Small Dense Pulsed Plasma Discharges Program at the ... Documents/RUSFD 23th/Pres/30.03/Soto...Chilean Nuclear Energy Commission 23rd IAEA TM Research Using Small Fusion Devices 29-31

Thermonuclear Plasma Department

Chilean Nuclear Energy Commission 23rd IAEA TM Research Using Small Fusion Devices

29-31 March 2017, Santiago, Chile

Small Dense Pulsed Plasma Discharges

Program at the Chilean Nuclear Energy

Commission Basic Research and Applications

to Fusion, Materials and Biology

Leopoldo Soto 1,2,*, Cristian Pavez 1,2 , Jalaj Jain 2,3 , Gonzalo Avaria 1,2 , Biswajit Bora 1,2 , Sergio Davis 1,2 , María José Inestrosa-Izurieta 1,2 , Katherine Marcelain 4,

José Moreno 1,2 , José Pedreros 2, and Adolfo Sepulveda 2,5 , Luis Altamirano 6

and Carlos Friedli 2

1Comisión Chilena de Energía Nuclear, Chile 2Center for Research and Applications in Plasma Physics and Pulsed Power, P4, Chile

3Universidad de Talca, Chile 4Universidad de Chile

5Universidad Mayor, Chile 6Dicontek Ltda, Chile

* [email protected]




Motivation

Is it posible to do relevant experimental

plasma physics and fusion research

in a small country?




Z-pinch experiments in Sandia

(10-20 MJ)




PLASMA ENERGY DENSITY

~1012 J/m3

1J in a sub millimeter volume

0.1J in a sphere of 60m of diameter

PLASMA PHYSICS IN SMALL DEVICES

OUR APPROACH




The plasma focus discharge

The Mather Plasma Focus (PF) is a

transient electrical discharge produced in

arranged coaxial electrodes, separated by

an insulator, and driven typically by a

capacitive pulsed power generator, which

is controlled by a spark-gap switch.

(I) The discharge starts over the insulator.

(II) The Lorentz force pushes the plasma

sheet to move axially.

(III) and then to move radially.

(IV) Finally the sheet collapses to form a

dense column of plasma (pinch). During

these stage, when operating with

deuterium, hard X-rays and neutron are

generated.




E kJ - MJ

I 100kA - 1MA

tp 10ns - 100ns

Yn E2

Yn I3.3-4.7

n 1025 m-3

The plasma focus discharge




Some PF devices in operation in the world

during the period 1990-2000

Device, location

Energy

E (kJ)

Anode

radius

a (cm)

Peak current

(kA)

Operation mode

PF-1000, Poland 1064 12.2 2300 Single shot

PF-360, Poland 130 6 1200 Single shot

SPEED2, Germany 70 5.4 2400 Single shot

7kJ PF, Japan 7 1.75 390 Single shot

GN1, Argentina 4.7 1.9 - Single shot

Fuego Nuevo,

Mexico

4.6 2.5 350 Single shot

UNU/ICTP-PF,

AAAPT-Asia and Africa

2.9 0.95 172 Single shot

Fraunhofer Insitute ILT-Aachen,

Germany

2-5 Repetitive, 2Hz

Research Lab. Alameda, USA 2 Repetitive, 2Hz

NX1, Singapore 3 3 250 Repetitive, 3Hz

NX2, Singapore 1.9 4 170 Repetitive, 16Hz




Energy density parameter

28E/a3~5x1010J/m-3

Drive parameter

I/ap1/2 ~ 77kA/cm mbar1/2

va I /ap1/2 vr I /ap1/2

rp (0.1-0.2) a, zp (0.8-1) a a: anode radius

• S. Lee and A. Serban, IEEE Trans. Plasma Science 24, 1101 (1996)

• P. Silva, L. Soto, W. Kies and J. Moreno, Plasma Sources Science and Technology 13, 329 (2004)

• L. Soto, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 47, A361 (2005)

• T. Zhang, R. S. Rawat, S. M. Hassan, J. J. Lin, S. Mahmood, T. L. Tan, S. V. Springham, V. A. Gribkov, P.

Lee, and S. Lee, IEEE, Trans. Plasma Sci. 34, 2356 (2006)

• L. Soto, C. Pavez, J. Moreno, A. Tarifeño and F. Veloso, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 19 ,055017

(2010)




Our goal:

Miniature Plasma Focus Devices

< 1kJ

To find scaling laws




Under kJ PF devices at CCHEN

PF-400J PF-50J PF-2J NF







Diagnostics

• Electrical signals

• Visible plasma images

• X-ray detections (temporal and spatial resolution)

• Neutron detection (in particular low yield pulsed)

• Charged particles

• Optical refractive diagnostics

• Spectroscopy




J. Moreno, P. Silva, and L. Soto, Plasma Sources Science and Technology 12, 39 (2003).




Basic Physics

• Plasma Focus characterization

• Before the pinch

• During the pinch

• After pinch

J. Moreno, P. Silva, and L. Soto, Plasma Sources Science and Technology 12, 39 (2003).




PF-400J Schlieren images

-90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40

0

2

4

6

vm=-8x10

4 +/- 0.8x10

4 m/s

Radial Dynamic in D2

Ra

diu

s c

olu

mn (

mm

)

t (ns)t (ns)

rp 0.1 ra

zp 0.8 ra




a) the plasma sheath is moving axially

b) the pinch moment

c) after the pinch disruptions.

