Small Scale Solar Thermal District Units For Mediterranean ...Gargallo, Sicily, Italy. The plant produces steam (4.72-MW equivalent) sent to a combined-cycle steam turbine rated at

STS-Med Small Scale Solar Thermal District Units For Mediterranean Communities ENPI CBCMED Strategic Project - Ref. I-A/2.3/174

Case Studies Referenced CS projects Nov.2014 This report was produced for review by STS-MED; it was prepared by Millennium Energy Industries Co. (MEI) & Al-Balqa Applied University

2

STS-MED / Referenced CS Projects

Table of Contents Page

Referenced CS projects in Jordan 4

1. Combined solar cooling & heating- Dead Sea spa & Hotel 4

System components

Solar Collectors

Absorption Chiller

Heat Rejection System

Hydraulic and Pumping System

Control and Monitoring System

4

5

7

8

8

11

2. Tri Generation CSP – Mu’tah University 12

System components

Solar collectors.

Steam generator.

Steam engine.

Water desalination unit.

Chillers.

12

13

13

13

14

14

Referenced CS projects in Italy 15

1.Archimede 15

2. Menaggio 15

3. Archetype 16

4. Archimede Solar Energy, Massa Martana 16

5. Elianto 16

6. FREeSUN 17

7. Università di Firenze 17

8. CSP-F - Fanari 18

9. CSP-F - Gorla 18

10. Solar Plant Villa Selva 18

11. Solar field LFR - Verdellino (Bg) 19

12. Solalr field Trivelli Energia (Pavia) 19

13. PTC Soltigua- Gambettola 19

14. Azienda Ospedaliera Sant’Anna - Presidio di Menaggio (CO) 19

15. Kloben 20

16. Curia di Vallo 20

17. University of Cassino 20

18. Città del Vaticano 20

19. Riccione 21

20. ENEA Casaccia 21

Referenced CS projects in Egypt 22

1.Pilot Solar Plant at El NASR Pharmaceutical Chemicals 22

System components

23

3


4


Referenced CS projects in Jordan

In Jordan there are two CS pilot projects:

1. Combined solar cooling & heating- Dead Sea spa & Hotel

2. Tri Generation CSP – Mu’tah University

1. Combined solar cooling & heating- Dead Sea spa & Hotel

The Dead Sea Spa & Hotel project was done by Jordan's National Center for Research and

Development/Energy Program (former NERC) and supported by Renewable energy air -

conditioning systems for Mediterranean countries (RECAt).

This system consists of one Absorption chiller driven by Parabolic Trough Collectors (PTC). It can

be used in summer and winter for cooling/heating purposes. It’s designed to work nine months

on cooling by using Absorption chiller, and three months on heating through the solar field.

System components

As shown below in figure (1), the system consists of the following main components:

A. Solar collectors.

B. Absorption chiller.

C. Heat rejection system.

D. Hydraulic and pumping system.

E. Control and monitoring system.

5


Figure 1: System layout

A. Solar Collectors:

Fourteen Moduls of PTC1800 Parabolic trough solar collectors with an overall area 129 m2

distributed in three rows and oriented as shown in figures (2 & 3). These collectors are

manufactured by Solitem, table (1) below, shows the collector characteristics.

Figure 2: Solar field at Dead Sea Spa hotel

6


Figure 3: Solar field layout

Table 1: Characteristics of PTC-1800 collector

7


B. Absorption Chiller:

Absorption chiller (NH3/water) manufactured by ROBUR model GAHP-W. with nominal cooling

capacity 17.8KW at 200°C driving temperature inlet, 35°C medium water temperature inlet, and

12°C chilled water temperature inlet.

Note: This chiller is a modified version of ROBUR (standard gas-fired), it’s modified by the

University of Florence – Centre for Renewable Energy.

Figure 4: ROBUR Absorption Chiller

The Absorption chiller is connected with three water loops:

� Heat driven loop

� Heat rejection loop

� Chilled water loop

8


C. Heat Rejection System

The solar cooling system always has a heat rejection system. In this project the rejected heat

from the chiller goes to a small tank via heat exchanger, and then this heat is supposed to

preheat domestic hot water (DHW). The rejection system updated later, where the chiller is

connected with a heat exchanger inside the fire well, has the function to reject the heat flowing

to the well since there is no need to preheat the application.

