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Smart GridTransforming the Electricity System to Meet FutureDemand and Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions

AuthorWes Frye, Director, Sustainable Energy

Cisco Internet Business Solutions Group

November 2008

Cisco Internet Business Solutions Group (IBSG)

Cisco IBSG 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.


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IntroductionMost of the worlds electricity delivery system or grid was built when energy wasrelatively inexpensive. While minor upgrades have been made to meet increasingdemand, the grid still operates the way it did almost 100 years agoenergy flowsover the grid from central power plants to consumers, and reliability is ensured bymaintaining excess capacity.

The result is an inefficient and environmentally wasteful system that is a major emitter of

greenhouse gases, consumer of fossil fuels, and not well suited to distributed, renewablesolar and wind energy sources. In addition, the grid may not have sufficient capacity tomeet future demand.

Several trends have combined to increase awareness of these problems, includinggreater recognition of climate change, commitments to reduce carbon emissions,rising fuel costs, and technology innovation. In addition, recent studies support acall for change:

Power generation causes 25.9 percent of global carbon (CO2) emissions.1

CO2 emissions from electricity use will grow faster than those from all other secto through 2050.2

Forecast demand for electricity may exceed projected available capacity in theUnited States by 20153 (see Figure 1).

Figure 1. Projected Electricity Capacity versus Demand in the United States

Source: NERC, 2008; Cisco IBSG, 2008

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Cisco IBSG 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 1

1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005Year

2007 2009 2011 2013 2015

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850800

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Projected Potential CapacityProjected Available CapacityHigh Demand ProjectionLow Demand ProjectionHistoric Demand

Smart GridTransforming the Electricity System to Meet Future Demandand Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions


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Cisco IBSG 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.2

Given this information, governments and regulators, utility companies, and technologyfirms are rethinking how the electricity grid should look. Already, utility companies andgovernments around the world are launching efforts to:

Increase distributed solar and wind power generation to increase the electricalsupply without additional greenhouse gas emissions

Use plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) to generate and consume electric power intelligently

Sequester (scrub and store) the carbon from coal plant emissions

Use demand management to improve energy efficiency and reduce overall electricity consumption

Monitor and control the energy grid in near-real time to improve reliability andutilization, reduce blackouts, and postpone costly new upgrades

For all of these effortssolar and wind plants, PHEVs, active home-energy management,and grid monitoringto work together in one integrated system, a new level ofintelligence and communication will be required. For example:

Rooftop solar panels need to notify backup power generators within seconds thatapproaching clouds will reduce output.

The grid needs to notify PHEVs about the best time to recharge their batteries.

Utility companies need to communicate with and control appliances such asrefrigerators and air conditioners during periods of peak electricity demand.

Factory operators must know the cost of electric power every few minutes to manatheir energy use economically.

Homeowners need to become smart buyers and consumers of electricity by knowingwhen to adjust thermostats to optimize energy costs.

Unfortunately, these activities cannot be achieved with the current energy grid. Todayselectric infrastructure simply cannot coordinate and control all the systems that will beattached to it.

A new, more intelligent electric system, or Smart Grid, is required that combinesinformation technology (IT) with renewable energy to significantly improve howelectricity is generated, delivered, and consumed. A Smart Grid provides utility

companies with near-real-time information to manage the entire electrical grid as anintegrated system , actively sensing and responding to changes in power demand,supply, costs, and emissionsfrom rooftop solar panels on homes, to remote,unmanned wind farms, to energy-intensive factories.


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A Smart Grid is a major advance from today, where utility companies have only basicinformation about how the grid is operating, with much of that information arriving toolate to prevent a major power failure or blackout.

Components of a Smart GridA Smart Grid comprises three major components: 1) demand management,2) distributed electricity generation, and 3) transmission and distributiongrid management.

1) Demand Management: Reducing Electricity Consumption in Homes,Offices, and Factories

Demand management works to reduce electricity consumption in homes, offices,and factories by continually monitoring electricity consumption and activelymanaging how appliances consume energy. It consists of demand-responseprograms, smart meters and variable electricity pricing, smart buildings with smartappliances, and energy dashboards. Combined, these innovations allow utilitycompanies and consumers to manage and respond to the variances inelectricity demand more effectively.

Demand response During periods of peak energy use, utility companies sendelectronic alerts asking consumers to reduce their energy consumption by turning offnon-essential appliances. When the Smart Grid is fully developed, alert signals will beautomatically sent to appliances, eliminating the need for manual intervention.