This is the first time in which optical refractive diagnostics from a PF of only 2

joules is reported.

a b c

1 mm

PF-2J Schlieren images

L. Soto, C. Pavez, F. Castillo, J. Jain, J. Pedreros in preparation

rp 0.1 ra

zp 0.8 ra




t =4 4 ns

12 mm

0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0

0,0

2,0x1024

4,0x1024

6,0x1024

8,0x1024

1,0x1025

z = 1.5 mm

z = 0.6 mm

p = 5 mbar (H2); t= 4 ns ; z

p= 4 mm

ne (

m-3)

r (mm)

PF-400J Interferograms

rp 0.1 ra

zp 0.8 ra




6 7 8 9 10 11 12

2.0x105

4.0x105

6.0x105

8.0x105

1.0x106

1.2x106

Y

Pressure (mbar)

A hundred joules PF as a neutron source, PF-400J

PF-400J

0

10

20V

olt

ag

e (

kV

)

-0.4

0.0

0.4

0.8

dI/

dt

(10

12A

/s)

-3

-2

-1

0

FM

2 (

vo

lt)

0 200 400 600

-0.8

-0.4

0.0

FM

2 (

vo

lt)

t (ns)

68 ns

L = 1.5 m SHOT84

270603

PF-400J

P. Silva, J. Moreno, L. Soto, L. Birstein, R. Mayer, and W. Kies, App. Phys. Lett. 83, 3269 (2003)

0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

energy (MeV)




PF-50J




PF-50J







Schlieren

Interferogram

Filaments diameter 300m, ne 1025 m-3

-16ns 49ns - 6ns

Visible images

Filaments

PF-400J







D2 9mbar

Plasma bursts after the pinch

Previus studies did not pay atention after the pinch disruptions

PF- 400J

L. Soto, C. Pavez, J. Moreno, M. J. Inestrosa, F. Veloso, G. Gutierrez, J. Vergara, F. Castillo, A.

Clausse, H. Bruzzone and L. Delgado-Aparicio, Physics of Plasmas 21, 122703 (2014)




Z3 Z2 Z1








𝑍3 𝑡 − 𝑍3 𝑡0 =75

16𝜋

𝛾 − 1 1 + 𝛾 2

3𝛾 − 1 𝐸

𝜌0

15

𝑡 − 𝑡02 5









After plasma jets are observed

PF-50J

Plasma

bursts




After plasma jets are observed

Hollow anode

ne 1024 - 1025 m-3 v 4 x 104 m/s C. Pavez, J. Pedreros, A Tarifeño-Saldivia and L. Soto, Physics of Plasmas 22, 040705 (2015)




Plasma jets

Solid anode

ne 1024 - 1025 m-3 v 4 x 104 m/s

C. Pavez, J. Pedreros, A Tarifeño-Saldivia and L. Soto, Physics of Plasmas 22, 040705 (2015)




PF dynamics including times

after the pinch disruption




Vo = 22-23 kV, p = 12 mbar

C. Pavez et al, RUSFD 2017




-380 ns -380 ns -330 ns -308 ns

-272 ns -222 ns -174 ns

C. Pavez et al, RUSFD 2017




Spectroscopy G. Avaria et al, RUSFD 2017

Discharge:

Charging voltage ~27kV (~310 J)

Frequency 0.06Hz (~ 16 s)

Diagnostics

0.5 m Cerny-Turner Imaging

Spectrometer

- 300 l/mm

- Optical resolution (FWHM):

0.4 nm

ICCD

- FWHM: 3 ns

Anode

Insulator

Spectrometer

ICCD f=200mm;FusedSilica

Cathode




Results: Use of imputities

N III N III

N IV

Al III N II

H I

• To observe the ionization degree evolution of the plasma

sheath, we added small imputiries.

Hydrogen at 98%, Nitrogen at 2%. Pressure was calculated to be

equivalent to 9 mbar of pure hydrogen, by mantaining the mass of

the mixture.




Applications




PF as a neutron source for Fu-Fi reactors

C. Friedli et al, RUSFD 2017




Materials for fusion reactors




Damage factor

F ~ q·½ = E/S½

q: power flux, : interaction time, S: interaction area




Expected Damage in Fusion

Reactor ITER:

F ~ q·½ ~ 108(W/m2) s1/2 = 104(W/cm2) s1/2

at 0.5 – 1 Hz , 103 pulses

IFE:

F ~ q·½ ~ 104(W/cm2) s1/2

at 10 Hz

PF-400J:

F ~ q·½ ~ 103 – 105 (W/cm2) s1/2

at 0.05 Hz




1 ELMs would be “equivalent” to a vagon of train of 100 tons at 220 km/h shocking on a wall




Damage factor

F ~ q·½ = E/S½

q: power flux density, : interaction time, S: interaction area







Total mass inside the bubble, m: total pinch mass

(the pinch is ejected trough Z2, creating so the bubble)

The pinch density was previously measured using pulsed interferometry, thus the

total pinch mass is m 1.5x10-10 kg

C. Pavez and L. Soto, Physica Scripta T131, 014030 (2008)

Length of the ejected mass: pinch length, L = 5.6 mm

Time of interaction, L / v

Damage Factor produced by






𝑍3 𝑡 − 𝑍3 𝑡0 =75

16𝜋

𝛾 − 1 1 + 𝛾 2

3𝛾 − 1 𝐸

𝜌0

15

𝑡 − 𝑡02 5






10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

0

1x104

2x104

3x104

4x104

5x104

F(Ws1/2/cm2)

z(mm)

Tunable Damage Factor




damage factor, F ~ q·½ ½ a1/2 (E1/3) 1/2

F E1/6

PF, 1MJ F

PF, 1kJ 1/3 F

PF, 100J 1/5 F

PF, 10J 1/7 F

PF, 1J 1/10 F

Roughly speaking

The damage factor for the PF-1000 (1MJ) at Poland is only 3.65 times

greater than the damage factor for the PF- 400J (400J) at Chile.

6 order of magnitud in energy translates in only 1 order of

magnitude in damage factor

L. Soto et al, in preparation







PF400J: Fusion Plasma Pulses Source

Implementation of:

Sample holder avoiding ablation

Shutter control exposure

Hollow anode avoid anode material

deposition




Z (mm) V (m/s) S (cm2) E/S (J/cm2) (ns) q (W/cm2) F=q1/2

(W/cm2)s1/2

15 7.5104 0.6 0.69 75 9.2106 2.5103

25 2.08104 2.54 1.310-2 270 4.7104 24

35 1.05104 5.87 1.410-3 533 2.6103 1.9

m 1.5x10-10 kg

L = 5.6 mm

L / v

PF400J: Fusion Plasma Pulses Source

Tungsten target




Morphological Effects on W

SEM

Reference 15 mm

Scanning Electron Microscope images to comparison the

extreme irradiation targets

25 mm

Scanning Electron Microscope image showing targets.

