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Smart Cooling for Buildings
Ar. Roshni Udyavar Yehuda
Advisor, Environment & Sustainability, Science & Technology Park, Pune Head, Operations, MP Ensystems Advisory Pvt.Ltd. Mumbai
Director, Roshni Udyavar & Associates
Smart and Sustainable City Solutions CAPEX (Construction, Architecture, Planning and Engineering Expo) - Municipalika
20 September 2018 Bombay Exhibition Centre, Mumbai
o 3.6 billion cooling appliances globally at present, expected increase to 9.5 billion in 2050
o Globally energy for cooling is expected to almost double from 3900 TWh today to 7500 TWh in 2050
o Total CO2 emission from cooling sector in 2018 was 4 GT, equivalent to 11.8% of world’s direct CO2 emissions from power and industrial sectors
(Source: A Cool World, Defining the Energy Conundrum of Cooling or All, By Prof. Toby Peters, University of Birmingham, 2018)
Global Energy & Carbon Footprint of Cooling
Cooling Units include: “AC units, refrigerators for perishable medicines like vaccines, mobile freezers for food shipping, climate control systems at data centers, and many other things that we tend not to think about.”
-www.inverse.com
Facts about Cooling
In Saudi Arabia, more than 70% electricity is consumed for air conditioning and
cooling.
The US consumes more electricity for space cooling than the 1.1 billion people in
Africa for everything.
o India has average 3120 annual Cooling Degree
Days (CDD) (Source: The Future of Cooling, www.aeee.in, 2017)
o Space cooling and fans largest component
(33% - 65%) of electricity consumption in
multi-storey flats (Source: Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Govt. of
India, 2014)
o By 2030, 60% of the commercial space in India
expected to be air-conditioned (Source: cbalance and
Fairconditioning program)
o Annual sales of room air conditioners in India
has gone up from 1.7 million/ year in 2009 to
6.1 million/ year, or has trebled over the past
five years. (Source: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. 2013. Cooling
the Planet: Opportunities for Deployment of Superefficient)
o Aggregated nation-wide cooling energy
consumption to grow 2-3 times by 2027 BAU
scenario over 2017 baseline (Source: The Future of Cooling,
www.aeee.in, 2017)
Indian Energy & Carbon Footprint of Cooling
Facts about Cooling
Increasing CO2 footprint of India...
How can we change this?
PASSIVE DESIGN
Orientation Shading U-value
Passive design strategies
ACTIVE DESIGN Solar PV
Wind Hybrid
Geothermal
THERMAL Heat
exchange systems
Passive Design
SUMMER SUN
WINTER SUN SHADING
Solar Heat Gain
Coefficient or SHGC of opening
THERMAL TRANSMITTANCE or
U – Value of Roof and wall
Wall Window Ratio or WWR
Passive Design Strategies
Shading (Brises Soleil) Solar Chimney
Courtyard effect Trombe wall and Wind tower
o Super-insulation
o Thermal bridge-free
construction
o Compact form
o Airtight building envelope
o Optimal use of passive
solar gains;
o Mechanical ventilation with
heat recovery (MVHR)
Passivehaus: Defined as an ultra-low energy building performance
characterized by:
No: of Solar Panel:76
No: of wind turbines: 3 SOURCE: Sonali Palkar. Hybrid Power (solar & wind) generation system for high-rise residential buildings in Mumbai.
Active Design – Solar power hybrid system Housing Society in Dombivli
40
40%
20%
0%
Common areas lighting(common lobby lighting &compound ighting)
Elevators
Water Pumps
100% BENEFIT AFTER
INSTALLING HYBRID
POWER SYSTEM
Source: http://www.nzeb.in/case-studies/detailed-case-studies-2/cept-case-study/
Active Design – CARBSE NZEB COOLING
THERMAL (Heat exchange system)
District Level Cooling
THERMAL (Heat exchange system)
Phase Change Material for Cooling
College building in Mumbai
Case Study - Retrofits
Picture of classrooms before and after retrofit (increase in volume of space)
BEFORE AFTER
Photos are representative
S.No.
Product Strategy Purpose
1. 100 mm thick dry wall internal partitions supported by Galvanized Iron (GI) channels, and vertical studs at 600 mm centre to centre clad with a double layer of gypsum plasterboard filled with glass wool insulation material - in place of 150 mm brick walls and plywood partitions. (Source of photo : Saint Gobain online brochure)
For better heat and sound insulation, and faster construction.