If enough consumers comply with this approach, the reduction in power consumptioncould be enough to keep a typical utility company from building an additional power

plantthe most expensive asset utility companies operate. 4 To increase the numberof consumers who comply, utility companies may offer cash payments or reduceconsumers electric bills.

Smart meters and variable pricing Todays electricity prices on the wholesalemarket are volatile because they are determined by supply and demand, as well asby situations that depend on generation capacity, fuel prices, weather conditions, anddemand fluctuations over time. On average, off-peak prices at night are 50 percentless than prices during the day. During demand peaks, prices can be many timesgreater than those of off-peak periods.

Despite price fluctuations in wholesale markets, most retail consumers are currently

charged a flat price for electricity regardless of the time of day or actual demand.Consumers, therefore, have no visibility into when energy is in short supply, and havelittle incentive to lower their energy use to reduce their energy bill while helping utilitycompanies meet demand.


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To remedy this situation, utility companies are now replacing traditional mechanicalelectric meters with smart meters. These new devices allow utility companies tomonitor consumer usage frequently and, more important, give customers the abilityto choose variable-rate pricing based on the time of day. By seeing the real cost oenergy, consumers can respond accordingly by shifting their energy consumptionfrom high-price to low-price periods.

This process, called load shifting or load shedding, can have the joint benefitof reducing costs for typical consumers while lowering demand peaks for utilitycompanies.

Smart buildings with smart appliances For decades, architects have designedpassive, energy-efficient systems such as multi-pane windows, better insulation, andappliances that use less energy and are more friendly to the environment. Recenttechnology innovations now allow active monitoring and reduction of the energyconsumed by appliances. Building control systems that manage various appliancesheating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC), and lightingalso are converging onto acommon IT infrastructure that allows these devices to communicate with each other tobe more efficient and reduce waste.

A manager of more than 100 government buildings, for example, was able to reduceenergy consumption nearly 20 percent and save tens of millions of dollars annuallysimply by ensuring that his building systems were operating properly. 5 This meantheaters and air conditioners were not running simultaneously, steam traps were notleaking, and ventilation fans were operational.

Energy dashboards and controllers Online energy dashboards and controllers,

already being developed, will provide real-time visibility into individual energyconsumption and generation while automatically turning major appliances on and off,and adjusting thermostats to reduce energy use and lower CO2 emissions. A recentuniversity study found that simple dashboards can encourage occupants to reduceenergy use in buildings by up to 30 percent. 6 Similarly, homeowners will have passivedisplays, such as the Ambient Orb, a countertop device that glows red when electricitycosts are high and green when costs are low, to make the cost of energy moretransparent for consumers.

Green IT Electricity requirements for IT equipment, such as computers, printers,servers, and networking equipment, vary widely across building types. For example,restaurants, warehouses, and retail stores have much lower power consumption forIT equipment than office buildings and data centers. For office buildings, IT typicallyaccounts for more than 20 percent of the energy used, and up to 70 percent insome offices. 7

As HVAC and lighting systems become more efficient and the volume of IT gearin smart buildings grows, the portion of building energy use attributable to IT willcontinue to increase. Smart-building solutions that improve the energy efficiency of IT equipment include network-based power management, network printers, server virtualization, the procurement of energy-efficient equipment, and telecommuting.



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2) Distributed Electricity Generation: Accelerating Widespread Installation ofRenewable Energy Sources

Renewable energy using microgeneration devices Already, some homes andoffices find it cost-effective to produce some or all of their own electricity usingmicrogeneration devicessmall-scale energy-generation equipment designed for use in homes and offices. Microgeneration devices primarily include rooftop solarpanels, wind turbines, fossil fuel cogeneration plants, and soon, PHEVs that cangenerate electricity for sale back to the grid.

These devices are becoming more affordable for residential, commercial, and industrialcustomers. Depending on the technology type and operating environment, microgene -ration devices can be cost-competitive compared to conventional generation methods.Even so, widespread adoption of these technologies will require government incentives,public awareness campaigns, and further technology development.

When fully developed, a Smart Grid will allow owners of microgeneration devicesand other energy-generation equipment to sell energy back to utility companies for a profit more easily. When this happens, consumers become an active part of thegrid rather than being separate from it.

Despite the obvious benefits, renewable energy generation also provides a uniquechallenge: wind and solar power are much more variable than conventional powerplants. For example, when the wind stops blowing or the sky becomes overcast, thesesystems stop generating power, creating shortages in the electrical grid.

