S.M.VIJAYANAND PRINCIPAL SECRETARY LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT OF KERALA DECENTRALISED PLANNING A DECADE OF KERALA EXPERIENCE

S.M.VIJAYANANDS.M.VIJAYANANDPRINCIPAL SECRETARYPRINCIPAL SECRETARY

LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENTLOCAL SELF GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT OF KERALAGOVERNMENT OF KERALA

DECENTRALISED PLANNINGDECENTRALISED PLANNING

A DECADE OF KERALA EXPERIENCE A DECADE OF KERALA EXPERIENCE

22

APPROACHAPPROACH

““Big Bang”Big Bang”• Massive transfer of functions, Massive transfer of functions,

functionaries and funds in a space of ten functionaries and funds in a space of ten monthsmonths

ReversalsReversals• Giving responsibilities and then building Giving responsibilities and then building

capacitycapacity• Giving powers and then setting up Giving powers and then setting up

systemssystems• Transferring resources and then putting Transferring resources and then putting

in place accountability arrangementsin place accountability arrangements

33

APPROACH APPROACH (Contd..)(Contd..)

Learning by doingLearning by doing

• Capacity cannot be created ‘in vacuo’Capacity cannot be created ‘in vacuo’

Campaign to set the agenda and instil enthusiasmCampaign to set the agenda and instil enthusiasm

Planning as entry pointPlanning as entry point

Methodology developed after field trials in KalliasseriMethodology developed after field trials in Kalliasseri

Continuous refiningContinuous refining

Activist facilitationActivist facilitation

• Learning from mistakesLearning from mistakes

• Adhoc systemsAdhoc systems

44

APPROACH APPROACH (Contd..)(Contd..)

Fast track response systemFast track response system

Phases of experimentation, correction, Phases of experimentation, correction, stabilization and institutionalizationstabilization and institutionalization

55

RESPONSIBILITIES TRANSFERREDRESPONSIBILITIES TRANSFERRED

RoadsRoads• Village Roads and other District Roads Village Roads and other District Roads

(District Panchayat)(District Panchayat)• Roads connecting two villages Roads connecting two villages

(Block Panchayat)(Block Panchayat)• Minor Local roads (Village Panchayat)Minor Local roads (Village Panchayat)

Irrigation (about 75%)– all tiersIrrigation (about 75%)– all tiers

Water supply (about 50%) all tiersWater supply (about 50%) all tiers

Electrification – all tiersElectrification – all tiers

Street lighting – Village PanchayatsStreet lighting – Village Panchayats

66

Human DevelopmentHuman Development• EducationEducation

o Primary Education – Village PanchayatsPrimary Education – Village Panchayatso Secondary Education- District PanchayatsSecondary Education- District Panchayats

• HealthHealtho Primary Health – Village PanchayatsPrimary Health – Village Panchayatso First referral unit – Block PanchayatFirst referral unit – Block Panchayato Secondary Health – District PanchayatsSecondary Health – District Panchayats

• ICDS – Village PanchayatsICDS – Village Panchayats

• Welfare Pensions – Village PanchayatsWelfare Pensions – Village Panchayats

• Women & Child Development(90%) – All tiersWomen & Child Development(90%) – All tiers

• SCP (2/3rd) – All tiers (60-20-20)SCP (2/3rd) – All tiers (60-20-20)

• TSP (50%) – All tiers (50-20-30)TSP (50%) – All tiers (50-20-30)

A. RESPONSIBILITIES TRANSFERREDA. RESPONSIBILITIES TRANSFERRED (Contd…)(Contd…)

77

A. RESPONSIBILITIES TRANSFERRED A. RESPONSIBILITIES TRANSFERRED (Contd…)(Contd…)

Economic DevelopmentEconomic Development• Agriculture & allied sectors (75%) – All tiers (75 – 15 – 15)Agriculture & allied sectors (75%) – All tiers (75 – 15 – 15)

• Traditional & local industries (50%)–All tiers (75 – 15 – 15)Traditional & local industries (50%)–All tiers (75 – 15 – 15)

