UNIVERSITY OF KERALA

M.Sc Degree in Botany (Semester system) Course structure, Work load and Mark distribution

Semester Paper Title of Paper Hours/ Hours/ Week ESA Maximum MarksCode Semester I P hours CA ESA Total

S I

BO211 Phycology, Mycology & Plant Pathology

90 5 3 25 75 100

BO212 Bryophyta, Pteridophyta & Gymnosperms

90 5 3 25 75 100

BO213 Histology, Histochemistry & Embryology

90 5 3 25 75 100

BO214 Practical I 180 10 4 25 75 100Total for S I 450 15 10 13 100 300 400

S II

BO221 Taxonomy, Economic, Botany & Ethnobotany

90 5 3 25 75 100

BO222 Plant Physiology & Plant Biochemistry

90 5 3 25 75 100

BO223 Ecology, Phytogeogrphy, Conservation Biology & Evolution

90 5 3 25 75 100

BO224 Practical II 180 10 4 25 75 100 Total for S II 450 15 10 13 100 300 400

S III

BO231 Cytology, Cytogenetics & Genetics

90 5 3 25 75 100

BO232 Plant Breeding, Horticulture, Biostatistics & Computer applications

90 5 3 25 75 100

BO233 Plant Biotechnology 90 5 3 25 75 100BO234 Practical III 180 10 4 25 75 100Total for S III 450 15 10 13 100 300 400

S IV

BO241 Microbiology, Biophysics & Molecular Biology

135 5 3 25 75 100

BO242 Elective: Special Paper 135 5 3 25 75 100BO243 Practical IV 90 5 4 25 75 100BO244 Practical V 90 10 4 25 75 100BO201 Dissertation 100 100BO202 Comprehensive Viva Voce 100 100Total for S IV 450 10 15 14 100 500 600

Grand Total 400 1400 1800L: Leacture, P: Practical, ESA: End Semester (University) Assessment, CA: Continuous Assessment (Internal)

SCHEDULE OF WORKLOAD

Semester I Theory Practical ( Hours / Week )

BO 211 Phycology 2Mycology 2 3Plant Pathology 1

BO 212 Bryophyta 1 1/

2

Pteridophyta 2Gymnosperm 1

1/

2

BO 213 Hostology 2Histochemistry 2 4Embryology 1

Semester II

BO 221 Taxonomy 4Economic Botany

1/

24

Ethnobotany1/

2

BO 222 Plant Physiology 3 4Plant biochemistry 2

BO 223 Ecology 3Phytogeography

1/

22

Conservation Biology 1Evolution

1/

2

Semester III

BO 231 Cytology & Cytogenetics 2 21/

2

Genetics 3

BO 232 Plant Breeding 3Horticulture 1 2

1/

2

Biostatistics &Computer applications 1

BO 233 Plant Biotechnology 5 5

Semester IV

BO 241 Microbiology 11/

2

Biophysics 11/

25

Molecular Biology 2

BO 242 Elective Special Paper 5 10

Includes hours for dissertation work also

Distribution of hours per semester 3 Theory papers 90 x 3 = 270 hrs.Practical = 180 hrs.

Distribution of marksTheory 100 x 11 = 1100Practical 100 x 5 = 500Dissertation (80 + 20) = 100Comprehensive Viva-voce = 100 Total = 1800

DissertationTopic of dissertation may be chosen from any area of botany and may be laboratory based, field based or both or computational, with emphasis on originality or approach. It may be started during 2

nd / 3

rd semester and shall be completed by the end of the 4

th semester. the

dissertation to be submitted should include:* Background information in the form of introduction* Objectives of the study* Materials and methods employed for the study* Results and discussions thereon* Summary and conclusions* References

Scheme for PracticalsDuration CA ESA Total marks

Practical I (BO 214) includes all the topics underPaper BO 211, BO 212 & BO 213 4 hrs. 25 75 100

Practical II (BO 224) includes all the topics underPaper BO 221, BO 222 & BO 223 4 hrs. 25 75 100

Practical III (BO 234) includes all the topics underPaper BO 231, BO 232 & BO 233 4 hrs. 25 75 100

Practical IV (BO 243) includes all the topics underPaper BO 241 4 hrs. 25 75 100

Practical V (BO 244) includes all the topics underPaper BO 242 4 hrs. 25 75 100

The practical examinations are conducted at the end of Semester II and Semester IV. At the end Semester II, examination for Practical I (BO 214) & Practical II (BO 224) and at end of Semester IV, examination for practical III (BO 234), Practical IV (BO 243) & Practical V (BO 244) will be conducted.

DETAILED SYLLABUS FORM M.Sc. BOTANY (SEMESTER SYSTEM)

SEMESTER I

Paper. BO 211. Phycology, Mycology and Plant Pathology

A. PHYCOLOGY

1. Principles and modern trends in taxonomy of algae and contributions of Indian Algologists.

2. Classification, thallus structure and its morphological variations.

3. Cell structure-Prokaryotic, mesokaryotic and eukaryotic organisations.

4. Reproduction and life cycle patterns.

5. Economic importance of algae.

Practicals

1. A record of the local algal flora- a study of their morphology and structure.

2. Study the following types with special reference to their morphology and anatomy of vegetative and reproductive structures.

Hydrodictyon, Ulva, Pithophora,

Chaetomorpha, Cephaleuros, Codium

Halimeda, Acetabularia Nitella,

Sphacelaria, Padina, Turbinaria,

Gelidium, Gracilaria, Ceramium,

Spirulina, Scytonema.

B. MYCOLOGY

1. Principles and modren trends of the classification of Fungi and contributions of Indian Mycologists.

2. Structure, reproduction and phylogeny of Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycete and Deuteromycetes.

3. Economic importance of fungi with special reference to secondary metabolites.

4. General account of Lichens.

Practicals

Study of the morphology and reproductive features of the following types.

Albugo, Pilobolus, Penicillium, Aspergillus,Erysiphe, Uromyces, Polyporus, Lycoperdon,Geaster, Dictyophora, NidulariaSchizpphyllum,Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Helminthosporium, Alternaria,Cercospora, Parmelia, Graphis.

C. PLANT PATHOLOGY

1. General principles and concepts of host-parasite interaction,

Defence mechanisms

Control methods including biological control

Fungicides and pesticides, sanitation, disease resistance

Epidemiology and quarantine.

2. Study of the following plant diseases with reference to symptoms, causal organism, disease

cycle and control.

1. Paddy - Brown spot and false smut

2. Tapioca - Mosaic and leaf spot

3. Sweet Potato - White rust

4. Rubber - Powdery mildew

5. Coffee - Rust

6. Tea - Red rust

7. Betel vine - Leaf rot

8. Sugar cane - Red rot

9. Cardamom - Katte disease

10. Ginger - Rhizome rotPracticals

Symptoms and causal organisms of all diseases mentioned in the syllabus.

References Phycology1. Bhatia, A. 1994. Treatise on Algae.S. Chand & Company, New Delhi.2. Bold, H.C. & Wynne, M.J. 1985. Introduction to the Algae. Prentice Hall of India,

New Delhi.3. Chapman, V.J. Chapman, D.J. 1975. The Algae. Macmillan India Ltd., Delhi.4. Fritsch, F.E.1945. Structure and reproduction of Algae. Cambridge University Press.5. Kumar, H.D. 1999. Introductory Physiology, Affiliated East West Press Pvt. Ltd.

New Delhi.6. Lewin, R.A. (Ed.). 1962. Physiology and Biochemistry of Algae. Academic Press.

7. Pandey, B.P.1994. Algae. S.Chand & Company Ltd. New Delhi.

8. Round, F.E. 1984. The Ecology of Algae. Cambridge University Press.9. Sharma, O.P.1998 Text book of Algae. Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.10. Sharma, P.D., A Text book of Botany-Lower Plants. Rastogi Publications, Meerut.11. Vashishta, B.R.1999. Algae.S.Chand & Company, New Delhi.]

Mycology

1. Ainsworth, G.C., Sparrow. K.E. and Sussman. The Fungi. Academic Press, New York.

2. Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W. Blackwell, M. 1996. Introductory mycology. John Wiley & Sons., New York.

3. Bilgarmi, K.S. and Verma, R.N. 1994. Physiology of Fungi. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

4. Dube, H.C. An Introduction to Fungi. Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi.5. Hale, M.E. 1983. Biology of Lichens. Edward Arnold.6. Moore, D.et al., 1986. Developmental Biology of higher Fungi7. Sharma, O.P. Text book of Fungi. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co.Ltd. New Delhi.8. Webster,J.1975. Introduction to Fungi. Cambridge University Press.Plant Pathology1. George N. Agrios. 1997. Plant Pathology. Academic press, London.2. Manners, J.G.1982. Principles of Plant Pathology. Cambridge University Press.3. Marshall, H. 1999. Diseases of Plants. Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.4. Mehrotra, R.S.2000. Plant Pathology, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. New Delhi.5. Mundkur, 1982. Text book of Plant Diseases. Macmillan India, New Delhi.6. Rangaswamy, G. 1992. Diseases of Crop Plants in India. Prentice Hall of India,

New Delhi.7. Singh, R.S. 1991. Plant Diseases. Oxford IBH, New Delhi.8. Singh, R.S. 1994. Introduction to the Principles of Plant Pathology. Oxford IBH.

New Delhi.9. Swarup et al., 1999. Plant Diseases. Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.10. Vashishta, P.C. and Gill, P.C. 1998. Plant Pathology. Pradeep Publications, Jalandhar.11. Wheeler, B.E. 1972. An Introduction to Plant Diseases. John Wiley.

Paper. BO 212. Bryophyta, Pteridophyta and Gymnosperms

A. BRYOPHYTA

1. General characters and systems of classification. Contributions of Indian Bryologists.2. A general account of morphological and anatomical features, reproduction,

life history and phylogeny of

Sphaerocarpales, Marchantiales, Jungermanniales

Calobryales, Anthocerotales, Sphagnales,

Andreaeales, Funariales, Polytrichales.3. Origin and evolution of Bryophytes, Fossil bryophytes (Brief mention).

Practicals

Morphological and anatomical studies of the following taxa using whole mount preparation, dissection and sections.

Targionia, Reboulia, Notothylus,

Cyathodium, Pallavicinia, Polytrichum,

Sphagnum.

B. PTERIDOPHYTA1. General characters, classification (modern trends) and life cycle of pteridophytes. Contribution of Indian Pteridologists.2. Structure and evolutionary trend stelar and spore. Telome concept in Pteridophytes.3. Apospory, apogamy and pathenogenesis.4. Fossil Pteridophytes-Rhynia, Lepidocarpon, Sphaenophyllum, Zygopteris5. Comparative morphology, structure, ecology and phylogeny of the following groups.

Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphaenopsida, Pteropsida.Practicals

1. Fossil types mentioned above.2. Structural details of the vegetative and reproductive parts of the following types.

Isoetes, Ophioglossum, Angiopteris,Osmunda, Ceratopteris, Lygodium,Adiantum, Gleichenia, Acrostichum,Trichomanes, Azolla.

C. GYMNOSPERMS1. General characters, distribution, phylogeny, classification and economic importance of

Gymnosperms.2. Structural details of vegetative and reproductive parts, phylogeny and interrelationships of

the following orders.Cycadofilicales, Caytoniales, Bennettitales,Pentoxylales, Cycadales, Ginkgoales,Coniferales, Gnetales.

Practicals1. Structural details of the following fossil types.

Heterangium, Medullosa.2. Vegetative and reproductive structures of the following types.

Zamia, Araucaria, Cupressus. ReferencesBryophyta1. Cavers, F. 1976. The Inter relationship of the Bryophyta. S.R. Technic (Book House), Ashok

Rajpath, Patna.2. Dyer, A.F. and Duickett, J.G. (Ed.). 1984. The experimental Biology of Bryophytes. Academic

Press.3. Parihar. N.S.1980. An Introduction to Embryophyta Vol. I. Bryophyta. Central Book Depot.4. Prem Puri, 1981. Bryophytes: Morphology, Growth and differentiation. Atma Ram and Sons,

New Delhi.5. Vashishta, P.C. 1999. Bryophyta. S. Chand & Co. New Delhi.

Pteridophyta1. Eames, E.J. 1983. Morphology of vascular plants. Standard University Press.2. Rashid, A. 1999. Pteridophyta, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.3. Sharma, O.P. 1990. Textbook of Pteridophyta. Macmillan India Ltd. Delhi.4. Sporne, K.R. 1986. The morphology of Pteridophytes. Hutchinson University Press.5. Sundara Rajan, S. 1999. Introduction to Pteridophyta. New Age International Publishers, New

Delhi.Gymnosperms1. Biswas, C. and Johri, B.M. 1999. The Gymnosperms. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.2. Chamberlain, C.J. 1955. Gymnosperms. Structure and Evolution.3. Chamberlain, C.J. 2000. Gymnosperms. C B S Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi.4. Sporne, K.R.1986. Morphology of Gymnosperms. Hutchinson University Press.5. Vashishta, P.C. 1999. Gymnosperms, S. Chand & Company Ltd. New Delhi.

Paper. BO 213. Histology, Histochemistry and Embryology

A. HISTOLOGY1. Origins structure and function of Cambia and their derivatives.2. Structure of wood- Softwood, hard wood, Sap wood, heart wood and role of extractives in

wood quality. Wood yielding plants of Kerala- Artocarpus integrifolia, Tectona grandis, Dalbergia latifolia,Ailanthus malabarica, Alstonia scholaris.

3. Nodal anatony, root-stem transition, transfer cells.4. Anatomy in relation to Taxonomy.

Practicals 1. Maceration of herbaceous and woody stems- separation of different cell types.2. Nodal anatomy and root stem transition.B. HISTOCHEMISTERY1. Scope of histochemistry and cytochemistry in Biology.2. Buffers and reagents.3. Chemistry of fixation4. Tissue processing techniques for light microscope, hand and serial sections, squashes smears and

maceration.5. Types of microtomes-Rotary, Sledge, Freezing Cryostat and Ultratomes.6. Classification and chemistry of biological stains. General and specific vital stains and

fluorochromes.7. Tissue processing techniques for election microscopy (SEM and TEM).8. Detection and localization of primary metabolites- Carbohydrates (PARS reaction), Proteins

(Coomassie brilliant blue staining), Lipids (Sudan Black method). Brief mention about other methods also.

9. Enzyme histochemistry (General design and applications). Practicals1. Preparation of double stained free hand sections and identification of the tissues with reasons

(Normal or anomalous secondary thickening).2. Free hand sections showing localization of soluble components-Proteins, Sugars and Lipids.3. Preparation of serial sections, from the given block and identification of the tissues with

histological reasoning. 4. Preparation of squashes and smears. Maceration of the tissues for separating cell types.

5. Students are expected to get a through understanding on reagents and buffers for the tissue processing and they should submit 15 permanent slides (5 serial, 5 hand sections for histology and 5 hand section for sledge and histochemistry) for valuation.