To compensate, utility companies must be able to anticipate these shortages in timeto start up conventional power plants to temporarily offset the energy deficit. TheSmart Grid will integrate weather reports, real-time output monitoring, and grid-loadbalancing to respond to this variability proactively.

Storage and PHEVs Until recently, pumped water storage was the only economicallyviable way to store electricity on a large scale. With the development of PHEVs andelectric cars, new opportunities will become available.

For example, car batteries can be used to store energy when it is inexpensive and sellit back to the grid when prices are higher. For drivers, their vehicles would become aviable means to arbitrage the cost of power, while utility companies could use fleetsof PHEVs to supply power to the grid to respond to peaks in electricity demand.

Smart Grid communities A few forward-looking cities and communities, suchas Boulder, Colorado in the United States, are exploring the formation of energycooperatives that pair corporations and government facilities with residential homesto self-manage some of their energy needs.8


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For example, business buildings and government facilities consume electricityprimarily during normal working hours, while homes use it mostly during morningand evening hours. By aggregating the total energy consumption, energy co-ops cansmooth some of the variability in total energy demand. Backup and alternative powersources in buildings could also provide power to homes during off-business hours,while homes could provide power to businesses during working hours.

While the concept is yet to be fully proven, energy co-ops may offer a reasonablealternative to utility-only power, especially if local regulations do not yet require utilicompanies to buy back surplus power generated locally.

3) Transmission and Distribution Grid Management

Utility companies are turning to IT solutions to monitor and control the electrical gridin real time. These solutions can prolong the useful life of the existing grid, delayingmajor investments needed to upgrade and replace current infrastructure. Until now,monitoring has focused only on high-voltage transmission grids. Increasing overallgrid reliability and utilization, however, will also require enhanced monitoring ofmedium- and low-voltage distribution grids.

Grid monitoring and control Expensive power outages can be avoided if properaction is taken immediately to isolate the cause of the outage. Utility companies areinstalling sensors to monitor and control the electrical grid in near-real time (secondsto milliseconds) to detect faults in time to respond. These monitoring and controlsystems are being extended from the point of transmission down to the distributiongrid. Grid performance information is integrated into utility companies supervisorycontrol and data acquisition (SCADA) systems to provide automatic, near-real-time

electronic control of the grid. Grid security and surveillance Many of the assets used to generate and transmit

electricity are vulnerable to terrorist attacks and natural disasters. Substations,transformers, and power lines are being connected to data networks, allowingutility companies to monitor their security using live video, tamper sensors, andactive monitoring.

Smart Grid BenefitsA Smart Grid that incorporates demand management, distributed electricity generation,and grid management allows for a wide array of more efficient, greener systems togenerate and consume electricity.

In fact, the potential environmental and economic benefits of a Smart Grid are signifi -cant. A recent study, sponsored by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory of the U.S.Department of Energy, provided homeowners with advanced technologies for accessingthe power grid to monitor and adjust energy consumption in their homes. The averagehousehold reduced its annual electric bill by 10 percent. 9


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If widely deployed, this approach could reduce peak loads on utility grids up to15 percent annually, which equals more than 100 gigawatts, or the need to build 100large coal-fired power plants over the next 20 years in the United States alone. Thiscould save up to $200 billion in capital expenditures on new plant and grid investments,and take the equivalent of 30 million autos off the road.10

Similarly, governments are trying to revitalize economic growth by attracting industriesthat will produce and build the Smart Grid. According to former U.S. Vice President Al Gore, Just as a robust information economy was triggered by the introduction of theInternet, a dynamic, new, renewable energy economy can be stimulated by the devel -opment of an electranet or Smart Grid. 11

Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Worldwide demand for electric energy is expected to rise 82 percent by 2030. 12 Unlessrevolutionary new fuels are developed, this demand will be met primarily by buildingnew coal, nuclear, and natural gas electricity-generation plants. Not surprisingly, worldCO2 emissions are estimated to rise by 59 percent by 2030 as a result.13

The Smart Grid can help offset the increase in CO2 emissions by slowing the growth in demand for electricity. A Smart Grid will:

Enable consumers to manage their own energy consumption through dashboardsand electronic energy advisories. More accurate and timely information on electricitypricing will encourage consumers to adopt load-shedding and load-shifting solutionsthat actively monitor and control energy consumed by appliances.

