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SNC 1D
Chemistry
Particle Theory and Types of Matter
Learning Goals: Success Criteria:
By the end of the class I will be successful if I can list the 5 main ideas of particle theory.
By the end of the class I will be successful if I can correctly identify substances as pure, mixture, or solution.
By the end of the class I will be able to list the main ideas of the particle theory.
By the end of the class I will be able to identify the difference between pure substances, mixtures, and solutions.
MatterAnything that has a mass and takes up space
Particle Theory
Particle Theory: a theory that describes the composition and behaviour of matter.
There are 5 main ideas of the particle theory.
1. All matter is made up of tiny particles that have empty spaces between them.
2. Different substances are made up of different kinds of particles.
3. Particles are in constant random motion.
4. The particles of a substance move faster as its temperature increases.
5. Particles attract each other.
Particle Theory Video
Types of Matter
Pure Substances and Mixtures
Pure Substance: a substance that is made up of only one type of particle.
Mixture: a substance that is made up of at least two different types of particles.
Mechanical mixture: a mixture in which you can distinguish between different types of
matter.
Solution: a uniform mixture of two or more substances.
Alloy: a solid solution of two or more metals.
TRICK**If Gas and Liquid is opaque or murky = Mechanical Mixture
Physical Properties
Physical Properties: A characteristic that can be determined without changing the
composition of the substance.
Qualitative Properties Properties of a substance that
is not measured and does not have a numerical value.
Qualitative Properties Colour
Odour
Taste
Texture
Shape
Qualitative Properties
Quantitative Properties Properties of a substance
that is measured and has a numerical value.
Quantitative Properties
Lustre
Optical Clarity
Viscosity
Brittleness
Hardness
Malleability
Ductility
Electrical Conductivity
Quantitative Properties
Characteristic Physical Properties
A physical property that is unique to a substance and can be used identify the substance.
Characteristic Physical Properties
Density
Melting point
Freezing point
Boiling point
Characteristic Physical Properties
Physical Change A change in which the
composition of the substance remains unaltered and no new substances are produced.
Physical Change
Change of state Melting, freezing, boiling Changing size AND DISSOLVING
Bell Work: Physical Characteristics
Define the following terms:
• -Freezing Point (abbreviated to FP)
• -Melting Point (abbreviated to MP)
• -Boiling Point (abbreviated to BP)
• Why is the importance to know the FP/MP and BP of a substance?
Test Tuesday September 29
DensityFor Full Communication Marks…
Sample Problem: Calculate the density of a metal sample that is 18.00 cm long, 9.21 cm wide and 4.45 cm high and that has a mass of 14.25 kg. What is the identity of the metal?
Give: l= 18.00 cm h= 4.45 cm w= 9.21 cm m= 14.25 kg
Required: density of metal (d)
Solution: V = l*w*h
= 18.00 cm * 9.21 cm * 4.45 cm
= 738 cm3
m = 14.25 kg =14250 g
d = m/v
= 14250 g/738 cm3
= 19.3 g/cm3
Statement: The density of the metal is 19.3g/cm3. This metal is gold.
Chemical Properties & Changes
Chemical Properties: A characteristic of a substance that is determined when the
composition of the substance is changed and one or more new substances is
created
Fireworks
Fireworks contain ingredients such as metal flakes, fuel and a bursting charge
These substances react together to produce new substances, some of which are visible in the smoke
The entire reaction produces a great deal of energy; which appears in the form of light, sound, thermal energy and high-speed motion high into the sky
Advantages of Chemical Properties
In our daily lives we mix different substances together to create products that we want
Examples:
Baking soda causes a cake to rise
Bacterial cultures turn milk into cheese
Chemicals clean our jewellery
Chemical Changes
A change in the starting substance and the production of one or more new substances
What do you think are examples of chemical changes?
Types of Chemical Changes
Change of colour – a new substance has formed that has a different colour than the original substance
A change of odour – a new substance has formed that has a detectable odour
Bubbles are visible that are not caused by heating – a new substance is produced in the form of a gas
A new solid is seen – a new substance that is produced does not dissolve in the mixture and shows up as a solid
The solids that are formed in this way are often powdery and are called precipitates
A change in temperature or light – energy is released or absorbed during the chemical change, and is detected as a change in temperature or light
Exothermic: exo~ “exit” thermic ~“hot”
- - Heat Releasing
Endothermic: endo~ “within” thermic ~“hot”
•- Heat Absorbing
Endothermic Vs. Exothermic Rxh
Demonstration
Before:
-Describe the physical properties of the materials. Separate each property in a chart as either qualitative or quantitative.
After:
•Describe the physical properties after the change.
•Is the a physical or chemical change?
•Is this an example of an endothermic or exothermic reaction
Changing States
-Melting ice: endothermic or exothermic?
-Freezing ice: endothermic or exothermic?
Unusual Behaviour of Water
- Density of Ice < Density of Water
Unusual Behaviour of Water
- Density of Ice < Density of Water
Pros and Cons of Water’s Unusual Characteristic Physical Properties
Pros:
Cons:
Pros and Cons of Water’s Unusual Characteristic Physical Properties
Pros:
- Allows aquatic life to survive
Cons:
- Potential for pipes to burst
- Cannot freeze water in a glass
Salt and Ice
- Adding salt to water alters the characteristic physical properties.
- When do we take advantage of this?
Brainstorm possible alternatives