• Poverty reduction (90%) – All tiersPoverty reduction (90%) – All tiers

Absolute clarity in respect of infrastructure – Absolute clarity in respect of infrastructure –

good degree of clarity in respect of services and good degree of clarity in respect of services and

overlaps and blurring in respect of economic overlaps and blurring in respect of economic

development (except poverty reduction)development (except poverty reduction)

Responsibilities indicated in the Panchayat Raj Act itselfResponsibilities indicated in the Panchayat Raj Act itself

88

B. FISCAL DECENTRALISATIONB. FISCAL DECENTRALISATION

Classical principles followedClassical principles followed

Strong own fiscal domain of Village Panchayats Strong own fiscal domain of Village Panchayats

(about Rs.100 per capita of own revenue)(about Rs.100 per capita of own revenue)

Transfers matching assigned responsibilitiesTransfers matching assigned responsibilities

• In three streamsIn three streams

o Development FundDevelopment Fund

o Maintenance FundMaintenance Fund

o General Purpose FundGeneral Purpose Fund

99

B. FISCAL DECENTRALISATIONB. FISCAL DECENTRALISATIONDevolution of funds Devolution of funds (Rs crores)(Rs crores)

No StreamVillage

PanchayatBlock

PanchayatDistrict

PanchayatTotal

1 Development Fund General 598.52 128.25 128.25 855.02

SCP 235.26 78.42 78.42 392.10

TSP 32.90 13.16 19.74 65.80

Sub total 866.68 219.83 226.41 1312.92

2 Maintenance Fund Non-Road 130.54 25.77 37.12 193.43

Road 110.50 0.00 12.68 123.18

Sub total 241.04 25.77 49.80 316.61

3 General Purpose Fund 241.44 13.44 9.00 263.88

Total 1349.16 259.04 285.21 1893.41

1010

B.FISCAL DECENTRALISATION B.FISCAL DECENTRALISATION (Contd…)(Contd…)

Fairness and equity in devolution of FundsFairness and equity in devolution of Funds Formula basedFormula based Development & Maintenance FundsDevelopment & Maintenance Funds Inter-se Distribution FormulaInter-se Distribution Formula

No Indicators Vill.Pt.Block

Pt.District

Pt.Municipalities &

Corporations

1 Population excluding (SC/ST) 60 60 50 70

2 Tribal population 5 5 5 5

3

Geographical area excluding area under forests 5 10 15 5

4 Area under paddy 5

5 Own income of Vill. Panchayat 10

6

Composite index of Agricultural labourers, persons engaged in livestock, fisheries et. And marginal workers

15 25 20

7

Composite index of backwardness, houses without latrine, houses without electricity etc. 10 20

Total 100 100 100 100

Weightage percentage

1111

b) b) General Purpose FundGeneral Purpose FundForty Lakh to each District Forty Lakh to each District PanchayatsPanchayats5.5 lakh to each Block Panchayats5.5 lakh to each Block Panchayats78.5 % of the remaining amount 78.5 % of the remaining amount to Village Panchayats.to Village Panchayats.

• Quality of Funds – untiedQuality of Funds – untied• Predictability of Funds – 5 year allocation approved in Predictability of Funds – 5 year allocation approved in

advanceadvance• Assuredness of Funds – Local Government-wise Assuredness of Funds – Local Government-wise

allocation presented as a separate Budget documentallocation presented as a separate Budget document• Free flowFree flow

B. FISCAL DECENTRALISATIONB. FISCAL DECENTRALISATION(Contd..)(Contd..)

1212

Mobilization of stakeholders, elected members, Mobilization of stakeholders, elected members,

officials, political parties, employees organizations officials, political parties, employees organizations

and trade unions, academic and R & D institutions, and trade unions, academic and R & D institutions,

Civil Society groups, religious leaders, mediaCivil Society groups, religious leaders, media

Mobilization of Volunteer Technical Corps from Mobilization of Volunteer Technical Corps from

professionals - through individual letters written by professionals - through individual letters written by

Late Shri E.M. S. NamboodiripadLate Shri E.M. S. Namboodiripad

PEOPLE’s CAMPAIGNPEOPLE’s CAMPAIGN

1313

High Level Guidance CommitteeHigh Level Guidance Committee

Resource persons – about 600 Key Resource persons at State Resource persons – about 600 Key Resource persons at State

level, 1,400 District Resource persons and 1,00,000 Local level, 1,400 District Resource persons and 1,00,000 Local

