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02/11/2020 1 “ Connecting the dots between Radiology, Embryology and Genetics” felice.d’[email protected] @FeliceDArco Lectures are on Youtube! https://www.slideshare.net/bluetango84 Joshi et al. 2012 a reflection on the complexity of lifeKarina Ter Current Embryology of the Temporal Bone, Part I: the Inner Ear P.M. Som, H.D. Curtin, K. Liu, and M.F. Mafee. Neurographics 2016 What do we know about genotypephenotype correlation? SOX family DIX family FOX family FGF family Acidosis and deafness in patients with recessive mutation in FOXI1 J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018 1 2 3 4

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Page 1: SNHL ESNR HNcourse 2020.pptx - Read-Only

02/11/2020

1

“ Connecting the dots between Radiology, Embryology and Genetics”

felice.d’[email protected]@FeliceDArcoLectures are on Youtube!https://www.slideshare.net/bluetango84

Joshi et al. 2012

“a reflection on the complexity of life”Karina Ter

Current Embryology of the Temporal Bone, Part I: the Inner Ear P.M. Som, H.D. Curtin, K. Liu, and M.F. Mafee. Neurographics 2016

What do we know about genotype‐phenotype correlation? 

SOX family

DIX family

FOX family

FGF family

Acidosis and deafness in patients with recessive mutation in FOXI1

J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018 

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Classification of Inner Ear Malformations

Joshi et al. 2012 

No pathophysological correlation (only timing of arrest)

Only one type of cochlear hypoplasia 

Only two type of incomplete partition

Sennaroglu L 2016 

Complete Labyrinthine Aplasia (Michel Deformity)

Joshi et al. 2012 

Ozgen et al. 2009

Rudimentary otocyst

Between 3rd and 4th week the inner ear is in form of an otocyst 

Millimetric round‐shaped cyst in the oticcapsule

Absent or small IAC ABI is the only therapy

Sennaroglu 2016

Common Cavity

Unique cavity before differentiation into cochlea and vestibule (4th week)

IAC present (narrow or normal) CN present (often hypoplastic) Possible Cochlear implantation

Cochlear aplasia

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Cochlear hypoplasias

“Clear and definite formation of a cochlea whose external 

dimensions are less than those of a normal cochlea.”

Incomplete Partition Anomalies

“Cochlea with internal architecture abnormalities 

(i.e. modiolus, ISS).”

• Are cochleas with abnormal internal structure of normal or small size?  

• Do hypoplasticcochleas always have an abnormal internal structure?  

1.5 cochlear turns: 8 wks2.5 cochlear turns: 10 wks!

BLOOD FLOW FROM IAM !!

Gulya and Schuknecht 2007; Erixon 2009 ; Sennaroglu 2016

•CH I and CH II are smaller versions of a cochlea with incomplete partition

•CH‐III and CH‐IV are smaller versions of a normal partitioned cochlea.

“Because of the resolution of CT the modiolardefects may be not identified”

Relatively high percentage of CH among inner ear malformations: 18/33 (Sennaroglu 2016)  

Possible usefulness of standardized measurements 

CH type 2CH type 1

CH type 3

CH type 4

Talenti et al. BJR 2018

Is there CH? maximal height in a coronal plane measured perpendicular to the oval window

Is there dysplastic SCC? maximal diameter of bony island among axial slices displaying an intact semicircle

Is there EVA 1) midpoint: width of VA at halfway between the posterior wall of the vestibule and aperture of VA. 2) Opercular width: width of aperture of VA 

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ax

21 month‐old, female: Profound bilateral SNHL

parasag

Incomplete Partition Type 1

‐ Radiographics 2012;  32 (3), 683‐698‐ Cochlear Implants International 2016; 17 (1), 1‐20

IP 1 Syntelencephaly

C. Aplasia + dysplastic SCC

Mutations in 

ZIC2, postulated 

in the 

pathogenesis of 

HPE and 

syntelencephaly

Zic genes are 

required for 

morphogenesis 

of the inner ear 

(Chervenak et 

al 2014)

5 year‐old: Profound bilateral SNHL

Incomplete Partition Type 2 + dilated vestibule + EVA (Mondini

triad) 

Normal

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Normal

Incomplete Partition type 2

Association with EVA and Dilated vestibule

Dilatation of the Scala Vestibuli Possible aetiology: High CSF pressure 

transmitted to the cochlea via third window?

Endolymphatic duct and sac

are not surrounded by

a perilymphaticspace. (Lo et al

AJNR 1997)

Different embryiological origin of 

distal IS   

Endolymphatic sac!

“apparent band‐like area of low T2 extending from the modiolus towards the lateral wall of the cochlea in the same patient (arrow).”

“the spiral ganglion neuron dendritic processes continued toward the upper middle turn through the osseous spiral lamina.”

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“A measured angle of >114°suggests the diagnosis of incomplete 

partition type II malformation”

“cut‐off 1.2 mm between normal/abnormal”

1 year‐old male: progressive mixed hearing loss Incomplete Partition type 3

‐ POU3F4 gene mutation

‐ Large IAC‐ IS present‐ Modiolus /LS absent

Dysmorphic hypothalamus

“POU3F4 mainly participates in the regulation of neural stem cells, hypothalamus 

differentiation and inner ear development”

The developmental link between inner ear, brain and body: clues for many diagnosis !

Pallister‐Hall syndrome: HH and cochlear hypoplasia association 

Avula et al. Ped Rad 2012

Giri et al. IJCP 2015

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The developmental link between inner ear, brain and body: clues for many diagnosis !

D’Arco et al. EJR 2020

Typical petrous bone findings + associated body findings in syndromic causes of hearing loss 

BOR

CHARGE

PENDRED

SOX 10

Diagnostic Pearl: Waardenburg Syndrome

• Pigmentation changes + deafness 

• Several genes: SOX 10  Hirschsprung disease + Kalmann

• Typical cochlea hypoplasia/dysplastic SCCs 

Child with Hirschprung + hearing loss

Hsu et al. AJNR 2018

MRI of the inner ears in a 10 year‐old female with chronic kidney disease, dysmorphic features, bilateral hearing loss and mosaic trisomy of chromosome 22. Bilateral CH4 is demonstrated with 

normal‐sized basal turn and very hypoplastic upper turns. Normal lamina spiralis is noted as an hypointense line within the basal turn 

(arrows).  

Right Left

Cochlear Hypoplasia Type 4

Article In Press AJNR 2020

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Suggested readings….

Conclusions

New classification of inner ear malformations based on histology

Spectrum of cochlear hypoplasias and 3 types incomplete partition cochleas

Link between ear, brain and body development helps in the DDx

Syndromic causes of hearing loss may have characteristic petrous bone appearances.

felice.d’[email protected]

https://www.slideshare.net/bluetango84

Youtube: Felice D’Arco

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