Figure 5: Heat rejection tank

D. Hydraulic and Pumping System:

This system includes circulation pumps, nitrogen expansion vessel, motorized three way valves,

heat exchanger, regulating valve& pressurized pump.

Circulation pumps:

The system consists of the following circulation pumps:

- One Hot water pump (driving heat pump), used to circulate the hot water between the

solar field and the chiller.

- Two medium water pumps, used to circulate the medium water between the chiller and

the heat rejection system (the 1st used in DHW preheating case and the 2nd in case heat

rejection to the well).

- One chilled water pump, connected on the existing cooling system line.

9


Figure 6: Hot Water Pump

Nitrogen expansion vessel:

The expansion vessel is required to accommodate the volumetric change that occurs when

heating the water to the operating temperature; the Nitrogen is used to blanket the expansion

vessel.

This expansion vessel ensure that adequate minimum net positive suction for the head is

available to the pump, especially for daily system startup, and also to prevent air from entering

the system.

Figure 7: Nitrogen expansion vessel

10


Three way valve:

The system includes two motorized three way valves, which are used to control the hot water

usage for heating and cooling (Summer & Winter).

Figure 8: Three way valve

Heat exchanger:

One heat exchanger (shell and tube) connect between the solar field and the existing heating

system in the hotel (hot water storage tank), the capacity of the heat exchanger is 60 kW and it

is principles to transfer the heat from solar field side to storage tank side.

Figure 9: Shell and tube heat exchanger

11


E. Control and Monitoring System:

The control system is divided into three electrical cabinets; each cabinet has a controller with

multi input/output and all electrical safety instruments.

The three controllers are connected with PC by Ethernet cable (switch). LAB VIEW software is

used for controlling & monitoring each component in the system through the PC.

The measurement devices which are used:

- Four water flow meters and 17 temperature sensors are used to measure the

temperature and flow rate in the hot water loop, chilled water loop, hot water dissipated

loop, and at the inlet point of the heat exchanger

- The Weather station includes a wind meter, temperature sensor, contact rain detector &

Global radiation Pyranometer.

Figure 10: Control & Monitoring system.

12


2. Tri Generation CSP – Mu’tah University

The Tri Generation CSP project at Mu’tah University uses the thermal energy from the parabolic

trough solar matrix to generate steam. The steam is then utilized to power a 20 HP steam

engine. The steam emitted from the steam engine is consequently used in the evaporation stage

of water distillation as it is condensed to complete the power cycle. The heat rejected from the

water distiller is then used to power an innovative air cooled adsorption chiller in summer or

used in space heating in winter.

All this was done on the roof of the Faculty of Engineering at Mu’tah University in Southern

Jordan. This building is now supplied with electricity, cooling, heating, and distilled water from

this pilot project.

System components

As shown below in figure (11), the system consists of the following main components:

A. Solar collectors.

B. Steam generator.

C. Steam engine.

D. Water desalination unit.

E. Chillers.

Figure 11: Tri-generation system schematic

13


A. Solar Collectors:

A reliable micro parabolic trough system was installed in the project supplied by SOPOGY. A total

of 40 collectors each with nearly 6 m2 cross reflector area and nominal output of 120 KW is

installed. The rotation axis is North –South with sunrise to sunset tracking. Oil output

temperature up to 260°C has been achieved. These are roof mounted collectors.

Figure 12: Solar field

B. Steam generator:

Rayer Co. has designed and built an especial non-burning oil boiler to generate steam at 220°C

and 14 Bar with super-heater using the oil flowing out of the solar matrix. Super-heated steam at

these conditions has been achieved continuously. Five levels of safety exist in this boiler

including two mechanical safety valves, three-way valve to control oil flow to the oil to the

boiler, water level monitoring and control, steam pressure control, and finally oil temperature

control by defocusing the collectors. All these 5 steps guarantee that the steam generation is a

safe process.

C. Steam engine:

A 20 HP Mike Brown Steam engine was installed on the steam line output from the steam

generator. This engine has an option to be connected to AC and DC electricity Generators. If

operated at full power it can generate up to 15 KWe.

