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Small Wind Turbines
Innovation opportunities via small wind turbine testing
Daniel FesztyAssociate Professor
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
8 April 2010
2
Outline
Wind energy research at Carleton University
Wind energy overview
Areas requiring research
Potential research at WCEC
3
Wind energy research at Carleton University
4
Wind energy research at Carleton University Primarily conducted by
– Rotorcraft Research Group– 4 Professors, 18 researchers– Transferring knowledge from helicopters to wind turbines
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Wind energy research at Carleton University Prof. Fred Nitzsche
– PhD - Stanford University (1983)– Thesis on Darrieus wind turbines
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Wind energy research at Carleton University Strong in experiments:
Scaled wind farm experiment
at Carleton University
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Wind energy research at Carleton University Strong in computations:
CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulations for a helicopter and a wind turbine
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Wind energy research at Carleton University Our PhD graduates found employment at:
- Vestas (Denmark): 2
- National Research Council, Ottawa (Wind Energy group): 3
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Wind energy overview
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Wind energy overview:Wind energy usage
Wind energy usage in Canada:
30% growth annually!!!
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Wind energy overview:Wind resources
Mean annual wind speed distribution in Canada (Canadian Wind Atlas)
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Wind energy overview:Wind resources
Mean annual wind speed distribution in Ontario (Canadian Wind Atlas)
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Wind energy overview: Classification of wind power
Ontario inland Most of Canada
Most turbines built for
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Wind energy overview: Wind resources
Category 6 & 7 sites not available Mostly sold out
Far from big cities
Category 3-5 sites Not utilized so far (most of Ontario/Canada)
Lack of efficient wind turbines for them
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Wind energy overview: Wind turbine types
Two basic types of wind turbines:
Vertical Axis Horizontal Axis
ADV: works in any wind direction very high power
DIS: medium power needs to be “yawed”(turned)
into wind direction
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Wind energy overview: Wind turbine types
Two basic types of wind turbines:
Vertical Axis (no yaw control, medium power, smaller):
Savonius-rotor Darrieus-rotor H-rotor
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Wind energy overview: Wind turbine types
Two basic types of wind turbines:
Horizontal Axis (yaw control, high power, larger):
18
Wind energy overview: Size vs. power
• Power from wind grows with D2:
P = 0.5 r v3 A = 0.5 r v3 (p D2)/4 need large turbine!
15 m
80 m
112 m
126 m
160 m
‘85 ‘89‘87 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99 ‘01 ‘03 ‘06
0.06 0.3 0.5 1.3 1.6 2.0 8.04.5 5.0
?Year
Power [MW]
Dia
me
ter
[m]
1 MW = 300 homes
A380
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Wind energy overview: Interference effects
Wake interference: 30-40% loss of power when in wake!
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Wind energy overview: Interference effects
3DW
Wind Direction
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Wind energy overview: Interference effects
Wind Direction
Power of the downstream turbine is reduced by 40%
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Wind energy overview:Interference effects
Scaled wind farm experiment
at Carleton University
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Wind energy overview: Modern Horizontal Axis Turbines
designed for
category 6-7 wind
"clean" flow
growing size (D = 120-160 m) is a problem for
transportation
installation
maintenance
availability
COST!
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The Aeloun Harvester:Cheap, small turbine for the 3rd
world
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Areas requiring research
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Areas requiring research:
Smaller turbines for lower category (3-5) wind speeds Would be very interesting for Ontario/Canada
Cheap, small turbines for 3rd world countries (“Lighting up Africa”)
What size and type?
Interference effects mitigation: Special blade design for “dirty” flow?
Actively controlled blades?
Better wake modelling/prediction Current wake models overpredict power by about 15%
This means $90 million loss for a 120 turbine farm
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Areas requiring research:
To answer the above questions, one needs: Advanced computational methods (for design and
optimization)
Full-size experiments to validate these
For experiments: Wind tunnels simply not suited (test section too small &
short)
Need: “wind testing” instead of “wind tunnel testing”
Carleton University does not have a suitable site for “wind testing”
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Potential research at
West Carleton Energy Centre (WCEC)
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Potential research at WCEC
Need for experimental testing
Carleton University needs large wind exposed site to test research turbines
WCEC could be ideal to serve as Carleton’s “wind test site” testing small (or scaled) turbines not fitting a wind tunnel
foundation not an issue
turbines on top or at bottom of hill
data used to validate CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics)
CFD used to design better wind turbines
30
Potential research at WCEC
OR: combine solar and wind research?
Experimental thermal upwind power plant in Manzanares, Spain, 1985. Tower height200 m, tower diameter 10 m, diameter of collector roof about 250 m
Thermal upwind power plant
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Questions?
32
Questions?