C. EMBRYOLOGY1. Microsporogenesis-male gameteophyte-pollen fertility and sterility pollen storage-viability and

germination2. Megasporogenesis-embryosacs-development and types3. Pollination-primary and secondary attractants of pollination-ultra structural and histochemical

details of style and stigma-significance of pollen-pistil interactions4. Fertilization-barriers to fertilization-genetics of incompatibility-methods to overcome

incompatibility-intra ovarian pollination and invitro fertilization-embryo rescue5. Embryo endosperm and seed development-polyembryony parthenocarpy6. Recent advance in palynological studies-pollen allergy-Economic importance-Pollen analysis of

honey-role of apiaries in crop improvement. Practicals 1. Pollen germination-in-vitro and-vivo viability tests2. Study of pollen types using acetolysed and non-acetolysed pollen3. Developmental stages of another, ovule, embryo and endosperm.ReferencesHistology and Histochemistry1. Cutler, D. F. 1978. Applied Plant Anatomy. Orient Longman Publishers, New Delhi.2. Easu, 1987. The Anatomy of seed plants. Wiley Eastern Ltd. New Delhi.3. Fahn, A. 1989. Plant Anatomy, Peragamon Press, Oxford, New York.4. Gahan, P.B. 1984. Plant Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, Academic Press, London.5. Gary, P. 1964. Hand Book of basic microtechnique, John Wiley & Sons, New York.6. Harris, Electron microscopy in Biology7. Johanson, W.A. 1984. Plant Microtechnique. Mc Graw Hill.8. Johanson, W.A. 1982. Botanical Histochemistry-Principles and Practice. Freeman & Co.9. Kierman, J.A. 1999. Histological and Histochemical Methods. Butterworth Publications, London10. Poarse, histochemistry, Vol. I and Vol.II.11. Ruzin, Z.E. 1999. Plant Microtechnique and Microscopy. Oxford University Press, New York.Embryology1. Bhojwani, S.S and Bhatnagar, S.P. 2000. The Embryology of Angiosperms, Vikas Publishing

House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.2. Johri, B.M. 1984. 1984. Embryology of Angiosperms. Springer Verlag. Berlin.3. Maheswari, P. 1980. Recent Advances in the Embryology of Angiosperms.4. Pandey, A.K. 1997. Introduction to Embryology of Amngiosperms. CBS Publishers and

Distributors, New Delhi.5. Pandey, S.N. and Chadha, A. 2000. Embryology. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

SEMESTER II

Paper. BO 221. Taxonomy of Angiosperms, Economic Botany and EthnobotanyA. TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMSI.1. Definition and importance of taxonomy.2. Pre Darwinian and post Darwinian theories of biological classification: Essentialism, Nominalism, and Empiricism, evolutionary systematics and phylogenic systematics.3. a Detailed study of Bentham and Hooker’s system of classification.

b. Comparative study of the systems of classification by Engler and Bessey including a critical evaluation of their basic tenets.c. Study of the systems of classification by Linnaeus, Hutchinson and Takhtajan.

II.4. Plant Nomenclature: Evaluation of ICBN (International Code of Botanical Nomenclature) – Contents of ICBN – Author citation – Type Method and different types –Publication of names – Rules of Priority-Nomina Conservanda and definitions of nomenclatural terms Autonym, Homonym, Basionym, Tautonym and Nomen nuclum.5. Construction of taxonomic keys (indented and bracketed) and their utilization.6. Floristic studies in India: Roleand organisation of Botanical Survey of India.

III. 7. Modern concepts and trends in Plant taxonomy: Elementary treatment of

i. Cytotaxonomy ii. Chemotaxonomy iii. Numerical Taxonomy(Taximetries) iv. Molecular Taxonomy v. Cladistics.

8. Problems in evolutionary taxonomy: the concepts of primitive and advanced, monophyly and polyphyly, parallelism and convergence, homology and analogy.10. Critical study of the current ideas on the origin of angiosperms with special reference to there

ancestral stocks and time and place of their origin.

IV & V.Study of the following families giving importance to morphological peculiarities if any, and economic importance, interrelationships and evolutionary lines.1. Ranunculaceae 2. Magnoliaceae 3. Cruciferae4. Polygalaceae 5. Caryophyllaceae 6. Dipterocarpaceae7. Malvaceae 8. Rutaceae 9. Rhamnaceae10. Vitaceae 11. Leguminosae 12. Rosaceae13. Droseraceae 14. Rhizophoraceae 15. Melastomaceae16. Lythraceae 17. Passifloraceae 18. Curcurbitaceae19. Umbelliferae 20. Rubiaceae 21. Compositae22. Ebenaceae 23. Oleaceae 24. Asclepiadaceae25. Gentianaceae 26. Boraginaceae 27. Solanaceae28. Lentibulariaceae 29. Acanthaceae 30. Verbenaceae31. Labiatae 32. Nyctaginaceae 33. Amaranthaceae34. Podostemaceae 35. Aristolochiaceae 36. Piperaceae37. Lauraceae 38. Loranthaceae 39. Euphoribiaceae40. Casuarinaceae 41. Orchidaceae 42. Scitamineae43. Amaryllidaceae 44. Liliaceae 45. Commelinaceae46. Palmae 47. Araceae 48. Alismaceae49. Cyperaceae 50. Gramineae

Practicals

1. Study of representative members of all the prescribed families as evidenced by record of practical work (to be presented for valuation).

2. Identification of freshand herbarium specimens using Floras.3. Field work for a study of local flora under the supervision of teachers.4. Preparation of dichotomous keys. A minimum of 3 keys to be presents in the record.5. A minimum of 5 abbreviations of authors’ names to be presents in the record.6. A minimum of 50 herbarium specimens giving representation to be prescribed families should be

presents for valuation. It should be accompanied by a Field Book which confirms to that of recognized herbaria.

B. ECONOMIC BOTANY

Study of Botanical name, family, and morphology of the useful parts and utility of the following:1. Cereals and Millets-Rice, Wheat, Ragi.2. Legumes-Soybean, Square bean (winged bean), Horse gram, Ground nut,3. Sugar yielding plants-Sugar cane and Sweet potato.4. Spices and condiments-Turmeric, Cinnamon, Pepper, Nutmeg, Allspice.5. Fibre-Cotton and Coir6. Dyes-Indigo, Henna7. Rubber-Para rubber8. Gums- Gum Arabic, Karya gum9. Resins-Dammars, Gum resin- Asafoetida10. Oil-Coconut oil, Sesame oil, Palm oil11. Medicinal-Ocimum, Acorus, Dioscoria, Neem12. Food additives and colors-Saffron, Annatto

Practicals Identification of plants and plant parts mentioned above.

C. ETHNOBOTANY

1. Ethno botany – relevance in modern medicine.2. Ethnic societies of Kerala and their traditional herbs.3. Ethno botanical documentation.4. Medicines derived from herbal drugs.

ReferencesTaxonomy1. Benson, L. 1957. Plant Classification, Boston.2. Core, E. L. 1955. Plant Taxonomy, Prentce – Hall Inc. New Delhi.3. Cronquist, A. 1981. An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants.4. Davis, P. H. and Heywood. 1963. Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy, New York5. Gamble, J.S. 1935. Flora of the presidency of Madras, London.6. Gibbs, R.D. Chemo taxonomy and Flowering Plants.7. Grenter et al., 1988. International Code for Botanical Nomenclature, Koningsteen.8. Henry, A.N. and Chandrabose, M. 1980. An Aid to the International code of Botanical

Nomenclature.9. Heslop – Harrison, J. 1958. new concepts in Flowering Plant Taxonomy, London.10. Heywood, V. H. 1968. Modern methods in Plant Taxonomy.

11. Heywood, V.H. and Moore, D,H. 1984. Current concepts in Plant Taxonomy, London.12. Hooker, J.D. 1879. Flora of Brtitish India. Reeve & Co. London.13. Hutchinson, J. Families of Flowering Plants. Cambridge.14. Jeffrey, C. 1968. An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy, London.15. Krassilov, V.A. 1977. The Origin of Angiosperms, Botanical Review 43:143-17116. Kubitzki, K. 1977. Flowering Plants- Evolution and Classification of Higher categories17. Lawrence, G.H.M. 1955. An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy. Central Book Depot,

Allahabad.18. Lawrence, G.H>M. 1964. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. New Delhi.19. Naik, V.N. 1984. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. New Delhi.20. Pool, R.J. 1941. Flowers and Flowering Plants. New Delhi.21. Priti Shukla and Shital P. Misra. 1997. An Introduction to Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Vikas

Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.22. Radford Albert, E. Fundamentals of Plant Systematics23. Rendle. A.B. 1967. Classification of Flowering Plants. Cambridge.24. Sivarajan, V.V. 1991. An Introduction to Principles of Taxonomy, London.25. Sivarajan, V.V. 1999. Principles of Plant Taxonomy Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt Ltd.

New Delhi.26. Stace, C. 1985. Plant taxonomy and Biosystematics, London.27. Subrahmanyam, N.S. 1999. Modern Plant Taxonomy. Vikdas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.

New Delhi.28. Water. S, Judd et al., 1999. Plant Systematics, Sinauer Associates, USA.29. Willis, J.C. 1960. A Dictionary of Flowering Plkants and Ferns. Cambridge.

Economic Botany and Ethnobotany1. Hill, A.F. 1952. Economic Botany, Tat McGraw Hill2. Kochar, L.S. 1981. Economic Botany in the Tropics, Macmillan3. Pandey, B.P. 2000. Economic Botany. S. Chand & Company, New Delhi.4. Pandey, S.N. and Chandha, A. 1999. Economic Botany. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.

New Delhi.5. Purseglove, J.W. 1972. Tropical Crops-Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons.

Paper. BO 222. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry

A. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY1. Cell wall architecture and its role in plant cells.2. Water movement in plants and stomatal physiology- enzymic mechanism of opening and

closing of stomata. Interrelations of soil and cellular water.3. Structure and organization of plant cell membranes, glycoconjugates and proteins in

membranes, ion transport across the membrane, Na/ K/ Mg dependant ATPases. Role of G-proteins in membrane transport.

4. Photosynthesis – Importance, Efficiency and turn over; Photosynthetic pigments, Photochemistry, Electron transport, Phosphorylation and oxygen evolution. Water oxidizing clock, Photosystem I and II Structure and function. RubisCo – Structure and function, Photo inhibition, Phytochromes; carbondioxide fixation, C3-C4 pathways; energetics of CO2 fixation; Crassulacean acid metabolism. CAM species. Bacterial photosynthesis.

5. Photorespiration and glycolate metabolism. Mechanism of photorespiration in C3 and C4 plants. Factors regulating photorespiration.

6. Respiration – Glycolytic pathway of glucose degradation; Oxidative Pentose phosphate pathway, anaerobic, TCA cycle, Respiratory chain, Generation of ATP, Electron transport and Terminal oxidation. Oxidative phosphorylation.

7. Transport of metabolites – Xylem and Phloem sap translocation – current trends.8. Photoregulation and growth responses. Growth regulators and their mode of action. Plant

morphogenesis. Physiology of flowering, fruit ripening senescence and abscission, vernalisation.

9. Seed metabolism, Hydration Phase of germination, Inter relationship between growing seedling and the storage tissues, glyoxylate cycle in fatty seeds during germination.

10. Physiological response of plants to stress. Various stresses viz drought, heat and cold. Salt tolerance in plants.

11. Role of phytoalexins, defence mechanism, Phenyl propanoid pathway in plants.12. Tree Physiology – Leaf canopies, Radiation environment, Effect of irradiance in plants;

Tree and water relations.13. Allelopathy – Plant derived compounds

Practicals1. Extraction and estimation of total proteins by TCA precipitation and Lowrys method.2. Isolation of chloroplast from fresh leaves and estimation of chlorophyll proteins.3. Chlorophyll survey of five plants. Quantification, absorption spectra of chlorophyll and

carotenoids using different solvents.4. Hill activity by DCPIP/ ferricyanide reduction.5. Extraction and estimation of total phenols.6. Physiological identification of CAM in plant species.7. Isolation and quantification of free amino acids and protein bound aminoacids.8. Determination of antioxidants in plant tissues – ascorbic acid, tocopherol, β – carotene.

B. BIOCHEMISTRY

1. Chemical bonds, Ionic bond, Covalent bond, Atomic orbitals, Concept of hybridization, bonding in organic molecules effect of bonding on reactivity, polarity of bonds – bond length – bond angle – hydrogen bond, dissociation and association constant.

2. Structure, function and metabolism of carbohydrates. Glycogen break down (glycogenesis), gluconeogenesis. Interconversion of hexoses and pentoses. Hormonal regulation of carbohydrate metabolism.

3. Lipid oxidation, Biosynthesis of fatty acids. Biosynthesis of Triacyl glycerol, diacyl glycerol, monoacyl glycerol; Phospholipids, Cholesterol.

4. Proteins – Classification based on structure, function and localization sites. Biosynthesis, tertiary, quaternary structure. Ramachandran plot; Purification of proteins; molecular composition.

5. Amino acids – Transamination, deamination, essential and non essential amino acids, Aromatic acids – metabolism

6. Nucleic acids – Structure and replication; Enzymes for synthesis and degradation, modification of nucleic acids, Biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines; RNA biosynthesis; Transcription and RNA processing; Translation of mRNA

7. Enzymes – major groups; distribution of plant enzymes; functional compartmentation; soluble and membrane bound enzymes; purification; localization of enzymes by electrophoresis; Zymogram; Isozyme analysis, abzymes. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA)

8. Hormones – Chemistry and biological functions. Biosynthesis of auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene. Biochemical role of ABA and ethylene in plant growth and development.

9. Vitamins, plant sources as anti oxidants – Chemistry and biological role of fat; soluble vitamins A,D,K and E and water soluble vitamins – B complex and Vitamin C.

Practicals1. Preparation of buffers.2. Preparation of standard solutions of BSA, Glucose, Catechol.3. Extraction and estimation of soluble proteins by Bradford method.4. Estimation of reducing sugars.5. Column chromatography of pigments.6. Thin layer chromatography of phenols.7. Isolation, assay and determination of specific activity of plant enzymes of germination,

growth and fruit ripening, viz amylase, lipase, protease peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase.8. Ammonium sulphate precipitation – dialysis and kinetics of anyone of the above enzyme.9. Electrophoresis of enzymes – Peroxidase and is-enzyme analysis.10. Isolation and quantification of plant lipids by dry and wet methods.

ReferencesPlant physiology

1. Brett, C.T. and Waldron, K.K. 1996. Physiology and Biochemistry of Plant Cell Walls, Chapman and Hall London.

2. Conn, E.E. and Stumpf P.K. et al., 1999. Biochemistry. John Wiley and Sons. New Delhi.3. Daphne. J. Osborne, Micheal. B. Jackson. 1989. Cell separation in plants physiology,

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Springer – Verlag. Berlin.4. David T. Dennis and David H. Trurpin (Eds.) 1993. Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and

Molecular Biology. Longmann Scientific and Technical, Singapore.5. Devlin and Witham, 1997. Plant Physiology. CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi.6. Fitter, A.H. and Hay R.K.M. 1987. Environmental physiology of plants. Academic Press.7. Hall, D.O. and Rao, K.K. 1999. Photosynthesis. Cambridge University Press.8. Hatch, M.D. et. al., 1971. Photosynthesis and Photorespiration.9. Hess, D. 1975. Plant physiology. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi10. Jain, J.L. 2000 Fundamentals of Biochemistry. S. Chand & Co. New Delhi.11. Lincoln Taiz and Eduardo Zeiger, 1991. Plant Physiology. The Benjamin/ Cummings

publishing Company, Inc.12. Noggle and Fritz, 1999. Introductory Plant physiology. Prentice hall, London.13. Salisbury, F.B. and Ross. C. 2000, Plant physiology. John Wiley & Sons, New Delhi.14. Strafford, G.A. 1979 Essentials of Plant Physiology. Heinemann Publishing Co. New York.15. Wilkins, M.B. (Ed) 1984. Advanced Plant Physiology, Pitman Publishing Co. New York.16. William G. Hopkins, 1999. Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley & Sons. Inc. New

York.