14


Figure 13: Steam engine and generator

D. Desalination unit:

The steam output from the engine flows into a specially made water distiller. This distiller allows

for steam output from the engine to be condensed and then pumped to the steam generator for

the completion of the power cycle. On the other hand, as the steam is condensing the heat

rejected is used to boil and evaporate brackish (or waste) water. The resulting water vapor is

then condensed to generate distilled water at a rate of 150 Liter/hr. The heat rejected from this

distillation process is then stored in a thermally insulated storage tank where it can be used to

power a heat driven chiller in summer or for space heating in winter.

E. Chillers:

The heat stored from the distillation process is used to power a state of the art air cooled

adsorption chiller. This patented chiller that designed and built by Millennium Energy Industries

operates at hot water temperature between 60-95°C and at ambient temperature up to 45°C

while producing chilled water at 12-18°C. At no load conditions a chilled water temperature of

3°C can be reached.

Figure 14: Adsorption chillers

15


Referenced CS projects in Italy

Introduction This document provides some indications about solar plants working in Italy with particular attention to

poligenerative production of energy ones. Currently there are not available studies of solar technologies

for poligenerative small scale plants and there aren’t case of simultaneous production of heat, cool and

electric power. Infact most of small solar plants are used for production of heat process an solar cooling

Herewith it is reported a list of plants with technical

Projects in Italy

Archimede

Archimede, a concentrating solar power (CSP) project, is a parabolic trough plant operating in Priolo

Gargallo, Sicily, Italy. The plant produces steam (4.72-MW equivalent) sent to a combined-cycle steam

turbine rated at 130 MW. This parabolic trough system is the first using molten salt as heat-transfer fluid.

A 2-tank direct system will provide 8 hours of thermal storage.

Menaggio

The installation of a solar cooling plant of 230 kW in Menaggio (Como) in April 2012, serving a hospital,

shows interesting applications from the combination of technologies for the production of thermal

energy and its exploitation also for cooling.

The innovative character of this plant

consists in the heat transfer fluid passing

inside of the pipes, which makes use of

dielectric oil, reaching more quickly much

higher temperatures than water. With

about 350 m2 of concentrating mirrors

(produced 150 kW 150 kW hot and cold),

the system is able to meet all the needs

for air conditioning in summer and a

fourth of the need for heating in winter of

2000 m2 of wards.

The total production of the two plants is about 60 tep / year.

16


Archetype

In Italy the "Archetype" system of Enea, 30 kWe near Catania aims to ensure the system functions even in

all weather conditions and at any time of the day. In collaboration with ENEL, for the first time in the orld

will be possible to integrate the CSP plant with another combined cycle Gas / Biomass, with a yield of 6%.

These efficiencies have not yet competitive with fossil fuels, but the margins of improvement are high. Of

the same type will be combined plants constructed in Sardinia and the overall energy plan is planned to

quip Italy, by 2016, about 700 MWe of CSP.

Archimede Solar Energy, Massa Martana

The Archimede Solar Energy, has realized the receiver tube for

the linear parabolas able to bring the molten salts at a

temperature of 550°C. In January 2010 he started the

construction of a new factory receiver tubes Villa San Faustino,

near Massa Martana (PG), which will be capable of producing

75,000 pipes year. The project included the construction,

adjacent to the factory, a loop experimental parabolic trough

collectors in molten salts than 600 m in length equipped with a

steam turbine generator small power. the new factory was

opened on 14 September 2011.

Elianto

Elianto has manufactured, near Cagliari in Sardinia, a prototype of 1MWe of power with a Fresnel

collectors and diathermic oil as HTF.

The experimental prototype of Helianthus comes from idea of

joining the Fresnel collector technology to a vacuum receiver

tubes for hot oil being used in parabolic trough.

The collectors with a covered area of 13,000sqm drive an ORC

for a production of 2,200MWhe per year.

The system includes a maximum temperature of the primary

fluid of 300°C, the presence of a storage system to two tanks

at the level variable and it is proposed for a storage of 4 hours.

The plant includes the production of heat water at 80-90°C for

8,800MWhth

17


FREeSUN

FERA is the leader of a consortium dedicated to the

development of a system of linear Fresnel collectors . The

project involves the construction , by successive steps , of an

experimental facility of a rated power of 1 MW , under

construction in Sicily , near Noto .

The purpose of the project is to carry out a FREeSUN industrial

research aimed to the design of a large power plant ( 50MW ) to

produce electricity in standalone conditions ( with a storage

system) , using and improving existing components , so to maximize plant efficiency and reduce costs

associated with installation and management.