Resource persons at Village Panchayat levelResource persons at Village Panchayat level

Interactive sessions with PRI leaders by Minister, Planning Interactive sessions with PRI leaders by Minister, Planning

Board Members and SecretaryBoard Members and Secretary

Full page press features on essential principles and Full page press features on essential principles and

proceduresprocedures

• Non-propagandistNon-propagandist

State Planning Board given the nodal role assisted by a Cell State Planning Board given the nodal role assisted by a Cell

of committed individuals from different walks of lifeof committed individuals from different walks of life

PEOPLE’s CAMPAIGN PEOPLE’s CAMPAIGN (Contd..)(Contd..)

1414

STEPS IN THE PLANNING PROCESSSTEPS IN THE PLANNING PROCESS

Needs AssessmentNeeds Assessment• Through Stakeholder consultationsThrough Stakeholder consultations• Through Grama SabhasThrough Grama Sabhas

o Publicity through Kudumbashree network and Publicity through Kudumbashree network and SchoolsSchools

o FacilitatorsFacilitatorso Semi-structured questionnaireSemi-structured questionnaireo Breakout groupsBreakout groupso Recording of discussionsRecording of discussionso Electing convener for each Grama SabhaElecting convener for each Grama Sabhao Official as co-ordinatorOfficial as co-ordinator

• Grama Sabha equivalent for Block & District PanchayatsGrama Sabha equivalent for Block & District Panchayatso Consisting of elected members of lower tiersConsisting of elected members of lower tiers

1515

Situation analysisSituation analysis through Development Reports through Development Reports prepared once in five yearsprepared once in five years

• Instructions on preparation Instructions on preparation

Available data provided through KILAAvailable data provided through KILA

• Data sources intimatedData sources intimated

• PRA undertakenPRA undertaken

• Drafting Committees for each PanchayatDrafting Committees for each Panchayat

• Support team at District levelSupport team at District level

Strategy settingStrategy setting through Development Seminars through Development Seminars

• Consisting of various stakeholders (about 200 to 500 in Consisting of various stakeholders (about 200 to 500 in number) number)

STEPS IN THE PLANNING PROCESS (contd..)STEPS IN THE PLANNING PROCESS (contd..)

1616

Priority setting and Resource allocation- Priority setting and Resource allocation- By elected bodiesBy elected bodies

ProjectisationProjectisation - - By multi-disciplinary Working Groups By multi-disciplinary Working Groups

• Headed by elected MembersHeaded by elected Members

• Convened by official concernedConvened by official concerned

• An expert as an expert Vice ChairmanAn expert as an expert Vice Chairman

• Expert members drawn from civil society, primary Expert members drawn from civil society, primary

stakeholders and professionals in the sectorstakeholders and professionals in the sector

• At least 14 Working Groups for each PRIAt least 14 Working Groups for each PRI

• Project Forms centrally prescribed – to be computerised in Project Forms centrally prescribed – to be computerised in

the XIth Plan and electronic copies giventhe XIth Plan and electronic copies given


1717

Plan FinalizationPlan Finalization - By elected bodies - By elected bodies

Plan document preparationPlan document preparation• Consisting of following chaptersConsisting of following chapters

1.1. Development scenario of the local governmentDevelopment scenario of the local government

2.2. Efforts during the past ten yearsEfforts during the past ten years

3.3. Success and failuresSuccess and failures

4.4. Physical and Financial achievements and Physical and Financial achievements and

outcomes in the Ninth and Tenth Planoutcomes in the Ninth and Tenth Plan

5.5. Strategic vision of the local governmentStrategic vision of the local government


1818

6.6. Summary of possible projects sector wise within each sector Summary of possible projects sector wise within each sector

giving the existing scenario, the intended scenario, size of giving the existing scenario, the intended scenario, size of

the gap and the intended phases of filling up of the gaps the gap and the intended phases of filling up of the gaps

with monitorable targets - separately for Plan and with monitorable targets - separately for Plan and

