfish bowl with a 1 gallon capacity to

10, 30, 50, or 100+ gallons.

– Thickness of glass ranges from ___________________________

____________________________________ for larger aquariums.

Stocking Rate for Aquariums

1 inch of fish requires a MINIMUM of:

• For example:

– An aquarium that is 24” long by 10” wide has ________________ of

surface area.


122

– The tank would hold _______ of tropical fish, _______ of cold water fish,

or _______ of marine fish.

– One could have eight swordtails 3” long in a tropical aquarium,

two goldfish 4” long in a coldwater aquarium, or two Brasslets 2.5” long

in a marine aquarium.

Aquarium Equipment

• Power filter with an electric motor

• Filtration systems remove _____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________

Types of Filtration Systems

• Mechanical

– Removal of waste by using various kinds of filtration devices

– Modern systems use an _________________________________

• Chemical

– Removal of dissolved material by using a chemical process

– The use of _________________________________________ to soak

up dissolved minerals and chemicals is the most common chemical removal

process.

– Activated charcoal is often part of the filter system and must be changed

at regular intervals.

• Biological

– Use bacteria to feed on toxic substances such as

_______________________________excreted from fish during respiration or as

a result of decaying waste and food material.

– Waste is changed from a harmful substance to a harmless one (nitrogen)

– __________________________________________ in the water is also

replenished.

Air Pumps for aeration

– Water is circulated from the bottom of the tank to __________________

___________________________________________________________

– Compressed air (oxygen) is pumped through ______________________ (fused,


123

porous glass) to break the airflow into minute bubbles.

– As the compressed air goes into the water, it disperses ______________

___________________________________________________________

– Air bubbles rising from the bottom aid in equalizing the water temperature

throughout and circulating the water to the top where

___________________________________________________________

Aquarium Maintenance

• Remove temporary hardness of water by _________________________

___________________________________________________________

• Eliminate chlorine by aerating it for _________________________ prior to use or

allowing it to sit for _______hours so the chlorine will evaporate.

• Daily Maintenance

– Check heater, temperature, aeration, and filtration

– Remove dead fish

– Observe for any unusual behavior

• Weekly Maintenance

– Check ___________________________________ and add water and

chemicals as appropriate

• Monthly Maintenance

– _____________________________________ of the water needs to be

changed every three to four weeks to provide fish a stress free environment and

prolong the life of the filters

– Siphon off any dead material from bottom of the aquarium.

– Tend to ______________________________________________

• Factors that contribute to increased ammonia and nitrates in the tank

– Increase in waste material and uneaten food on the bottom (Don’t

overfeed)

– _______________________ and failure to change water monthly

– Overpopulation of fish

Feeding Fish

• Vary feed to prevent boredom—fish really like live food, but freeze-dried and


124

frozen food is a good alternative

• Feed fish _________________________________ per day

• Feed only enough for the fish to eat in ___________________________

• Live foods like ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________ are treats to fish.

• Commercially prepared flake foods are ideal for small fish up to 4-5” long.

___________________________________________________ are provided in amounts

needed by the fish.

• Commercially prepared pellets work well for larger fish. The type depends on the

eating habit of the fish being kept.

Reptile and Amphibian Habitats

• Vast differences between species, but the goal should always be to

__________________________________________________ of the pet.

• Aquariums usually make the best containers.

• Semi-aquatic aquariums may be made by using plexi-glass to partition the

aquarium in half

• _______________________________ should be designed to give the reptile an

environment close to its actual habitat.

• Reptiles are _________________________ They do not generate body heat

and must rely completely on the temperature of their environement.

• Reptiles need ultraviolet (UV) rays for ___________________________

___________________________________________________________

– Reptiles need ____________________________

– Fluorescent lights will provide ________________________ as long as

there is not glass between the light and the reptile. Glass filters the UV rays out.

Documents

Small Animal Coursepack 2014.doc€¦ · Steps in selecting a career • Consider your _____ • Narrow the search • Study the ... • Net Worth or owner’s equity=_____ •

Small Animal Coursepack 2014.doc€¦ · Steps in selecting a career • Consider your _ • Narrow the search • Study the ... • Net Worth or owner’s equity=_ •