The three main objectives to which the project aims are:

• The development of solar thermal power technology with low implementation costs

• The construction of a Linear Fresnel CSP plant for production of electric energy up to 1 MW

• The creation of an Italian chain industrial development of CSP systems.

Università di Firenze

The prototype of a solar thermal system conducted by the University of Florence for the premises of La

Misericordia of Badia a Ripoli was opened in November 2012. The system foresees the installation of

solar collectors in parabolic type (Solitem) and a commercial linear absorption chiller water ammonia (17

kWf Robour) , modified to be powered by means of pressurized hot water or saturated steam at a

temperature of 180 ° C as well as a two-stage absorber to H2O – LiBr.

The plant was built as part of a European research program called

ALONE - " Small scale solar cooling devices" which includes the

installation of a series of pilot plants for the production of heat and

air conditioning in buildings. The energy produced by the solar

thermal can be used for heating or other utilities that still require

large inputs of heat , or to power an absorption chiller for air

conditioning in summer environments.

The single row of the collector covers a soil of 108 sqm with Solitem

PTC 1800, and produces Hot water / Saturated Steam 180°C. The system serves as integration of air

conditioning on existent plant

18


CSP-F - Fanari

The company CSP-F, part of FERA Group, has installed at San

Nicolò D’Arcidano close Oristano in Sardinia a solar field for

the production of heat to be used in a dairy industry “Fanari

Cheese”. The solar field, composed by 1,000sqm of mirrors,

uses water as transfer fluid and the steam generated is

integrated in each industrial process.

The solar collectors produce 600MWh/y saving 50,000 liters

of oil per year and reducing the CO2 emission of about 180 tons.

CSP-F - Gorla

An adult day care center located in Gorla Maggiore (Varese, Italy) is the first building in Italy cooled by

a Fresnel concentrating solar thermal technology. Starting

from this year, the Centro Diurno Integrato (Integrated Day

Care Center) refreshes its rooms with the cooling energy

produced by the transformation of solar energy, thanks to

LUCETH, the solar thermal collector using Fresnel mirrors and

designed by CSP-F.

The solar cooling plant was realised with a subsidy of Regione

Lombardia and uses a technology that is new, in Italy, for this

application: a concentrating solar field coupled with an absorption machine for cooling.

Solar Plant Villa Selva

The solar plant was built in 2014 by Soltigua in an unused

industrial area.

The solar field is composed by 36 PT collectors that cover an

area of 3,000sqm and the energy transferred by diathermic oil

at 135/175°C is used to produce overheating water and

distributed to the main industrial process in the close areas by

means of a pipeline of 2Km long

Solar collectors produce at 850W/m2 about 1,567KWth and

the overall energy produced on the field is of about 1,400kwth with a foreseen annual production of 1,

300MWhth.

The solar field is combined with a PV field of 15KWe able to drive the same pumps, motors for tracking

and services. The company announces to save almost 135,000 Nm3 per year of methane gas and a

consequent reduction of emission in atmosphere of 260 tons od CO2

19


Solar field LFR - Verdellino (Bg)

Industrial solar installed on the roof of the Robur 6 modules of LFR collector with a covered area of

132sqm. Here som technical data:

Power: 55 KWt

Chiller: 2x13 KW (NH3/H20) – Robur

Solalr field Trivelli Energia (Pavia)

The kind of Tecnology used is PTC (Solar Wing Evolution). The HTF used is diatermic Oil 180°C able to

produce 70KW of thermal power. The system produces solar cooling, solar heating on existing plant

The solar field is connected with a Broad single effect LiBr Chiller

Another solar plant, produced by the same company, is installed in Lecce.

PTC Solar Wing Evolution collectors produce hot water at 120° for 110 KWth

PTC Soltigua- Gambettola

Soltigua has produced 55sqm of PT collectors in a single

row. The solar field produces heat and cooling for the

offices of the same company. Each collector is of 55sqm

kind Solar Wing Evolution. The reflectors cover an area of

132sqm and produce 1,264 KWth. One Broad Chiller double

effect (LiBr) produce 23KWc to the close offices

Azienda Ospedaliera Sant’Anna - Presidio di Menaggio (CO)

The solar filed is a prototype installed with PTC 300sqm (Xeliox PTC ) The module size is of 5.75 x 2.28 m

with a module thermal Power of 5,13 kWth. The tube size is of 35 mm and contains saturated steam as

HTF at 1÷2,5 m/s The temperature used are Tout /Tin 180/160°C. The cooling energy are produced by a

Broad Chiller at single effect of 200 KW (BrLi).