In deregulated markets, allow consumers to use information to shift dynamically

between competing energy providers based on desired variables including energycost, greenhouse gas emissions, and social goals. One possibility is an eBay forelectricity where continual electronic auctions match energy consumers withproducers. Users could include utility companies, homeowners with rooftop solarpanels, and governments with landfills that reclaim methane gas. This open marketapproach could accelerate profitability and speed further investments in renewableenergy generation.

Broadcast demand-response alerts to lower peak energy demand and reduce theneed for utility companies to start reserve generators. Remote energy-managementservices and energy-control operations will also advise consumers, giving them thechoice to control their homes remotely to reduce energy use.

Allow utility companies to increase their focus on Save-a-Watt or Nega-Wattprograms instead of producing only power. These programs are effective becauseoffsetting a watt of demand through energy efficiency can be more cost-effective and CO2-efficient than generating an extra watt of electricity.14


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Accelerate Adoption of Renewable Electricity SourcesA Smart Grid will encourage home and building owners to invest in high-efficiency, loemission microgeneration devices to meet their own needs, and to sell excess energyback to utility companies to offset peak demands on the electrical grid. This will reducethe need for new, large-scale power plants. Virtual power plants can also be createdthat include both distributed power production and energy-efficiency measures.

In addition, a Smart Grid will accelerate the introduction of PHEVs to act as temporarelectricity storage devices, as well as provide incremental energy generation to offsetpeak demand on the grid. Intelligence within the Smart Grid will be required to maintreliability and stability once tens of thousands of microgeneration devices and PHEVsare brought online.

Delay Construction of New Electricity-generation Facilities

and Transmission InfrastructureIt is estimated that the cost to renew the worlds aging transmission and distribution gridwill exceed $6 trillion over the next 25 years.15 Utility companies that implement electronicmonitoring and management technologies can prolong the life of some electrical gridcomponents, thus delaying their replacement. This will reduce new construction andinstallation costs for the grid and the CO2 emissions that accompany them.

First StepsPractically speaking, most of the technologies required to create a Smart Grid areavailable today. In fact, forward-looking utility companies are already using thesetechnologies to deliver solutions to their customers. For example, many utility

companies are offering demand-response programs for their corporate customers, and increasingly for residential customers.

In addition, some utility companies are implementing large numbers of smart electricmeters to offer variable pricing to consumers and to reduce manual meter-reading costs.

While these first steps are encouraging, more needs to be done.

Making the Smart Grid a RealityThere is a growing consensus that as governments, regulators, utility companies, andbusinesses work together, the Smart Grid will become a reality. This section providesideas and suggestions about how each stakeholder can remove barriers, streamline

processes, and institute programs that will speed development of the Smart Grid(see Figure 2).


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Figure 2. Suggested Actions for Key Stakeholders

Source: Cisco IBSG, 2008

The Role of Government and Energy Regulators

Governments and energy regulators have important roles to play in acceleratingdevelopment and ensuring success of the Smart Grid. Here are several ways theycan participate:

1) Use financial incentives to encourage Smart Grid adoption. Typically, utility com -panies increase earnings by selling more electricity. This can be a disincentivefor utilities to promote energy efficiency. Since 1982, the California Public UtilitiesCommission (CPUC) has pursued policies that separate utility sales from profits asa means to accelerate energy-efficiency investmentsallowing utility companies torecoup lost profits through minor rate increases.

Instead of utility companies passing on the costs of building new plants to meet

increased energy demand, consumers avoid the costs of new power plant construc -tion and benefit from decreased energy consumption. This provides an incentivefor utility companies to accelerate development of energy-saving solutions that canincrease profits, despite reducing overall energy sales.

Provide financial incentives to encourageadoption

Improve collaboration and sharing ofSmart Grid pilot project results amongcountries and states

Direct more R&D funding and incentivesto renewable energy-generation andcarbon-sequestration initiatives

Provide clear information and incentiveprograms to consumers to encourageinstallation of renewable energygeneration in their homes

Encourage agreement on and adoptionof critical technology standards

Consider variable, time-based electricitypricing as an alternative to flat-rate pricing

Consider policies that set targets for thepercentage of electricity coming fromrenewable energy-generation sources

