Smarter, Greener GridA System Operator Perspective

Heather SandersDirector, Smart Grid Technologies and Strategy

California Independent System Operator

California Independent System Operator Corporation

A nonprofit public benefit corporation created by the state:• Manages flow of electricity, ensuring reliable operation of the grid• Facilitates market for day-ahead, real-time energy & ancillary services• Provides open and non-discriminatory access to grid supported by

comprehensive planning process• Board appointed by governor and confirmed by state senate• Regulated by Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)• Main control center in Folsom; second control room in Southern CA

California ISO by the numbers• Approximately 80% of

California’s electricity load is managed by the ISO– 55,027 MW of power plant

capacity– 10,000 MW import capacity– 50,270 MW record peak

demand (July 24, 2006)– 25,526 circuit-miles of

transmission lines – 30 million people served– 230 billion annual kilowatt-hours

of electricity delivered annually

ISO Balancing AreaNon-ISO Balancing Area

California Climate Change Initiatives33% of Energy Supply

from Renewable Resources by 2020

Large Investments in Energy Conservation

Large Investments in Smart Grid (Smart

Meters, Storage, etc)

20% of EnergySupply Renewableby 2010

One Million Roof-Top Photovoltaics

Ban Once-Through Cooling Technology on all Coastal Plants by 2012 - 2024

CO2 Emission Level Rolled Back to 1990

Level by 2020

Challenges managing the greener grid• Forecasting including renewables and distributed

energy resources• Load following, ramping, and intra-hour variability• Shortage of dispatchable generation in certain time

frames• Increased transient stability issues• Reduced inertia provided by conventional generators

for frequency responseSmart Grid Technology is a key enabler to address challenges

Slide 7

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80% POE80 % minForecastactual

Time 0 Zero

Forecast

ActualForecast

Past Future

80% Confidence

Advanced Technologies contribute to decreasing forecasting error

*Meterological Instrumentation and TelemetrySolar: Skytracker, Pyranometers, PyrheliometerWind: LiDAR, SoDAR, MET Towers

*Load: Measurement of Demand Response and incentive programs (PEV Smart Charging)

*Consensus forecasting (confidence), Commodity requirements forecasting (ramping, reserves requirements)

Accurate forecasting is essential to ensure optimal unit commitment

t

MW

LoadFollowing

ActualLoad

Hourly Schedule

5-Minute Schedule

Hourly load-following requirement increases with more variable resources

Advanced Technologies enable additional resources to satisfy requirement

*Demand response enabled by real-time dispatch, BAS, HAN, Smart Meters

*Storage technologies, enabled by real-time dispatch, smart inverters

-500

0

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8:53

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Meg

awat

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4000 MW SOLAR and 6000 MW WIND Nameplate Capacity

WIND

SOLAR

WIND + SOLAR

2,000 MW ramp down and then 2,000 MW ramp up

2,000 MW ramp down

Data based on summer production profiles

Advanced Technologies enable ramp smoothing

*Demand response shifting usage to non-critical ramp times*Storage technologies charging or discharge to decrease steepness*PEV through smart charging

Ramping challenges

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Time

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d Ge

nera

tion,

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Wind Solar PV

Intra-hour variability and Regulation requirements

Advanced Technologies enable additional resources to satisfy requirement

*Demand response enabled by real-time dispatch and control, telemetry BAS

*Storage technologies, enabled by real-time dispatch control, telemetry, smart inverters

*PEV through smart charging (frequency responsive)

t

MW

Regulation

Hourly Schedule

Actual Load

5-MinuteSchedule

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

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12 AM 6 AM 12 PM 6 PM

Load

/Gen

erat

ion

(MW

)

Solar

Wind

Shydro

Geo

Bio

QF

Import

Hydro

Nuclear

Tot. Non-disp.

Load (MW)

Dispatchable Generation

Load and non-dispatchable generation on May 17, 2010

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12 AM 6 AM 12 PM 6 PM

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/Gen

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(MW

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Wind

Shydro

Geo

BioQF

Import

Hydro

NuclearTot. Non-Disp.

Load

Load and non-dispatchable generation on May 28, 2010

Shortage of Dispatchable Generation

Lack of dispatchable generation

Advanced Technologies enable mitigation of dispatchable generation shortage

*Demand response signal to increase or shift to high-generation periods*Storage technologies charging or discharge to consume energy during these periods*PEV through smart charging

Transient Stability Issues

Slide 12

Advanced Technologies enable identification and resolution

* Synchrophasors* Alerts* Automated Control Actions

Spinning mass (inertia) historically provides frequency response

Typical Frequency Response

Point A

Point C

Point B

59.860

59.880

59.900

59.920

59.940

59.960

59.980

60.000

60.020

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Time (seconds)

Freq

uenc

y (H

z)

Advanced Technologies enable different resources to provide

response

*Demand Response*Storage*PEVs

The CAISO is developing its Smart Grid Architecture and Roadmap

• Inclusion of key research and pilots to further understand and prove technology capabilities

• Active engagement in national standards development efforts

• Implementation once proven