The produced energy (hot and cool) is used as integration of air conditioning on th e near Sant’Anna

Hospital

20


Kloben

The company produce evacuated tubes and has in

Italy more tha 20 installations of solar

heating/cooling plant.

Here some examples represent the main

installation declared.

Curia di Vallo

The installation is composed by CPC tecnology with a

covered area of 165m2. The produced power is of 102

KWth.

The CPC are connected to a single effect chiller (LiBr)

of 35KWc using the heat stored into 4 hot water tank

of 3,000lt each

A cold storage of 1,000lt is used to feed the chiller

University of Cassino

The system is composed by CPC collectors producing 35

KWth. They serve the energetic distribution by means of fan-

coil of hot and cold.

A single effect chiller is used to produce 17,5KW of cooling

Città del Vaticano

The solar plant is composed by 78 collectors with 21 tubes, 8

collectors with 12 tubes and 24 collectors with 8 tubes, for a

total area of 350 sqm.

The system is able to produce 213KWth that is stored in an hot

water storage of 12,000lt. A absorber chiller Yazaki WFC30

produces 105KWc

21


Riccione

A plant with CPC technology produce 76KWth and produces hot and cold air for fan coil.

A single effect Chiller (LiBr) is used to produce 35KWc

ENEA Casaccia

Three demo plans are installed in the area of ENEA :

Building F51

30 CPC (model SKY 21 CPC58) with power of 70 KWth

Chiller : YAZAKI WFC 20 -70 kW

Hot Storage: 2x 1500lt

Distribution: Hot and cold air – fan coil

Building F92 “Casa Intelligente”

CPC (model SKY 21 CPC58) with power 39.2 KWt

Chiller: 17 KW absorber


Serra Bioclimatica

Kind of Tecnology: CPC (model SKY 21 CPC58) with power 39.2 KWt

Chiller: 17 KW absorber


1

Contents 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 2

2 L’Amor Rouge Bakery Project ......................................................................................................... 2

3 Gevo mattresses showroom ........................................................................................................... 4

4 Cyprus University of Technology Mechanical Engineering Lab ...................................................... 6

2

1 Introduction The aim of this task is to reference systems, installations and/or projects in Cyprus that fulfil the

‘polygenerative’ profile that is similar to the pilot plants built under the STS-Med project. The data

collection has happened by surveying research centres, universities and EPC companies in Cyprus

involved in such activities. The total count of the activities found here is low relative to the reference

systems in other locations (i.e. Italy, Egypt and Jordan) mainly due to the small population of Cyprus

and the low interested manifested in such technologies.

The three systems presented here are all used for the cooling of buildings utilising CPC collectors

coupled to absorption chillers, as seen in the table below:

Table 1: Solar cooling plants in Cyprus

City Use Collector

technology Collector

surface (m2) Colling power

(kW) Equipment

Nicosia Bakery CPC 170 70 Absorption

Limassol Showroom CPC 178 70 Absorption

Limassol University CPC 310.5 285 Absorption

2 L’Amor Rouge Bakery Project This project was the first solar cooling project in Cyprus, constructed by HeatFlow, a local EPC

contractor specialising in solar heating and cooling applications. The investment took advantage of a

favourable grant scheme that was in place by the Cypriot Republic then, which made the economics

quite favourable:

Table 2: Summary of system economics

Capital Investment 134,000 €

State Subsidy 54,000 €

Owner own capital Investment 80,000 €

Estimated Buildings Thermal needs (for Domestic hot water and for space

heating and air conditioning)

213,645 Kwh

Estimated Solar system Contribution 123,542 Kwh

Percentage of the overall thermal needs contributed by the solar system 58 %

Annual Savings 10,850 €

Inflation Rate accounted 2 %

Cost of Money accounted 5 %

Years to payback investment 8 years

Table 3: System main technical data

Covered Area (Phase A) 627 m2

Air conditioned area 276 m2

Future extension of the air conditioned area 285 m2

Chiller: Yazaki WFS-SC20, Single effect water fired LiBr/H2O absorption 70 kW

Solar collectors: TEC solar, Type: Vacuum tube collectors of 30 tubes, 170 m2

sdibono

Rettangolo

3

Tube size: Φ55mm x1800mm Total no. of collectors: 40 Effective collection area=120 m2

