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SmallScale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA) Beginning Farmer and Rancher Development Program (BFRDP) under award #20094940005871.

Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

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Page 1: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

Small‐Scale Livestock Production

This program was funded by the USDA National Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA) Beginning Farmer and Rancher Development Program (BFRDP) under award #2009‐49400‐05871.

Page 2: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

There are unique production and marketing opportunities  available to smaller‐scale sheep and goat producers; 

however, before you get started, you need to consider…

Page 3: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

New marketing opportunitiesNew marketing opportunities

Environmental stewardshipEnvironmental stewardship

Production practicesProduction practices

Safe practicesSafe practices

Business licensing Business licensing 

Zoning restrictionsZoning restrictions

Page 4: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

• Leveraging your herd management

• Overview of certification programs

• Evaluating program cost & benefits

New marketing opportunities

Page 5: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

CertificationandMarketing• Consumers are interested in how livestock are raised, handled & processed

• Certification may allow you to secure a premium for product or expand market reach – Such as specialty food stores and restaurants that require that their animal products be sourced from humanely raised animals

• How you manage your animals (your stewardship practices) can influence your marketing opportunities

Page 6: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

AnimalWelfareCertificationPrograms

• Distinguish livestock products as coming from humanely treated animals

• Certified production systems often are more expensive than non‐certified

• Be sure to keep in mind the production costs and marketing benefits of following a certification program

Animal Welfare Approved

USDA Organic

American Humane Certified

Food Alliance

Certified Naturally Grown

HFAC Certified Humane

Page 7: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

PossibleProgramSpecificationsforHerdManagement

Outdoor access Indoor air quality & ammonia levels

Minimum bedded space; floor space

Castration, tail docking on sheep, dehorning, ear 

marking

Transport time for slaughter

Page 8: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

EvaluatingCertificationPrograms

• Make sure program goals align with yoursGoals

• Understand the certification process & animals covered Certification

• Understand the program’s fee structureFees

• Calculate the time required to achieve and maintain certificationTime Commitment

• Estimate how your production costs may change under certificationProduction Costs

Page 9: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

EvaluatingCertificationCostsMore pasture area may be required for each animal enrolled in the certification program  You may need more land

Changes to animal health care  You may need to remove from your program sick animals that you vaccinate or medically treat

Changes to animal feeding  You may need to use feed from specific sources or follow certain ingredient guidelines

Changes to animal housing  You may need to build additional facilities to allow more space per animal

More detailed record‐keeping on animal health and raising  You may need to allow more time or hire someone to do this

Page 10: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

EvaluatingCertificationBenefits

Access to new markets that seek certified products

Possibility of charging higher 

prices for products

Ability to connect with customers based on their 

values

Access to marketing materials and support 

from certifying organization

Certifier may help grower improve safe 

production and handling techniques

Page 11: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

• Manure management

• Storm water runoff

• Mortality disposal

Environmental stewardship

Page 12: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

GoodStewardshipLeadstoBetterBusinessManagement

Minimizing:•Animal and manure odors

•Dust•Insects & predators

Using best management practices to:•Dispose of dead animals

•Monitor runoff

Leads to a:•Cleaner production operation

•Healthier herd•Good neighbor relationships

Page 13: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

ManageManureProperly

Control unpleasant odors and dust

Know the nutrient content of your manure, and keep recordsSpread manure away from wells, springs, and watercourses

When possible, till in fall‐applied manure

Keep piles of manure and spoiled silage away from watercourses

Page 14: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

MonitorStormWaterRunoff

Conduct annual tests for bacteria and nitrates in well water

Locate livestock operations at least 150 feet downhill from wells (including abandoned wells) 

Locate livestock operations 500 feet from public water supply system or watercourse

Divert uphill water flows to exclude clean water

Page 15: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

DisposeofDeadAnimalsSafely

Abide by state/local laws

Render within 48 hours (dead animals used to create a new, usable product)

Compost in pile or bin, at high temperature (130o‐150oF)

Bury on farm, at least 300 feet away from a watercourse and 3‐ft deep

Bury at a licensed landfill

Page 16: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

• Maintaining a healthy herd

• Managing sick animals

• Linking production and marketing 

Production practices

Page 17: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

• Housing that is clean, ventilated and predator proof• Adequate enclosure and fence height, especially for goats