Maintenance planMaintenance plan

7.7. Allocation of resources sub-sector-wise Allocation of resources sub-sector-wise a.a. From Development FundFrom Development Fundb.b. From Maintenance FundFrom Maintenance Fundc.c. From Own Revenue and General Purpose FundFrom Own Revenue and General Purpose Fundd.d. From creditFrom credite.e. From people's contributionFrom people's contribution


1919

8.8. Write up on Anti-poverty Sub Plan and Destitute Plan, Write up on Anti-poverty Sub Plan and Destitute Plan,

Women Component Plan, Plan for Special Groups and Women Component Plan, Plan for Special Groups and

Special Component Plan and Governance Plan - only very Special Component Plan and Governance Plan - only very

brief summariesbrief summaries

9.9. Maintenance Plan (summary only) Maintenance Plan (summary only)

10.10. Write up on credit linkagesWrite up on credit linkages

11.11. Write up on integrationWrite up on integration

12.12. Write up on monitoring arrangements intendedWrite up on monitoring arrangements intended

• The Anti Poverty Sub Plan, Governance Plan, The Anti Poverty Sub Plan, Governance Plan, Maintenance Plan and wherever applicable, the Tribal Maintenance Plan and wherever applicable, the Tribal Sub Plan are separate documents where full details Sub Plan are separate documents where full details would be presented. would be presented.


2020

Vetting of PlansVetting of Plans

By multi-disciplinary Technical Advisory By multi-disciplinary Technical Advisory

Groups with expert members drawn from Groups with expert members drawn from

within and outside governmentwithin and outside government

Approval by DPCApproval by DPC

Issue of PRI-wise proceedingsIssue of PRI-wise proceedings


2121

SPECIAL FEATURESSPECIAL FEATURES

Specifications on sectoral allocationsSpecifications on sectoral allocations• 40% for productive sector40% for productive sector• Not more than 20% for infrastructureNot more than 20% for infrastructure

Social justice allocationsSocial justice allocations• 10% for women10% for women• 5% for children, aged and disabled5% for children, aged and disabled

Anti-poverty sub planAnti-poverty sub plan• Local plan on family-based needs by Neighbourhood Local plan on family-based needs by Neighbourhood

Groups of poor women.Groups of poor women.

• Ward level plan for basic minimum needs by Area Ward level plan for basic minimum needs by Area

Development Societies – (ADSs) (federation of NHGs)Development Societies – (ADSs) (federation of NHGs)

• Village Panchayat level plan adding human and Village Panchayat level plan adding human and

economic development proposals by Community economic development proposals by Community

Development Society (CDS) – (a network of ADSs)Development Society (CDS) – (a network of ADSs)

2222

Asraya for the destitutes (1 ½ to 2% of the Asraya for the destitutes (1 ½ to 2% of the

population)population)

• Criteria based identificationCriteria based identification

• Preparation of plans for each familyPreparation of plans for each family

• Convergence of services and resourcesConvergence of services and resources

SPECIAL FEATURES SPECIAL FEATURES (contd..)(contd..)

2323

Special Component PlanSpecial Component Plan• Based on survey of every SC habitatBased on survey of every SC habitat

• Involvement of social animators from the communityInvolvement of social animators from the community

Tribal Sub PlanTribal Sub Plan• Hamlet based data baseHamlet based data base

• Full powers to hamlet assemblyFull powers to hamlet assembly

• Involvement of social animators from the communityInvolvement of social animators from the community

Gender PlanGender Plan• Conduct of “Status of Women” studiesConduct of “Status of Women” studies

Plan for special groups – children, aged, disabledPlan for special groups – children, aged, disabled• Conduct of status studiesConduct of status studies


2424

Sectoral PlansSectoral Plans• HealthHealth• EducationEducation• ICDSICDS• Water SupplyWater Supply• EnergyEnergy• SanitationSanitation

Infrastructure PlansInfrastructure Plans• ConnectivityConnectivity• SportsSports

Asset Management PlansAsset Management Plans• For maintenance of assetsFor maintenance of assets


2525

Governance PlanGovernance Plan• Improving account keeping and office managementImproving account keeping and office management