Cooling Tower: King Sun KST-N-60

Hot water storage: ELBI 7,000 l

Hot water boiler: SIME RX55, atmospheric gas 60 kW

Operation comments:

The operation of the system has been smooth for the first year in use when under the supervision of

the EPC contractor. When that duty passed to the customer, the faults began to be more frequent,

but their remedy was usually simple. It was thus concluded that some amount of training should be

recommended to the end users to fix the simple and most often occurring faults. It was also observed

that the temperature of the water in the pipes was often raised very high, sometimes reaching 140oC,

which would cause serious issues to the pipes if they were made out of thermoplastic material.

System pictures:

4

3 Gevo mattresses showroom The GEVO showroom building in Limassol was built to incorporate a number of energy efficiency and

energy production measures. Insulation was applied to the north-facing wall, in addition to using low

U-value glazing and a combined geothermal and solar energy for air-conditioning system.

Table 4: Summary of system economics

Capital Investment 135,000 €

State Subsidy 81,900* €

Owner own capital Investment 81,000 €

Annual Savings 27,650 €

Inflation Rate accounted 2 %

Cost of Money accounted 5 %

Years to payback investment 5 years * Total subsidy includes contribution towards the geothermal system, the BMS and the insulation of the building



Solar collectors: TEC solar, Type: Vacuum tube collectors of 30 tubes, Tube size: Φ55mm x1800mm Total no. of collectors: 42 Effective collection area=123 m2

172 m2

Cooling Tower: King Sun KST-N-60 220 kW

Operation comments:

The building has been in completion in phases since 2011. There is no comprehensive follow-up report

neither by the owner, nor the EPC contractor.

System pictures:

5

6

4 Cyprus University of Technology Mechanical Engineering Lab The building on which the solar cooling system was installed was used for many years as a warehouse

and its area covers 1400 m2. In 2010, the building was renovated and is now used as classrooms and

laboratories as well as a workshop (half of the building) of the Department of Mechanical Engineering

and Materials Science and Engineering of the CUT. The renovation did not affect the external walls of

the building, which were built in 1950 and consist of limestone blocks 50 cm in thickness. Double-

glazing was fitted and the roof was rebuilt from scratch using thermal Rockwool insulation of 200 mm

thickness. The building has a double pitched roof, which has a minimum height of 6m and a 20° slope.

The solar panels have been installed on the two south facing areas of the building roof. A cooling tower

is employed to cool down the condenser of the absorption chiller of the solar cooling system. The

cooling tower is also assisted by a geothermal system, and all are monitored by a BMS.


Covered Area 1,400 m2

Building cooling load 250 kW


Solar collectors: TEC solar, Type: Vacuum tube collectors of 30 tubes, Tube size: Φ55mm x1800mm Total no. of collectors: 40 Effective collection area=120 m2

170 m2

Technical description

Solar energy is collected by the solar panels located on the roof and stored in 3 hot water storage

cylinders with 4,700 litres capacity each. The system is controlled by a differential thermostat, which

compares the temperature of the water in the cylinders with the temperature of the water from the

solar panels. When the temperature of the water from the solar panels is greater by a predetermined

difference then energy is transferred from the solar panels to the storage cylinders. The hot water

from the solar panels transfers the heat to the cylinders through heat exchangers located in the

cylinders.

The stored hot water is circulated through pipes to the absorption chillers where the solar collected

energy is used to produce refrigeration by the chillers. In the case where the stored hot water is not

enough to meet the required needs of chillers, valves 4 and 5 open to allow the hot water boilers B1,

B2, to give additional energy directly to the chillers (i.e., without heating the water content of the

cylinders) and meet the demand. The cold water produced by the chillers is transferred by piping to

the air conditioning units (fan coil units-FCU and air handling units-AHU) which are used for cooling

the building. The hot water coming out from the chillers goes back to the hot water storage cylinders.

Cold water from the cooling tower extracts heat from the absorber and the condenser of the chiller

and then passes through the heat exchanger, which cools the water using two wells. This is a

significant originality of the system, i.e., the combination of the cooling system with geothermal

energy. Water from well 1 feeds the heat exchanger to cool the water that comes from the chillers

and then is discarded in well 2. Then the water passes from the chillers of the cooling tower to further

remove energy and cool it to the required temperature.