Biochemistry

1. Campbell, M.K. 1999. Biochemistry. Saunders College Publishing, New York.2. Conn, E.E. and Stumpf P.K. et al., 1999. Biochemistry. John Wiley and Sons. New Delhi.3. David T. Dennis and David H. Trurpin (Eds.) 1993. Plant Physiology. Biochemistry and

Molecular Biology. Longmann Scientific and Technical, Singapore.4. Fisher J. et. al., 1999. Instant notes in Chemistry for Biologists. Viva Books Pvt. Ltd. New

Delhi.5. Goodwin and mercer 1996. Introduction to plant Biochemistry. CBS Publishers and

Distributors, New Delhi.6. Hames, B.D. et al., 1999. Instant notes in Biochemistry. Viva books Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.7. Harborne, J.B. 1999. Plant Biochemistry. Chapmann & Hall, New Delhi.8. Jain, J.L. 2000. Fundamentals of Biochemistry. S. Chand & Co. New Delhi.9. Plummer, D.T. 1996. An Introduction to practical Biochemistry. McGraw Hill10. Satyanarayana, U. 1999. Biochemistry. Books and Allied (P) Ltd. Calcutta.11. Wilson and Goulding. 1992. Biologists Guide to Principles and Techniques of Practical

Biochemistry

Paper. BO 223. Ecology, Phytogeography, Conservation Biology & Evolution

A. ECOLOGY1. Introduction to various approaches to the study of ecology based on levels of organization

and habitat – interaction between environment and biota. Limiting factors.2. Concepts of Ecosystems: Types – Fresh water, marine and terrestrial – components of

ecosystem – Application of law of thermodynamics, food chain, food web trophic levels, ecological pyramids and recycling – energy flow and transaction – Development and evolution of ecosystems.

3. Plant community: Concept, attributes. Difference between community and vegetation. Methods of study of communities – Floristic, Physiognomic and Phytosociological methods. Classification – Raunkiaer’s and Clements systems. Main concepts in classification of communities – individualistic concept of Gleason, Vegetation continuum concept of Whittaker and Curtis. Ecotone.

4. Major terrestrial plant communities – study of climate, their distribution and adaptation to the environment. Deserts (Dry and Cold,), Tundra, Grass land, Savannah, temperate forest, tropical rain forest, mangrove.

5. Ecological concept of species : Autecological level (genecology), Synecological level (Ecosystem level). Ecads (Ecophenes), Ecotypes, Ecospecies.

6. Pollution – Causes, effects and preventive measures of air, water, soil and radiation pollution.

Practicals1. Analysis of vegetation – by using Qudrat/line transect to find out frequency and interpret

the vegetations in terms of Raunkiaer’s frequency formula.2. To find out dissolved oxygen content in the given water (Pond, lake, well etc.) samples by

Winkler’s methods.3. To find out primary production in the given water sample lusing light and dark bottle

methods.4. Estimate carbonate and bicarbonate content in the water samples.5. Estimate the total organic carbon content in the given soil samples

B. PHYTOGEOGRAPHY1. Define – Phytogeography, static phytogeography and dynamic phytogeography

2. Geological history and evolution of plant life3. Factors of plant distribution. Theories concerning present and past distributions –

continental drift, glaciation, existence of land bridges and their effect on plant distribution4. Phytogeographic regions of world (Vegetational belts)5. Soil, climate, flora and vegetation of India.

C. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY

1. Concept, aim and principles of conservation.2. Convention non biological diversity – Objectives – Definition of biodiversities – Roles of

ICU (IUCN), MAB – Red data book – Threatened categories of plants – Conservation strategies, In-situ and Ex-situ conservation- Biosphere reserves – Wild life sanctuaries and National parks in India with particular reference to Kerala

3. Agriculture and conservation of resources. Novel agricultural technologies – Green manures, Biofertilizers, Biological pest control, nitrification inhibitors, wind mills for irrigation, Solar energy for drawing ground water, bio-gas for cooking and slurry left to be used as fertilizers.

4. Urbanization and Conservation – Planning for environmentally compatible human settlements and strategy for sustainable industrial development.

5. Conservation and energy – Causes of energy crisis, Conventional and Non – Conventional energy sources, Development of non-polluting energy systems – Solar energy, Wind energy, energy recovery from solid wastes.

6. Conservation of physical resources (Mention all physical factors of environment).

D. EVOLUTION1. Origin and evolution of lifeClassical and synthetic theories of evolutionForces of evolution, Mechanism of evolutionSpecies concept, SpeciationIsolation mechanismsEvolution above species levelMolecular evolution

PracticalCritical notes can be given for practical

ReferenceEcology and Phytogeography1. Addision, M.J. 1984. Ecology An Evolutionary Approach, Wesley Publishing Co. New

Delhi.2. APHA. 1985. Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water. APHA,

Washington, DC.3. Arora, 1995. Fundamentals of Environmental Biology. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.4. Billings. W.D. 1972. Plants man and ecosystem, Macmillan India, New Delhi.5. Chapman. 1999. Ecology – Principles and Applications. Cambridge University Press.

Foundation Books, New Delhi.6. Crawford, R.M.M. (Ed.) 1986. Plant Life in aquatic and amphibious habitats, Black Well

Scientific Publications, Oxford London.7. Jeffrey, D.W. 1987. Soil Plant relationship – An ecological approach. Croom Helm.8. Jones, H. G. 1983. Plants and Microclimate: a quantitative approach to environmental

plant physiology. Cambridge University Press.

9. Kershaw, K. A and Looney, J.H.H. 1985. Quantitative and dynamic plant ecology. Edward Amold.

10. Krishnamurti, C. R. and Viswanathan, P. (Eds.) 1991. Toxic metals in the Indian Environment. Tata Megraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd. New Delhi.

11. Kumar, H. D. 1997. General Ecology. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.12. Mackenzie, A. Ball, A.S. and Virdee S. R. 1999. Instant notes in Ecology. Viva Books Pvt.

Ltd., New Delhi.13. Odum, F. E. 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology. W. B. Saunders & Company.14. Ray. P.K. 1992. Pollution and Health Wiley Eastern Ltd. New Delhi.15. Trivedi, P.R. and Gurudeep Raj. 1995. Environmental Biology. Akashdeep Publishing

House, New Delhi.16. Weber, W. J. Jr. and Morris, C. J. 1962. Advances in water pollution research. Peragamon

Press , Oxford, London.

Conservation Biology1. Ahmedulla and Nayar, M.P. Endemic Plants of India region. Botanical Survey of India P-8

Brabourne Road, Calcutta 700 0012. Bramwell, D., Hanamann, O., Heywood, V. and Synge, H. Botanic gardens and world

conservation strategy. Academic Press, London.3. Brain Ford-Lloyd and Michael Jackson. Plant Genetic Resources – An introduction to their

conservation and use. Edward Arnold (publishers) Ltd., 80 Weverly Road, Caulfield East, Victoria 3145, Australia.

4. Chopra, V.L. and Khoshoo, T. N. Conservation for productive agriculture. ICAR, New Delhi.

5. Green Lucas and Hugh Synge, IUCN Plant Red data book. IUCN, Morges, Switzerland.6. Jain, S.K. and Mehra. K.L. Conservation of tropical plant resources. B.S.J, p-8 Brabourne

Road, Calcutta – 700 0017. Jain S. K. and Rao. R.R. An assessment of threatened plants of India. Botanical Survey of

India, P-8 Brabourne Road, Calcutta- 700 0018. Nayar, M.P. Hotspots of endemic plants of India, Nepal and Bhutan. TBGRI, Palode,

Thiruvananthapuram.9. Nayar, M. P. et al. Red data book of Indian Plants Vols. 1-3. Botanical Survey of India , P-

8 Braboume Road, Calcutta 70000110. Prodipto Ghosh and Akshay Jaitly. The Road from Bio-Environment and development

policy issues in Asia. Tata Energy Reseach Institute, 9, Jor Bagh, New Delhi- 11000311. Ramesh, B. R. and Pascal, J.P. Atlas of endemics of the Western Ghats (India). Institute

Francais de Pondichery, PB 33, Pondichery 605 00112. Samar Singh. Conserving India’s natural heritage. Batraj publishers, Dehradun. 13. Takuya Abe et al. Biodiversity – Social and Ecological aspects. World rainforest

movement, 87 Cantonment Rjoad, 10250 Penang, Malaysia14. Vandana Shiva et al. Biodiversity – social and Ecological aspects. World rainforest

movement, 87 Cantonment Road, 10250 Penang, Malaysia.15. Walter V. Reid et al. Biodiversity prospecting: Using genetic resources for sustainable

development. Word Resources Institute (WRI), usa.16. Warren. A. and Goldsmith, F.B. Conservation in perspective. John Wiley and Sons.

Chichesten, New York.

Evolution1. Blackie, 1983. Evolutionary Principles, Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.2. Briggs, D. and Walters, S.M. 1984. Plant variation and Evolution. Cambridge University

Press, London.

3. Echrlich & Holm, 1974. Process of Evolution, Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.4. Jha, A.P. 1997. Genes and Evolution. Macmillan India ltd. Delhi.5. Savage, J.M. 1969. Evolution, Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.6. Strickberger, M.W. 1996. Evolution. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, New York.7. Theodosius Dobozhansky et al., 1986. Evolution. Surjeet Publications, Delhi.8. Wooley, P. 1983. Molecular theory of Evolution. Springer – Verlag, Berlin.

SEMESTER III

Paper . BO 231. Cytology Cytogenetics & Genetics

A. CYTOLOGY AND CYTOGENETICS

1. The cell- ultra structural study of cell organelles Mitochondria, Plastids, Endoplasmic reticulum , Golgi bodies, Lysosomes, Glyoxysomes and Peroxisomes giving importance to their functional inter – relationship.

2. Cyto skeleton - its role in cell organization and motility.3. Nucleus – importance of nucleus in cell metabolism, Nucleus as the center of genes and genetic

regulation in eukaryotes Nuclear envelope – inner and outer membranes – internal dense lamellae – pore complex and dynamic aspects of pore complex and nuclear envelope. Importance of nuclear envelope.

Nucleoplasm – Constituents – Chromosomes – organization of chromatin fibre, current evidences for uninemic folded fibre organization – bead string organization of chromatin fibre – structural and functional organization of nucleosomes.4. Chemistry of chromosomes – DNA – organization, histone and non-histone proteins, RNA and

organization of these components in the three dimensional configuration of chromosome. A study of structure and function of Kinetochore – NOR and other secondary constrictions, satellites, heterochromatic segments and telomeres.

5. Nucleolus – ultrastructure of nucleolus Pas chromosoma, Pars fibrosa, Pars granulose, Pars amorpha. Variations in nucleolar ultra structure origin of nucleolus – diversities in nucleolus organization.

6. Functions of nucleolus – Manufacture of ribosomal subunits.7. Special types of chromosomes – structure and significance of Lamp brush chromosomes,

Polytene chromosomes and B chromosomes.8. Numerical variations of chromosomes – origin and meiotic behaviour of haploidy, aneuploidy

and polyploidy.9. Structural variations of chromosomes – Deletion, inversion and translocation. Meiotic behavior

in the above types10. Stages of cell cycle – G1, s, G2 – Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Mitotic

apparatus, Cytokinesis, Meiosis – General description of meiosis, Synaptonemal complex, structure and function with significance of the various stages of meiosis I and II

11. Theories and mechanism of crossing over, Stern’s experiment and Mc Clintock Creighton experiment. Crossing over at tetrad stage. Molecular mechanism of crossing over.

12. Genetic consequence of meiosis intercellular interaction. Cell recognition, specific cell adhesions and contact inhibition.

PracticalsMitosis: Allium cepa ChlorphytumMeiosis: All stages – Rhoeo Chlorophytum

B. GENETICS

I. Classical Genetics

1. Mendelism – Critical evaluation of Mendelian principles.2. Gene interactions – Interactions of two genes in epistatic and non epistatic interactions and their

biochemical interpretaion. Interaction of more than two genes (coat colour in mice-three genes).3. Dominance relationships – Incomplete dominance (lower colour and leaf breadth in Antirrhinum

majus), co-dominance (MN blood group alleles in humans), mosaic dominance (anthocyanin pigmentation of stem, leaf and fruit in maize) delayed dominance (Huntington’s chorea in humans)

4. Lethal genes – Classification of lethal, genes – autosomal dominant lethal (retinoblastoma in humans), autosomal recessive lethal (albino mutation in maize), sex linked dominant genes (vitamin D resistant rickets in humans), sex linked recessive lethal (hemophilia in humans). Pen trance and expressivities.

5. Allelism and multiple alleles – Allelic concept, origin of new alleles, types of alleles – iso alleles, pseudo alleles and multiple alleles (Self incompatibility in Nicotiana, coat colour in rabbits and ABO blood group system in humans.

6. Polygenic inheritance – Quantitative characters, works of Nilsson – Ehle and East, multiple factor hypothesis, kernel colour in wheat, ear head length in maize, skin colour in humans, normal curve of the F2 distribution, calculation of the number of genes involved and the effect of individual genes, modifiers, specific modifiers, heritability and role of environment.

7. Chromosome theory of inheritance – Proof for chromosome theory – white-eye mutation and non-disjunction in Drosophila. Chromosomal mechanisms of segregation, independent assortment and sex determination, dosage compensation, Barr body, Lyon’s hypothesis, sex-linked inheritance.

8. Linkage, recombination and linkage maps – William Bateson’s concepts of coupling and repulsion. T.H. Morgan’s concepts of linkage, linear arrangement of genes, linkage groups, complete and partial linkage and recombination. Linkage maps, three point test crosses, interference, coefficient of coincidence and negative interference.

9. Molecular mapping methods – RFLP mapping, chromosome walking and chromosome jumping10. Extra chromosomal inheritance – Maternal inheritance of cytoplasm, plasma genes, plastid

genome, plastid inheritance in maize; mitocondrial genome, mitocondrial inheritance (male sterility in maize), episomes in bacteria.

11. Microbial genetics – genetic recombination in viruses – lysogenic and lytic cycles in bacteriophages, Benzer;s experiment in the rll locus of T4 phage, retro viruses, reverse transcription, oneo viruses and oncogenes. Bacterial recombination – transformation experiments of Griffith and Avery et al. Conjugation – F+, F- and Hfr F- conjugations. Conjugation mapping, F-duction (sexduction). Transduction – generalized and specialized. Recombination in fungi (tetrad analysis in Neurospora) – complementation tests.

12. Biochemical Genetics – Contributions of Garrod, Beadle and Ephrussi, and Beadle and Tatum.13. Gene concept – Factor concept of Mendel, Presence and absence theory of Bateson, gene-

enzyme relationship suggested by Garrod . One gene – one enzyme hypothesis of Beadle and Tatum. Benzer’s concepts of Cistron, muton and recon. Brief discussion of the following types of genes – house keeping genes, smart genes(luxury genes), transposons, overlapping genes, split genes, gene cluster, gene families, orphangenes, homeotic genes, pseudo genes and selfish genes.

II Molecular Genetics.

