Small Format HD Acquisition

Mark Schubin, HPA Technology Retreat, 2006 February 23Mark Schubin, HPA Technology Retreat, 2006 February 23 11

Small Format HD Small Format HD AcquisitionAcquisition

Part 1 – What’s Out TherePart 1 – What’s Out There Part 2 – The Optical Format Part 2 – The Optical Format

FactorFactor Part 3 – Hierarchical AnalysisPart 3 – Hierarchical Analysis


Current Small-Format HD Current Small-Format HD BrandBrand ModelModel ImagerImager CodingCoding 4=4= GOP/BRGOP/BR LensLens MSRPMSRP

CanonCanon XL H1XL H1 3-1440x10803-1440x1080 M 4:2:0M 4:2:0 14401440 15/2515/25 I 20x5.4/1.6I 20x5.4/1.6 $9000$9000

JVCJVC GR-HD1GR-HD1 1-1280x7201-1280x720 M 4:2:0M 4:2:0 12801280 6/196/19 F 10x5.2/1.8F 10x5.2/1.8 $3500$3500

JVCJVC GY-HD100GY-HD100 3-1280x7203-1280x720 M 4:2:0M 4:2:0 12801280 6/196/19 I 16x5.5/1.6I 16x5.5/1.6 $6300$6300

JVCJVC JY-HD10JY-HD10 1-1280x7201-1280x720 M 4:2:0M 4:2:0 12801280 6/196/19 F 10x5.2/1.8F 10x5.2/1.8 $4000$4000

PanasonicPanasonic AG-HVX200AG-HVX200 3-960x5403-960x540 D 4:2:2D 4:2:2 1280/9601280/960 1/1001/100 F 13x4.2/1.6F 13x4.2/1.6 $6000+P2$6000+P2

SanyoSanyo VPC-HD1VPC-HD1 1-1280x720* 1-1280x720* AVCAVC ?? ?/9 (30f)?/9 (30f) F 10x6.3/3.5F 10x6.3/3.5 $800$800

SonySony HDR-HC1HDR-HC1 1-1920x10801-1920x1080 M 4:2:0M 4:2:0 14401440 15/2515/25 F 10x5.1/1.8F 10x5.1/1.8 $1800$1800

SonySony HDR-FX1HDR-FX1 3-960x10803-960x1080 M 4:2:0M 4:2:0 14401440 15/2515/25 F 12x4.5/1.6F 12x4.5/1.6 $3700$3700

SonySony HVR-A1HVR-A1 1-1920x10801-1920x1080 M 4:2:0M 4:2:0 14401440 15/2515/25 F 10x5.1/1.8F 10x5.1/1.8 $3100$3100

SonySony HVR-Z1HVR-Z1 3-960x10803-960x1080 M 4:2:0M 4:2:0 14401440 15/2515/25 F 12x4.5/1.6F 12x4.5/1.6 $6000$6000

* all imagers 1/3-inch except Sanyo 1/2.5-inch* all imagers 1/3-inch except Sanyo 1/2.5-inch

For about twice the highest price above and somewhat larger size,For about twice the highest price above and somewhat larger size,there are also the Grass Valley Infinity (2/3”) and Sony XDCAM HD (1/2”).there are also the Grass Valley Infinity (2/3”) and Sony XDCAM HD (1/2”).

Panasonic records on P2 card, Sanyo on SD card, all others DV tapePanasonic records on P2 card, Sanyo on SD card, all others DV tape

Coming soon: Samsung SC-HDX15, Sony HDR-HC3Coming soon: Samsung SC-HDX15, Sony HDR-HC3

4: luma samples4: luma samplesBR: bit rateBR: bit rateD: DV codingD: DV codingF: fixed lensF: fixed lensGOP: group of picture lengthGOP: group of picture lengthI: interchangeable lensI: interchangeable lensM: MPEG codingM: MPEG coding/: maximum aperture/: maximum aperture


Optical Format Factor: The Optical Format Factor: The BasicsBasics

lens imagelens image

ØØxx

yy

xx

yyØØØØ

normal imagernormal imager widescreen imagerwidescreen imager

imagerimager ØØ AR AR x x y yS35S35 31 31 4:3 4:3 24.9 24.9 18.7 18.71-inch1-inch 16 16 4:3 4:3 12.812.8 9.69.61-inch1-inch 16 16 16:916:9 13.913.9 7.87.82/3-inch2/3-inch 11 11 4:3 4:3 8.8 8.8 6.66.62/3-inch2/3-inch 11 11 16:9 16:9 9.69.6 5.45.41/2-inch1/2-inch 88 4:34:3 6.46.4 4.84.81/2-inch1/2-inch 88 16:9 16:9 7.07.0 4.04.01/3-inch1/3-inch 66 4:34:3 4.84.8 3.63.61/3-inch1/3-inch 66 16:916:9 5.25.2 2.92.9