7

During the winter, chillers have no use since the demand is for heating. The solar heating system works

in exactly the same manner as in summer by storing hot water in the storage cylinders. In winter, the

three way valves 6, 7 and 8 change setting so that the stored hot water does not pass through the

chillers but is diverted directly to the air units (FCU and AHU) and back to the hot water storage. In

the case where the stored hot water is not enough to meet the requirements of the building, valves 4

and 9 open and hot water from the boiler is supplied directly to the air units and returns back to the

boilers.

Operation comments:

The mean value of the coefficient of performance of the chiller was 0.68, with the water entering the

chiller at a relatively low average temperature of 68°C. From the measurements it was also observed

that there was excessive indirect energy consumption. Its main cause was related to the general pump

over-sizing and the management of the un-used solar energy.

System pictures and diagrams:

8

1

STS-Med Small Scale Thermal Solar District Units for Mediterranean

Communities

Case Study - Referenced CS projects in Egypt

2

1. Introduction

Egypt is the largest non-OPEC oil producer in Africa and second largest natural gas producer. However, it is also the largest oil and natural gas consumer in Africa. Natural gas and oil are the primary fuels used to meet energy demand, and accounted for 94% of total energy consumption in 2013. Increasing Egypt’s domestic renewable energy capacity will help diversify its energy mix and improve energy security. Given the need to reduce national dependence on fossil fuels, Egypt has announced that it will place greater emphasis on its considerable solar and wind potential. The Egyptian government expects the renewable energy sector to produce 20% of total power generation by 2020. Satisfying 20% of the generated electricity from RE by 2020, including; 12 % Wind energy 5.8 % Hydro 2.2 % Solar (National plan will be issue to install 3500 MW from solar energy (CSP – PV) by year 2027). In the following section a brief description of running CS projects in Egypt are outlined.

2. Kuraymat CSP plant

Kuraymat plant will produce 140 MW using solar assisted combined cycle power plant (commissioned 2010). Integrated Solar Combined-Cycle (ISCC) technology combines the benefits of solar energy with the benefits of a combined cycle. The solar resource partially substitutes the fossil fuel. The Kuraymat project has an overall capacity of 140 MW (120 MW combined cycle, 20 MW solar input). The project site at Kuraymat nearly 90km South Cairo, has been selected due to:

(1) An uninhabited flat desert land . (2) High intensity direct solar radiation reaches to 2400 kWh /m2 / year. (3) An extended unified power grid and expanded natural gas pipelines. (4) Near to the sources of water (the River Nile).

Figure 1: Schematic of Kuraymat CSP plant

3

Background Technology: Parabolic trough Status: Operational City: Kuraymat Region: 100 km south of Cairo Lat/Long Location: 29°16′ 43.0″ North, 31°14′ 56.0″ East Solar Resource: 2,431 kWh/m2/yr Electricity Generation: 34,000 MWh/yr (Expected) Generation Data Explanation: Expected generation is based on solar

fraction of anticipated total generation of 852,000 MWh/yr.

Company: NREA Start Production: June 2011 Project Type: Commercial

Participants

Developer(s): NREA Owner(s) (%): NREA (100%) EPC Contractor: Orascom/Flagsol

Plant Configuration Solar Field

Solar-Field Aperture Area: 130,800 m² # of Solar Collector Assemblies (SCAs): 160 # of Loops: 40 # of SCAs per Loop: 4 # of Modules per SCA: 12 SCA Manufacturer (Model): Flagsol (SKAL-ET) Mirror Manufacturer (Model): Flabeg (RP3) HCE Manufacturer (Model): Schott (PTR 70) Heat-Transfer Fluid Type: Therminol VP-1 HTF Company: Solutia Solar-Field Inlet Temp: 293°C Solar-Field Outlet Temp: 393°C

Power Block Turbine Capacity (Gross): 20.0 MW Turbine Capacity (Net): 20.0 MW Turbine Manufacturer: Siemens Output Type: Steam Rankine Cooling Method: Wet cooling Cooling Method Description: Cooling Towers

Thermal Storage Storage Type: None

Summary of Technical Parameters

Capacity of Solar portion (MWe) 20

Capacity of gas turbine (MWe) 79

Capacity of steam turbine (MWe) 76.5

Net electric energy (GWhe/a) 852

Solar electric energy (GWhe/a) 33

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Solar share (%) 4%

Fuel saving due to the solar

portion (T.O.E / a)