1. Genetic Material – DNA as genetic material, DNA constancy, C-Value paradox, structure of B-DNA and Z-DNA.

2. DNA replication- Stage, unit and mode of replication. Semi conservative mode of replication, Messelson – Stahl experiment. The system of replication – template, deoxy nucleotide tri phosphate pool, enzymes and protein factors, mechanism of replication, unidirectional and bi-directional replication, molecular assembly at the replication fork, leading and lagging strands. Okasaki fragments. DNA polymerases of prokaryotes and eukaryotes, topo isomerases, gyrases, ligases and nucleases. DNA polymerase function, proof reading and repair. Comparison of eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA replication.

3. DNA damage and repair – Photo reactivation excision repair, recombinational repair, SOS repair, genetic diseases caused by defects of DNA repair system-Blooms syndrome, xeroderma pigmentosum, retinoblastoma.

4. Mutations – Types of mutations, methods of detection of mutations, CIB method and attached X method, Molecular mechanism of spontaneous and induced mutations , site directed mutagenesis, high radiation belts of Kerala. Mutagenic effects of food additives, drugs etc. Ames test.

5. Genetic code – Experiments of Crick, Nirenberg and colleagues and Hargobind Khorana. Genetic code word dictionary. Features of the genetic code and its exceptions.

6. Protein synthesis – Transcription, organization of transcriptional units Prokaryotic and eukaryotic RNA polymerases and their function. RNA processing and Translation.

7. Gene regulation – Gene regulation in viruses – cascade mode of expression of early, middle and late genes in viruses. Gene regulation in prokaryotes – Operon concept positive and negative control, attenuation, antitermination. Eukaryotic gene regulation – heterochromatinisation and DNA methylation. DNA methylases, DNA rearrangement. Transcriptional regulation - signal transduction, upstream and down stream. Regulatory sequences and transacting factors, activators and enhancers. DNA binding by transcription factors. Britten and Davidson model for eukaryotic vene regulation. Post transcriptional regulation. RNA processing – hnRNA, introns and exons capping, poly adenylation, splicing, snRNAs and spliceosomes. Translational regulation and post translational regulation. Cleavage and processing of proteins. Genetic imprinting. Environmental regulation of gene expression.

8. Gene synthesis – Kornberg’s in vitro replication of X 174 DNA. Khorans’s artificial synthesis of the genes for alanine transfer RNA and tyrosine transfer RNA of yeast. Gene synthesizing machines.

9. Molecular genetic techniques – DNA sequencing methods of Sanger and Maxam and Gilbert, nucleic acid hybridization and Cot curves, PCR, RFLP, RAPD and AFLP. Blotting techniques – Southern, northern and western blotting, do blotting, slot blotting, DNA finger printing and foot printing.

10. Genetic engineering – Methods and applications.

III Population Genetics, Human Genetics etc.

1. Population Genetics – Systems of mating and their genetic effects. Hardy – Weinberg law and its applications, factors affecting gene frequencies, genetic drift, founder effect, genetic load, consanguinity and its genetic effects.

2. Human Genetics – Mendelian characters in humans, blood group systems – Rh and MN blood groups, human karyotype and syndromes caused by its aberrations, genetic diseases caused by gene mutations, amniocentesis, genetic counseling.

3. Genomics – Genome organization in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Genomic RNA, structure of chromatin, coding and noncoding sequences and satellite DNA, Advances in the genome sequencing of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Reverse genetics. Human genome project.

4. Gene therapy – Somatic cell and germline gene therapy.

5. Developmental genetics – Genetic control of development in plants and animals with stress to developmental genes in Arabidopsis and Drosophila. Role of cytoplasm in development. Animal cloning.

6. Somatic cell genetics – Dynamism of the genome in somatic cells, gene amplification, transposons, gene modifications and rearrangement in somatic cells with stress to the immune system. Somaclonal variations. Hybridoma technique.

PracticalsWorking out of problems in quantitative inheritance, linkage and chromosome mapping, microbial genetics (tetrad analysis), molecular genetics and population genetics.

Reference Cytology and Ctyogenetics1. David. E. Sadava. 1993. Cell Biology. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston.2. De Robertis and De Robertis 1998. Cell and Molecular Biology. B.I. Waverly Pvt. Ltd. New

Delhi.3. Dyansager, V.R. 1986. Cytology and Genetics. Tata Mc Graw-Hill. New Delhi.4. Geoffrey M. Cooper 1997. The Cell – A Molecular approach. ASM Press Washington.5. Gerald Karp, 1984. Cell Biology. McGraw Hill. New Delhi.6. Goodenough, U. 1984. Genetics, Saunders College Publishing.7. Jurgen Schulz Scaffer, 1985. Cytogenertics-Plants, Animals and Humans. Springer-verlag.

Berlin8. Kiichi Fukui and Shigeki Nakayam (Eds.) 1996. Plant Chjromosomes – Laboratory Methods.

CRC Press, New York.9. Satyesh Chandra Roy and Kalyan Kumar De. 1999. Cell Biology. New Central Book Agency

(P) Ltd. Calcutta.10. Strick berger , M. W. 1985. Genetics. Macmillan India, New Delhi.11. Swanson. C.P. (Ed.) 1980. Cytogenetics. Prentice Hall.12. Swanson. C.P. et. al 1988. Cell and Molecular Biology13. William D. Stansfield et al., 1996. Schaun’s out line of theory and problems of Molecular and

Cell biology. McGreaw Hill, New York.

Genetics

1. Browder, L.W. Erickson, C.A. and Jeffery, W. R. Developmental Biology III Edn. Saunders College Publishing, USA.

2. Brown, T.A. 1999. Genomes, John Wiley & Sons. New York.3. Brown, T.A. 1992. Genetics – A molecular approach. II Edn. Chapman and Hall. London.4. Carlson, E.A. 1985. Human genetics. Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.5. De Robertis and De Robertis 1998. Cell and Molecular Biology. B.I. Waverly Pvt. Ltd. New

Delhi.6. Fosket, D. E. 1994. Plant growth and development – A molecular approach. Academic Press.7. Gardner, E.J. et al., 1996. Principles of Genetics, VII Edn. Jjohn Wiley land Sons, Inc., New

York.8. Goodenough, U. Genetics, III edn. Holt. Saunders, New York.9. Griffiths A. J. F. et al., 1999. Modern Genetic Analysis. W. H. Freeman and Co. New York.10. Gupta, P.K. Genetics. 1998. Rastogi Publications, Meerut.11. Hartl, D. and Clark, A. 1997. Principles of population Genetics. Sinauer Associates,

Massachusetts.12. Kornberg, A. and Baker, T.A. 1991. DNA replication. I Edn. W.H. Freeman and Co., New

York.

13. Latchman, D., 1995. Gene Regulation. A Eukaryotic perspective, II Edn. Chapman and Hall, London.

14. Lewin, B. 2000. Genes VII. Oxford University Press. New York.15. Lodish, et al. 2000. Molecular and Cell Biology. W. H. Freeman & Co. New York.16. Mitra, S. 1994. Genetics – A blue print of life. 1994. Tata Mc Graw Hill, New Delhi.17. Old, R.W. and Primrose, 1994. Principles of Gene Manipulation. VI Edn. Blackwell Scientific

publications, London.18. Satyesh Chandra Roy and Kalyan Kumar De. 1999. Cell Biology. New Central Book Agency

(P) Ltd. Calcutta.19. Singh, B.D. 2000. Fundamentals of Genetics. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.20. Sinnot, E.W. et. al., 1958. Principles of Genetics. Mc Graw Hill, New Delhi21. Snustad, D.P. et. al., 1997. Principles of Genetics, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.22. Stansfield, W.D. III Edn. Theory and Problems of Genetics;, McGraw Hil, New York.23. Strickberger, M. W. 1999. Genetics. Prentice Hall ofIndia Pvt Ltd. New Delhi.24. Thomas. R. Mertins and Robert. L. Hammorsmith. 1998. Genetics – a Laboratory

Investigation.25. William D. Stansfield et al., 1996. Schaun’s out line of theory and problems of Molecular and

Cell biology. McGraw Hill, New York.26. Winter, P.C. et al., 2000. Instant notes in Genetics. Viva Books Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

Paper. BO 232. Plant Breeding, Horticulture, Biostatistics & Computer applications

A. PLANT BREEDING1. Introduction – Objectives in Plant breeding.2. Floral Biology in relation to selfing and crossing techniques.3. Reproduction in Plants – Mode of reproduction in relation to breeding.4. Sexual reproduction – objectives and methods of emasculation and pollination – raising F1

hybrids.5. Asexual reproduction: Vegetative apomixes Advertitive embryony – Non recurrent apomixix,

diplospory, apospory, parthenogenesis, androgenesis automixis, semigamy, agamic comples, poly embryony. Role of apomixix in plant breeding.

6. Sterility: Environmental and morphological sterility. Gametic and zygotic sterility. Somatoplastic sterility – inviability – weakness – break down of hybrids, cytoplasmic and genetic sterilidty, cytogenetic and biochemical basis of sterility – Significance in plant breeding.

7. Breeding Methods: Sources of plant germplasm. Centres of genetic diversity. Concepts of de-Candolle and Vavilov Primary, secondary and microcenters. Genetic erosion – causes threatened species. Plant genetic conservation – (in-situ and ex-situ).

8. Plant introduction: Types and procedures. Preservation and utilization of germplasm.9. Selection: Principles – genetic basis and methods. Mass selection, pure line selection, clonal

selection.10. Hybridization : Objectives, choice of parents, problems and causes offailure odf hybridization –

Incompatibility and sterility – Methods of overcoming – genetic consequences of hybridization. Methods of handling segregating hybrids for isolation of superior strains – Bulk method and pedigree method of selection. Role of interspecific and intergeneric hybridization in plant improvement.

11. Back-cross breeding: Theory and procedure for transferring various types of characters. Inbreeding consequences. Heterosis theories – genetic and physiologic basis – Applications in plant breeding – steps in the production of single cross, double cross, three way cross and synthetic cross – use of male sterility in hybrid production – cytoplasmic – Genetic and cytoplasmic – Genetic sterility.

12. Polyploidy breeding induction of autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy, role of chromosome manipulation – chromosome addition and substitution lines achievements.

13. Mutation breeding: Situations suitable for mutation breeding. Materials needed for treatment. Physical and chemical mutagens. Handling of mutants. Evaluation of mutants in M1, M2 and M3 generations.

14. Modified methods: Recurrent irradiation split dose irradiation – combination treatment – Achievements with special reference to Indian works. Advantages and disadvantages.

15. Resistance breeding: Causes of disease – Biotic and abiotic – Biotic – fungal, bacterial, viral, viroids, mycoplasma, insects and pests. Abiotic- water, temperature, soil – factors, disease resistance breeding – concepts of disease triangle – factors of host, degree of resistance, basis of resistance – structural biochemical, physiological and genetic. Factors of pathogen – physiological races and pathotype specialization. Genetic basis of virulence. Gene for gene systems of plant – pathogen resistance – vertical and horizontal disease resistance.

16. Methodology of disease resistance breeding. Transfer of disease resistance genes to the appropriate genetic background – Artificial production of epiphytotic conditions and screening procedures for resistance.

17. Multiline production: Achievements – Idiontype breeding – Concepts – Wheat – Asana, Donald. Rice – Super Rice – 2000

B. HORTICULTUREI1. concept and Scope – Familiarization of famous gardens in the world and in India.2. Tools and Implements.3. Plant growing structures – Green house, Glass house and Mist chamber.4. Plant propagation – Cuttage, Layerage, Graftage and Budding.5. Cultural practices – Thinning, Training, Trimming and Pruning.6. Fertilizers – Biofertilizer, Green manure, NPK, Compost – Vermicompost.II7. Out door horticulture – Gardens – Vegetable garden, Medicinal plant garden Roof garden, Fruit

garden, Lawns and Landscapes.8. Commercial horticulture – Nurseries, Indoor plants and flowers.9. Arboriculture – Pruning, bracing, feeding and transplanting. Bonsai.III10. Floriculture – commercial floriculture – Production of cut flowers and home floriculture.11. Disease and pest control in gardening- Fungicides and pesticides.12. Plant growing problems and their control.

Practical1. Budding – ‘T’ Budding and Patch Budding2. Layering – Any two methods.3. Grafting – Any two methods.4. Tools and Implements.

C. BIOSTATISTICS

1. Principle and practice of statistical methods in biological research – Sourees and presentation of data

2. Measures of Central Tendency – Mean, Median and Mode.3. Measures of Dispersion – Range, quartile deviation, mean deviation, standard deviation,

coefficient of variation and standard error.

4. Probability – Basic concepts, addition theorem, multiplication theorem and conditional probability

5. Theoretical distributions – Binomial, Poisson and Normal.6. Test of statistical significance – Chi-square test and t-test.7. Simple correlation and regression.8. F-distribution and analysis of variance.

D. COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

1. Common elementary computer science, History of development of computers, Main frame, minis, micros and super computer systems.

2. General awareness of computer hardware – CPU and other other peripheral devices (input/output and auxiliary storage devices).

3. Basic knowledge of computer systems, soft ware and programming languages4. File management – handling and creation of files.5. General awareness of popular commercial software packages and scientific application

packages. Statistical applications, Hostograms and graphs6. Multimedia presentations.7. Internet Browsing. Role of Websites and its organization.

References1. Allard, R.W. 1999. Principles of Plant Breeding. John Wiley & Sons. Inc. New York.2. Ame Hagberg and Eric Akerberg, 1962. Mutations and Polyploidy in Plant breeding.

Heimeman Educational Books Ltd. London.3. Christopher, E.P. 1981. Introductory Horticulture, McGraw Hill, New Delhi.4. Darbeswhar Roy,2000 Plant Breeding. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.5. Edmond, J. B. et al., 1977. Fundamentals of Horticulture. Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.6. Fred. W. Briggs and Knorotes, P.F. 1967. Introduction to Plant Breeding. Reinhold Publishing

Corporation. New York.7. Khan and Khan. 1994. Biostatistics. Vikas Publising House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.8. Mandal, A. K. 2000. Advances in Plant Breeding. CBS Publishers and Distributors, New

Delhi.9. Manibhushan Rao. K. 1991. Text book of Horticulture. Macmillan India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.10. Panse and Sukhatme. 1992. Statistical Methods for Agricultural workers. ICAR, New Delhi.11. Singh, B. D. 1999. Plant Breeding. Kalyani publishers , New Delhi.12. Steel and Torrie, 1986. Principles and Procedures of Statistics with special reference to

Biological Sciences.

Paper BO 233. Plant Biotechnology

1. Definition, impact of biotechnology - an overview2. Plant tissue culture techniques: Choice of explant, culture media and culture conditions, hormonal regulation of growth and differentiation, micropropagation; shoot tip, nodal segment, meristem cultures: callus culture, callus mediated organogenesis, cell suspension culture, cell line selection, in vitro mutagenesis, somatic cell genetics, selection for biotic (fungi, bacteria and viruses) and abiotic (drought, salinity, herbicides) tolerance. Somatic embryogenesis, artificial seeds, applications; protoplast culture, somatic hybridisation its impact on plant breeding, use of protoplasts in genetic transformations; Somaclonal variations. Haploid production - anther and ovule culture, dihaploids and

polyhaploids, applications. Production of secondary metabolites, Cell immobilisation, bio-reactor technology; conservation of germplasm in vitro strategies, cryopreservation and inter national exchange of germplasm.3. Plant genome - Nuclear, Chloroplast and Mitochondrial - their structure, organisation and expression.4. Genomic and organelle DNA isolation, methods of gene identification, DNA amplification - vector mediated and vectorless methods - Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Restriction, digestion and ligation; restriction mapping, genomic and cDNA libraries.5. Methods of gene transfer in plants. Agrobacterium and CaMV mediated gene transfer;

direct gene transfer using PEG, micro injection, electroporation, microprojectile (biolistics) method, liposme mediated DNA delivery ; Transposons as vectors ; use of mixed vectors, transient and stable gene expression in transgenic plants.

