SME1912 Week 1 experiment and report.pdf

7/30/2019 SME1912 Week 1 experiment and report.pdf

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EXPERIMENTAL

TECHNIQUES

Part 1 - Introduction

EXPERIMENTAL

TECHNIQUES

Part 1 - Introduction

1


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Problem solving in engineering can be solved by generally two method.

Theoretician is analyzing or predict results based on analytical model.Experimentalist is running experiment based on theory.

Research is the bridge to join both theory and experiment together.

2

ProblemSolving

Theoretical

Experimental


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3

To determine physical characteristics.To determine performance indexes.

Evaluation and Improvement of theoretical model.

Product and process improvement.

Pioneering Experiments.

Acceptance Experiments.

Demonstration of physical and analogue model.

Teaching/Study through experiments.

TYPES OF EXPERIMENT:


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3

SCIENTIFIC METHOD USED:

1. Change only one variable at a time.

2. Experimental procedure used is

verified.3. Experiment is repeatable.


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4

Conveying basic concepts.

Demonstrates the of the measuring equipment.

Teaches good data taking practices.

Teaches communication; records, technical reportwriting.

Teaches experimental techniques

Build-up ability to analyze and evaluate resultcritically.

CHARACTERISTICS OF GUIDEDEXPERIMENT.


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5

Recognise engineering & scientific problem .

Plan overall method to solve the selected problem.

Design the measuring system required.Develop the experimental equipment.

Make properadjustment on equipment and measuring system.

Perform experiment.

Date gathering and processing.Result analysis.

Prepare and presenting verbal/written report.

Finally you should be independent and able to;


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6

SYSTEMATIC EXECUTION OFEXPERIMENT

Clearobjective.

Properplanning.ProperPreparation.

Pilot experiment.

Actual experiment.

Repetition of experiment.

Data Analysis.

Report writing.


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EXPERIMENTEXPERIMENTs LOG BOOKs LOG BOOK

1.To note down the processes, activities,remarks, results of experiment

2.Support for patent law.

3.Basis for report writing.


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WHAT APPEARS IN A LOGBOOK

1.Date, title/name.

2.sketches/drawing.

3.written explanation.4.Information about first announcement to

outsider.

5.Initial design of experiment.

Use bound log, with hard cover and pagenumber.


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WHAT APPEARS IN A LOGBOOK1.Date.

2.Objective.

3. Initial design of experiment4.List of apparatus and notes on how to use those tools.

Also record down the apparatus setup andarrangement

5.Sketches/drawing6.Table to record results.

7.Notes on sources of errors.

8.written explanation9. Information about first announcement to outsider

Use bound log, with hard cover and page number.


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DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTINCLUDE

1.Objective.

2.Method Evaluation.

3.Uncertainty analysis.4.Calibration.

5.Data gathering.6.Data reduction.

7.Execution plan


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1. Report writing is an essential skill forengineers

2. Reports must be well structured

3. Reports should be written in A4 size

papers and bind with front cover.

4. No fix number of pages - 15 pages fullreport and 7 pages for log report

GENERAL NOTES


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CONTENT OF REPORT

1. Title2. Abstract

3. Preliminary pages

a) Table of Contentb) List of Diagram

c) List of Tables

d) Symbol

4. Introduction..


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5. Referred theories6. Experimental procedures

a) Equipments

b) Methods

7. Data, Results and Errors

8. Discussion and Conclusion9. References

10.Appendices

CONTENT OF A REPORT..(CONTD.)


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TITLE Tells the objective of the report.

Brief but informative

eg. MEASUREMENT OF GRAVITY ONTHE MOON


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ABSTRACT

1.also known as an overview, synopsis orsummary.

2.Appear first but prepared last

3.All material in the abstract will also bein the report.

4.appear on a separate page after the

title page, in one paragraph5.About 200 300 words


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CONTENT OFABSTRACT

why? backgroundproblem and

purpose of the report

how? brief details of the

approach / procedure /

methods

what? important results / findings

so what? majorconclusion(s) and

recommendation(s)


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Preliminary pages Tableof Contents

Should :

include all major section / subdivisionheadings; numbered and worded exactlyas in the text of the report (minorheadings are optional)

include page numbers for each

section/subsection be well structured

not be too excessive


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LIST OF FIGURES

Includes the heading for all Figures.

Where they appear in the main text.

In perfect order


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LIST OF TABLES

Includes the heading for all Tables.

Where they appear in the main text.

In perfect order


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LIST OF SYMBOLS Used lot of symbols are used.

symbols may be defined in the text whenfirst used.

include appropriate information.

Use an appropriate number of significantfigures or level of accuracy whenpresenting measurements.

Properly grouped and arranged All units in SI (Systme International

dUnits)


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INTRODUCTION Gives background information on:

a description of purpose(s) and objective(s) /topic(s) a statement of the problem(s) a survey of background information

a review of previous work/research and therelationship to the current project the method(s)of approach

an indication of the scope and limitations ofstudy

an outline of material presented in the rest ofthe report


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THEORYwritten using a set of familiar symbols

used in corresponding field of study.

from works of earlier researchers.

published and referred.

main theory highlighted, detailmathematical development inappendices.