Ref. smooth surface

15 mm microcracks and holes

surface melting

25 mm some melting

35 mm no melting

15 mm

M. J. Inestrosa Izurieta, E. Ramos-Moore and L. Soto,

Nuclear Fusion 55, 093011 (2015)




Deposition of DLC

M. J. Inestrosa-Izurieta, RUSFD 2017 SEM images of: 10 mm - 8 pulses and 10 mm - 42 pulses

8 pulses rough surface (big grains or aglomeration)

42 pulses smooth surface filled with microcracks and holes

cumulative melting effect




Effects of pulsed radiation in cell

J. Jain et al, RUSFD 2017

Hundreds of joule plasma focus device as a potential source of pulsed x-rays and neutrons for in vitro cancer

cell irradiation, J. Jain et al, RUSFD 2017




Mo

ck c

on

tro

l (p

uls

ed

neu

tro

n)

DNA damage DSB

Hundreds of joule plasma focus device as a potential source of pulsed x-rays and

neutrons for in vitro cancer cell irradiation, J. Jain et al, RUSFD 2017




• DSB induction was found at low doses (0.12 Gy) in case of pulsed x-rays.

• Cell death was absent in case pulsed x-rays irradiation.

• Neutron irradiation provides cell death at ultralow doses but DNA damage

with higher statistical insignificance.

J. Jain et al, RUSFD 2017

Hundreds of joule plasma focus device as a potential source of pulsed x-rays and neutrons for in vitro cancer

cell irradiation, J. Jain et al, RUSFD 2017




Recently

• Continuos plasmas, Plasma torch.

Biswajit Bora

• Theory and simulations.

Sergio Davis, Karla Kauffmann




Publications in journals

1. “ A Pulse Voltage Multiplier”, Leopoldo Soto and Luis Altamirano. Review of

Scientific Instruments 70, 1891 (1999)

2. “Mechanical Mounts for Mirrors and Beam Splitters”, Leopoldo Soto and

Hernán Chuaqui, Measurements in Science and Technology. 11, 39 (2000)

3. “Fabricación de un Equipo Plasma Focus para Tratamiento de Superficies

por Choque Térmico”, Gustavo Sylvester, Marcelo Zambra, Leopoldo Soto, Jorge Feugeas,

Alejandro Clausse, and Horacio Bruzzone , Revista Nucleotécnica, año 21, No 35, p.47 (2001).

4. “Fast Hollow Cathode Capillary Discharge. MHD Simulation” A. Esaulov, P.

Sasorov, L. Soto, M. Zambra and J. Sakai. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 43, 571

(2001).

5. “Magnetohidrodynamics Simulation of Gas Embedded Plasma Discharge”,

Andrey Esaulov, Pavel Sasorov, Leopoldo Soto, and Marcelo Zambra, Physics of Plasma 8,

1395 (2001).

6. “Transient Electrical Discharge in Small Devices” (Invited paper, ICPP 2000

and APS Plasma Division 2000), Leopoldo Soto, Andrey Esaulov, José Moreno, Patricio Silva,

Gustavo Sylvester, Marcelo Zambra, Andrey Nazarenko, and Alejandro Clausse. Physics of

Plasma 8, 2572 (2001).

7. “Fast Capillary Discharge: Plasma Dynamics and VUV Spetroscopy

Diagnostics”, Leopoldo Soto, Patricio Silva, Gustavo Sylvester, José Moreno, Andrey Esaulov

and Andrey Nazarenko. Special Issue of the Revista Mexicana de Física 48-S3, 142 (2002).

8. “Plasma Focus in the Limit of Low Energy”, Patricio Silva, Leopoldo Soto,

Gustavo Sylvester, Marcelo Zambra, Horacio Bruzzone, Alejandro Clausse, and Cesar Moreno.

Special Issue of the Revista Mexicana de Física 48-S3, 145 (2002).

9. “Design and Construction of a Compact module of surfaces treatment by

thermal shock”, Gustavo Sylvester, Marcelo Zambra, Leopoldo Soto, Jorge Feugeas, Alejandro

Clausse, and Horacio Bruzzone. Special Issue of the Revista Mexicana de Física 48-S3, 148

(2002).

10. “Dense Plasma Research in the Chilean Nuclear Energy Commission: Past,

Present, and Future”, Leopoldo Soto, Patricio Silva, José Moreno, Marcelo Zambra, Gustavo

Sylvester, Andrey Esaulov, and Luis Altamirano. Brazilian Journal of Physics 32, 139-154 (2002).

11. “A Plasma Focus Driven by a Capacitor Bank of Tens of Joules” Patricio

Silva, Leopoldo Soto, José Moreno, Gustavo Sylvester, Marcelo Zambra, Luis Altamirano,

Horacio Bruzzone, Alejandro Clausse, and César Moreno, Review of Scientific Instruments 73,

2583 (2002).

12. “Plasma Motion Observations in a Very Small Plasma Focus in the Limit of

Low Energy”, Leopoldo Soto, Patricio Silva, José Moreno, Luis Altamirano, and Alejandro

Clausse. Simposio de la Sociedad Venezolana de Física 2001 and ISFFPP International School

on Fundamentals and Frontiers in Plasma Physics 2001 (Invited talk)”. Especial Issue of the

Revista Mexicana de Física 49S3, 140, (2003)

13. “Evolution of a Gas Embedded Z-pinch: A Zero Dimensional Approach”.

Leopoldo Soto and Alejandro Clausse. Physica Scripta 67, 77 (2003).

14. “Optical Observations of the Plasma Motion in a Fast Plasma Focus

Operating at 50 Joules”. José Moreno, Patricio Silva, and Leopoldo Soto, Plasma Sources

Science and Technology 12, 39 (2003).

15. “Neutron Emission from a Fast Plasma Focus of 400 Joules”, P. Silva, J.

Moreno, L. Soto, L. Birstein, R. Mayer, W. Kies, Applied Physics Letters 83, 3269 (2003)

16. “Pinch evidence in a fast and small plasma focus of only tens of joules”, P.

Silva, L. Soto, W. Kies and J. Moreno, Plasma Sources Science and Technology 13, 329 (2004).

17. “Research on Pinch Plasma Focus Devices of Hundred of Kilojpules to Tens

Of Joules”, L. Soto, P. Silva, J. Moreno, G. Sylvester, M. Zambra, C. Pavez, L. Altamirano, M.

Barbaglia, H. Bruzzone, Yu. Sidelnikov, and W.Kies, (Invited paper in X Latin American

Workshop on Plasma Physics, 2003), Brazilian. Journal of Physics 34 4B, 1814 (2004)

18. "New Trends and Future Perspectives on Plasma Focus Research", (Invited

paper in ICPP2004), Leopoldo Soto, Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47, A361 (2005).

