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Smart Grid Technologies: CommunicationTechnologies and Standards
Submitted to
Prof. Dr. Eduard HeindlBy
Mostafa Mansy
07.01.2015
AGENDA
03.01.2015 Smart Grid Technologies 2
• Introduction
• Communication Technologies Available for Smart Grids
• Conclusion
• Smart Grid Communications Requirements
• Smart Grid Standards
• Introduction
Authors – 2011
03.01.2015 Smart Grid Technologies 4
• Vehbi C. Gungor
• Dilan Sahin
• Taskin Kocak
• Salih Ergüt
• Concettina Buccella
• Carlo Cecati
• Gerhard P. Hancke
Energy Infrastructure
03.01.2015 Smart Grid Technologies 5
• 2.5% annually over the past 20 years.
100 Years
Challenges with Current Networks
03.01.2015 Smart Grid Technologies 6
• Lack of automated analysis.• Poor visibility.• Mechanical switches causing slow response times.• Lack of situational awareness.• Growing population and demand for energy. • Global climate change.• Equipment failures.• Energy storage problems.• Capacity limitations of electricity generation.• One-way communication.• Decrease in fossil fuels and resilience problems.• The greenhouse gas emissions on Earth have
been a significant threat that is caused by the electricity and transportation industries.
Grid Infrastructure
Smart Grids
03.01.2015 Smart Grid Technologies 7
• The smart grid is a modern electric power grid infrastructure for improved efficiency, reliability and safety, with smooth integration of renewable and alternative energy sources, through automated control and modern communications technologies.
• Smart grid enables new network management strategies provide their effective grid integration in Distributed Generation (DG) for Demand Side Management and energy storage for DG load balancing.
Smart Grids
04.01.2015 Smart Grid Technologies 8
• The existing grid is lack of communication capabilities, while a smart power grid infrastructure is full of enhanced sensing and advanced communication and computing abilities.
• Different components of the system are linked together with communication paths and sensor nodes to provide interoperability between them.
Countries Focus
03.01.2015 Smart Grid Technologies 9
• Largest power grid modernization investment in the U.S. history - $ 3.4 billion.
AGENDA
03.01.2015 Smart Grid Technologies 10
• Introduction
• Communication Technologies Available for Smart Grids
• Conclusion
• Smart Grid Communications Requirements
• Smart Grid Standards
• Communication Technologies Available for Smart Grids
Communication Importance
04.01.2015 Smart Grid Technologies 12
Data
Analyse & Control
• Real time pricing.
• Reliable, secure and cost effective service.
• Customer participation for efficient electricity usage.
• Outages after disasters.
Communications Media
04.01.2015 Smart Grid Technologies 13
• low cost infrastructure.
• Ease of connection to unreachable areas.
Weak Signal Problems.
• No interference problems.
• No dependency on batteries.
Smart Meter & Electric Utilities
Information Flow Infrasctructure
04.01.2015 Smart Grid Technologies 14
Electrical Appliances
Smart Meter
Utility’s Data Centres
Cellular TechnologiesInternet
• Time of deployment.
• Operational costs.
• Availability of the technology.
• Rural/urban or indoor/outdoor environments.Consider
The technology choice that fits one environment may not be suitable for the other.
ZigBee
04.01.2015 Smart Grid Technologies 15
Power Usage
Wireless Communication
Data Rate
Complexity
Cost of Deployment
• Smart lightning.
• Energy monitoring.
• Home automation.
• Automatic meter reading.Ideal For:
Relatively Low
ZigBee – Pros & Cons
04.01.2015 Smart Grid Technologies 16
Pros
16 channels in the 2.4 GHz band
Simplicity & Mobility & Robustness
Low bandwidth requirements
Low cost of deployment
Easy network implementation
Standardized based on the IEEE
802.15.4
Load control and reduction,
demand response, real-time pricing programs, real-
time system
Gas, water and electricity utilities
Cons
Low processing capabilities
Small memory size
Subject to interference with other appliances, which share the
same transmission medium
Interference avoidance schemes and energy-efficient
routing protocols, should be
implemented
Wireless Mesh
04.01.2015 Smart Grid Technologies 17
• Flexible network.
• Consisting of a group of nodes.
• New nodes can join the group.
• Each node can act as an independent router.
• Self-healing enables the communication signals to find another route via the active nodes.
Wireless Mesh – Pros & Cons
04.01.2015 Smart Grid Technologies 18
Pros
Cost effective
Dynamic self-organization
Self-healing & self
configuration
Improving the network
performance and balancing
the load
Good coverage with the ability of
multi-hop routing
Meters act as signal
repeaters.