The Format FactorThe Format Factor

Divide equivalent factors of one format by another’s.Divide equivalent factors of one format by another’s.

e.g., 2/3-inch imager 11-mm diagonal divided by e.g., 2/3-inch imager 11-mm diagonal divided by

1/3-inch imager 6-mm diagonal yields a format1/3-inch imager 6-mm diagonal yields a format

factor of 1.83.factor of 1.83.


Acceptance AngleAcceptance Angle

Based on focal length and imager size:Based on focal length and imager size: 13.5 mm lens, 16:9 aspect ratio, 13.5 mm lens, 16:9 aspect ratio,

horizontal:horizontal: 55° – 1-inch (wide angle) – 10.3’ shot at 10’55° – 1-inch (wide angle) – 10.3’ shot at 10’ 39° – 2/3-inch (normal) – 7.1’ shot at 10’39° – 2/3-inch (normal) – 7.1’ shot at 10’ 29° – 1/2-inch (tighter) – 5.2’ shot at 10’29° – 1/2-inch (tighter) – 5.2’ shot at 10’ 2222° – 1/3-inch (tighter still) – 3.9’ shot at 10’° – 1/3-inch (tighter still) – 3.9’ shot at 10’

OO II

DD FF

O O II–– = = –– D D FF


Applying the Format FactorApplying the Format Factor 13.5-mm lens in 2/3-inch format 13.5-mm lens in 2/3-inch format

divided by 1.83 yields 7.4-mm lens in divided by 1.83 yields 7.4-mm lens in 1/3-inch format for equivalent 1/3-inch format for equivalent acceptance angle.acceptance angle.

4.8-mm lens in 2/3-inch format yields 4.8-mm lens in 2/3-inch format yields 2.62.6-mm lens in 1/3-inch format, but -mm lens in 1/3-inch format, but that focal length is not available in that focal length is not available in that format.that format.

Failure of the Format FactorFailure of the Format Factor


SensitivitySensitivity Based on individualBased on individual

sensor (not imager) size:sensor (not imager) size:

Range of 1/3-inch sensor (“pixel”) Range of 1/3-inch sensor (“pixel”) sizes:sizes:

2/3-inch comparison:2/3-inch comparison:

full outputfull output 1/4 output1/4 output

1280 x 7201280 x 72019201920

xx10801080

2/3-inch2/3-inch1280 x 7201280 x 720

14401440xx

10801080

960 x 1080960 x 1080960960

xx540540

2/3-inch2/3-inch1920 x1920 x10801080


Applying the Format FactorApplying the Format Factor For equivalent H & V resolutions,For equivalent H & V resolutions, f/4f/4

in 2/3-inch format divided by 1.83 in 2/3-inch format divided by 1.83 yields yields f/2.2 f/2.2 for equivalent sensitivity.for equivalent sensitivity.

f/1.8f/1.8 in 2/3-inch format yields in 2/3-inch format yields f/1f/1 in 1/3-in 1/3-inch, but that aperture is not available.inch, but that aperture is not available.

Dynamic range is proportional to sensor Dynamic range is proportional to sensor size, so even wider apertures are size, so even wider apertures are limited.limited.

Failures of the Format Failures of the Format FactorFactor


Depth of FieldDepth of Field Range of distances appearing to be in focus Range of distances appearing to be in focus

with the lens focused at some particular with the lens focused at some particular distancedistance

Complex equations based on f-stop*, focal-Complex equations based on f-stop*, focal-length*, shooting distance, and “circle of length*, shooting distance, and “circle of confusion*” (visually indistinguishable from confusion*” (visually indistinguishable from a dot)a dot)* format-factor-related* format-factor-related


Depth of FieldDepth of Field

Less allows attention directionLess allows attention direction Is more DOF better for news?Is more DOF better for news?