6. Analysis and expression ofcloned genes - DNA sequencing, DNA markers; Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) ; Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Amplified fragment Length polymorphism (AFLP), Ligase chain reaction (LCR), Antisense RNA.7. Application of gene cloning and transformation techniques in plants- Genetically modified organisms and foods (GMO/GMF) - Social and ethical considerations in Indian Scenario.Practicals1. Preparation of culture medium (MS> N& N, SH,B5 and Whites), sterilization and inoculation.2. Shoot multiplication, Callus culture and organogenesis of important crops/medicinal plants/ornamentals.3. Isolation of genomic DNA and estimation by spectro photometry. Demonstration of Agarose gel electrohoresis.4. Encapsulation of seeds/embryos incalcium alginate.5. Students have to submit a record of the above work done.

References1. Brown, C. M. 1987. Introduction to Biotechnology. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, London.2. Brown, C.M. Campbell, I. and Priest, F.G. 1990. Introduction to Biotechnology. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, London.3. Brown, T.A. 1999. Genomes. John Wiley & Sons. New York.4. Chawla, H.S. 2000. Introduction to Plant Biotechnology. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.5. Dixon, R.A. and Gonzales, R. A. (Eds.) 1994. Plant Cell Culture - A Practical Approach. Oxford University Press, New York.6. Gamborg, O.L and Phillips, G.C. 1998. Plant Cell, Tissue Organ Culture. 1998. Narosa Publishing House, NewDelhi.7. Griffiths el al., 1999. Modern Genetic Analysis. W.H. Freeman & Co. New York.8. Gupta, P.K. 1999. Elements of Biotechnology. Rastogi Publications, Meerut.9. Jefrey. M.. Backer el al., 1996. Biotechnology- A Laboratory Course. Academic Press, New York.10 Keshav Trehan, 1991. Biotechnology. Wiley Eastern Ltd, New Delhi.

11. Kumar, H.D. 2000. Modern concepts of Biotechnology. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.12. Old, R.W. and Primrose, S.B 1983. Principles of Gene Manipulation. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, London.13. Old R.W. and Primrose. S.B. 1986. An introduction to Genetic Engineering. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, London.14. Pamela Peters. 1993. Biotechnology-Aguide to Genetic Engineering. Wim.C Brown Publishers, USA.15. Primrose, S.B. 1989. Modern Biotechnology. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, London.16. Thomas R. Mertins and Robert. L. Hammorsmith. 1998. Genetics a Loboratory Investigation.17. Thorpe, T.A. 1981. Plant Tissue Culture Academic Press, London.18. Trivedi, P.C. (Ed.) 2000. Plant Biotechnology - Recent Advances. Panima Publishing Co. New Delhi.20. Wulf Crueger and Anneliese Crueger. 2000. Biotechnology - A Text book of Industrial Microbiology.

SEMESTER IV

Paper.BO 241. Microbiology, Biophysics and Molecular BiologyA. MICROBIOLOGY

1. BacteriaClassification - current conceptsUltra structure. Nutritional RequirementsReproduction and GrowthPhotosynthesis and RespirationGenetic recombination Antibiotics2. Soil Microbiology - Rhizosphere, Nirogen fixation, Mycorrhiza3. Microbiologyof Air, Water, Food and Sewage4. Industrial MicrobiologyFermentation processes - Bioreactors, organic acids and vitaminsApplication of microbes in Biotechnology and genetic engineering Single Cell ProteinsMicrobes in decomposition and drecycling processes.Bioconversion of Waste products5. General account of Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Chlamydia6. VirusesClassification, Major types, Structural organisationInfection, ReproductionViroids, Virions, PrionsRetroviruses, Single standed virusesInterferons7. Microbial diseases in Plants, Animals and Humans.8. ImmunologyImmunity mechanisms

Immunogens, Immunoglobulins - formation and reactionImmune system - Lymphocytes and accessory cellsCellular immunityand Humoral immunityImmunolgical memory, Adjuvants, Lymphokines, T-cell receptor.HLA, Autoimmunity, MHCRegulation of Immune responsesEpitopes and Monoclonal antibodiesApplications of immunological techniques

Practical1. Practicals involving preparation of media, principles of isolation, pure culturing aspects and maintenance of culture.2. Methods of study : Hanging drops, differential staining - gram and acid fast.3. Symbiotic and non-symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria-Rhizobium.4. Bacterial analysis of water- testing for coliforms

B. BIOPHYSICS1. Vander Vaal’s electrostatic, hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction. Concepts of free energy, Thermodynamic principles in Biology.2. Principles and applicationsof light and electron microscopy, bright field phase contrast, fluorescence, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Cytophotometry, flowcytometry, micrometry, camera lucida, photo micrography.3. Principle and applications of Gel filtration Ion exchange and affinity chromatography, High performance liquid chromatography; Electrophoresis, Electro focusing,ultra centrifugation.4. Principles of biophysical methods used for analysis of biopolymers: X-ray diffraction; fluorescence; UV visible, IR.NMR, ESR, Spectroscopy, Atomic absorption spectroscopy.5. Principles and applications of tracer techniques in biology. Radiation dosimetry, Radioactive isotopes; Autoradiography, Cernkov radiation, ORD/CD, hydrodynamic methods, plasma emission spectroscopy,liqued scintillation.

PracticalsStudents are expected to get a good exposure on all the devices used in modern analytic methods by conducting study trips to research organisations and present a report.

C. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY1. Central dogma of Molecular Biology- Nucleic acids and proteins.2. Molecular structure of proteins, protein folding, domains inproteins, cloning strategy for proteins, site directed mutagenesis for protein studies.3. Molecular mechanism of Nitrogen fixation - Nitrate reductase - nif genes and Nodulation genes (Nod) in Azotobacter and Rhizobia. Genetic regulation of Nitrogen fixation4. Molecular mechanism of photosynthesis, light and dark reaction ofphotosynthesis, regulation in nuclear and chloroplast gene expression, mitochondrial genome organisation and function.5. Molecular biology of various natural stresses viz drought, cold and salt in plants.

6. Structural polymorphism of DNA, RNA and three dimensional structure of tRNA.

PracticalsMolecular Biology1. Separation of chlorophyll proteins and whole soluble proteins using SDS PAGE2. Extraction and isolation of nucleic acids from leaf tissue3. Estimation of DNA by diphenyl amine method4. Estimation of RNA by orcinol method5. Agarosegel electrophoresis - fractionation and staining of DNA

Biophysics1. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of amino acids2. Absorption spectra and estimation of pigments3. Separation of pigments by column chromatography4. Separation of alkaloids by TLC5. Separation of subcellular particles by sucrose density gradient centrifugation.

ReferencesMicrobiology1. Atlas, M. and Bartha, R. 2000. Microbial Ecology. Addison Wesley Longmann, Inc. New York.2. Black, J.G.; 1999. Microbiology - Principles and Explorations. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.3. Brock, T.D. 1996. Biology of Micro-organisms. Prentice Hall.4. Casida, L.E. 1997. Industrial Microbiology. New Age International Publishers. New Delhi.5. Dubey, R.C. and Maheswari, D.K. 2000. A Text Book of Microbiology. S Chand & Co. Ltd. New Delhi.6. Ivan Roitt.1997. Essential Immunology. Black well Science Ltd. London.7. Kumar, H.D. and Swati Kumar, 1999. Modern Concepts of Microbiology. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.8. Lydyard, P.M. el al., 1999. Instant notes in immunology. Viva Books Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.9. Madigan, T.Martinko, M. and Parker, J. 1997. Prentice Hall. London.10. Mathew, R.E.F. (1981). Plant Virology. Academic Press,11. Nicklin, J el al;, 1999. Instant notes in Microbiology. Viva Books Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.12. Pelezar, M.J. Chan, E.C.S and Kreig, N.R. 1993. Microbiology-Concepts and Applications. McGraw Hill, Inc. New York.13. Stainer, R. Y. et al.; 1990. The Microbial World. Prentice Hall.14. Wulf Crueger and Anneliese Crueger. 2000. Biotechnology - A Text book of Industrial Microbiology

Biophysics1. Casey, E.J. Biophysics:Concepts and Mechanics.2. Daniel, M. 1999. Basic Biophysics for Biologists. Agro Botanica, Bikaner.

3. David Freifielder. Physical Biochemistry - Application to Biochemistry and Molecular biology.4. F.M.Slayter. Optical Methods in Biology. Wiley Inter Science.5. Narayanan, P. Essentials of Biophysics. 2000. New Age International Publishers, New Delhi.6. Roy, R.N.1999. A Text Book of Biophysics. New Central Book Agency(P) Ltd., Calcutta.7. Water Hoppe, Wolfgang Lohmann, Hubert Markl and Hubert Zieghr (Eds.) 1983. Biophysics. Springer Verlag, New York.

Molecular Biology

1. David Freifelder, 1985. Essentials of Molecular Biology. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.

2. David T. Dennis and David H. Trurpin (Eds.) 1993. Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Longmann Scientific and Technical. Singapore.

3. De Robertis and De Robertis 1998. Cell and Molecular Biology. B.I. Waverly Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

4. Gerald Karp. 1999. Cell and Molecular Biology - Concepts and Experiments. John Wiley and Sons. Inc. New York.5. Kumar, H.D. 1999. Molecular Biology. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.6. Lewin, B. 2000 Genes VII. Oxford University Press. New York.7. Lodish, et al.; 2000. Molecular and Cell Biology. W.H. Freeman & C0. New York.

8. Mahiga, P. Klessing, D.F. Cashmore, A.R. Grinssen, W. and Varner, J.E. (1995). Methods in Plant Molecular Biology - A Laboratory Course - Manual. CSHL Press. New York.

9. Singer, M and Berg, P. (1991). Genes and Genomes. Black well Scientific Publications, Oxford, London.

10. Thomas R. Mertins and Robert. L. Hammorsmith. 1998. Genetics a Laboratory Investigation, Prentice Hall, New Jersy.

11. Turner, P.C. et al., 1999. Instant notes in Molecular Biology. Viva Books Pvt td. New Delhi.

12. Twymann, R.M. 1999. Advanced Molecular Biology. Viva Books Pvt Ltd. New Delhi.13. Watson. J.S. (1990). Molecular Biology of the Gene. Benjamin, Sydney.14. William D. Stansfield et al;, 1996. Schaun’s out line of theory and jproblems of Molecular

and Cell biology. McGraw Hill, New York.

Elective Special Paper. BO 242. Biotechnology

I. Introduction - Genesis, Projection of the technology asan interdisciplinary pursuit, expectations, benefits.II Plant Tissue Culture:

1. Techniques and applications, micropropagation for large scale multiplication of crop plants, trees, medicinal plants and ornamentals.

2. Virus elimination strategies (heat therapy, antiviral compounds, meristem proper culture) and detection (Indicator Plants, ELISA, DNA analysis), international exchange of germplasm.

3. Somaclonal and gametoclonal variations and their exploitation for plant improvement. Androgenesis and gynogenesis, Rapid route to homozygosity, applications in plant breeding.

4. Zygotic embryo rescue, role in wide hybridization. Somatic embryogenesis for large scale plant propagation, artificial seeds, use in gene transfers.

5. Secondary metabolite production, exploitation, bioreactor technology, elicitation methods, Hairy root transformation.

6. Somatic cell genetics, cell line selection, in vitro mutagenesis, their applications for generating overproducersof valuable biomolecules.

7. Protoplast isolation, fusion, generation of hybrids (Symmetric, asymmetric) cybrids - role in cytoplasmic male sterility and herbicide resistance. Preferential elimination of chromosomes, role in genetic transformation.8. Cryopreservation of germplasm, its potentials and applications.

III Animal tissue culture:

9. Techniques and applications of cell and tissue culture. Hybridomas, monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies - site directed mutagenesis, cell culture for vaccine production.

10. New methods for diagnosis of geneticdiseases, RFLP, gene therapy,germline and somatic cell gene therapy.11. Animal clonig, animal pharming

IV Recombinant DNA technology

12. Techniques, isolation of genomic and orgnelle DNA, RNA and proteins, detection of gene of interest. Restriction digestion, cohesive and blunt end ligation, kinkers, adaptors and homopolymer tailing. Blot hybridizations, Southern, Western, Northern and Dot blots, Colony and plaque hybridization Restriction maping RFLP, Synthesis of probes, Transposon tagging, Random primer methods, cDna and synthetic probes.13. cDNA technology, Reverse tanscriptase, cDNA synthesis.

14. DNA cloning strategies, Vectors of cloning, plasmids, viral vectors, cosmids, phasmids, coli phages, M13 X 174, Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BAC) and yeast aritificial chromosomes (YAC). Shotgun cloning, in vitro packaging, DNA libraries (genomic and cDNA). Seuencing strategies, Selection of recombinants - use of selectable markers and reporter genes in plants and animals.

15. PCR and its derivatives LCR, RTPCR and other derivatives of PCR, RAPD, AFLP. Thermocycler, use in amplification, sequencing. DNA chips - micro arrays.

V Gene transfer16. Direct: Ca-PEG, Liposome, Pollentube, microinjection, electroporation, and

microprojectiles (Biolistics) mediated gene transfers.17. Vector mediated Agrobacterium - Ti plasmids, Ri plamids, T DNA, vir regulation and

expression, disarmed plasmids, chimaeric selectable markers (35s / NPT II/nos), co-cultivation, CaMV, Gemini Viruses Agroinfection) TMV, SV40, Bovine papilloma viruses, vaccinia viruses, baculo viruses, retro viruses.

VI. Microbial biotechnology

18. Exploitation of microbes for the production of food, beverages, antibiotics, amino acids, vitamins, enzymes, microbial kpolysaccharides, SCP and industrial chemicals (alcohol, glycerol etc.)

19. Bioreactor designs for exploitation of microbial products, scaling up and downstream processing.

VII. Transgenic organisms20. Microbes - Production of pharmaceuticals (somatostastin, humulin, inteferons) genetically

modified microbes - biodegradation, biopesticides, bioremediation, mineral leaching and biofertilizers.

21. Plants- Insect resistance (Bt) virus resistance-coat protein, satellites, herbicide resistance (glyphosate, phosphinothricin). Increasing shelf life of foods - flavr savr tomatoes and other trait modifications. Control of seed germination ( terminator, ‘trait’ or technology) Genetically modified food.

22. Animals - Production of vaccine and pharmaceuticals, growth enhancement in livestock and poultry. Hybridomas, monoclonal antibodies, approved recombinant proteins for therapeutic purposes (Insulin, somatostatins, interleukings), gene therapy.

VIII. Impact of biotechnology on agrobiodiversity, medicine, industry, and combating environmental problems. Social, legal and ethical problems of biotechnology.