19. “Editorial article of XV Chilean Physics Symposium, 2006”, Leopoldo Soto,

José Moreno, Ricardo Avila and Karla Cubillos, (Editors), Journal of Physics: Conf. Series, 134,

011001 (2008)

20. “Opening Talk of XV Chilean Physics Symposium, 2006”, Leopoldo Soto,

Journal of Physics: Conf. Series, 134, (2008)

21. “Soft X-ray emission from a plasma focus of hundreds joules”, Patricio Silva,

José Moreno, Cristian Pavez, Leopoldo Soto, and Jaime Arancibia, Journal of Physics: Conf.

Series, 134, 012044 (2008)

22. “Hard X-ray measurement from a plasma focus of low energy”, Patricio Silva,

Cristian Farias, Patricio L´Huissier, Victor Pinto, Marcelo Zambra and Leopoldo Soto, Journal of

Physics: Conf. Series, 134, 012045 (2008)

23. “Electrical characterization and experimental results in the SPEED4 plasma

focus device”, Marcelo Zambra, Juan Carlos Soto, Patricio Silva, Gustavo Sylvester, Cristian

Pavez, José Moreno and Leopoldo Soto, Journal of Physics: Conf. Series, 134, 012046 (2008)

24. “Neutron emission from a plasma focus device: a neutron radiography

diagnostic?”, Marcelo Zambra, José Moreno, Patricio Silva, Leopoldo Soto, Gustavo Sylvester

and Cristian Pavez, Journal of Physics: Conf. Series, 134, 012047 (2008)

25. “Production of high magnetic fields by using high power lasers and scaling to

medium power lasers”, Ariel Tarifeño, Cristian Pavez and Leopoldo Soto, Journal of Physics:

Conf. Series, 134, 012048 (2008)

26. “Characterization of neutron emission and measurement of the electron

density in a plasma focus device of 400J”, Cristian Pavez, José Moreno, Patricio Silva, Fermin

Castillo, Julio Herrera and Leopoldo Soto, Journal of Physics: Conf. Series, 134, 012049 (2008)

27. “Progress in Z-pinch research driven by the mega-ampere device SPEED2”,

Cristian Pavez, Leopoldo Soto, José Moreno, Ariel Tarifeño and Gustavo Sylvester, Journal of

Physics: Conf. Series, 134, 012050 (2008)

28. “Analisys and projections of Physics in Chile”, Leopoldo Soto, Marcelo

Zambra, Marcelo Loewe, Gonzalo Gutierrez, Mario Molina, Felipe Barra, Fernando Lund, Carlos

Saavedra, and Patricio Häberle, Journal of Physics: Conf. Series, 134, 012052 (2008)

29. “Zero-dimensional simulations of wire array experiments and Z-pinch flux

compression using SPEED2 generator” Ariel Tarifeño, Cristian Pavez, Miguel Cardenas and

Leopoldo Soto, Physica Scripta T131, 014028 (2008)

30. “Design and characterization of a small multipurpose capacitor bank for

plasma physics and pulsed power experiments”, Ariel Tarifeño, Cristian Pavez and Leopoldo

Soto, Physica Scripta T131, 014029 (2008)

“ A Pulse Voltage Multiplier”, Leopoldo Soto and Luis Altamirano. Review of Scientific Instruments 70, 1891 (1999)

“Mechanical Mounts for Mirrors and Beam Splitters”, Leopoldo Soto and Hernán Chuaqui, Measurements in Science and Technology. 11, 39 (2000)

“Fabricación de un Equipo Plasma Focus para Tratamiento de Superficies por Choque Térmico”, Gustavo Sylvester, Marcelo Zambra, Leopoldo Soto, Jorge Feugeas, Alejandro Clausse, and Horacio Bruzzone , Revista Nucleotécnica, año 21, No 35, p.47 (2001).

“Fast Hollow Cathode Capillary Discharge. MHD Simulation” A. Esaulov, P. Sasorov, L. Soto, M. Zambra and J. Sakai. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 43, 571 (2001).

“Magnetohidrodynamics Simulation of Gas Embedded Plasma Discharge”, Andrey Esaulov, Pavel Sasorov, Leopoldo Soto, and Marcelo Zambra, Physics of Plasma 8, 1395 (2001).

“Transient Electrical Discharge in Small Devices” (Invited paper, ICPP 2000 and APS Plasma Division 2000), Leopoldo Soto, Andrey Esaulov, José Moreno, Patricio Silva, Gustavo Sylvester, Marcelo Zambra, Andrey Nazarenko, and Alejandro Clausse. Physics of Plasma 8, 2572 (2001).

“Fast Capillary Discharge: Plasma Dynamics and VUV Spetroscopy Diagnostics”, Leopoldo Soto, Patricio Silva, Gustavo Sylvester, José Moreno, Andrey Esaulov and Andrey Nazarenko. Special Issue of the Revista Mexicana de Física 48-S3, 142 (2002).

“Plasma Focus in the Limit of Low Energy”, Patricio Silva, Leopoldo Soto, Gustavo Sylvester, Marcelo Zambra, Horacio Bruzzone, Alejandro Clausse, and Cesar Moreno. Special Issue of the Revista Mexicana de Física 48-S3, 145 (2002).

“Design and Construction of a Compact module of surfaces treatment by thermal shock”, Gustavo Sylvester, Marcelo Zambra, Leopoldo Soto, Jorge Feugeas, Alejandro Clausse, and Horacio Bruzzone. Special Issue of the Revista Mexicana de Física 48-S3, 148 (2002).

“Dense Plasma Research in the Chilean Nuclear Energy Commission: Past, Present, and Future”, Leopoldo Soto, Patricio Silva, José Moreno, Marcelo Zambra, Gustavo Sylvester, Andrey Esaulov, and Luis Altamirano. Brazilian Journal of Physics 32, 139-154 (2002).

“A Plasma Focus Driven by a Capacitor Bank of Tens of Joules” Patricio Silva, Leopoldo Soto, José Moreno, Gustavo Sylvester, Marcelo Zambra, Luis Altamirano, Horacio Bruzzone, Alejandro Clausse, and César Moreno, Review of Scientific Instruments 73, 2583 (2002).