Government and

Energy Regulators Form partnerships to drive

Smart Grid standards

Become involved beforeSmart Grid technologiesconverge and standardsare set

Plan for the financial impactof the Smart Grid

Electric Utility

Companies Partner to improve

systems integration

Increase risk-taking tospeed development

Create new markets toensure participationand success

Technology

Companies


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Some states are endorsing Californias approach, including Oregon, Maryland, Idaho,New York, and Minnesota. Other states are concerned that consumers electricityprices will rise excessively and are waiting to ensure that energy savings will morethan offset implementation costs before allowing utility companies to increase cus -tomer tariffs. While the jury is still out, Californias per-capita energy use has remainrelatively flat over the last 30 years. By comparison, per-capita energy use in the restof the country has surged by 50 percent.16

2) Promote better collaboration and sharing of Smart Grid pilot project results amongcountries and states. In particular, a multinational research oversight organization thatcarefully measures and communicates costs, benefits, and risks of all Smart Grid pilotprojects to utility companies and regulators could accelerate Smart Grid adoption byproviding quantitative results about which solutions are most effective.

3) Direct more R&D funding and incentives to renewable energy-generation andcarbon-sequestration initiatives. Redirecting limited government funding away fromother programs is never easy. A recent Stern Review 17 report found, however, thatpostponing investments to develop greenhouse-gas-reducing technologies is a badeconomic decision. Stern estimates that each year-long delay in developing thesetechnologies will result in the need to spend several times that amount in the future.

4) Provide clear information and incentive programs to consumers to encourageinstallation of renewable energy generation in their homes. Programs could includemarketing campaigns to build awareness and generate excitement, calculators toshow return on investment (ROI), and economic rebates and low-cost financing topromote purchases of energy-generation equipment.

5) Encourage agreement on and adoption of critical technology standards. The buildingindustry, for example, has been battling over control-system protocols for more than10 years. This has significantly delayed the introduction of integrated, energy-efficientbuilding solutions. Todays electrical grid has hundreds of different proprietary dataprotocols that do not easily communicate with each other.

6) Consider variable, time-based electricity pricing as an alternative to flat-rate pric-ing. This provides a more natural supply-and-demand market, where consumers canchoose to use less energy when the price is high, such as during hot summer after -noons. Similarly, variable pricing would allow consumers to see the greenhouse gasemissions resulting from their own electricity use, further encouraging conservation.

7) Consider policies that set targets for the percentage of electricity coming fromrenewable energy-generation sources. For example, the 2007 U.S. Energy Actinitially specified that 15 percent of all U.S. electricity must come from renewableenergy by 2020, of which 4 percent could be achieved by energy-efficiencysolutions. This requirement was removed from the final legislation. If passed,these types of policies can help accelerate investments in renewable and efficientenergy solutions. The cost to implement these requirements, however, is yet to bedetermined.


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Role of Electric Utility CompaniesElectric utility companies also play a central role. Here are three ways they can helpmake the Smart Grid a reality:

1) Drive Smart Grid standards and architectures by forming alliances and partnerships.

Many utility companies are now reaching out to other utility companies to learn fromtheir findings and share ideas. In addition, strategic partnerships, both within andoutside the utility industry, are being formed.

Utility companies should also partner more closely with energy regulators to deter -mine their current position on recapturing costs through tariff increases, while at thesame time evaluating how to influence policies to accelerate their own Smart Gridinvestment plans.

2) Evaluate Smart Grid solutions and vendors.

While there is still significant churn in various Smart Grid technologies, waitinga couple years for the Smart Grid industry to converge around a single set ofstandards and solutions may leave some utility companies behind.

3) Plan for the financial impact of the Smart Grid on their organizations.

Utility companies should start by understanding the costs related to developing theSmart Grid, including carbon pricing, grid upgrades, raw energy, and the indirectcost of competition from other utility companies offering energy-efficient services.Once these costs are understood, utility companies should estimate the economicimpact Smart Grid solutions could have on their profits. This exercise will help utilitycompanies quantify the effect of the Smart Grid on their bottom line.

Role of Technology CompaniesThere are three imperatives for technology companies to accelerate developmentof the Smart Grid:

1) Partner with other technology companies to improve systems integration.

From a technology perspective, building the Smart Grid is relatively easy since mostof the core technologies already exist. The real challenge is integrating the varioustechnologies into a single, working solution.

2) Increase risk-taking.

In a recent discussion with technology companies, Jim Rogers, CEO of Duke Energysaid, Because Smart Grid ideas are evolving so quickly, technology companies needto become more comfortable taking risks and applying their technologies to newapplications. Rather than wait for the perfect solution or comprehensive standard tobe developed, companies need to rapidly get their solutions into the marketplaceto be tested and vetted. 18


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3) Create new markets.