Practicals1. Micropropagation of ornamentals / medicinal plants using shoot tips and nodal segments.2. Callus culture and organogenesis, suspension culture.3. Anther culture experiments4. Encapsulation of embryos using sodium alginate.5. DNA isolation - genomic and plasmid.6. Electrophoresis of pkroteins and DNA7. Restriction digestion and ligation using kits (Demonstration only)

8. Agrobacteruim tumefaceans and arhizogenes mediated genetic transformations for tumour and hairy root induction.

9. Students have to submit two live tissue cultured materials of 1 & 2 and a detailed record of laboratory work done

10. A ckompulsory report of visit of a reputed biotechnology lab and its mandatory research programmes.

References1. Bajaj Y.P.S (ed).Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry. Springer - Verlag, Berlin.2. Benjamin Lewin. Genes VII. Oxford University Press, London.3. Chopra V.L. Malik. V.S., and Bhat S.R. (eds.), 1999 Applied Plant Biotechnology. Oxford

and IBH Publish;i;ng Co., New Delhi.4. Epenetos, A.A. (ed)., 1991 Mjonoclonal antibodies: Applications in Clinical Onchology.

Chapman and Hall. Medical. London.5. Glick, B.R. and Pastemak J.J. 1994. Molecular Biotechnology - Principles and Applications

of Recombinant DNA. Asna Press.

6. Glick, B.R.; and J.J. Pasternak. 1994. Molecular Biotechnology:Principles and applications of Recombinant DNA. Asna Press, Herndm, V.A.

7. Jack G. and Chirikjian (ed.) 1995. Biotechnology - Theory and Techniques Volume I & II. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston, London.

8. Mantell S.H., Matthews J.A., McKee R.A. 1985. Principles of Plant Biotechnology. Blackwell Scientific.

9. Morris. P., Scragg A.H., Stafford A. And Fowller M. 1986. Secondary ;Metabolism in plant cell cultures. Cambridge University Press.

10. Old R.W and Primrose S.B. Principles of Gene Manipulation, An introduction to Genetic Engineering. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, London.11. Primrose S.B. Modern Biotechnology., Blackwell scientific Publications. Oxford , London.

12. Purohit S.S. 1999. Biotechnology - Fundamentals and Applications. 3rd edn. Agrobios, Jodhpur.

13. Reinert, j. and Bajaj Y.P.S. 1977. Applied and Fundamental Aspects of plant cell, Tissue and Organ culture. Springer - verlag, Berlin.14. Thorpe T.A. 1981. Plant Tissue Culture. Academic Press - New York.

15. Walker, JM and Gingold, E.B. (Eds) 1993. Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (III edition). The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge.

16. Walker, J.M. and Gingold, E.B. (eds.) 1993. Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (3rd edn.). The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge.

17. Watson J.D. Gilman. J., Witkowski and Zoller. M 1992. Recomb;inant DNA 2nd Edn. Freeman, New York.

18. Watson J.D. M. Gilman, J. Witkowski; and M. Zoller 1992. Recombinant DNA, 2nd Ed;Freeman, New York.19. Yeoman. 1977. Plant cell culture technology. Black well Scientific publications, Oxford.

Elective Special Paper. BO 242. Environmental Biology1. Scope, Historical perspective - Interdisciplinary approach.2. Habitat Ecology - Detailed study on the four major types of hab;itats in the biosphere Fresh

water, marine, estuarine and terrestrial.3. Planktonology - Phyto and Zoo planktons measurement - relationship - Ecological

significance4. Population Ecology - Basic concepts - population characteristics, population dynamics,

regulation of population - Growth curves population structure - population theories.5. Human activities and environment - potential hazards of carelessness in developmental

activities - Bhopal tragedy and Chernobyl accident. Effects of air pollutants and chemical toxicants on ;biological systems - non plants and on animals. Some concepts ;inwater pollution - BOD. Eutrophication, self purification of natural waters, bioaccumulation, biological magnification.

6. Land degradation - Causes of land degradation - Natural and human activities. Effects of land degradation. Remedial measures.

7. Concept of wastemanagement - Waste minimization, Recycling ofindustrial wastes, Treatment of hazardous wastes, Effects of improper waste disposal.

8. Environmental B:iotechnology - Bioremediation - need and scope, Applications - Removal of toxic chemicals from industrial waste water.Biological gas treatment systems (biofilters, b;;iofilms, bioscrubbers). Japanese global applications of bioremediation technology – Replacement of petrochemicals, Reversal of global warming, Biodegradable plastics, Reversal of desert formation. Microbial conversion of CO2 to alcohol. Phytoremediation (brief account)

9. Prospects of remote sensing in environmental studies.10. Environmental issues of Kerala. Industrialisation.

Practicals

1. To find out primary production in the given water sample by using light and dark bottles.2. Estimation of phosphate and n;itrite in the water samkples.3. Estimation of hardness and salinity in the water samples.4. Quantification of the planktons, present in the given two water samples.5. Analysis of major elements (Na, K, Ca and Fe) of water samples.6. Anfalysis of chlorophyll pigments in water.7. Elemental analysis (Na, K, Ca, Mg and Fe) of plant samples.8. Study of morphological, anatomical, ecological, cytological or elemental analysis of a few

plant samples of different hfabitats (not less than five) plants and any two parameters from an environmentally significant area.

9. Visit to any environmental hot spot area and submit a report.

References1. Aaradhana P.s. (ed.)1998, Environmental Management. Rajat Publications, Delhi.2. Ambasht, R.S. and Ambasht, N.K., 1996. A Text book of Plant Ecology. Students Friends

and Co. Varanasi.3. Burdon, J.J. 1987. Diseases and Plant Population Biology, Edward Amold.4. Chhatwal G.R. et.al., 1989. Environmental Analysis (Air, Water and Soil). Anmol

Publications Pvt. Ltd.,New Delhi.5. Crawford R.M.M (ed) 1986. Plant life in aquatic and amphibian habitats, Black Well Sci.6. De Kok, L.J. and Stulen, I (eds.). 1998. Responses of Plant Metabolism to air pollution and

Global change. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden.7. Grace, J. et al., 1981. Plants and their atmospheric environment. Black Well Sci.8. Jeffrey D.W. 1987. Soil Plant Relationship an ecological approach. Croom Helm.9. Jones H.G. 1983. Plants and microclimate: a quantitative approach to environmental Plant

Physiology. Cambridge University Press.10. Karla Y.P. 1998. Hand book of Reference Methods for Plant Analysis. CRC Press New

York.11. Kershaw K.A. and Looney J.H.H. 1985. Quantitative and dynamic Plant Ecology. M.

Satake et al., 1997. Environmental Toxicology. Discovery Publishing House, New Delhi.12. Mhohan, I., 1989. Environmental Pollution and Management. Ashish Publishing House,

New Delhi.14. Naskar, K. and Mandal, R. 1999. Ecology and Biodiversity of Indian Mangroves. Daya

Publishing House, Delhi - 110035.15. Odum E.P. 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology. W.B. Saunders and Co.

16. Park, C. 1997. The Environment. Principles and Applications. Routledge London and New York.

17. Reeve R.N., 1994. Environmental Analysis. John Wiley and Sons, New York.18. Trivedi, R.K., Goel P.K. and Trisal C.L. 1987. Practical Methods in Ecology and

Environmental Science. Enviro Media Publications, Karad (India)

Elective Special Paper. BO 242. Cytogenesis

1. Basic trends in cytogenetics – genetic continuity in variation2. Haploidy – types of haploids – Euhaploids, Monohaploids, Polyhaploids, Aneuhaploids – Meiosis in

haploids, induction of haploids – Morphology, Anatomy and Physiology of haploids – Genetic control of haploidy, Genome analysis, inheritance in haploids – Dosage effect, Significance of haploids in crop improvement

3. Polyploids – types of polyploids – Numerical variation in chromosomes – autopolyploids, allopolyploids, segmental allopolyloids, autoallopolyploids, Origin of polyploids, meiosis in polyploids, Role of polyploidy in plant diversity and evolution.

4. Induction of polyploidy – methods of induction of polyploidy including colchicines. Morphological and cytological analysis of induced polyploids. Significance of induced polyploidy in plant improvement, including Indian works.

5. Aneuploids – hyperploids – trisomics, double trisomics, tetrasomics, double tetrasomics. Types of trisomics – Primary, secondary, tertiary, compensating fragment and telocentric trisomics. Meiosis in trisomics, inheritance of the extra chromosome through the male and the female. Hypoploids – monosomics, double monosomoics, nullisomics. Meiosis in hypoloids. Role of aneuploidy in producing variation and its significance in evolution.

6. Genetics of polyploids and aneuloids – Theories of tetrasomic inheritance – Muller’s hypothesis and Haldane’s hypothesis. Phenomenon of double reduction, Genetics of genomic and segmental allopolyploids, genetic pecularities of aneuploids, techniques of nullisomic and monosomic analysis in polyploids, trisomic analysis in diploids, nullisomic – tetrasomic analysis.

7. Structural variations in chromosomes – deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation – their origin and meiotic characters.

8. Cytogenetic effects – effect on crossing over, position effect translocation complex, Renner complex, Renner effect, Breakage Fusion Bridge cycle – Role of chromosome structural abberation in Evolution.

9. Cytogenetics of hybrids – Instraspecific hybrids, species hybrids, diploid and polyploid hybrids.10. Sexual dimorphism – Genetic theory, cytological basis11. Sex chromosome types – undifferentiated structural heteromorphic multiple, protenor (XO), Neosex

chromosomes, meiotic behaviour of sex chromosomes in Melandrium album and Rumex hastatulus. Evolution of sex chromosomes, sex chromatin. Lyon’s hypothesis and Dosage compensation. Chromosomal mechanism of sex determination in Melandrium and Drosphila and the role of X and Y chromosomes and autosomes in them.

12. Special types of chromosomes13. B-chromosomes – Origin, distribution, terminology, occurrence in different biological groups,

morphology, classification, behaviour in meiosis and mitosis, preferential distribution, post meiotic preferential distribution, differential fertilization, elimination, significance and adaptive value of B-chromosome system.

14. Lamp brush chromosomes – occurrence, structure, types of lateral lobes, gene amplification, cytogenetic significance.

15. Polytene chromosomes – origin, occurrence, chromosome puffs, cell, tissue and stage specifity, DNA and RNA in puff development, inductional puffing, cytogenetic significance of polytene chromosomes.

16. Karyotype analysis and karyotype evolution17. Chromosome banding – techniques and their applications

18. Human cytogenetics – Normal Karyotype in man, human chromosome culture technique, chromosome aberrations associated with congenital defects in man – Sex chromosomal – Turner’s syndrome, Klinfelter’s syndrome, Triple X syndrome, Hermaphroditism

19. Autosomal – Down syndrome, Trisomy=D1 (Patau syndrome) E3 (Trisomy 18 – Edward syndrome)

Practicals1. Somatic and meiotic chromosome study in selected polyploid and aneuploid, autopolyploid eg: Musa

Crinum 2. Allopolyploid – polypoid seies in Chlorophytum C. heyneanum (2x=2n=14), C. comosurm (4x=2n=28)

C. malabaicum or C. orchedastrum (6x=2n=42)3. Induction of polyploidy using Colchicine in selected plants4. Cytological and morphological analysis of the Colchiploids5. Meiotic study in Rhoea discolor (translocation).6. Chromosome bdan ding-G-banding.

References1. Ambrose E.J. and Easty D.M. 1980. Cell Biology – 3rd edition Vikas Publication. Delhi.2. Bernard John. 1990. Developmental and Cell Biology series. Cambridge University Press.3. Bungo Wada. 1975. Mechanism of meiosis. Cytologia .50:927-941.4. Christopher Hutchison and David M. Glover 1995 (Eds). Cell cycle control. IRL Press. Oxford

University Press. Oxford. New York.5. Du Praw E.J. 1970. Cell and Molecular Biology 3 Volumes. Academic Press. London.6. Heinz Hemmann 1989. Cell Biology. An enquiry into the nature of the living state, Harper and Row

publishers New York.7. Jurgen Schalz-Schaeffer 1980. Cyto genetics – Plants, Animals, Humans. Springer – Verlag. New

York.8. Lima-de-faria. A. 1969. Hand book of Molecular Cytology North Holland Pub. Co. Amsterdam.9. Norman S. Cohn 1969. Elements of Cytology II Ed. Harcourt, Brace and world inc.10. Sharma D.K. and Sharma A. (Eds.) 1985. Advances in chromosomes and cell genetics. Oxford and

IBH Publishing Co., 66 Janpath, New Delhi.11. Sharma. T. (Ed) 1990. Trends in Chromosome Research. Springer – Verlag Narosa Publishing Home.

Panchsheel Park. New Delhi.12. Stebbins, G.L. 1950. Variation and evolution in higher plants. Columbia Univ. Press. New York.13. Stebbins, G.L. 1971. Chromosomal Evolution in higher plants. Addition Werley, Pub. Co. London.14. Swanson, C.P., T. Merz and W.J. Young, 1967. Cytogenetics. Prentice – Hall, inc., Englewood Cliffs,

New Jersy.15. Sybenga, J. 1972. General Cytogenetics. North-Holland / American Elsevier Co., New York.16. Sybenga. J. 1975. Meiotic configurations. Springer-Verlag, New York.17. Water V. Brown. 1972. Text Book of Cytogenetics. The C.V. Mas Company, Saint Louis.

Elective Special Paper. BO 242 Plant Biochemistry and Enzymology

PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY

1. Metabolic pool of the cell, Structure, metabolism and functions of primary metabolites – carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.

2. Primary metabolic pathways and their interrelationships.3. Primary metabolite conjugates, structure and function – glycolipids, glycoproteins, metalloproteins

(Cytochromes, leghaemoglobin), nucleoproteins – RNPs and DNPs. Protein DNA interactions, Hormone DNA interactions.

4. Secondary metabolites, relevance, major secondary metabolites (Alkaloids, Phenolics, Terpenoids, Cyanogenic compounds etc.), biosynthetic pathways of secondary metabolites and their interrelationships, regulation of secondary metabolism.

5. Enzyme engineering for increased secondary metabolite production.6. Links between primary and secondary metabolic pathways.

ENZYMOLOGY

1. Plant enzymes – metabolic role of major classes. O, T, H, L, I, L (Oxidoreductases, Transferases, Hydrolyses, Lyases, isomerases, Ligases) and membrane bound enzymes.

2. Sub cellular localization of enzymes by LM and TEM. Histochemistry of enzyme reaction.3. Enzyme purification procedures ( a general design), Dialysis – Desalting methods, isolation and assay of

plant enzymes and factors affecting activity.4. Relationship between initial velocity and substrate concentration, Michaelis – Menten equations and its

significance. Lineweaver plots. Enzyme inhibition, competitive, non-competitive, Allosteric, irreversible, enzyme activation, Zymogen. Allosteric enzymes, metabolic regulation, sigmoid, Kinetic, steady state metabolic pathways by control of enzymatic activity.

5. Native PAGE in Enzyme localization, principle and methology, Zymogram.6. Isoelectric focusing (IEF)7. Immobilization of enzymes, enzyme engineering – Techniques and application.8. Biotechnological application of enzymes

Practicals

1. Isolation, partial purification and estimation of specific activity of plant enzyme – Poly phenol oxidase, malate dehydrogenase.

2. Isoenzyme analysis and preparation of Zymogram.3. Separation of enzyme proteins by Native PAGE.

References

1. Adams R.L.P, Knowler J. T. Leader D.P. 1986. The Biochemistry of the nucleic acids, 10 th ed. Chafman and Hall.

2. Burdan R.H. Knippenbergh P.H. (editors). 1989. Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2nd ed, Elsevier.

3. Fersht. A:1985. Enzyme structure and mechanism, 2nd ed. Freeman.4. Gennis R.B. 1989. Biomembranes: Molecular structure and function. Springer verlag.5. Gurr M.I, Harwood J.L:1991. Lipid Biochemistry: An Introduction 4th ed. Chapman and Hall.6. Vance D.E; Vance J.E. (editors): 1991 Biochemistry of lipids, lipo proteins and membranes. Elsevier.