“Plasma Motion Observations in a Very Small Plasma Focus in the Limit of Low Energy”, Leopoldo Soto, Patricio Silva, José Moreno, Luis Altamirano, and Alejandro Clausse. Simposio de la Sociedad Venezolana de Física 2001 and ISFFPP International School on Fundamentals and Frontiers in Plasma Physics 2001 (Invited talk)”. Especial Issue of the Revista Mexicana de Física 49S3, 140, (2003)

“Evolution of a Gas Embedded Z-pinch: A Zero Dimensional Approach”. Leopoldo Soto and Alejandro Clausse. Physica Scripta 67, 77 (2003).

“Optical Observations of the Plasma Motion in a Fast Plasma Focus Operating at 50 Joules”. José Moreno, Patricio Silva, and Leopoldo Soto, Plasma Sources Science and Technology 12, 39 (2003).

“Neutron Emission from a Fast Plasma Focus of 400 Joules”, P. Silva, J. Moreno, L. Soto, L. Birstein, R. Mayer, W. Kies, Applied Physics Letters 83, 3269 (2003)

“Pinch evidence in a fast and small plasma focus of only tens of joules”, P. Silva, L. Soto, W. Kies and J. Moreno, Plasma Sources Science and Technology 13, 329 (2004).

“Research on Pinch Plasma Focus Devices of Hundred of Kilojpules to Tens Of Joules”, L. Soto, P. Silva, J. Moreno, G. Sylvester, M. Zambra, C. Pavez, L. Altamirano, M. Barbaglia, H. Bruzzone, Yu. Sidelnikov, and W.Kies, (Invited paper in X Latin American Workshop on Plasma Physics, 2003), Brazilian. Journal of Physics 34 4B, 1814 (2004)

"New Trends and Future Perspectives on Plasma Focus Research", (Invited paper in ICPP2004), Leopoldo Soto, Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47, A361 (2005).

“Editorial article of XV Chilean Physics Symposium, 2006”, Leopoldo Soto, José Moreno, Ricardo Avila and Karla Cubillos, (Editors), Journal of Physics: Conf. Series, 134, 011001 (2008)

“Opening Talk of XV Chilean Physics Symposium, 2006”, Leopoldo Soto, Journal of Physics: Conf. Series, 134, (2008)

“Soft X-ray emission from a plasma focus of hundreds joules”, Patricio Silva, José Moreno, Cristian Pavez, Leopoldo Soto, and Jaime Arancibia, Journal of Physics: Conf. Series, 134, 012044 (2008)

“Hard X-ray measurement from a plasma focus of low energy”, Patricio Silva, Cristian Farias, Patricio L´Huissier, Victor Pinto, Marcelo Zambra and Leopoldo Soto, Journal of Physics: Conf. Series, 134, 012045 (2008)

“Electrical characterization and experimental results in the SPEED4 plasma focus device”, Marcelo Zambra, Juan Carlos Soto, Patricio Silva, Gustavo Sylvester, Cristian Pavez, José Moreno and Leopoldo Soto, Journal of Physics: Conf. Series, 134, 012046 (2008)

“Neutron emission from a plasma focus device: a neutron radiography diagnostic?”, Marcelo Zambra, José Moreno, Patricio Silva, Leopoldo Soto, Gustavo Sylvester and Cristian Pavez, Journal of Physics: Conf. Series, 134, 012047 (2008)

“Production of high magnetic fields by using high power lasers and scaling to medium power lasers”, Ariel Tarifeño, Cristian Pavez and Leopoldo Soto, Journal of Physics: Conf. Series, 134, 012048 (2008)

“Characterization of neutron emission and measurement of the electron density in a plasma focus device of 400J”, Cristian Pavez, José Moreno, Patricio Silva, Fermin Castillo, Julio Herrera and Leopoldo Soto, Journal of Physics: Conf. Series, 134, 012049 (2008)

“Progress in Z-pinch research driven by the mega-ampere device SPEED2”, Cristian Pavez, Leopoldo Soto, José Moreno, Ariel Tarifeño and Gustavo Sylvester, Journal of Physics: Conf. Series, 134, 012050 (2008)

“Analisys and projections of Physics in Chile”, Leopoldo Soto, Marcelo Zambra, Marcelo Loewe, Gonzalo Gutierrez, Mario Molina, Felipe Barra, Fernando Lund, Carlos Saavedra, and Patricio Häberle, Journal of Physics: Conf. Series, 134, 012052 (2008)

“Zero-dimensional simulations of wire array experiments and Z-pinch flux compression using SPEED2 generator” Ariel Tarifeño, Cristian Pavez, Miguel Cardenas and Leopoldo Soto, Physica Scripta T131, 014028 (2008)

“Scaling and stabilization due to the large ion Larmor radius (LLR) effects in plasma focus devices” Cristian Pavez and Leopoldo Soto, Physica Scripta T131, 014030 (2008)

“Dense transient pinches and pulsed power technology. Research and applications using medium and small devices” Leopoldo Soto, Cristian Pavez, Jose Moreno, Miguel Cárdenas, Ariel Tarifeño, Patricio Silva, Marcelo Zambra, Luis Huerta, Jorge Ramos, Rodrigo Escobar, Claudio Tenreiro, Miguel Lagos, Cesar Retamal, and J. Luis Giordano (Invited paper, XII Latin American Workshop on Plasma Physics), Physica Scripta T131, 014031 (2008)

“System for measurements of low yield neutron pulses from D-D fusion reactions based upon a 3He proportional counter”, J. Moreno, L. Birstein, R. Mayer, P. Silva, L. Soto, Meas. Sci. and Technol. 19, 087002 (2008)

“Demonstration of neutron production in a table top pinch plasma focus device operated at only tens of joules”. Leopoldo Soto, Patricio Silva, José Moreno Moreno, Marcelo Zambra, Walter Kies, Roberto E. Mayer, Alejandro Clausse, Luis Altamirano, Cristian Pavez, and Luis Huerta J. Phys. D: App. Phys. 41, 205215 (2008).