2. High albedo paint having solar reflective index > 0.5 on asbestos cement roof sheet (Source of photo : Doorroof.deojz)
For reducing cooling load of buildings
3. Radiant Barrier under-deck insulation made of polyethylene air bubble film (ABF) laminated with aluminum foil on both sides underneath the AC sheet roofing suspended using a G.I Wire mesh with air gap of 100mm; Composite thickness of the material is 4mm; its emissivity is in the range of 0.01 - 0.04 and its thermal transmittance is 0.07W/m2K. (Source of photo : Affordable Insulators)
To reduce emission of radiation from roof surface. This is a radiant heat reflective low-e insulation material meant to effectively block the radiant heat
Methodology
CASE STUDY 1 - Structural Retrofit
Photos are representative
4. Rotating head Roto Turbo ventilators (aluminium with steel shaft), – 12 nos. – of throat diameter 300mm introduced on the roof - at wind speed of 6 km/hr, it is projected to have an exhaust capacity of 572cfm. (Source of photo :Ssunitent)
To induce stack effect and provide thermal comfort to occupants by means of induced convective ventilation
5. Translucent uniform flat polycarbonate sheets fixed on Mild Steel (MS) cleats provided onto existing MS roof truss at 200mm centre-to-centre gas welded to match the level of dry wall.
They provide acoustic insulation while allowing daylight penetration into classrooms.
6. 19 nos. 1.5mm thick 1.0 x 2.0 m (effective opening) corrugated translucent AC profiled polycarbonate sheets fixed onto AC sheets for day-lighting - lapped on the top and bottom by 150mm. (Source of photo : Endurocomposites)
To provide adequate daylight in the classrooms
Methodology
CASE STUDY 1 - Structural Retrofit
Photos are representative
Methodology
CASE STUDY 1 - Spatial Retrofit
S.No Strategy Purpose
7. Increase size of classrooms and provide single row of classrooms in place of double rows on either side of the corridor
To enhance thermal comfort through cross ventilation
8. Removal of false ceiling
To allow for stack ventilation
9. Increase WWR by making all windows openable
To enhance cross ventilation
BEFORE AFTER
Pre and Post-Retrofit Average Roof-bottom Temperature shows a difference of about 12.60C
Roof bottom temperatures Pre (May 2013) and Post Retrofit (May 2013)
Assessment of Passive Design Strategies Used (Retrofit measures)
Ideas for Smart Cooling
Case study - ThermODrain system Cooling the structure rather than cooling the air (Indian traditional methods) using water
Ground + 2 Storied Office Building, Nashik (composite climate zone)
A ThermODrain (TOD) system unlike radiant cooling systems with active coolants and pumps, uses water cooled by night sky as a sink to drain radiant heat from the structure.
Schematic diagram of the DSC system installed in the office building at Nashik
During construction (Photo source: Greenspace Realtors)
After construction (Photo source – Roshni U. Yehuda)
Ideas for Smart Cooling
Thermal Behavior: Tropical Summer Index (TSI) in office building at Nashik
Indoor operative temperature in May 2017 at outdoor max. DBT of 36.30C was found to be 27.40C, which is within the range of acceptable TSI values of 25°C and 30°C and close to optimum value of 27.50C.
Indoor Operative Temperature within optimum range of the Tropical Summer Index (May 2017)
Regulations & Policies related to COOLING
Regulations & Policies related to COOLING
India : Towards nearly zero energy buildings
Solar…..but also a shade
SOURCE: Prashad, D. (n.d.). BUILDING GREEN - Mainstreaming solar energy in Green Building.
Energy Positive Building
• Energy produced by SPV Panels per year
14,91,000 kWh
• Energy consumed by building per year
14,21,000 kWh
SOURCE: Prashad, D. (n.d.). BUILDING GREEN - Mainstreaming solar energy in Green Building.
Ar. Roshni Udyavar Yehuda BEE-CERTIFIED MASTER TRAINER
BEE Empanelled Expert Professional
Advisor, Environment & Sustainability, Science & Technology Park, Pune Head, Operations, MP Ensystems Advisory Pvt.Ltd. Mumbai
Director, Roshni Udyavar & Associates
Contact: +91 9820827434
Thank You