Elective Special Paper. BO 242. Plant Reproductive Biology

1. Scope and prospects of Reproductive Biology. Different types of reproduction. Vegetative and sexual in lower and higher forms

2. Floral Biology – Primary and secondary attractants (both morphological and physiological) that favours reproduction, inhibitors and stimulants

3. Pollen biology – Ultrastructural, cytochemical, physiological and biochemical aspects of anther and pollen development. Cytophysiological studies of pollen based on its pollination ecology. Pollen

proteins, Isolation of receptive proteins (RP) and its role in pre and post pollination phase. Proximal composition of biotic and abiotic pollen. Pollen exudates and characterization. Pollen storage, viability and germination. Pollen leachates and pollen allergy. Aeropalynology, pollen calender, ornamentation, relation to taxonomy.

4. Pollination biology – Morphological, biochemical and ecological aspects of pollination. Surface characteristics, Ultra structure and function of stigma and style, cytophysiological correlations of pollen and stigmatic exudates. Biochemical changes of in sity and in vitro pollination. Physiology of stylar movement of pollen tubes. Natural and chemical inhibitors of pollen growth. Ultrastructural studies on pollen tube growth in pistil Stigmatic proteins, recognition and dejection mechanism of intraspecific and unilateral compatibility and incongruity, methods to overcome incompatibility. Molecular basis of sterility. Role of biotic components organization.

5. Biology of ovule – development, types, reduction, nutrition. Ovular morphology in elation to pollen tube growth and fertilization. Ovular control of embryo development, type of embryos, ultrastructure of its components, synergid and antipodal haustoria, nutrition of embryo sac in relation to taxonomy.

6. Fertilisation and post fertilization – Fertilisation events, role of synergids, filiform apparatus, heterospermy, differential behaviour of male gametes, discharge and movement of sperms, ultrastructure of fertilization, syngamyand triple fusion, post fertilization, metabolic and structural changes in the embryosac

7. Endosperm – Classification, types, ultrasturcture, cellularization in nuclear endosperm, endosperm haustoria, their extension and persistence physiological significance storage metabolites, biochemical transformation and mobilization of starchy and fatty endosperm.

8. Fruit and seed – Post fertilization changes leading to fruit development and ripening, parthenocarpy, induction of seedless fruits. Physiology of seed/grain development – growth patterns – sigmoid and double sigmoid curves – phases of growth, role off pericarps (Hull) seed coats and lag leaf in seed/grain development. Biosynthesis of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, RNA during seed/grain development.

9. Morphology and anatomy of seeds: Exomorphic character, Gross internal morphology, development and structure of seed coat in main groups of angiosperms, classification of seeds on seed coat characters, identification and structure of seeds of important field crops and their seeds.

10. Seed storage and classification: Characteristics of orthodox and recalcitrant seeds, principles and methods of safe seed storage, type of storage structure, factors affecting storage life, effects of storage environments on seed longevity, seed deterioration in storage and its control, gene banks.

11. Physiology of seed germination: Seed maturation, food reserves, imbibition, mobilization of food reserves, germination and growth factors affecting germination.

12. Biochemistry of seed germination: Primary/early biochemical events of germination, Appearance and role of proteases, amylases and lipases in hydrolyzing stored food materials in storage organs. Mobilization of hydrolyzed products to the growing embryonal axis/seedling.

13. Seed dormancy and longevity: dormancy – significance, types, control and release of dormancy, longevity – life span of seed, factors affecting longevity, biochemical and cytological effects or longevity.

14. Seed industry in India, Agencies responsible for achieving self-reliance in production and Improved crop seeds produced in India

15. Quarantine for seed : History and importance, Principles of quarantine regulations and their application, implications of permissible tolerances, phytosanitary certificates plant quarantine in India.

Practicals

1. Pollination techniques – Different techniques of emasculation, Pollen collection and storage.2. Assessment of natural self and cross pollination frequency in any five families ( at least one plant

from each family)3. Study of pollen viability by in vitro and in vivo means.4. Survey on aeropollen frequency in different seasons

5. A report on the pollen collection and storage of five families (atleast one plant from each family) should be submitted at the time of examination.

References

1. Davis G.L. 1966. Systematic embryology of Angiosperms Oxford.2. Eames A.J. 1970. Morphology of Angiosperms. Me Graw Hill3. Heslop-J-Iarrison, J, and Lewis, D. (eds.) 1975. A discussion on incompatibility in flowering

plants, Proc. Royal. Soc, London B; 188:232-3754. Johri, B.M. 1984. Embryology of Angiosperms, Springer Verlag.5. Maheswari. P. 1960. An introduction to embryology of Angiosperms. McGraw Hill.6. Shivanna. K. R. and Johri, B.M. 1985. The angiosperm Pollen-structure and function. Wiley

Eastern Ltd. New Delhi, Calcutta, Madras7. Varghese T.M. 1984. An introduction to Experimental and Applied Embryology of Angiosperms,

Oxford.

M.Sc. Botany

Model Question Papers (Theory)

Semester – IPaper BO 211. PHYCOLOGY, MYCOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY

Time 3 hrs. Max. Marks 75Draw diagrams wherever necessary

I. Answer the following questions

1. What are Cyanophytes?2. Name the reserve food material in Nitella and Gelidium?3. What is the importanc eof Heterotrichy in thallus evolution?4. Why Charophytes are called Stone-Warts?5. What is Parasexuality?6. Name the fruiting bodies in Ascomycetes?7. Holocarpic Fungi?8. What is Dimorphic Thallus?9. State two plant quarantine measures10. What is Epidemiology?

II. Answer the following questions in not more than 50 words11. a. Heterothallism in Algaeorb. Explain Flagellation in Phaeophyceae.

12. a. Explain the female sex organ in Rhodophyceae orb. Explain the chloroplasts in Hydrodictyon.

13. a. Give taxonomic position of Cercospora orb. Thallus structure of Lichen.

14. a . Explain clamp connection in Basidiomycetes. orb. What is meant by splash cup mechanism of spore dispersal. Name a fungus which shows this?

15.a. What is Systemic Fungicide?or

b. What are the control measures for Katte disease of Cardamon?

III. Answer the following questions in not more than 150 words

16. a Explain sexual reproduction in Nitella. orb. Explain the mode of reproduction in Cyanophyccac.

17. a. Describe the thallus variation inPhaeophyceac. orb. Describe the characteristic features of eukaryotic cell organization

18. a. Describe sexual reproduction in Ascomycetes. orb. Contributions of Indian Mycologists.

19. a. Thallus organization in Fungi orb. Economic importance of Lichen.

20. a. Describe the disease “white Rust” of sweet potato. orb. Briefly discuss the gene-for-gene hypothesis with reference to genetic host defence.

IV. Answer the following questions in not more than 250 words.

21. a. What life Cycle? Describe the various types of life cycle in Algae orb. Give an account on the economic importance of Algae.

22. a. Discuss the economic importance of secondary metabolites produced by fungi. orb. Enumerate the criteria for classification of fungi. Give an account of the classification you studied.

23. a. Write an essay on control methods including biological control in plants. orb. Describe the symptoms of mosaic and leaf spot diseases of tapioca and control measures of these

diseases.

Semester – I

Paper. BO 212. BRYOPHYTA PTERIDOPHYTA AND GYMNOSPERMS

Time 3 hrs. Max. Marks: 75Draw Diagrams wherever necessary

I. Answer the following questions1. Give the binomial of an aquatic Bryophyte.2. Name the group of Bryophyte in which antheridial development initiates from the hypodermal cells of

gametophyte.3. Name a “bog moss”. Why is it so called?4. Where is Birbal Sahni institute of Palaeobotany located.5. Name the “Adder’s tongue” fern.6. What is a gradate sorus?7. Name the type of stee in Heterangium.8. What is the male reproductive structure of Caytonia called?9. Name the gymnosperm which is the source plant of a natural anticancer drug.10. What is the binomial of the plant which yields Canada Balsam?

II. Answer the following questions in not more that 50 words.

11. a. Mention any four diagnostic characters of Marchantiales orb. Mention the different types of appendages in the gametophytes of Bryophytes.

12. a. Lepidocarpon is not considered a true seed. Why? orb. Distinguish between true and false indusia.

13. a. Briefly describe the ontogeny of vessels in Gnetales. Orb. Comment on the phylogenetic significance of Caytoniales.

14. a. Distinguish between Manoxylic and Pycnoxylic wood. orb. Distinguish between Haplochelic and Syndetochelic stomata.

15. a. What are the morphological interpretations of the “Collar” of Ginkgo ovule? Orb. What is “Dictyoxylon cortex”? Where do you find it?

III. Answer the following questions in not more than 150 words.

16. a. Give an account of the male gametophyte development in Heterosporous Lycopsida orb. Describe the vascular anatomy of Isoetes rhizome.

17. a. Give an account of the modern trends in the classification of ferns.orb. Give a brief account of the “Iclome concept” in Pteridophyta.

18. a. ‘Psilophytales are ancient and archaic’. Substantiate orb. Describe the soral evolution in ferns.

19. a. Write an explanatory note on Endosperm in Gymnosperms.

orb. Give an account of the ‘fructifications’ of Cycadeoideaceae.

20. a. Describe the ‘Cone scale complex’ in Coniferales. Orb. Explain the vascular anatomy of Pentoxylales.

IV. Answer the following questions in not more than 250 words.

21. a. Citing suitable examples, give an account of ‘Fossil Bryophyta. Orb. Discuss the morphological variations in the gametophyte of Bryophyta, giving examples.

22. a. Give an account of Sphenophyllales with special reference to their fructifications. Orb. Give an account of the contributions of Indian Pteridologists.

23. a. Discuss the angiosperm characters of Gnetales.orb. Write an account of the economic importance of Gymnosperms.

Semester – I

Paper. BO 213 HISTOLOGY, HISTOCHEMISTRY AND EMBRYOLOGY

Time: 3 hrs. Max. Marks: 75Draw diagrams wherever necessary

I. Answer the following questions

1. What is the main feature of SEM.2. Mention the relation between Callose and Callus.3. Name the compound in plants from which gum is derived.4. How the tetrahedral tetrads are usually formed.5. Name two stains used in electron microscopic studies.6. What is “Closing layer’?7. Expand CPD.8. What are tylosoids?9. Mention the use of Bromophenol blue.10. What are the levels of ploidy in the tissues of a mature fertilized polygonum type of ovule.

II. Answer the following questions in not more than 50 words.

11. a. Describe the structure and function of pericycle in roots.orb. Explain the term Syncyte?

12. a. Give an account of the morphologic specialization of sieve elements. Orb. Write a brief note on companion cells.

13.a. Write short note on the different types of ovules. Orb. Briefly explain the structure of a typical angiosperm pollen.

14 a. Describe the different maceration techniques. Orb. Explain the role of coomassie brilliant blue in histochemical studies.

15 a. What are Sudan dyes? Orb. Explain how feulgen stains DNA specifically

III. Answer the following questions in not more than 150 words.

16. a. Give an account of the histological pecularities of wood with reference to Artocarpus and Aklstonia. Orb. Briefly describe the structural variations of transfer cells.

17 a. Explain the different types of nodes and add a note on its anatomical significance. Orb. What is the economic significance of wood extractives?

18. a. What are vital stains? Orb. Outline the barriers of fertilization.

19. a. Explain the importance of honey pollen analysis. Orb. Outline the barriers of fertilization.

20. a. Explain the importance of honey pollen analysis.orb. How will you detect glycoproteins in plant tissues?

21. a. Give an account of the different types of adhesives. Orb. Describe the specimen preparation for TEM.

22. a. How a phase contrast microscope is different from an ordinary compound microscope. Orb. Briefly describe cell fractionation

IV. Answer the following questions in not more than 250 words

23. a. With the help of suitable diagrams explain the process of fertilization by giving emphasis to the different factors of incompatibility.

Orb. Explain the principle and processing techniques of detection and localization of primary metabolites in

cell systems.

24. a. Describe the anatomical significance of root stem transition in dicots. Orb. Give an account of the role of cambia and their derivatives in tissue differentiation.

Semester - IIPaper. BO 221. TAXONOMY, ECONOMIC BOTANY AND ETHNOBOTANY

Time 3 hrs Max. Marks. 75

Draw Diagrams wherever specified

I Answer the following questions

1. Name a tautonym2. Write correctly - Guazuma Tomentosa.3. Expand Hoot . F4. Give the common name for Ranunculus5. Give the binomial for Radish6. Name the fruit of Poaceae.7. What is the morphology of coconut kernel ?8. Give the binomial of winged bean.9. What is the morphology of Rice bran ?10. What is the Madagascan tribal plant used as the source for the drug against Leukemia.

10 x 1 = 10 Marks

II Answer the questions in not more than 50 words

11 a. Distinguish between Holotype and Isotype.

or

b. Explain normen nudum

12 a. Describe with the help of diagrms the placental types in Boraginaceae and Lentibulariacaeae

or

b. Describe with the help of disgrams the pollinium of Calotropis.

13 a. Give the binomial of Sweet flag. What are its uses ?

or

b. Give the binomial of Turmeric and mentions its uses.

14 a. Which are the most primitive tribes of Kerala ? Where are they settled ?

or

b. Give the binomials of two ethnomedicinal plants and their uses.

15 a. Describe briefly non - edible ethnobotanical uses of two fruits used by Kerala tribes.or

b. Name an eminent Indian Ethnobotanist. What are his / her important contributions ?

5 x 2 = 10 marksIII Answer the following questions in not more than 150 words

16 a. Explain Nomina conservanda giving examples

or

b. Describe briefly the role of BSI.

17 a. Describe the morphological pecularities of Phixophoraceae.

or

b. Describe with the help opf disgrams the different types of flowers of Podostemceae.

18 a. What are the uses of gums and resins ?

or

b. Mention the binomial names of the source plants of Allspice and Mace. Add a nmote on their uses.

19 a. Describe brieflky the economic importance of Solanaceae.

or

b. Mention the binomials and families of two sugar yielding plants. What are the uses of sugar ?

20 a. ‘Bomboo - good for all’ - Explain with traditional uses by ethnic societices of Kerala

or

b. Prepare a model qeustionnaire for ethnomedicinal uses.

5 x 5 = 25 marks

IV Answer the questions in not more than 250 words

21 a. Compare and contrast the outlines of the systems of classification put forward by Adolf Eugler and Charles Edwin Bessey. Make a critical evaluation of their basic tenets.

or

b. Describe the contributions of John Hutchinsona andArmen Takhtajan to Phylogewny of angiosperems.

22. a. Give a brief accounts on Cytataxonomy and Taximetrics.

or

b. Disatinguish between monophyly and olyphyly, parallelism and convergence and homology and analogy.

23 a. Give an illustrated account of andro9ecial variations in Sctitamineae

or

b. ‘Casuarionaceae is the Amphoioxus of the Plant kingdom’ Substantiate this statement

3 x 10 = 30 Marks.

Semester – II

Paper. BO 222. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY

Time 3 hrs. Max. Marks 75

I. Answer the following questions

1. What are P-proteins ?2. Define proplastids3. Betalains4. What is the important chemical property of Vitamin E?5. What are elicitors?6. Name sulfur containing amino acid.7. Define allelopathy8. Glycine is a highly conserved amino acid residue in all proteins. Why?9. What is ‘Warburg effect?10. What would be the most obvious characteristic of the base distribution of a single stranded DNA Molecule?