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FORMULAS

referred in text by the numbergiven to it e.g. Equation (6.1) is

used

)1.6(gHQP =


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EXPERIMENTPROCEDURE

1.steps and procedure describe clearly andarrange in a logical order.

2.to the extend that a reader can repeat the

experiment without requiring further study.3.Any precautionary step taken has to be

describe clearly and give the reason on

why it is necessary.4.apparatuses have to be describe clearly its

principle operation.

5.to include a clear diagram or photograph.

.. contd.


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6. For a special function apparatus, a

special subsection describing thefunctionality of the apparatus can be written.

E.g.

5.1 Apparatus

5.1.1 Doppler Ultrasonic Flow Meter

If an apparatus description is too long, it can be

placed in an appendix.

..(contd.)


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e.g. (describing an apparatus) Diagram 5.8 shows the principle operation of

Doppler ultrasonic flow meter. It consist of apiezoelectric transmitter A and a piezoelectricreceiver B. Transmitter A transmit a small vibration

on to a block of wage E

7.Do not describe an apparatus by merelygiving the physical

appearances/dimensions such as: 18 mm diameter relieve valve is placed at theoutlet of a 3.5 m3 capacity tank.

8.Simple and well known laboratory apparatusdo not need further description such as stopwatch, mercury thermometer etc.


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OBSERVATION ANDRESULT

1.Experimental observation means: Recording data such as: pressure,

temperature, speed etc.

The difficulty in operating theapparatus

2.All raw data and generic results must be

neatly arranged in table.

3.Each measurement dimension must bestated clearly and the layout of the tableshould relay the differences between


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4. All table must be labeled and numbered.

5. A sample of specific calculation must be given6. A typical calculation carried out during reducingthe raw data into generic result such asaveraging and calculating dimensionless

parameter should be written in log book only.7. If for some reason the author compel to show

the calculation in detail, it can be referred fromthe main text through appendix the contain the

calculation in great detail. Assessing the experimental error.

All experimental results should include the rangeof accuracy they are subjected to.

The accuracy given should corresponded withthe accuracy of the apparatus etc.


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EXPERIMENTALERROR

All experimental results should include theaccuracy they are subjected to.

The accuracy given should corresponded with the

accuracy of the apparatus etc.


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DISCUSSION Explanation of data and results graphs, diagrams

etc.

Consideration should be given as to whether the

data is better communicated to the reader by a

table or a figure.

Using tables or bulleted lists will focus the readeron relevant and needed information.

This technique is easier for the reader than

reading another paragraph. for example, write an introductory comment and then listadvantages and disadvantages of two types of dwellings

in a table.


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Also consider that sometimes a figure will demonstrate a

numerical trend more effectively than a table.

In the following example, the significance of the data in Table 4

may be more clearly presented in the form of a graph, as can be

seen in Figures 5 and 6.


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If the raw data have intrinsic significant on the

experiment other than their influence on the

calculated result then two graphs; one for raw data

and the other for the calculated result, should bepresented.

Do not include any graph without giving any

explanation or describing its trend. All result must be discussed in detail and interpreted

with the aids of existing relevant theory.


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CONCLUSION

1.The conclusion(s) of a reportmust be related to, and resultingfrom, the material which appears

in the report.2.The content of the Conclusion will

be linked to the Introduction.

..(contd.)


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CONCLUSION3.The Conclusion places findings in perspective

without introducing any new material, and itmay include:

a clear and concise summary of the main points

the context and significance of the information

a reference to the original aim(s) / purpose(s) of the

report

the application(s) of the results

the limitations and advantages of the findings

the students judgment/evaluation


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RECOMMENDATIONS recommendations should emerge from the

conclusions of the report.

This section is important to those whomust act on the findings.

Student may include a brief, persuasive

statement before presenting therecommendations clearly listed innumbered or bullet points.

Recommendations may involve: strategies, procedures or techniques for solving the problem(s)

an indication of further work which needs to be completed


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REFERENCES1.A reference list (not to be confused with a

bibliography) must appear at the end of areport, listing all sources that have beenreferred to in the text.

2.The heading for this list will beReferences. (Students should ensure thatall sources are referenced in the text as

well as in the reference list at the end ofthe report.)

..(contd.)


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3. The format of the reference list will dependon the system of referencing chosen for thereport.

4. There are two different types of referencelists used in engineering:

alphabetical reference list according to author used withthe author-date (Harvard) system

numbered reference list in order of their appearance inthe text used with the numerical (endnote) system

..(contd.)


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5. The reference list onlyincludes the sources

referred to in the report.

6. A bibliography is a wider list of all texts thathave been read in preparation for writing.

7. A bibliography is not usually included in an

engineering report


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REFERENCE FORMAT


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Documents

SME1912 Week 1 experiment and report.pdf