Smart Grid Technology Drivers

Smart Grid Technology Drivers

• Smart Grid Resources • Renewable Generation

» Regulatory and Market Forces » Centralized and distributed generations » Technologies » Renewable Energy and Needs in a smart grid

• Electric Vehicles » Regulatory and Market Forces Driving Electric vehicles » Technologies » Vehicle to grid

• Microgrid » Microgrid definitions » Drivers » Benefits » Challenges » Types

• Energy Resources integration Challenges, solutions. And benefits » Integration Standards » Integration Impacts » Electric vehicle Impact

Smart Energy Resources Renewable Generation

Regulatory and Market Forces • Many states around the world has begun a regulatory

in renewable energy before 2020

• Large scale production of wind and solar will affect the

grid operations, so factors like frequency, power balancing, and load profile should be considered.


List of major issues integrating large wind farms:

• Steady state and dynamic states are crucial

• New and in depth system planning

• Accurate resource and load forecasting becomes highly valuable.

• Variable speed turbines and advanced solar inverters have added advantage of independent regulation.


Factors affecting by integrating wind and solar farms:

• Thermal and contingency analysis

• Short circuit

• Transient and voltage stability

• Protection co ordination

• Power quality


• The Sources of renewable energy sources are mainly located in remote places. This results in addition of major transmission facilities.

• The capacity of wind and solar is maximum 20 to 35 percent but the capacity of the nuclear plant is 90 percent.

• So, by integrating the renewable sources to grid output of the fossil fuel plant needs to be adjusted frequently.

Smart Energy Resources Centralized and Distributed Generation



• In the early beginnings of the electric industry, power generation used to comprised of a series of series generators installed at large customer facilities, towns and cities.

• Large scale centralized generation dominated the power industry for decades.

• The trend, Distributed generation is prompted by the PUBLIC UTILITIES REGULATORY ACT (PURPA) 1978 and Energy policy Act 1992 (in US) has led the distributed Energy resource concept which followed by Distributed Generation and Storage.


• Providing backup has been the most basic and prevalent application of DER.

• The main difference of the approach is the location, installed capacity and type or lack of ancillary services.

• The Significant challenge is , distributed systems have designed in historic designed to be operated in radial fashion without any special considerations.

• It will impact the pv and wind sources during integration.

Smart Energy Resources Technologies

• Solar PV • Solar Thermal • Wind • Bio Mass and Bio gas • Geothermal • Wave Power • Tidal Power • Hydro • Fuel cells

Smart Energy Resources Renewable energy Needs in a Smart Grid

• Utilize different resources

• Demand side management

• Fast demand response

• Energy storage

• Plug in hybrid electric vehicles.

Smart Energy Resources Energy Vehicles: Regulatory and Market Forces driving electric

vehicles and smart grid impact



• Electrical Vehicle EV uses only source of motive energy stored in batteries

• EV are called PEV i.e., plug in electric vehicle because it charges the storage system from tethering grid.

• Hybrid EV combines conventional engines and electric motor.



• Benefits: • Reduced fuel consumption

• Lower green house gas and pollutant

Smart Energy Resources Electric Vehicle: Technologies


• Battery Electric Vehicle • EV that uses rechargeable battery packs to store

electrical energy and an electric motor for propolsion.

• North American std SAEJ1772 (society of Automotive Engineers)

• Standard Defines: » Two charging levels (120 V,6 A, Single Phase) and (208-

240V,uptp 80 A,single phase)

» Further std(300-600V, upto 400 A, DC)

• Commercial Examples: Nissan Leaf, Mitsubishi MiEV


• Hybrid Electric Vehicle • Combination of conventional IC engine and electric

motor

• Example: Toyota Prius and honda Insight


• Plug In Hybrid EV • ICE and electric motor like hybrid EV and a high

capacity battery pack.

• PHEV Types: » Series PHEV or extended range electric vehicles EREV

• Electric motor turns the wheel and ICE produce electricity.

» Parallel PHEV or blended PHEV

• Both ICE and electric motor connected to the wheel.

• Electric only operation occurs at low speeds.

Smart Energy Resources Electric Vehicle: Vehicle to grid

• Utilization Of Evs for Grid Support • First generation of Evs is expexted to be more costly than

traditional vehicles.

• Studies shown that Evs are 90 % unused.

• PEVs can be used to support grid and produce revenues.

• Two primary types: – Grid to Vehicle

– Vehicle to grid

• During G2V PEV should satisfy the grid operator and car owner.

• Grid operator demands reliability and standard.