"Motion of a red blood cell in interference filed", Luis Alfredo Viera, Ignacio Lira, Leopoldo Soto, and Cristian Pavez, Optics Communications 282, 64 (2009)

“Nanofocus: ultra-miniature dense pinch plasma focus device with submillimetric anode operating at 0.1J”, Leopoldo Soto, Cristian Pavez, José Moreno, Mario Barbaglia, and Alejandro Clausse, Plasma Sources Sci. and Technol. 18, 015007 (2009)

“Experimental study of the hard x-ray emissions in a Plasma Focus of hundreds of Joules", Mario Barbaglia, Horacio Bruzzone, H. Acuña, Leopoldo Soto and Alejandro Clausse, Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 51, 045001 (2009).

“Numerical experiments on plasma focus neutron yield versus pressure compared with laboratory experiments”, S. Lee, S. H. Saw, L. Soto, S. V. Springham, S. P. Moo, Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 51, 075006 (2009).

“Experimental results on hard x-ray energy emitted by a low energy plasma focus device: a radiographic image analysis”, M. Zambra, P. Silva, M. Moreno, C. Pavez and L. Soto, Plasma Physics Controlled Fusion 51, 125003 (2009)

“Demonstration of x-ray Emission from an ultraminiature pinch plasma focus discharge operating at 0.1 J. Nanofocus”, Cristian Pavez and Leopoldo Soto, IEEE Trans. Plasma Science, 38, 1132 (2010).

“Studies on scalability and scaling laws for the plasma focus: similarities and differences in devices from 1MJ to 0.1J”, Leopoldo Soto, Cristian Pavez, Ariel Tarifeño, José Moreno and Felipe Veloso, Plasma Sources Sci. and Technol. 19, 055017 (2010).

“Dynamics and Density Measurements in a Small Plasma Focus of Tens of Joules Emitting Neutrons”, Ariel Tarifeño, Cristian Pavez, José Moreno and Leopoldo Soto, IEEE Trans. Plasma Science, 39, 756 (2011)

“Editorial article of Special Issue devoted to Invited papers from the 15th International Congress on Plasma Physics combined with the 13th Latin American Workshop on Plasma Physics”, Leopoldo Soto, Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 53, 070201 (2011)

“Dependence of hard x-ray emissions with the charging pressure in a small Plasma Focus” M. Barbaglia, L. Soto and A. Clausse, Journal of Fusion Energy 31, 105 (2012). (DOI 10.1007/s10894-011-9455).

“Toroidal high-density singularities in a small Plasma Focus”, Federico Casanova, Ariel Tarifeño-Saldivia, Felipe Veloso, Cristian Pavez, Leopoldo Soto and Alejandro Clausse, Journal of Fusion Energy 31, 279 (2012). (DOI 10.1007/s10894-011-9469-1)

Correlations among neutron yield and dynamical discharge characteristics obtained from electrical signals in a 400 joules plasma focus”, Felipe Veloso, Cristian Pavez, Jose Moreno, Victor Galaz, Marcelo Zambra and Leopoldo Soto, Journal of Fusion Energy 31, 30-37 (2012). (DOI 10.1007/s10894-011-9429-9)

“Understanding the Insulator Conditioning Process in Fast Plasma Focus Discharges”, A. Tarifeño-Saldivia, E. Ramos-Moore, P. Ferrari and L. Soto, Journal of Physics Conference Series, 370 (2012) 012060 DOI:10.1088/1742-6596/370/1/012060

“The Silver Counter Neutron Detector Revisited”, A. Llanquihuen- Martinez, A. Tarifeño-Saldivia, J. Moreno and L .Soto, LAWPP 2011 J of Physics Conference Series 370 (2012) 012068 DOI 10.1088/1742-6596/370/1/012069

“Multiple Pinching in The Miniature Plasma Focus nanoPLADEMA”, M. Barbaglia, L.Soto and A Clausse, Journal of Physics Conference Series, 370 (2012) 012058 DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/370/1/012058

“Modelling of the internal dynamics and density in a tens of joules plasma focus device”, Ariel Marquez, José Gonzalez, Ariel Tarifeño-Saldivia, Cristian Pavez, Leopoldo Soto y Alejandro Clausse, Physics of Plasmas 19, 012703 (2012)

“Non-intrusive plasma diagnostics for mesuring sheath kinematics in plasma focus discharges”, Felipe Veloso, José Moreno, Ariel Tarifeño-Saldivia, Cristian Pavez, Marcelo Zambra and Leopoldo Soto, Meas. Sci. And Technol. 23, 087002 (2012)

“Plasma sheath kinematics and some implications on the modeling of very low energy plasma focus”, Felipe Veloso, José Moreno, Ariel Tarifeño-Saldivia, Cristian Pavez, Marcelo Zambra and Leopoldo Soto, Plasma Phys. and Control. Fusion. 54, 095007 (2012)

“Potentiality of a small and fast dense plasma focus as hard x-ray source for radiographic applications”, C Pavez, J. Pedreros, M Zambra, F Veloso, J Moreno, A Tarifeño-Saldivia and L. Soto, Plasma Phys. and Control. Fusion. 54 105018 (2012).

“Statistical characterization of the reproducibility of neutron emission of small plasma focus devices” Ariel Tarifeño-Saldivia and Leopoldo Soto, Physics of Plasmas 19, 092512 (2012)

“Digital interferometry applied to transient dense plasmas”, Cristian Pavez, José Pedreros, Carlos Curín, Gonzalo Muñoz, and Leopoldo Soto, IEEE Trans. Plasma Science 40, 3384 (2012)

“Drive parameter of neutron-optimized dense plasma foci”, Daniel Klir and Leopoldo Soto, IEEE Trans. Plasma Science 40, 3273 (2012)

“Opening Talk 15th International Congress on Plasma Physics (ICPP 2010) 13th Latin American Workshop on Plasma Physics (LAWPP 2010)”, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 511 (2014) 011002

“Measurements of ions emission using ToF method and CR39 SSNTD in a Small Plasma Focus device of Hundreds of Joules”, J Moreno, J Pedreros and L Soto, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 511 (2014)

“Potentiality of a table top plasma focus as X-ray source: Radiographic applications”, C Pavez, M Zambra, F Veloso, J Moreno and L Soto, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 511 (2014) 012028

“Experimental Study on the Optimization for Neutron Emission in a Small Fast Plasma Focus Operated at Tens of Joules”, A Tarifeno-Saldivia and L Soto, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 511 (2014) 012029

“Modeling of the pinch electron-density distribution in a small Plasma Focus”, A Márquez, J González, A Tarifeño, C Pavez, A Clausse and L Soto, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 511 (2014) 012030