• Service Delivery PlansService Delivery Planso Human Development ServicesHuman Development Services

Health, Education & Child developmentHealth, Education & Child development o Civic ServicesCivic Services

Water, Sanitation, LightingWater, Sanitation, Lighting

o Welfare ServicesWelfare Services PensionsPensions

• Governance ServicesGovernance Serviceso CertificatesCertificateso LicensesLicenses


2626

DISTRICT PLANNINGDISTRICT PLANNING

Multi-level, iterative processMulti-level, iterative process

eg. Healtheg. Health

Spatial PlanSpatial Plan• Connectivity networkConnectivity network

• Play groundsPlay grounds

• Service area and utilitiesService area and utilities

• Economic development patternsEconomic development patterns

VisioningVisioning• Consultation right from Village PanchayatsConsultation right from Village Panchayats

Preparation of District Development ReportPreparation of District Development Report

2727

ApproachApproach• Gap filling for infrastructure and facilitiesGap filling for infrastructure and facilities

• Problem solving in social and service sectorsProblem solving in social and service sectors

• Realising potential in productive sectorsRealising potential in productive sectors

Local freedom within consensual district level Local freedom within consensual district level

approachapproach Expert institutional support for identifying key Expert institutional support for identifying key

issuesissues• R&D institutionsR&D institutions

• Academic institutionsAcademic institutions Universities, Medical Colleges, Technical Institutions Universities, Medical Colleges, Technical Institutions

DISTRICT PLANNING DISTRICT PLANNING (contd..)(contd..)

2828

COMPONENTS OF THE DISTRICT PLANCOMPONENTS OF THE DISTRICT PLAN

Local Plans for Development FundsLocal Plans for Development Funds

Local Plans for CSSLocal Plans for CSS

Plan for Maintenance FundsPlan for Maintenance Funds

Reckoning and positioning of State Plan SchemesReckoning and positioning of State Plan Schemes

Suggestions for future State Plan SchemesSuggestions for future State Plan Schemes

2929

SUPPORT SYSTEMSSUPPORT SYSTEMS

Working GroupWorking Group• Multi-disciplinaryMulti-disciplinary

o Elected leader – ChairpersonElected leader – Chairpersono Official – Convener Official – Convener o BeneficiaryBeneficiaryo ProfessionalProfessionalo ActivistsActivists

• Multiple perspectivesMultiple perspectives““Quin-angulation”Quin-angulation”

3030

Working Group Working Group (contd.)(contd.)

•Draft discussion paper by Convenor Draft discussion paper by Convenor

•Evaluation of experience so farEvaluation of experience so far

•Consultation with stakeholdersConsultation with stakeholders

•Analysis of dataAnalysis of data

•Determination of gaps,shortcomings, problems and Determination of gaps,shortcomings, problems and

potential potential

•Listing of strategic options Listing of strategic options

•Listing of project options and suggesting prioritiesListing of project options and suggesting priorities

•Projectisation after clearance by elected body. Projectisation after clearance by elected body.

SUPPORT SYSTEMS SUPPORT SYSTEMS (contd..)(contd..)

3131

Technical Advisory GroupTechnical Advisory Group• Multi-disciplinaryMulti-disciplinary• Set up by DPCSet up by DPC• Vetting of PlansVetting of Plans

District Planning CommitteesDistrict Planning Committees• District Panchayat President is head District Collector as District Panchayat President is head District Collector as

Member Secretary and respected expert is government Member Secretary and respected expert is government nominee. All district level officers are Joint Secretaries. nominee. All district level officers are Joint Secretaries.

• Technical Secretariat consisting of Planning, Statistical Technical Secretariat consisting of Planning, Statistical and Town & Country Planning Departmentsand Town & Country Planning Departments

• Plan Coordination group under nominated expert Plan Coordination group under nominated expert membermember

• Sectoral Resource GroupsSectoral Resource Groups• Resource Team for preparation of Development reportResource Team for preparation of Development report• Technical Advisory Groups for vetting of plans.Technical Advisory Groups for vetting of plans.


