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Candidates should be able to:
»identify cell structures & organelles of plant & animal cells from diagrams, photomicrographs and under light microscope using slides & fresh material treated with an appropriate temporary staining technique:
• chloroplasts • cell membrane • cell wall • cytoplasm • cell vacuoles (large sap-filled in plant cells, small temporary in animal cells) • nucleus
(b) identify membrane systems & organelles from diagrams & electron micrographs:
• endoplasmic reticulum • mitochondria • Golgi body • ribosomes
(c) state functions of the membrane systems and organelles identified above.(d) compare the structure of animal & plant cells.(e) state the relationship between cell function and cell structure for the following:
• absorption – root hair cells• conduction and support – xylem vessels• transport of oxygen – red blood cells
(f) differentiate cell, tissue, organ and organ system.
» Cell membrane» Nucleus» Mitochondria» Endoplasmic Reticulum» Vacuole» Cytoplasm» Ribosomes» Golgi Body
» Cell membrane˃ Partially permeable (only some substances pass through)˃ Double phospholipid layer membrane˃ Controls movement of substances in & out of cell
» Nucleus˃ Controls cellular activities (repair, growth, division)˃ Chromatin threads contain hereditary DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
» Vacuole˃ Contains water & food substances
» Cytoplasm˃ Jelly-like fluid contain enzymes & organelles (specialised structures)˃ Site where most reactions occur
» Cytoplasm contains organelles such as mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum & Golgi body.˃ Mitochondria (Power station)
+ Releases energy for cell activities during aerobic respiration ( Glucose + O2 CO2 + H2O + energy)
˃ Ribosomes+ Synthesis of proteins within the cell
˃ Endoplasmic Reticulum+ Smooth & Rough ER (lined with ribosomes)+ Synthesis of proteins, lipids and other cellular
substances˃ Golgi body
+ Secretion of protein + Processes & packages proteins
» It is an organelle that functions to release energy within the human body.
» It is a POWER STATION for all living organsims!» The formula that you need to know.
» Similar to an animal cell» Differences
˃ Cell Wall+ Non-living+ Fully permeable+ Made of cellulose+ Gives a fixed shape + Protects from injury
˃ Larger vacuole sap filled+ Contains cell sap rich in sugar,
mineral salts & amino acids.˃ Chloroplast
+ Contains chlorophyll that traps light energy
+ Site of photosynthesis (CO2 + H2O Glucose + O2 )
» Draw with pencil (easily to be erased)» Draw big and clearly» No shading» No double lines» No fine lines» Label parts of the diagram» Label with straight lines
» Sometimes the cell is not enough to carry out more specific functions. ˃ Transport of oxygen˃ Absorption of water & mineral salts
» Thus, the average cell does develops into a more complexed structure to enable them to carry out specific functions.
» Process whereby a cell becomes specialised for a specific function. ˃ Red Blood Cell˃ Root Hair Cell˃ Xylem
21
» Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)˃ Transport oxygen from lungs
to all cells in the body (HBO)˃ Circular, flattened biconcave
disc (increases cell’s surface area to volume ratio)
˃ NO NUCLEUS (more space to carry oxygen)
˃ Contains haemoglobin (carries oxygen)
˃ Elastic – able to squeeze through small blood vessels
˃ Formed by bone marrow˃ Lasts 3-4 months
» Cell has a long and narrow elongation
» Increases surface area to volume ratio
» More water and mineral salts can be absorbed from the soil
» Long hollow tubes» Transports water and mineral
salts from roots to leaves» No protoplasm or nucleus
˃ Hollow lumen˃ Allow more substances to be easily
transported
» Contains lignin (dead)˃ Strengthens the walls˃ Prevents xylem vessels from collapsing˃ Provides mechanical support
» Cells Tissues Organ Organ System
» Tissues ˃ Group of similar cells
performing the same function (muscle, RBC’s)
˃ Simple – one type of cells˃ Complex – more than one type
of cell
» Organs˃ Several tissues work together
for a specialised function. (lung)
» Organ System˃ Several organs working together
+ Circulatory System – Lungs, Heart
+ Digestive System