• Access to clean water at all times• Nutritionally complete food, including forage, salt & minerals

• Appropriate parasite control• Protection from extreme temperatures, including water heaters for winter, and shade during hot months

ManagingforHealthyAnimalsIncludesProviding…

Page 18: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

Observe your animals and learn what behaviors are normal, so you recognize unusual behaviors indicating a possible health issue

Check your animals regularly‐twice daily is best for monitoring health and behavior

Become familiar with common small ruminant health issues and diseases

For the breed you are raising, know the lambing/kidding age and years of reproductive capability

AsaGoodHerdManager,YouShould:

Page 19: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

Meet the nutritional needs of your animals at their current state (during gestation, lactation, maintenance, etc.)

Provide some mental stimulation and an enriching environment  for your animals 

Keep breeding records, as well as animal health records

Have a plan for surplus animals (beyond your breeding, meat or milk animal needs since the extra feed is a cost to you)

AsaGoodHerdManager,YouShould:

Page 20: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

TakingCareofSickAnimalsWork with a local veterinarian with small ruminant experience (if you live in a remote area, you may need to learn basic care practices)

Have a herd health plan & vaccination schedule

Develop a quarantine procedure for sick animals; watch for news alerts from your state veterinarian’s office

In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting vehicles & equipment, and protecting your employees

Develop a disposal plan for dead animals

Keep detailed records of your animals’ health

Page 21: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

LinkingProduction&MarketingDecisions• Choose a breed that is appropriate for the markets you will serve (meat, fleece, milk)– Develop some market relationships to determine who will buy your product 

• If you are producing meat animals, do you have a slaughter and processing facility that will work with your level of production and cuts you desire?

• Take a course in Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) to understand how to prevent or reduce contamination – Plan for  production, processing and sales stages 

• Obtaining GAPs certification is also a good marketing strategy

Page 22: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

Safe practices• Worker safety• Good 

Agricultural Practices (GAPs)

• Milk and meat products

Page 23: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

SafeHandling:WorkerSafety• Sheep and goats can carry organisms that may cause infection and disease in humansWhen handling animals or their wastes, wear 

protective clothing, wash your hands afterward, & treat all cuts and abrasions immediately

• Both species can jump, bite, kick or run into their handlers, causing injuryLearn proper handling techniques and never turn 

your back on animals in a penBe aware of potential injuries from contact with 

gates, chutes, wire pens, and electrical sockets

Page 24: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

SafeHandling:GoodAgriculturalPractices(GAPs)• Keep livestock out of food production and handling areas to prevent contamination of food products

• Ensure that animal wastes do not directly or indirectly contaminate drinking or irrigation water 

• If you produce compost from your livestock manure: 1. keep records of composting dates and production 

process, 2. separate raw and finished compost, and 3. store compost downhill from any fields and water 

sources

Page 25: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

SafeHandlingonFarmswithCrop&Livestock:GAPs• Wash and sanitize vehicles and equipment used for handling or transporting livestock before transporting food for human consumption

• Make sure workers change clothes and wash their hands after handling livestock and before handling food crops

Page 26: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

SafeHandlingofMilkandMilkProducts• Refrigeration is most important factor in maintaining safety of milk (Grade A milk must be maintained at 45 °F or below), as well as butter, cream, whipped topping, sour cream, yogurt, cheeses, etc.

• Temperatures must be maintained through distribution, delivery and storage

• Note that safe refrigerator storage times differ depending on the product, and only butter, ice cream and pasteurized fresh whole or skimmed milk may be frozen

Page 27: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

SafeHandlingofMeats

• Remember to have quality control over your product from harvest through processing, storage and distribution

• How you handle the product affects:– how safe it is for your consumers– your product’s quality– your product’s shelf life

Page 28: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

Business licensing Which licenses you need depends on:

– Whether you are selling milk or meat

– Where you plan to sell your product

Page 29: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

GettingPermissiontodoBusiness• County, municipal & HOA permits (always check first! )• Business registration (typically from your state’s Secretary of State, although some cities & counties also require business registration)

• IRS Employer Identification Number (EIN, if you have employees)

• State taxes (sales tax, income tax, workers’ compensation, unemployment insurance)

• City/County sales tax license• Business licenses (depending on your sales outlet and products(s) offered for sale)To check on your state’s tax and licensing requirements:   http://www.sba.gov/content/learn‐about‐your‐state‐and‐local‐tax‐obligations

Page 30: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

LicensingforMilkSales

• Federal regulations define milk and milk products by their ingredients. – This is important for grading and labeling, and for knowing which license you need for your business.