Cons
Fading and interference
Reliable and flexible routing needs sufficient number of smart nodes and cost
Third party company to manage the
network
Encryption techniques
required for security
Un-needed loops causing
additional overheads and
reducing bandwidth.
Cellular Network Communication
04.01.2015 Smart Grid Technologies 19
• Save time of building new dedicated communication infrastructure.
• Avoid spending operational costs.
• Using 2G, 2.5G, 3G, WiMAX and LTE to spread in wide area environments.
• Huge data could be transferred between meter and utility in 15 minutes which requires high data connection.
Using existing cellular
networks:
• GSM technology performs up to 14.4 Kbps, GPRS performs up to 170 Kbps and they both support AMI (Advanced Metering Infrastructure), Demand Response, Home Area Network (HAN) applications.
Cellular Network Communication –Pros & Cons
04.01.2015 Smart Grid Technologies 20
Pros
Using existing networks
Wide-spread and cost-effective.
Small data intervas leads to huge
amount of data transfer and
suffecient bandwidth provided
Strong security control already
exists
Lower maintenance costs
Fast installations
Cons
Sharing with customer
market which could result in
reduced performance in
emergencies
Service is not garanteed in
abnormal situations –wind storm
Power Line Communication (PLC)
04.01.2015 Smart Grid Technologies 21
• Using existing power lines to transmit high speed (2 - 3 Mbps) data signals from one device to the other.
• Direct connection with the meter and successful implementations of AMI in urban areas.
• Smart meters are connected to the data concentrator through power lines and data is transferred to the data centre via cellular network technologies.
France: PLC technology is chosen for data communication between smart meters and the data concentrator, while GPRS technology is used for transferring the data from the data concentrator to the utility’s data centre
Italy: PLC technology to transfer smart meter data to the nearest data concentrator and GSM technology to send the data to data centres.
Power Line Communication (PLC) –Pros & Cons
04.01.2015 Smart Grid Technologies 22
Pros
Standardizations of PLC
Cost effective
Widely available
Very suitable for urban areas
as infrastructure is already there.
Cons
Harsh and noisy environment
Wiring distance between
transmitter and receiver
Hybrid solutions in which PLC technology is combined with other
technologies (GPRS or GSM).
Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL)
04.01.2015 Smart Grid Technologies 23
• High speed digital data transmission.
• Uses the wires of the voice telephone network.
• Frequencies greater than 1 MHz through an ADSL enabled telephone line
• Already existing infrastructure of DSL lines.
Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) –Pros & Cons
03.01.2015 Smart Grid Technologies 24
Pros
Widespread availability
Low costHigh
bandwidth transmisions
Cons
Reliability and potential down
time
Distance dependances
Lack of standardization
Wird DSL require
communication cables Cost
Communication
03.01.2015 Smart Grid Technologies 25
• Wired technologies, such as DSL, PLC, optical fiber, are costly for wide area deployments but they have the ability to increase the communications capacity, reliability and security.
• On the other hand, wireless technologies can reduce the installation costs, but provide constrained bandwidth and security options.
AGENDA
03.01.2015 Smart Grid Technologies 26
• Introduction
• Communication Technologies Available for Smart Grids
• Conclusion
• Smart Grid Communications Requirements
• Smart Grid Standards
• Smart Grid Communications Requirements
- Secure Information Storage.- Secure Information
Transportation.
- Embedded intelligent devices (IEDs).
- Hybrid communication technology mixed with wired and wireless solutions.
- Performance Issues like delay or outage may compromise stability.
- How to Define Qos Requirements?- How to ensure it?
Communication Requirements
04.01.2015 Smart Grid Technologies 28
- Using advanced web services protocols with advanced functionalities (self-configuration) to facilitate the operations between smart meters, smart sensor nodes, smart data collectors, and renewable energy resources.
Security
System Reliability, Robustness
and Availability
Scalability
Quality of Service (QoS)
AGENDA
03.01.2015 Smart Grid Technologies 29
• Introduction
• Communication Technologies Available for Smart Grids
• Conclusion
• Smart Grid Communications Requirements
• Smart Grid Standards
• Smart Grid Standards
Smart Grid Standards
03.01.2015 Smart Grid Technologies 31
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AGENDA
03.01.2015 Smart Grid Technologies 32
• Introduction
• Communication Technologies Available for Smart Grids
• Conclusion
• Smart Grid Communications Requirements
• Smart Grid Standards
• Conclusion
Conclusion
06.01.2015 Smart Grid Technologies 34
• Smart grid is the evolution of electric power systems.
• Renewable sources has huge effect of developing the new smart grids.
• Smart grids developed to enhance efficiency, reliability and safety of the existing power grid.
• Ensuring proactive and real-time and reliable diagnosis of possible failures.
Thank You
Q&A?