Applying the Format-FactorApplying the Format-Factor At DoF-related distances*, for same At DoF-related distances*, for same

viewed resolution & framing, DoF is that of viewed resolution & framing, DoF is that of a different format with the f-number and a different format with the f-number and focal length adjusted by the format factor:focal length adjusted by the format factor: 2/3-inch 14.6-mm 2/3-inch 14.6-mm f/3.3f/3.3 = 1/3-inch 8-mm = 1/3-inch 8-mm f/1.8f/1.8

* not macro, not in the hyperfocal range* not macro, not in the hyperfocal range

2/3-inch 6-mm 2/3-inch 6-mm f/1.8f/1.8 = 1/3-inch = 1/3-inch 3.3-mm 3.3-mm f/1f/1,, which is not availablewhich is not available

*except microlens aperture issue*except microlens aperture issue

Failure of the Format-FactorFailure of the Format-Factor


Introducing ContrastIntroducing Contrast

Do you see a curve across the top?Do you see a curve across the top?


Modulation ChartModulation Chartco

ntr

as

contr

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resolutionresolution


Modulation ChartModulation Chartco

ntr

as

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curve variescurve varieswith retinalwith retinalangle andangle andobserverobserver


Modulation Transfer Modulation Transfer FunctionFunction

contr

as

contr

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““sharpness” issharpness” isproportionalproportionalto the squareto the squareof the areaof the area

under the curveunder the curve

curve shapecurve shapevaries duevaries due

to such factorsto such factorsas filtering,as filtering,

diffraction, etc.diffraction, etc.


Combining Vision & Combining Vision & TechnologyTechnology

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invisib

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invisib

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not reproduced

not reproduced

availableavailable& visible& visible


Understanding DiffractionUnderstanding Diffraction

Airy diskAiry disk

MTF reduced,MTF reduced,resolution unaffectedresolution unaffected


Diffraction and MTFDiffraction and MTF Monochromatic diffraction-based MTFMonochromatic diffraction-based MTF MDMTF = 1 - (1.22 x MDMTF = 1 - (1.22 x λλ x x f f x lp/mm)x lp/mm)

For diffraction-limited resolution:For diffraction-limited resolution: MDMTF = 0MDMTF = 0 Rayleigh Criterion: Airy disks one radius Rayleigh Criterion: Airy disks one radius

apartapart

almostalmost100% 100% MTFMTF

100% 100% MTFMTF


Violating the Rayleigh Violating the Rayleigh CriterionCriterion

f/8f/8

f/11f/11 f/16f/16 f/22f/22

Canon EOS 20D – 6.4 µm sensor pitchCanon EOS 20D – 6.4 µm sensor pitch

originals 232 x 173originals 232 x 173


f/8 (f/3.4)f/8 (f/3.4) f/11 (f/4.6)f/11 (f/4.6)

f/16 (f/6.7)f/16 (f/6.7) f/22 (f/9.3)f/22 (f/9.3)

(1080-HD 1/3-inch equivalent)(1080-HD 1/3-inch equivalent)


Diffraction & the Format Diffraction & the Format FactorFactor

Diffraction rarely significant in SDTVDiffraction rarely significant in SDTV Format factor appliesFormat factor applies

f-f-number at MTF:number at MTF: 0%0% 50%50% 75%75% 2/3” 1088 pels/line2/3” 1088 pels/line --- 22.9 11.5--- 22.9 11.5 5.75.7 2/3” 1920 pels/line --- 13.0 6.52/3” 1920 pels/line --- 13.0 6.5 3.3 3.3 1/3” 1920 pels/line --- 1/3” 1920 pels/line --- 7.1 3.57.1 3.5 1.81.8

2/3” 1920 pels/line --- 20.5 2/3” 1920 pels/line --- 20.5 10.2 10.2 5.1 5.1 1/3” 1920 pels/line --- 11.2 5.6 1/3” 1920 pels/line --- 11.2 5.6 2.8 2.8

worst-case: worst-case: λλ = 630 nm (red) = 630 nm (red)

best-case: best-case: λλ = 400 nm (blue) = 400 nm (blue)

100%100%

92%92%


Lens Characteristics vs. F-Lens Characteristics vs. F-stopstop

Lower f-stop: less diffraction, more sensitivityLower f-stop: less diffraction, more sensitivity Higher f-stop: less aberrations, ghosts, flare, Higher f-stop: less aberrations, ghosts, flare,

vignetting, better relative light distributionvignetting, better relative light distribution Sweet-spot: 2-3 stops below maximum openSweet-spot: 2-3 stops below maximum open

simple-lens aberrations reduced in smaller formatssimple-lens aberrations reduced in smaller formats Do lens corrections result in the 2-3 rule of thumb?Do lens corrections result in the 2-3 rule of thumb? If so, small formats may lack the sweet spot.If so, small formats may lack the sweet spot.