3232

District Planning Committee District Planning Committee Preparation of position papers especially on Local Economic Preparation of position papers especially on Local Economic

Development, Special Component Plan, Tribal Sub Plan, Development, Special Component Plan, Tribal Sub Plan, Health and EducationHealth and Education

Facilitating integration and convergenceFacilitating integration and convergence

• Integration of servicesIntegration of services• Integration of resources Integration of resources

Decentralized planDecentralized planCredit planCredit planPeople’s planPeople’s plan

• Sectoral integrationSectoral integration• Cross-sectoral integrationCross-sectoral integration• Horizontal integrationHorizontal integration• Vertical IntegrationVertical Integration• Spatial integrationSpatial integration


3333

Co-ordinators at Block and District levelsCo-ordinators at Block and District levels Coordination CommitteeCoordination Committee

• Headed by M (LSG) with M(Fin), Principal Secretary Headed by M (LSG) with M(Fin), Principal Secretary (LSG), Principal Secretary (Fin), Secretary (Plg.) and (LSG), Principal Secretary (Fin), Secretary (Plg.) and key HODs as members for fast track online key HODs as members for fast track online response and trouble shootingresponse and trouble shooting

State level Guidance CellState level Guidance Cell Local Government Associations Local Government Associations

• For policy consultationFor policy consultation

• For collective actionFor collective action


3434

Independent InstitutionsIndependent Institutions• S E CS E C

o including power to disqualify for non-convening of including power to disqualify for non-convening of two successive Grama Sabhastwo successive Grama Sabhas

• S F CS F Co even Third SFC’s award accepted and implemented even Third SFC’s award accepted and implemented

from 1-4-2006from 1-4-2006• OmbudsmanOmbudsman

o for complaints related to malfeasancefor complaints related to malfeasance• Appellate TribunalAppellate Tribunal

o for regulatory appealsfor regulatory appeals• SDCSDC

o a forum like NDCa forum like NDC• Audit CommissionAudit Commission

o to be set upto be set up


3535

CAPACITY BUILDINGCAPACITY BUILDING

Detailed plan guidelinesDetailed plan guidelines Direct explanation to elected heads and key Direct explanation to elected heads and key

officials by Minister, Principal Secretary and officials by Minister, Principal Secretary and

Planning Board MembersPlanning Board Members Freedom to access capacityFreedom to access capacity

• From non-government experts and civil society From non-government experts and civil society

activistsactivists

• From institutionsFrom institutions

• From accredited NGOsFrom accredited NGOs

3636

Key role of KILAKey role of KILA• District outreach centresDistrict outreach centres• Trainers on call in all districtsTrainers on call in all districts• Training Advisory Council under DPCTraining Advisory Council under DPC• Training as per clear action planTraining as per clear action plan• Handbooks on all development sectorsHandbooks on all development sectors• Design of Plan formats Design of Plan formats • Help deskHelp desk• Tool kitsTool kits

o Preparation of working group reportsPreparation of working group reportso Conduct of Grama SabhasConduct of Grama Sabhaso Conduct of Development SeminarConduct of Development Seminaro Preparation of development reportPreparation of development reporto Preparation of district planPreparation of district plan

CAPACITY BUILDING CAPACITY BUILDING (contd..)(contd..)

3737

ROLE OF SHG NETWORK IN DECENTRALIZATIONROLE OF SHG NETWORK IN DECENTRALIZATION

Provides participation in Grama Sabhas and protects interests Provides participation in Grama Sabhas and protects interests of the poorof the poor

Facilitates participatory planning of Anti Poverty programmesFacilitates participatory planning of Anti Poverty programmes Serves as an extension mechanismServes as an extension mechanism Facilitates improved access to public servicesFacilitates improved access to public services Allows community contractingAllows community contracting Enhances capabilities for accessing economic development Enhances capabilities for accessing economic development

opportunitiesopportunities Enables community based monitoring Enables community based monitoring Contributes to local government leadershipContributes to local government leadership

IF CONSCIOUSLY STRUCTURED SHGS OF THE POOR CAN FURTHER DEMOCRATISE IF CONSCIOUSLY STRUCTURED SHGS OF THE POOR CAN FURTHER DEMOCRATISE

DECENTRALISATION AND STRENGTHEN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS INSTEAD OF DECENTRALISATION AND STRENGTHEN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS INSTEAD OF

WEAKENING THEM AS PARALLEL BODIES.WEAKENING THEM AS PARALLEL BODIES.