Large, successful, and established technology companies often pursue a fast

follower strategy, waiting for markets to develop before they participate. Thisapproach is popular because it reduces risks and increases the probability ofsuccess. The Smart Grid, however, may evolve in a way that negates the benefitsof using a fast-follower strategy.

The core technology and communications standards required to develop the SmartGrid are currently being developed. Once these standards are established, they willbe built into the power plants, substations, buildings, and power lines that make up theelectrical infrastructure. These assets have a useful life of more than 30 yearsmuchlonger than the product lifecycles to which technology companies are accustomedmaking it difficult to enter the utility marketplace once it is established.

ConclusionRising fuel costs, underinvestment in an aging infrastructure, and climate change areall converging to create a turbulent period for the electrical power-generation industry.To make matters worse, demand for electricity is forecast to exceed known committedgeneration capacity in many areas across the United States. 19 And, as utility companiesprepare to meet growing demand, greenhouse gas emissions from electricity generationmay soon surpass those from all other energy sources. 20

Fortunately, the creation of a Smart Grid will help solve these challenges.

A Smart Grid can reduce the amount of electricity consumed by homes and buildings,and accelerate the adoption of distributed, renewable energy sourcesall while improv -

ing the reliability, security, and useful life of electrical infrastructure.Despite its promise and the availability of most of the core technologies needed todevelop the Smart Grid, implementation has been slow. To accelerate development,state, county, and local governments, electric utility companies, public electricityregulators, and IT companies must all come together and work toward a common goal.

The suggestions in this paper will help the Smart Grid become a reality that will ensurewe have enough power to meet demand, while at the same time reducing greenhousegases that cause global warming.


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Endnotes11. IPCC, 2007

12. Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change, 200613. Long-Term Reliability Assessment 20072016, North American Electric

Reliability Corporation (NERC), October 2007

14. GridWise Demonstration Project Fast Facts, Pacific Northwest NationalLaboratory, December 2007

15. State of Missouri, Dave Mosby, Director of the Division of Facilities Management and Design and Construction (DFMDC), 2007

16. Oberlin College, 2005,http://www.oberlin.edu/dormenergy/news.htm

17. Cisco IBSG, 2008

18. City of Boulder, Colorado, 2008

19. Department of Energy Putting Power in the Hands of Consumers throughTechnology, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, January 2008,http://www.pnl.gov/topstory.asp?id=28 5

10. Ibid

11. Al Gore, September 2006, http://thinkprogress.org/gore-ny u

12. International Energy Outlook 2008, Energy Information Administration, 2008, http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/highlights.html

13. Ibid14. Jim Rogers, Duke Energy CEO, December 2007

15. World Energy Outlook, 2006

16. Californias Decoupling Policy, California Public Utilities Commission, 2008,http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/cleanenergy/design/docs/Deccouplinglowres.pdf

17. Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change, 2006

18. Jim Rogers, Duke Energy CEO, December 2007

19. Long-Term Reliability Assessment 20072016, North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC), October 2007

20. Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change, 2006


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http://www.oberlin.edu/dormenergy/news.htmhttp://www.pnl.gov/topstory.asp?id=285http://www.pnl.gov/topstory.asp?id=285http://thinkprogress.org/gore-nyuhttp://thinkprogress.org/gore-nyuhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/highlights.htmlhttp://www.cpuc.ca.gov/cleanenergy/design/docs/Deccouplinglowres.pdfhttp://www.cpuc.ca.gov/cleanenergy/design/docs/Deccouplinglowres.pdfhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/highlights.htmlhttp://thinkprogress.org/gore-nyuhttp://www.pnl.gov/topstory.asp?id=285http://www.oberlin.edu/dormenergy/news.htm


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More InformationThe Cisco Internet Business Solutions Group (IBSG), the global strategic consulting arm of Cisco, helps CXOs and publicsector leaders transform their organizationsfirst by designing innovative business processes, and then by integratingadvanced technologies into visionary roadmaps that address key CXO concerns.

For further information about IBSG, visit http://www.cisco.com/go/ibsg

Cisco has more than 200 offices worldwide. Addresses, phone numbers, and fax numbers are listed on the Cisco website at www.cisco.com/go/offices.

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco, the Cisco logo, and Cisco Systems are registered trademarks of Cisco Systems, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the United States and certain other countries.All other trademarks mentioned in this document or website are the property of their respective owners. The use of the word partner does not imply a partnership relationship between Cisco and any other company.(0809R)

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