II Write short notes on the following in not more than 50 words.

11. a. Briefly discribe chemiosmotic theory orb. Explain photosynthetic photon flux

12. a. What are heat-shock proteins orb. Discuss briefly the apoplast-symplast concept

13.a. Explain the role of G-proteins in membrane transport orb. Write short on the physico-chemical nature of phytochromes.

14. a. Distinguish between fibrous and globular proteins orb. List two co-enzymes and mention their function

15. a. Why does DNA with a high A-T content have a lower transition temperature (Im) than DNA with a high G-C content

orb. Give a concise account of the oxidation of fatty acids5X2 = 10

Answer the following questions in not more than 50 words.

16. a. Briefly describe the photosynthetic carbon oxidation cycle . Orb. Write an account on phytoalexins.

17. a. Explain the role of ABA in stomatal regulation. OrDiscuss the productivity and ecological significance of C1 plants.

18. a. Give a brief account of the physiological effects of ethylene. Orb. Discuss the various physiological effects of auxins on higher plants.

19. a. Describe the metabolic changes taking place during seed germination. Orb. Give a concise account of the florigen concept

20. a. What are channel proteins and what role do they play in nutrient uptake. OrWhat are oligosaccharides? Briefly explain their role in plant growth

21. a. Briefly explain Ramachandran plot.orb. Discuss the sequencing of proteins by Edman method.

22. a. Briefly describe competitive and non-competitive inhibition.Orb. Describe the structural differences between B-DNA and Z-DNA.7X5=35 marks.Answer the following questions in not more than 250 words.23. a. Write an account on the structure and function of RUBISCO. Orb. Discuss briefly the mechanism of ATP formation in mitochondria.

24. a. The fidelity of protein synthesis is assured twice during protein synthesis. How and when? Orb. What are allosteric enzymes? Discuss their significance in plant metabolism and add a note on their

mechanism of action.2X10=20 marks.Semester – II

Paper. BO 223. ECOLOGY, PHYTOGEOGRAPHY, CONSERVATION

BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONTime 3 hrs. Max. Marks 75

Answer the following questions

1. Endemism2. Green house gases3. Continental shelf

4. Littoral zone5. Smog6. Biofertilizers7. Ecological Biche8. BOD9. Gross Primary Productivity10. Basis of natural selection10X1= 10 marksAnswer the following questions in not more than 50 words.

11. a . Social Forestry Programme. Or b. Tropical Savanna

12. a. Raunkier’s life formsorb. Ozone depletion

13. a. Alpine vegetation. Orb. Red data Book

14. a. Explain the process of speciation. Orb. Describe the different steps involved in Darwinian view on evolution.

15. a. Geological time table. Orb. Recycling of waste 5X2=10 marksAnswer the following questions in not more than 150 words.

16. a. Explain with suitable examples an Ecotone. Orb. Briefly describe nuclear weapons and nuclear fuels.

17. a. What are the ecological adaptations of mangrove plants? Orb. Explain the physicochemical characteristics of marine environment.

18. a. Describe different kinds of ecological pyramids.orb. Give a short account of vegetational continuum concept by Whittaker and Curtis.

19. a. Write a brief note on Y shaped energy flow model. Or b. Briefly describe Phenology and Phenograms.

20. a. Explain nco Darwinism. Orb. Excessive nutrient levels in an aquatic ecosystems can cause ecological problems – What are the

problems?

Answer the following questions in not more than 250 words.

21. a. What is air pollution? Describe certain recent methods to control the air pollution.or b.Write an account of the habitat conditions, flora and fauna of any Indian desert.

22. a. What is Phytogeography? Describe chief vegetational belts of earthor b. Give an account of the various controlling factors of plant distribution.

23. a. Write an account of the causes of energy crisis and discuss the various non-conventional sources to overcomes this crisis.

orb. Explain the role of polyploidy in evolution.3X10=30 marks.

Semester – III

Paper. BO 231. CYTOLOGY, CYTOGENETICS AND GENETICS

Time 3 hrs. Max Marks 75

Draw diagrams wherever necessary

I. Answer the following questions

1) Name the gene interaction involving two different genes of the same metabolic pathway.2) Name the type of interference involved a quantitative character with an F2 frequency of 1/64 for

one parental type.3) Mention the function of NOR4) Name a method other than molecular cloning to produce multiple copies of a DNA segment.5) What are negative supercoils6) Mention the importance ofOenothera lamarkiana7) What are the functional differences between facultative and constitutive heterochromatin8) What are lethal mutants ?9) Define Sn RNA.10) What is homeo box?

Answer the following questions in not more than 50 words.

11. a. Briefly explain the structural organization of nucleosomes. orb. Write an account on the functional importance of telomere

12. a. What are the differences between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell . orb. Explain the mode of organization of nucleolus

13.a. Compare B- DNA with Z- DNA. Orb. Write a note on F2 segregation in polyhybrid crosses.

14. a. Explain how complementation tests are useful in genetic studies.orb. Mention any three types of deviations from complete dominance.

15. a. Describe any two diseases caused by defects in the DNA repair system . or

b. Explain the molecular assembly of the replication forks.

Answer the following questions in not more than 150 words.

16 a. Explain the chemical composition and structure of ribosomes with special reference on different forms

of rRNA. orb.With the help of suitable diagrams explain the process of crossing-over.17. a. What is non-disjunction? Explain the impact of non-disjunction in meiotic cells. orb. Briefly explain the contribution of Me Clintok to cytology

18.a. Write a note on allelic concept with special reference to multiple alleles. Orb. Explain how the linkage map of a chromosome can be constructed with the help of three point test

crosses.19. a. Describe the steps in RNA processing and its importance in the gene expression of eukaryotes. Orb. Out line the different blotting techniques and their applications.20. a. Describe the different methods of gene therapy citing examples.

orb. Explain the stucture of synaptonemal complex.

21.a. Discuss the different explanations of anaphase chromosomal movement. Orb. Explain the structure of synaptonemal complex22. a. Describe the systems of mating and their genetic effect.orb. Illustrate how a large random mating population attains and maintains Hardy-Wienberg equilibrium.7X5=35 marks.

I. Answer the following questions in not more than 250 words.

23. a. Explain the methods of cell recognition, cell adhesion and contact inhibition.orb. Write an account on the role of nucleus in cell metabolism.

24. a. Briefly describe the classical and molecular methods of gene mapping in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Or

b. How the gene regulation in eukaryotes differ from that in prokaryotes.2X10=20 marks.

Semester – III

Paper. BO 232. PLANT BREEDING, HORTICULTURE, BIOSTATISTICS AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

Time 3 hrs. Max. Marks 75.I. Answer the following questions.1. Give the name of two scientists who conducted plant explorations and introductions during 19th century.2. What is the aim of back crossing3. Who propounded the pure line theory4. What is adventive embryony5. Give the name of an internationally famous garden where live plants and herbarium are maintained and in which country in which it is situated6. What is an idiotype7. Give the name of hormone that induce flowering. 8. Distinguish between greenhouse and glasshouse9. Define mode10. What is ‘FORTRAN’II. Answer the following questions in not more than 50 words.

11. a. Give a brief account of plant introduction. Orb. What are the methods adopted for breeding a self pollinated crop

12. a. Briefly explain the different types of inoculation methods adopted during crossing. Orb. Give a brief account of parthenogenesis.

13. a. Briefly explain ‘Super rice 2000’orb. What are the causes of plant diseases?

14. a. Name the important tools used in horticulture. Orb. Mention the difference between grafting and budding.

15. a. Briefly define the different measures of central tendency. Orb. What are the differences between binomial and poisson distribution.5X2=10 marks.

III. Answer the following questions in not more than 150 words.

16. a. Explain the role of apomixes in plant breeding. Orb. Briefly explain gametic and zygotic sterility.

17. a. Mention the importance of sterility in plant breeding.

Orb. Briefly not the methods of overcoming the incompatibility and sterility during hybridization

programme.

18. a. Define heterosis. What are the various genetic and physiologic basis of heterosis. Orb. Mention the importance of heterosis in plant breeding.

19. a. Define mutation breeding. Briefly explain the different types of mutagens. Orb. Briefly mention the steps in the transfer of disease of resistance gene to an appropriate background.

20. a. Give a brief account of various fertilizers used in plant cultivation. Orb. Explain how will you raise and maintain a nursery

21. a. Describe the different types of fungicides and pesticides used in a nursery. Orb. Explain the different types of cultural practices adopted in horticulture

22. a. Briefly explain probability. Orb. Write an essay on the history and development of computers.7X5=35 marks

IV. Answer the following questions in not more than 250 words.

23. a. Write an essay on germplasm sources and centers of genetic diversity. Orb. Discuss the various steps involved in resistance breeding.

24. a. Write an essay in floricultureorb. Explain the CPU of a computer system.2X10=20 marks.

Semester – III

Paper. BO 233. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY

Time 3 hrs. Max. Marks. 75

I. Answer in one word or one sentence1. Name a transgenic plant2. Somaclonal variation3. Define the term dihaploid4. What is a cell line5. Androgenesis6. Is iron a macronutrient or micronutrient in plant tissue culture7. The sugar most widely used in tissue culture

8. Asymmetric hybrids9. Elicitation10. What is the normal temperature in a tissue culture medium

II. Write short notes on the following in not more than 50 words.

11. a. Chemically defined medium. Or

b. Habituation12. a. Choice of explants.

Orb. Artificial seeds.

13. a. DNA markers. Or

b. Restriction marking14. a. Ovule culture .

Orb.Cryopreservation

15. a. cDNA libraries. Or

b. Shotgun method of cloning2X5=10 marks.

III. Answer the following questions in not more than 50 words.

16. a. Explain how virus free plants can be produced by tissue culture . or

b. How plant cells can be transformed by virus mediated gene transfer

17.a. Describe the advantages and achievements of in vitro mutagenesis. Or

b. Hormonal regulation of growth and differentiation

18. a. Outline the methods of cell immobilization. Orb. What is ‘scale up’ ? Explain any one bioreactor design for plant cell culture

19. a. Briefly outline the features of chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes . orb. In vitro strategies for ex situ conservation.

20 a. Describe a vector less method for DNA amplification. Orb. Distinguish between transient and stable gene expression.

21. a. Write a note on the production and utilization of antisense RNA. Or

b. Define and distinguish RELP, RAPD and AFLP

22. a. How genomic DNA is isolated from plant cells. Give the details of any one method. Orb. Biolistic method of transgenesis.

5X7=35 marks.

IV. Answer the following questions in not more than 250 word

23. a. Explain the various methods of micropropagation.or

b. Describe various strategies for the production of secondary metabolites in vitro.

24. a . Describe transgenesis and its applications in the production of genetically modified organisms and GMF.

Or b. Explain how the modern DNA technologies are applied in lhigh-tech plant biotechnology.2X10=20 marks.

Semester – IV

Paper. BO 241 MICROBIOLOGY, BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Time 3 hrs. Max Marks 75

I. Answer the following questions.1. What are porins2. Bioremediation3. Haptens 4. Define entropy5. What is adsorption6. Principle of density gradient centrifugation7. Name the tRNA which recognizes the AUG codon in eukaryotes8. Reporter genes9. G – proteins10. nif genes

10X1=10 marks.II. Answer the following questions in not more than 50 words.

11. a. Chemostat and turbidostat. Or

b. T Cells and B Cells.

12. a. Define Wander Walls bonding. Or

b. Define circular dichroism

13. a. What is radioactive decay? Or

b. Role of C14 in photosynthetic studies.

14. a . What are chaperonins. Or

b. Briefly explain co-transitional translation

15. a. Mention the role fo RuBP carboxylase. Or

b. Write an account on Feed back inhibition5X2=10 marks.

III. Answer the following questions in not more than 150 words.

16. a. Describe the function of PMNs and macrophages. Or

b. Comkpare Rickettsia and Chlamydia in terms of their structure.

17. a. Enumerate the microbiological events occur during sewage treatment and disposal. Orb. Briefly explain the antigen antibody reaction.

18. a. Explain the principle and application of electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Or

b. Describe the principle of NMR spectroscopy.

19. a. Briefly describe the principle and measurements of radioactivity of liquid scintillation counting . or

b. Explain the ionization potential and electorn affinity

20. a. Explain the role of chloroplast DNA (chDNA) andmitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or

b. Fibrous proteins and globular proteins

21. a. Activity of PEP carboxylase. Or

b. Endonucleases and Exonucleases

22.a. Write a note on protein folding or

b. Explain the function of light harvesting antenna molecules in photosynthesis.7X5=35 marks

V. Answer the following questions in not more than 250 words.

25. a. How does the life cycle of a temperate bacteriophage differ from that of retro viruses. Or

b. Explain the principle, procedure and application of isoelectrofocussing

26. a. Describe the flow of electrons through the Z-scheme. Or

b. Explain the three dimensional structure of DNA.2X10=20 marks.

WORKSHOP ON SYLLABUS REVISION AND CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

1. Dr. B. Vijayavalli., (Convenor)Professor and Head, Department of Botany,University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram.

2. Dr. G. M. Nair, (Co-ordinator)Professor, Department of Botany,University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram.

3. Dr. K.V. Bhavanandan,Professor (Rtd.) and Member, Board of Studies (PG)Department of Botany,University of Kerala.

4. Dr. Philomina Kuriachan,Professor (Rtd.)Department of BotanyUniversity of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram.

5. Sri. N. Ravi,Verbena, Munadakkal Middle,Kollam – 691001

6. Dr. Omankumari,Professor, Department of Botany,University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram.

7. Dr. T. Gangadevi,Head. Dept. of Botany,University College, Thiruvananthapuram.

8. Sri. P. N. Muraleedharan,Sel. Gr. Lecturer in Botany,S. N. College, Kollam.

9. Smt. B. Kumari Girija,Sel. Gr. Lecturer in Botany,College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram.

10. Dr. P. Sreedevi,Head. Department of Botany,M.G. College, Thiruvananthapuram.

11. Smt. Pauline Lewis,Sel. Gr. Lecturer in Botany,F.M.N. College, Kollam.

12. Dr. C. Mohan Kumar,Reader in Botany,University College, Thiruvananthapuram.

13. Dr. P. K. Gopalakrishnan,Sel. Gr. Lecturer in Botany,S.D. College, Alleppey.

14. Smt. Sophiammal Nettar. P.Lecturer in Botany,F.M.N. College, Kollam.

15. Smt. S. Radhamany Amma,Sel. Gr. Lecturer in Botany,N.S.S. College, Thiruvananthapuram.

16. Sri. E. Valsala Kumar,Senior Lecturer in Botany,Christian College, Kattakada.

17. Smt. P.K. Devayani,Sel. Gr. Lecturer in Botany,University College, Thiruvananthapuram.

18. Smt. Najeema Beevi. P.A.Sel. Gr. Lecturer in BotanyUniversity of College,Thiruvananthapuram.

19. Sri. Rajeev. K.Senior Lecturer in Botany (Teacher Fellow)Department of BotanyUniversity of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram.

20. Sri. S. Pradeep Kumar.Senior Lecturer in Botany,M.G. College, Thiruvananthapuram

21. Sri. G. BalachandranSel. Gr. Lecturer in Botany (Teacher Fellow)Department of Botany,University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram.

22. Sri. T.C. Rajan,Senior Lecturer in Botany (Teacher Fellow)Department of BotanyUniversity of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram.