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Snake poison

Snake poison - mbbsclub.commbbsclub.com/download/3/Forensic Medicine/snake poisoning... · 2014. 10. 12. · Snake venom detection kit(not available in Pakistan) Coagulation studies

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Page 1: Snake poison - mbbsclub.commbbsclub.com/download/3/Forensic Medicine/snake poisoning... · 2014. 10. 12. · Snake venom detection kit(not available in Pakistan) Coagulation studies

Snake poison

Page 2: Snake poison - mbbsclub.commbbsclub.com/download/3/Forensic Medicine/snake poisoning... · 2014. 10. 12. · Snake venom detection kit(not available in Pakistan) Coagulation studies

Types of snakes

Poisonous

nonpoisonous

Page 3: Snake poison - mbbsclub.commbbsclub.com/download/3/Forensic Medicine/snake poisoning... · 2014. 10. 12. · Snake venom detection kit(not available in Pakistan) Coagulation studies

Poisonous snakes

Elapids (neurotoxin)• King cobra, cobra

• Common krait, banded krait

• Corals

Vipers (vasculotoxin)• Pit viper

• Rattle snake, bamboo snake

• pit less vipers

• Russel viper, saw scaled

Sea snakes (myotoxin)

Page 4: Snake poison - mbbsclub.commbbsclub.com/download/3/Forensic Medicine/snake poisoning... · 2014. 10. 12. · Snake venom detection kit(not available in Pakistan) Coagulation studies

Snakes in Pakistan 

• 72 snake species prevalent in Pakistan• 14 marine and 12 terrestrial snake species  are poisonous • Common snakes  common krait Sindh krait Northern Punjab krait  Indian cobra  Brown cobra Russell's snake  Saw scaled •

Page 5: Snake poison - mbbsclub.commbbsclub.com/download/3/Forensic Medicine/snake poisoning... · 2014. 10. 12. · Snake venom detection kit(not available in Pakistan) Coagulation studies

Toxins and their activities

Neurotoxin   Cholinesterase Presynaptic Postsynaptic Anticholinesterase Myotoxin Hemostatic system toxin Hemorrhagins Nephrotoxin Cardiotoxin necrotoxin

Page 6: Snake poison - mbbsclub.commbbsclub.com/download/3/Forensic Medicine/snake poisoning... · 2014. 10. 12. · Snake venom detection kit(not available in Pakistan) Coagulation studies

Toxins in elapid snake

Presynapticdamage terminal  axon at the neuromuscular junction

this type of paralysis not reversed by antivenom therapy

Postsynapticbind to ach receptors at the muscle end plate, so paralysis may be reversed 

by antivenom therapy

Coagulopathyprocoagulant and anti coagulant

Page 7: Snake poison - mbbsclub.commbbsclub.com/download/3/Forensic Medicine/snake poisoning... · 2014. 10. 12. · Snake venom detection kit(not available in Pakistan) Coagulation studies

Elapid snake bite

Neurotoxic flaccid paralysis

Myolysis

Coagulopathy

Renal damage 

Local tissue injury

Venom spit opthalmia

Page 8: Snake poison - mbbsclub.commbbsclub.com/download/3/Forensic Medicine/snake poisoning... · 2014. 10. 12. · Snake venom detection kit(not available in Pakistan) Coagulation studies

Clinical feature

Mild local symptoms• Slight burning

• Lethargy

• Weakness of legs

• Difficulty in speaking/swallowing

• Ptosis

• Necrosis of skin and tissues

• Death due to respiratory failure

Page 9: Snake poison - mbbsclub.commbbsclub.com/download/3/Forensic Medicine/snake poisoning... · 2014. 10. 12. · Snake venom detection kit(not available in Pakistan) Coagulation studies

Clinical feature

•Muscular weakness

• Paralysis of face, throat and respiration

• Krait venom cause only muscular paralysis

• Neurotoxin of cobra cause both convulsion and paralysis

Page 10: Snake poison - mbbsclub.commbbsclub.com/download/3/Forensic Medicine/snake poisoning... · 2014. 10. 12. · Snake venom detection kit(not available in Pakistan) Coagulation studies

Viper snake 

•Toxin• Enzymes that clot fibrinogen• Enzymes that degrade fibrinogen

• Plasminogen activator• Prothombin activator• Factor v activator• Factor x activator• Enzyme which degrade plasma serine proteinase inhibitor (antithrombin III,α1‐proteinase)

Page 11: Snake poison - mbbsclub.commbbsclub.com/download/3/Forensic Medicine/snake poisoning... · 2014. 10. 12. · Snake venom detection kit(not available in Pakistan) Coagulation studies

Vasulotoxic venom

Destruction of cell wallCoagulation disorderDestruction of endothelium of blood vesselLysis of red cellOozing of hemolytic bloodCellulitisHemorrhage from external orificesConvulsion due to hemorrhage 

Page 12: Snake poison - mbbsclub.commbbsclub.com/download/3/Forensic Medicine/snake poisoning... · 2014. 10. 12. · Snake venom detection kit(not available in Pakistan) Coagulation studies