Canon EF75-300/4-5.6 IS 300-mm closest focus, shot on EOS 20DCanon EF75-300/4-5.6 IS 300-mm closest focus, shot on EOS 20D

notnot aavideovideo

lens orlens orcameracamera


Lens Quality & the Format Lens Quality & the Format FactorFactor

Lens MTF often uses line-pairs/millimeter Lens MTF often uses line-pairs/millimeter (lp/mm) as the resolution axis(lp/mm) as the resolution axis

Smaller formats have fewer mm so Smaller formats have fewer mm so higher lp/mm at equivalent image higher lp/mm at equivalent image resolution and, therefore, need higher-resolution and, therefore, need higher-quality lenses for equivalent MTFquality lenses for equivalent MTF

100 lp/mm in 2/3-inch format x 1.83 100 lp/mm in 2/3-inch format x 1.83 format-factor yields 183 lp/mm in 1/3-format-factor yields 183 lp/mm in 1/3-inchinch


20 40 60 80 LP/mmLine-Pairs per Millimeter

100

MTF%

Relative MTF of HDTV and SDTV 2/3-Inch Studio Lens

Measured at Picture Center Wide-angle @ F-4.0

HDTV

SDTV

16:9 5.5 MHz SDTVBand-edge

1080/60i HDTVBand-edgeOptical

Reference

56

From “The Central From “The Central Role of the lens in Role of the lens in

HDTV Imaging,”HDTV Imaging,”Laurence Thorpe,Laurence Thorpe,

Canon,Canon,PBS TechnologyPBS TechnologyConference 2005Conference 2005


20 40 60 80 LP/mmLine-Pairs per Millimeter

100

MTF%

Format-based Lens MTF PointsFormat-based Lens MTF Points

“HDTV”

“SDTV”

2/3-inch SDTV 2/3-inch SDTV 544 lp in 9.6 mm544 lp in 9.6 mm≈ ≈ 57 lp/mm 57 lp/mm (30)(30)

2/3-HDTV 10802/3-HDTV 1080960 lp in 9.6 mm960 lp in 9.6 mm= 100 lp/mm = 100 lp/mm (81)(81)

2/3-HDTV 7202/3-HDTV 720640 lp in 9.6 mm640 lp in 9.6 mm

≈ ≈ 67 lp/mm67 lp/mm

1/2-XDCAM HD1/2-XDCAM HD960 lp in 7.0 mm960 lp in 7.0 mm

≈ ≈ 138 lp/mm 138 lp/mm (110)(110)

1/3-inch 7201/3-inch 720640 lp in 5.2 mm640 lp in 5.2 mm

≈ ≈ 122 lp/mm122 lp/mm

1/3-inch 10801/3-inch 1080960 lp in 5.2 mm960 lp in 5.2 mm

≈ ≈ 184 lp/mm 184 lp/mm (149)(149)

B&H Photo Prices:B&H Photo Prices:Canon XL H1 HDV cc w/20x lens - $Canon XL H1 HDV cc w/20x lens - $ 9K 9KCanon J17Ex7.7BIRS 2/3” lens Canon J17Ex7.7BIRS 2/3” lens - $11.5K- $11.5KCanon HJ17Ex7.7B 2/3” HD lensCanon HJ17Ex7.7B 2/3” HD lens - $19K- $19K(not from B&H and much older):(not from B&H and much older):Canon HV12x12 1-inch HD lensCanon HV12x12 1-inch HD lens -- $112K$112K

1-inch HDTV 10351-inch HDTV 1035960 lp in 13.9 mm960 lp in 13.9 mm≈ ≈ 69 lp/mm 69 lp/mm (56)(56)

1/3-inch SDTV1/3-inch SDTV~427 lp in 5.2 mm~427 lp in 5.2 mm≈ ≈ 82 lp/mm 82 lp/mm (55)(55)

184/100 184/100 ≈≈2/3-to-1/32/3-to-1/3

format factorformat factor


ConclusionsConclusions The format factor allows conversion of The format factor allows conversion of

focal length, aperture, and depth of field focal length, aperture, and depth of field between formats, but it fails when the between formats, but it fails when the limits of the lens/prism are reached.limits of the lens/prism are reached.

Dynamic range is based on sensor area.Dynamic range is based on sensor area. Lenses for smaller-format cameras need Lenses for smaller-format cameras need

to be better than lenses for larger-to be better than lenses for larger-format cameras, by the format factor, format cameras, by the format factor, for equivalent MTF.for equivalent MTF.

And, now, heeeeeeere’s Larry!And, now, heeeeeeere’s Larry!

Documents

Small Format HD Acquisition