10000

CO2 reduction (T / a) 20000

3- Multipurpose Applications by Thermodynamic Solar (MATS-

Project)

The Multipurpose Applications by Thermodynamic Solar or MATS project began as recently as July 2011. This ambitious initiative intends to build a plant capable of producing electricity, heat, cooling, and desalinated water, by using solar energy integrated with other energy sources which are available locally. The MATS project is divided into three phases. The first phase will see each component of the system being developed via experimentation and numerical modelling, while the second will involve the construction of the actual plant near Alexandria on the Mediterranean coast. The last phase will be devoted to experimental demonstration in the plant, which is expected to produce, each year, more than 3.000 MWh of electricity and about 8.900 MWh of thermal energy. The Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) technology due to be used in the plant has been developed by ENEA, the Italian national agency for new technologies, energy and sustainable economic development. The technology will use molten salts as heat transfer fluid and will produce heat and power from solar sources integrated with renewable fuels, such as biomass, biogas and industrial residues. The thermal energy produced in this plant will be the energy source in a desalination unit as well as for the heating and cooling of the surrounding area. The plant will produce energy “on demand” due to the integration with a back-up system containing various alternative fuels. This makes the system flexible and allows for continuous power production. The MATS project brings together partners from the research and industry fields of various countries. Working alongside Italy’s ENEA there are research partners from France, United Kingdom, Germany and indeed Egypt. In addition, industrial partners from Italy and Egypt will feature. MATS Project is financed by FP7-ENERGY and includes 11 Partners (4 from Egypt) (ASRT, NREA, Orascom and Delft Environment). The main specifications of the demonstration plant are listed below.

Table 1: Main Specifications of MATS project

Figure 2 shows a schematic of the concept plant.

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Figure 2: MATS concept plant The main components of the project are listed below.

Table 2: Main components of MATS project

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4- Cairo University PT Manufacturing and Testing

This project is financed by the Science and Technology Development Fund and carried out by Cairo University. The fund is allocated for the local manufacturing and testing a parabolic trough solar collector.

Figure 3: Cairo University parabolic trough test unit

Figure 4: Cairo University parabolic trough test loop

5- Kom Ombo CSP Plant (Under Development)

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In the frame of Egyptian Solar plane for generate electricity by solar energy; NREA prepares technical and financial studies in addition to environmental and social effects for 100 MW Solar thermal power plant in Kom Ombo – Aswan, The plant solar field is concentrated parabolic trough with 4 -6 hrs thermal storage as flows:

Figure 5: General description of Kom Ombo Plant

Components a- Solar field The solar field consists of concentrated solar parabolic trough collectors with total land area 3.5 Km2. The solar field collects solar energy to generate and introduce steam to the power block, steam turbine and molten salt storage system. b- Heat transfer fluid loops (oil loop) The temperature of special oil in the receiver is about 400 ºC and pressure 12 bar, the oil is pumped to heat exchangers to generate supper heated steam, this steam is pushed to the steam turbine to generate electricity. c- Thermal storage By using molten salt as storage material with 2- tank technology (hot & cold); solar thermal energy can be stored during the day in the hot tank. The thermal energy from the hot tank is used to steam for electricity for about 4-6 hrs. d- Power block It consists of steam turbine, mechanical parts, electrical parts and the generator; the power block is fixed in 20 m height building for generating 100 MW.

5- Hybrid Fresnel/PV cogeneration project-GUC This is a RCREEE Research Projects in cooperation with the GUC in Cairo. A hybrid system: a solar concentrated linear Fresnel PV/thermal collector and 1 kW wind

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turbine for energy cogeneration (Contract partner: German University in Cairo-Egypt).

Figure 6: Hybrid Fresnel/PV cogeneration project-GUC

6- Taqa CSP Project (Under Planning)

A central power tower 250 MW project is in the planning phase.

7- Marsa Alam CSP Project (Under Planning)

A parabolic trough CSP 30 MW project is in the planning phase.

Documents

Small Scale Solar Thermal District Units For Mediterranean ...Gargallo, Sicily, Italy. The plant produces steam (4.72-MW equivalent) sent to a combined-cycle steam turbine rated at