Viper bite

• Severe local symptoms • Intense local pain ,swelling, ecchymosis• Oozing of hemolytic blood• Haemoglobinuric nephritis• Bleeding from gums ,hemoptysis• Myolysis• Renal damage• Cardiac toxicity• Anaphylactic reaction 

Page 13: Snake poison - mbbsclub.commbbsclub.com/download/3/Forensic Medicine/snake poisoning... · 2014. 10. 12. · Snake venom detection kit(not available in Pakistan) Coagulation studies

Sea snake 

• Myotoxic• Neurotoxic• Nephrotoxic• hemolysis

Page 14: Snake poison - mbbsclub.commbbsclub.com/download/3/Forensic Medicine/snake poisoning... · 2014. 10. 12. · Snake venom detection kit(not available in Pakistan) Coagulation studies

Toxins 

AcetylcholinesteraseHyaluronidaseLeucine amino peptidasePhosphodiesterasephospholipase

Page 15: Snake poison - mbbsclub.commbbsclub.com/download/3/Forensic Medicine/snake poisoning... · 2014. 10. 12. · Snake venom detection kit(not available in Pakistan) Coagulation studies

Clinical features

• Painless bites or minimal discomfort• 1‐4 fang marks• muscle destruction• Flaccid paralysis• Dysphagia• Trismus• Ptosis• Fasciculation• Seizures• Death due to respiratory • paralysis.rhabdomyolysis,renal failure 

Page 16: Snake poison - mbbsclub.commbbsclub.com/download/3/Forensic Medicine/snake poisoning... · 2014. 10. 12. · Snake venom detection kit(not available in Pakistan) Coagulation studies

Diagnosis of snake bite

History 

Physical examination Bite marks 

Following point should be noted precise date and time of incident

geographic location at the time of incident description of snake what first aid, if any was used List of symptoms observed by patient

Page 17: Snake poison - mbbsclub.commbbsclub.com/download/3/Forensic Medicine/snake poisoning... · 2014. 10. 12. · Snake venom detection kit(not available in Pakistan) Coagulation studies

Physical examination

Vital signs should be measured

Check  the bite or sting site for evidence of bite mark

Regional lymph nodes should be palpated

Examine for specific venom effect

Page 18: Snake poison - mbbsclub.commbbsclub.com/download/3/Forensic Medicine/snake poisoning... · 2014. 10. 12. · Snake venom detection kit(not available in Pakistan) Coagulation studies

diagnosis

Snake venom detection kit(not available in Pakistan)Coagulation studies• whole blood clotting time 

• Prothombin time

• INR and APTT(ACTIVATED PARTIAL THROMBOPLATIN TIME )

• fibrinogen, fibrin degradation product

• complete picture/platelet count

Plasma serum electrolyte

Page 19: Snake poison - mbbsclub.commbbsclub.com/download/3/Forensic Medicine/snake poisoning... · 2014. 10. 12. · Snake venom detection kit(not available in Pakistan) Coagulation studies

Renal function • k level • creatinine and urea level CK(CREATINIE KINASE)Urine• blood• microscopy

Page 20: Snake poison - mbbsclub.commbbsclub.com/download/3/Forensic Medicine/snake poisoning... · 2014. 10. 12. · Snake venom detection kit(not available in Pakistan) Coagulation studies

Management 

Field managementAlleviate anxietyLook for evidence of snake biteDon’t let the patient move Hold bitten part at or below the level of heartPressure immobilization

Page 21: Snake poison - mbbsclub.commbbsclub.com/download/3/Forensic Medicine/snake poisoning... · 2014. 10. 12. · Snake venom detection kit(not available in Pakistan) Coagulation studies

OTHER FIRST AID METHODS  tourniquets cutting and suction application of chemicals use of cryotherapy or electric shock

No value or potentially harmful

Page 22: Snake poison - mbbsclub.commbbsclub.com/download/3/Forensic Medicine/snake poisoning... · 2014. 10. 12. · Snake venom detection kit(not available in Pakistan) Coagulation studies

Anti venom

Specific antidote to venommonovalent

(against single specie  of animal)

polyvalent(against variety of species)

Three major types of anti venomswhole IgG

F(ab)2     known as croFab

Fab(require continous infusion)

Page 23: Snake poison - mbbsclub.commbbsclub.com/download/3/Forensic Medicine/snake poisoning... · 2014. 10. 12. · Snake venom detection kit(not available in Pakistan) Coagulation studies

Complication of antivenom

Anaphylaxis

Rash

Febrile reactions 

Delayed reactions 

serum sickness

Page 24: Snake poison - mbbsclub.commbbsclub.com/download/3/Forensic Medicine/snake poisoning... · 2014. 10. 12. · Snake venom detection kit(not available in Pakistan) Coagulation studies

Non anti venom treatment

AnticholinesteraseEdrophonium and neostigmine

Tetanus protection

Fasciotomy(compartment syndrome)

Inj epinephrine (anaphylaxis)

In case of allergic reaction• anti histamine

• corticosteroids