• For goat and sheep milk production and sales, all states have different licensing requirements and permit costs.

• In many states, raw milk sales are illegal and all milk & milk products sold must be pasteurized. – Contact your state department of public health to learn about regulations in your state

– Educate yourself on the food safety issues surrounding raw milk production

Page 31: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

RegulationsforPasteurizedMilk

• Use FDA/USDA guidelinesGrading

• All bottles, containers & packages with milk or milk products must be labeled, indicating the common name of the hooved animal. See FDA guidelines.

Labeling

• Store between 33°F and 41°FRefrigerating

• Keep clean and sanitary•Maintain refrigerationTransporting

Page 32: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

• Must use USDA/FSIS‐certified processing  (see exemption)

To sell packaged meat direct to the 

consumer

• Must use USDA/FSIS‐certified processing

• Required:  Labeling – i.e., Net Weight using Standard Weights and Measures*

• Optional:  Grading

To sell packaged meat to retail 

buyers, wholesale or farmers’ market

*Note that your processor can help guide you through the packaging and labeling process.

LicensingforMeatSales

Page 33: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

Exemptions toUSDAslaughterandprocessingrequirements

Sold before slaughter to new 

owner

Labeled NOT FOR SALE

Processed for household use

Processed for non‐paying guestsAND

AND

OR

Page 34: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

OneMoreThingAboutMeatandMilkSales…

Many farmers’ markets require vendors to carry their own liability insurance policy for product sales 

For more info on licensing and regulations,check with your local Extension office or state Department of Agriculture

Page 35: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

• Zoning is a restriction on the way land can be used

• Zoning regulations may include where you can (or can’t) raise animals 

Zoning restrictions

Page 36: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

County&MunicipalZoningRegulations• Present your plans early―your local planning and zoning board may have ideas to make your business more viable or to protect your resource base

• Once you are in operation, remember to consult local officials before making any changes to your business (to structures or to products you sell)

Page 37: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

County&MunicipalZoningRegulations

• Larger livestock (including sheep and goats) typically prohibited in non‐agriculturally zoned county & municipal districts

• Your Homeowners’ Association may also have restrictions on livestock

• Many counties & municipalities allow private ownership/production of a small number of sheep and goats in agricultural districts. However, animal slaughter may be prohibited.

Always verify the types & numbers 

of animals legally allowed on your property before starting your business

Page 38: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

Regulationsindistrictswherecommerciallivestockproductionispermittedmay

include:

Commercial or agricultural permit 

requirements

Permit fee often required

Size and type of animal 

structures;  location on your 

property

Limited number of animals allowed; pasture 

specifications

Standards for odor, noise, dust

Limited or no allowable 

slaughter on premises

Page 39: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

Questions?

Page 40: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

Acknowledgements• Blake Angelo, Colorado State University Extension, Urban 

Agriculture• Thomas Bass, Montana State University Extension, Natural 

Resources• Dr. Marisa Bunning, CSU, Food Science and Human Nutrition• Emily Lockard, CSU Extension, Livestock• Dea Sloan, CSU, Agricultural and Resource Economics• Martha Sullins, CSU Extension, Agriculture and Business 

Management• Dr. Dawn Thilmany, CSU, Agricultural and Resource Economics• Heather Watts, CSU, Agricultural and Resource Economics• Wendy White, Colorado Department of Agriculture• David Weiss, CSU, Agricultural and Resource Economics

Page 41: Small Scale Livestock Production · Small‐Scale Livestock Production This program was funded by the USDA National ... In case of disease outbreak, have a plan for cleaning and disinfecting

PhotoCredits– flickr.comAll photos used under the Creative Commons License

Kkirugi4923613664

A Roger Davies4670542941

ynskjen423389418

BryanAlexander3348954673