3838

ASSESSMENT OF PERFORMANCEASSESSMENT OF PERFORMANCE Equitable flow of funds to all regionsEquitable flow of funds to all regions Pro-poor expenditurePro-poor expenditure

• Impressive creation of minimum needs infrastructureImpressive creation of minimum needs infrastructure Substantial improvement in public service infrastructureSubstantial improvement in public service infrastructure

• Anganwadis, Schools, HospitalsAnganwadis, Schools, Hospitals

But management of professionals needs to improveBut management of professionals needs to improve

Good practices in most development sectorsGood practices in most development sectors

Impressive mobilisation of contribution from the communityImpressive mobilisation of contribution from the community

• Free surrender of landFree surrender of land

• Cost sharing (10% for water supply and irrigation)Cost sharing (10% for water supply and irrigation)

• Full responsibility of O & MFull responsibility of O & M

but tax collection not impressivebut tax collection not impressive

Enhanced public participationEnhanced public participation

but participation of better off people quite weakbut participation of better off people quite weak

3939

Improved targettingImproved targetting

• yet the destitutes did not gain proportionatelyyet the destitutes did not gain proportionately Improved capacity of elected leadersImproved capacity of elected leaders

• but official capacity still weakbut official capacity still weak Enhanced transparencyEnhanced transparency

• but corruption still prevalent though at reduced levelsbut corruption still prevalent though at reduced levels Good response to developmental needsGood response to developmental needs

• but thin spread of resourcesbut thin spread of resources Delay in setting up appropriate support systemsDelay in setting up appropriate support systems

• Public Works executionPublic Works execution

• ProcurementProcurement

• Accounting and reportingAccounting and reporting

• MonitoringMonitoring

ASSESSMENT OF PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF PERFORMANCE (contd..)(contd..)

4040

LESSONS FROM KERALA EXPERIENCELESSONS FROM KERALA EXPERIENCE

Rapid decentralization has several advantagesRapid decentralization has several advantages

• Speed of the operation diminishes oppositionSpeed of the operation diminishes opposition

• Once given responsibilities Local Governments are forced to Once given responsibilities Local Governments are forced to

performperform

• Pressure on Government to ensure that decentralization Pressure on Government to ensure that decentralization

succeedssucceeds Decentralization is not a one-off actionDecentralization is not a one-off action

• Requires continuous effort by GovernmentRequires continuous effort by Government Need for transferring untied resources in a fair, transparent and Need for transferring untied resources in a fair, transparent and

equitable mannerequitable manner Lessons related to planningLessons related to planning

• To start with, plans emerging out of negotiated priorities and To start with, plans emerging out of negotiated priorities and

then to data-based analysisthen to data-based analysis

4141

Lessons related to planning Lessons related to planning (contd..)(contd..)

• Plan for assured resourcesPlan for assured resources

• Development Reports and Vision Documents are usefulDevelopment Reports and Vision Documents are useful

• Go in for Local Governments’ plans consolidated into District Plans – Go in for Local Governments’ plans consolidated into District Plans –

mechanically in the beginning then organically on gaining experience mechanically in the beginning then organically on gaining experience

and finally to District Planningand finally to District Planning

• Multi-disciplinary, multi-stakeholder teams can assist in plan Multi-disciplinary, multi-stakeholder teams can assist in plan

preparationpreparation

• Give representation to Village and Intermediate Panchayats in DPCs as Give representation to Village and Intermediate Panchayats in DPCs as

inviteesinvitees

• President of District Panchayat as head of DPC, expert as Government President of District Panchayat as head of DPC, expert as Government

nominee, District Collector as Member Secretary and District-level nominee, District Collector as Member Secretary and District-level

officer as Joint Secretary – a viable combinationofficer as Joint Secretary – a viable combination

• Move from annual plans to five year plansMove from annual plans to five year plans

LESSONS FROM KERALA EXPERIENCE LESSONS FROM KERALA EXPERIENCE (Contd..)(Contd..)

4242

THANK THANK YOU YOU