• Car owner demands robust return for investmnet


• Architecture: • Direct and deterministic

• Aggregative

• Direct and deterministic • Connected directly

• Simple

• Once the car leaves the station service ends.

– Problems

• Near terms and long term feasibility


• Aggregative architecture • Intermediary is inserted between EV and operator.

• This aggregator receives requests from operator and issue the command to contracted vehicles.

• Larger scale and longer term feasibilities are problem


• Utilization of Evs for Energy buffering • Large thermal plants are relatively dedicated for base

loads.

• Evs can be used as a buffer during the off peak time.

• PEVs are provided for off peak time charging through a time-of-use TOU rate.

• TOU is an electricity rate structure where the cost of electricity varies with time.

Smart Energy Resources Microgrids: Definition

• Microgrid is an integrated energy system consisting of integrated loads and DESs that can operate connected to the grid or in an intentional island mode.

• The objective is to ensure the better energy reliablity, security and efficiency.

Smart Energy Resources Microgrids: Definition

What is not MICROGRID: • One microturbine in a commercial building

• A group of individual generators that are not coordinated but run optimally for a narrowly defined load.

• A load or group of loads that cannot be easily separated from the grid or controlled.

Smart Energy Resources Microgrids: Drivers

• Environmental Incentives (Govermental)

• Cost effective access to electricity

• Reliability

• Security

• Energy Efficiency (Reducing losses –Now 7 to 25%)

• Renewable energy implementation

• Progress in energy storage technologies

Smart Energy Resources Microgrids: Benefits


• Economic Benefits • Load Consumer benefits

– Dynamic pricing software calculates Cheapest source

• Microgeneration Benefits – Incentives

– Subsidized price

– Sell power back to electric company

• Network Spending Reduction – Much cheaper alternate to transmission infrastructure cost

(Where existing infrastructure is in high demand or rural areas)


• Environmental Benefits – Green house gas reduction(Bec’ MG rely on local

renewable energy – losses reduced on HV transport-CO2

Emission) • Technical Benefits

– Peak load shaving • Dynamic pricing coupled with availability of local generation may

be a powerful tool. • Peak loads can be dynamically shaved by 10 %

– Reliability enhancement – Voltage Regulation – Energy Loss reduction

Smart Energy Resources Microgrids: Challenges

• First • Balance management between load and generation

• Second • Protection and Safety

» Normal mode to island and vice versa » Black start i.e., process of restoring power station to

operation without relying on external sources.

• Third • Integration of grid and microgrid

• Fourth • Information and communication parameters linked to

electrical aspects of the microgrid.

Smart Energy Resources Microgrids: Projects

• Currently areas in the world have started implementing microgrid programmees:

• Japan , North America and Europe.

• Europe • Research program ------ “More microgrid”(2006-2010)

• Japan – NEDO( The new energy and industrial technology development organization) MG research

• North Amarica – CANMET

• Case Study – Sandiego and Electric microgid project - US

Smart Energy Resources Microgrids: Categories

Building Blocks of Microgrid

• Physical – Sensors, Switches, Power electronics, Energy storage, Generators, Protection equip, Metering

• Three levels of Control Systems – local controls (individual components of MG),Real time monitoring and control functions, Master MG management system

• Interfaces with other system

• Microgrid general functions

Smart Resources Energy Resources: Integration Standards

• IEEE 1547 – describes integration issues of DGs in terms of Voltage limits, power factor, anti-islanding, reactive power production

• DNP3 and IEC 61850

Smart Energy Resources Energy Resources: Integration Impacts

• Capacity factor (15-30%)

• No dispatch without storage

• Reactive power and voltage support

• Power quality

• Lack of coordination

Smart Substations

General Functions of Substations

• Voltage transformation

• Connection point for T&D power lines

• Switchyard for T&D

• Monitoring point for control centre

• Protection

• Communication

Smart Substations Protection , Monitoring and control devices (IEDs)

• IEDs – embedded control device – communicates with other device

• Functions of IED – Differential, distance, metering, overcurrent protection and monitoring

• Main component of substation integration and automation technologies

Smart Substations Protection , Monitoring and control devices (IEDs)

Function of automation

– Alarming

– Volt/Var control

– Operation and maintenance

– Controlling SCADA

Advantages

– Compatible for IEC61850

– Compact

– Combines varies functions in one device

– Robustness

SCADA

Substation Automation

Feeder Automation

Transmission Systems:

WAN

Protection and Control

Distribution systems:

DMS

VOLT/VAR

Fault detection

Isolation and Service restoration

Outage Management

High Efficiency Distribution Transfomers

Phase Shifting Transformer

Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Documents

Smart Grid Technology Drivers