“Numerical simulation of current sheet instabilities in a small plasma focus”, F Casanova, A Tarifeño, F Veloso, L Soto and A Clausse, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 511 (2014) 012031

“Non-radioactive Source for Field Applications Based in a Plasma Focus of 2J: Pinch evidence”, L Soto, C Pavéz, J Moreno, J Pedreros and L Altamirano, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 511 (2014) 012032

“Pinch density measurements in compact plasma foci of 400J and 50J”, A Tarifeño-Saldivia, C Pavez and L Soto, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 511 (2014) 012033

“Electrical behavior of an ultralow-energy plasma focus”, M. O. Barbaglia, H. Bruzzone, H. N. Acuña, L. Soto and A. Clausse, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 42, 138 (2014)

“Calibration methodology for proportional counters applied to yield measurements of a neutron burst”, A. Tarifeño-Saldivia, R. E. Mayer, C. Pavez and L. Soto, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85, 013502 (2014)

“Observation of the partial reheating of the metallic vapor during the wire explosion process for nanoparticle synthesis”, B. Bora, S. S. Kausik, C. S. Wong, O. H. Chin, S. L. Yap, and L. Soto, Applied Physics Letters 104, 223108 (2014)

“Filamentary structures in dense plasma focus: current filaments or vortex filaments”, Leopoldo Soto, Cristian Pavez, Fermin Castillo, Felipe Veloso, José Moreno, and S. K. H. Auluck, Physics of Plasmas 21, 072702 (2014)

“Influence of finite geometrical asymmetry of the electrodes in capacitively coupled radio frequency plasma”, B. Bora and L. Soto, Physics of Plasmas 21, 083509 (2014)

“Effects of gas chamber geometry and gas flow on the neutron production in a fast plasma focus neutron source”, A. Tarifeño-Saldivia and L. Soto, Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 56, 125013 (2014).

“Calibration methodology for proportional counters applied to yield measurements of a neutron burst”, A. Tarifeno-Saldivia, R. Mayer, Roberto , C. Pavez, L. Soto, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 591, 012025 (2014).

“Influences of electrode configurations in dual capacitively coupled radio frequency glow discharge plasma”, B. Bora, L. Soto, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 591 (2014).

“Ion emission study using visible spectroscopy and ToF method in a plasma focus device of two kilojoules”, J.

Moreno, D. Morales, G. Avaria, C. Pavez, L. Soto, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 591, 012023 (2014).

“Time resolved visible spectroscopy studies of the plasma sheath evolution in a low energy plasma focus

device”, G. Avaria, O. Cuadrado, J. Moreno, L. Soto, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 591, 012024

(2014).

“Wire array experiments in a low impedance and low current generator”, N. Cabrini, C. Pavez, G. Avaria, L.

Soto, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 591, 012026 (2014).

“Characterization of the axial plasma shock in a table top plasma focus after the pinch and its possible

application to testing materials for fusion reactors”. L. Soto, C. Pavez, J. Moreno, M. J. Inestrosa-Izurieta, F.

Veloso, G. Gutiérrez, J. Vergara, A. Clausse, H. Bruzzone, F. Castillo, and L. F. Delgado-Aparicio, Physics of

Plasma 21, 122703 (2014)

“Feasibility study of a hybrid subcritical fission system driven by Plasma-Focus fusion neutrons”, Alejandro

Clausse, Leopoldo Soto, Carlos Friedli and Luis Altamirano, Annals of Nuclear Energy 78, 10-14 (2015)

“Influence of the Anode Length on the Neutron Emission of a 50 J Plasma Focus: Modeling and Experiment”, Alejandro Clausse, Leopoldo Soto, and Ariel Tarifeño-Saldivia, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 43, 629 (2015)

“Neutron energy distribution and temporal correlations with hard X-ray emission from a hundred of joules plasma focus devices”, J. Moreno, F. Veloso, C. Pavez, A. Tarifeño-Saldivia, D. Klir, and L. Soto, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 57, 035008 (2015)

“Observations of plasma jets in a table top plasma focus discharge” C. Pavez, J. Pedreros, A. Tarifeño Saldivia

and L. Soto, Physics of Plasmas 22, 040705 (2015)

“Morphological and structural effects on tungsten targets produced by fusion plasma pulses from a table top

plasma focus” M.J. Inestrosa-Izurieta, E. Ramos-Moore and L. Soto, Nuclear Fusion 55, 093011 (2015)

“Temporal Variation of the Current Sheet Inductance from PACO Plasma Focus Device”, M. O. Barbaglia, M.

Milanese, L. Soto, A. Clausse, J. Moreno, C. Pavez, C. Moreno, Journal of Fusion Energy 35, 561 (2016).

“Dynamic Characteristics of X-pinch Experiments Conducted in a Small Capacitive Generator:Refractive Optical

Observations”, Adolfo Sepúlveda, Cristian Pavez, José Pedreros, Gonzalo Avaria, Patricio San Martín and

Leopoldo Soto, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 720 , 012037 (2016)

“Development of plasma needle to be used for biomedical applications”, B Bora, J Jain, M J Inestrosa-Izurieta, G

Avaria, J Moreno, C Pavez, K. Marcelain, R. Armisen and L Soto, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 720,

012038 (2016)

“Characterization of the ionization degree evolution of the PF-400J plasma sheath by means of time resolved

optical spectroscopy”, G. Avaria, O. Cuadrado, J. Moreno, C. Pavez and L. Soto, Journal of Physics: Conference

Series, 720, 012041 (2016)

Ion beam measurement using Rogowski coils in a hundred of joules dense plasma focus device”, J. Jain, J.

Moreno, C. Pavez, B. Bora, M. J. Inestrosa-Izurieta, G. Avaria and L. Soto, Journal of Physics: Conference

Series, 720, 012042 (2016)

“Characterization of x-rays pulses from a hundred joules plasma focus to study its effects on cancer cells”, J.

Jain, J. Moreno, G. Avaria, C. Pavez, B. Bora, M. J. Inestrosa Izurieta, D. Diez, O. Alvarez, J. Tapia, K.




Collaborators

• R. Gonzalez, A. Rivera, M. Perlado, M. Panizo, Universidad

Politécnica de Madrid, Spain

• K. Marcelain, R. Andaur, D. Diez, Intitute of Biomedical Sciences

Universidad de Chile

• G. Gutierrez, GNM Universidad de Chile

• F. Veloso, P. Universidad Católica de Chile

• A. Clausse, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Argentina

and Universidad del Centro, Tandil, Argentina

• M. Barbaglia, Universidad del Centro, Tandil, Argentina

• H. Bruzzone, Universidad de Mar del Plata, Argentina

• F. Castillo, México

• D. Klir, Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic

• Luis F. Delagado-Aparicio, PPPL, USA

• S. K. H. Auluck, BARC, India

• F. Gonzalez Cataldo, University of California, Berkeley, USA.




Future work

To keep on playing




Thank you!

[email protected]




The stability regime in which a particular PF device lives, depends on the energy of the device and of the size of the anode radius

1015

1016

1017

1018

1019

1020

1021

1022

109

1012

1015

1018

1021

1024

ai =

rp

inch /

10

i

i = 1

N [m-1]

I4 r p

inch [

A4 m

]

i

i = 1

ai =

rp

inch /

5

ai =

rp

inch

S = 1

00

PF-50J

200JFMPF-1

125JPF-50J

PF-400J

PACO

UNU/ICTP-PFF

Fuego Nuevo II7kJ

50kJ - 1MJ

1kJ - 50kJ

100J - 1kJ

1J - 100J

< 1J

Ideal MHD

SPEED2

PF-360

PF-1000

NF 0.25JNF 0.1J

Different plasma foci that

work with stored energy

ranging from 0.1 J to 1MJ

are plotted in the diagram

for Z-pinch stability given

by Haines and Coppins

N E/a

L. Soto, C. Pavez, J. Moreno, A. Tarifeño and F. Veloso, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 19 ,055017 (2010)

S / V effects α 1/a

Differences in PF devices operated in a wide range of bank

energy (0.1 J – 1 MJ)




For PF devices:

E/a3 const a: anode radius

n const

v const

T const

rp 0.1a

zp 0.8a

Plasma ejected from the pinch (burst) on a target at Z, 1.5a < Z < 2.7a

m mp Vp a3

Thickness pinch length Lp a

Time of interaction = L /v a

Cross section S: a2

q KE/ S m/ S a3 / a a2 const

Power flux density does not depend on PF energy





damage factor, F ~ q·½ ½ a1/2 (E1/3) 1/2

F E1/6

PF, 1MJ F

PF, 1kJ 1/3 F

PF, 100J 1/5 F

PF, 10J 1/7 F

PF, 1J 1/10 F

Roughly speaking

The damage factor for the PF-1000 (1MJ) at Poland is only 3.65 times

greater than the damage factor for the PF- 400J (400J) at Chile.

6 order of magnitud in energy translates in only 1 order of

magnitude in damage factor





Plasma shock from the bubble:

(the pinch is ejected creating so the bubble)

Total mass inside the bubble, m: total pinch mass

The pinch density was previously measured using pulsed interferometry, thus the total pinch

mass is m 1.5x10-10 kg

C. Pavez and L. Soto, Physica Scripta T131, 014030 (2008)

• Length of the ejected mass: pinch length, L = 5.6 mm

• VZ3= V(z)

• Kinetic energy = E(z)

• Time of interaction = L /<VZ3> = (z)

• Cross S = S(z)

Plasma ejected after the pinch




Plasma from the gun

Total mass swept from the gun:

Is the gas mass between the coaxial electrodes multiplied by the axial mass factor, fm . For

the PF-400J experimental conditions , fm = 0.08 and mgun 2x10-9 kg

S. Lee 2000/2007 http://ckplee.myplace.nie.edu.sg/plasmaphysics/

S. Lee, S. H. Saw, L. Soto, S. V. Springham, S. P. Moo, Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 51, 075006 (2009)

• Thickness (Z2-Z1) 2 mm

• Mean velocity <V> 3.2×104 m/s

• Mass, m12 2×10-9 kg

• Kinetic energy 1 J

• Time of interaction = (Z2-Z1) VZ160ns

Plasma ejected after the pinch

http://ckplee.myplace.nie.edu.sg/plasmaphysics/




0 50 100 150 200

0

5

10

15

20

25

z(mm)

t(ns)

0 50 100 150 200

0,0

2,0x105

4,0x105

6,0x105

8,0x105

v(m/s)

t(ns)

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

0

300

600

900

(ns)

z(mm)5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

0,0

2,0x105

4,0x105

6,0x105

8,0x105

v(m/s)

z(mm)





5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400

2

4

6

8

S(cm2)

z(mm)

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

0

5

10E(J)

z(mm)

10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

0

1x104

2x104

3x104

4x104

5x104

F(Ws1/2/cm

2)

z(mm)

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

0,0

2,0x105

4,0x105

6,0x105

8,0x105

1,0x106

F(Ws1/2/cm2)

z(mm)





10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

0

1x104

2x104

3x104

4x104

5x104

F(Ws1/2/cm2)

z(mm)





a) Close to the top of the pinch, between 9 mm to 16 mm from the anode top

1.5a< Z < 2.7a

Burst: q 125MW/cm2 ,20ns , F ~ q·½ ~1.8×104 (W/cm2) s1/2

Plasma swept by the gun: q 2.4 MW/cm2, 30ns, F ~ q·½ ~5.9×102 (W/cm2) s1/2

The effects from the plasma bubble shock is 36 times greater than the effects from

the plasma swept in the coaxial gun.

b) between 16 to 20 mm from the anode top, 2.7a< Z < 3.5a

Burst: q 0.4 MW/cm2, 120ns, F ~ q·½ ~1.4 102 (W/cm2) s1/2

Plasma swept by the gun: q 2.4 MW/cm2, 60ns; F ~ q·½ ~5.9×102 (W/cm2) s1/2 .

The effects from the plasma burst is less than the effects from the plasma swept in

the coaxial gun (1 4)

Differences in damage factor

at different position of the target




Expected Damage in Fusion

Reactor ITER:

F ~ q·½ ~ 108(W/m2) s1/2 = 104(W/cm2) s1/2

at 0.5 – 1 Hz , 103 pulses

IFE:

F ~ q·½ ~ 104(W/cm2) s1/2

at 10 Hz

PF-400J:

F ~ q·½ ~ 103 – 105 (W/cm2) s1/2

at 0.05 Hz