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CRCT Study Guide 2011 Name______________________________

Characteristics of Science Vocabulary

Scientific method

Hypothesis

Observation (qualitative, quantitative)

Inference

Variable

Manipulated (independent) variable

Responding (dependent) variable

Control Group

Experimental Group

Graduated cylinder

Triple beam balance

Beaker

Graph

Data,


Characteristics of Science-Study Guide Read the following experiment to answer questions #1-4. Kierra finished a book report on plants. She knew that plants grew best in an environment full of light with a lot of water. To prove what she had learned, Kierra wanted to test the growth of plants in different biomes. She planted 10 bean plant seeds in each of the 6 different land biomes. Each bean plant seed was planted 2 centimeters below the surface. They were equally spaced from each other other. For 10 days she and her experiment partners recorded the height of the plants at the same time of the day. 1. Name the controlled variable(s):________________________________________________

2. Name the manipulated variable(s):______________________________________________

3. Name the responding variable(s):_______________________________________________

4. Write a hypothesis using the above experiment:____________________________________

Using the following statement, find the following types of observations to complete #5-6.

Kierra studied the growth of plants in different biomes. She noticed that plants in the wet tropical rainforest biome on average grew to 2 meters in length, and had many green leaves on their stems. When she studied plants in the dry desert environment, she noted they grew only 20 centimeters tall and had only a few brownish yellow leaves on their stems.

5. Quantitative observations:_____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

6. Qualitative observations:______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

7. What tool and unit is used to measure temperature?_________________________________

8. What tool and unit is used to measure volume?_____________________________________

9. What tool and unit is used to measure mass?_______________________________________

10. What tool and unit is used to measure length?______________________________________


11. List the metric unit most appropriate to measure the following items:

A. Mass of a student _____________________________

B. Length of a small insect _____________________________

C. Volume of a soft drink can _____________________________

12. Read the six statements below. Write what step of the scientific method each statement represents. Steps: Problem, Research, Hypothesis, Experiment, Results, Conclusion Search the library for information on water

temperature and fish survival

Do fish react to water temperature

If fish are put in water of 20◦C, they will die within 30 days.

Take 2 groups with an equal number of fish. Put them in 2 tanks of the same size and same kind of water, but different temperatures. Observe their behavior.

My hypothesis was correct because the fish in 20◦C water died within 30 days.

Fish in 20◦C water died within 30 days.

Read the passage and answer questions 12-14.

A researcher wants to determine if a certain type of energy drink makes athletes run faster. The researcher will time the athletes in a 40-yard dash before and after drinking the energy drink. The researcher gives the drink to 3 basketball players, 3 football players, 2 baseball players and 2 tennis players, for a total of 10 athletes. When he times the athletes, he finds that 6 of the 10 athletes run faster in the second 40-yard dash. The researcher reports to the drink company that the energy drink makes most athletes run faster. 12. What was the hypothesis being tested by this researcher? ___________________________________________________________________________ 13. The researcher reported that the energy drink makes most athletes run faster. Is that an accurate claim

for the researcher to make? Give 2 reasons why the claim is or is not accurate. _____________________________________________________________________________ 14. What might be the next step for this researcher, if he wanted to strengthen his claim that the energy drink

makes most athletes run faster? ______________________________________________________________________________


Cells & cell processes-vocabulary

Cell

Organelle

tissue

organ

Organ system

organism

cytoplasm

Cell membrane

nucleus

mitochondria

chloroplast

prokaryotic

eukaryotic

Passive transport


Active transport

Selectively permeable

photosynthesis

respiration

mitosis

meiosis

chromosome

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

microscope

List the levels of organization of life, starting with cells: Cells ________ _ _________ _________ _______


Identify each of the following cells as a plant or animal cell and label each of the following structures.

Plant / Animal Cell (circle one) Word Bank

Cell Membrane Chloroplast

Cell Wall DNA

Nucleus Mitochondria

Cytoplasm

Plant / Animal Cell Word Bank

Cell Membrane Nucleus

Mitochondria DNA

Endoplasmic Reticulum Cytoplasm


Body Systems Study Guide

Body System Function

Circulatory

Digestive

Endocrine

Excretory

Immune

Muscular

Nervous

Reproductive

Respiratory

Skeletal

Skin

Use the following statement to answer questions #1-3. “The students begin to get up out of their chairs after they hear the bell ring.” Identify the stimulus:________________________________________________. Identify the response:________________________________________________. What organ system allows the students to react?___________________________.

Genetics vocabulary

Trait

Heredity

Genetics

Purebred/homozygous

Gene


Allele

Dominant allele

Recessive allele

Hybrid/heterozygous

Probability

Phenotype

Genotype

Sperm

Egg

Mutation

Selective breeding

Gregor Mendel

Genetics Cross a homozygous black fur animal with a homozygous white fur animal. (B= black; b= white) What are possible genotype(s)?

What are possible phenotype(s)? Cross a hybrid curly haired parent with a purebred straight haired parent. (C= curly; c= straight) What are possible genotype(s)?

What is the probability (fraction) of a curly haired offspring?

CRCT Study Guide 2011 Name______________________________ Cross a hybrid red fruit with a purebred red fruit. (R= red; r= yellow) What are possible genotype(s)?

What is the probability (%) that the offspring being Rr?

______________ _______________ is the method of selecting a few organisms with desired traits to serve as parents of the next generation. What are 3 example of ways that humans use this process to increase the value of a plant or animal. 1. 2. 3. Where are genes located? Each body cell in a human contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. How many chromosomes does a human receive from each of its parents? __________ How many chromosomes are present in the human’s sex cells? __________

Evolution Vocabulary

Species

Adaptation

Evolution

Natural Selection

Variation

Relative Dating

Absolute Dating

Extinct


Finches of the Galapagos Islands What resource were the finches competing for in the Galapagos?

What trait showed variations that helped some finches compete for the limited resource? Over time, how did natural selection result in the evolution of different finch species on different

islands? Peppered Moths of Manchester, England

What two variations in color are possible for moths in Manchester?

How did predators select for one color variation in the moth to be more useful than another color variation?

When pollution darkened the tree bark, how did the useful color variation for moths in Manchester change? Why was a different color now more useful?

In what type of rock are fossils usually found? What are the two ways that scientists date fossils and how are they different? How do variations in a species lead to natural selection? What theory did Charles Darwin develop based in his voyage to the Galapagos Islands? Define adaptation and give 4 examples.

When the better adapted organisms of a species survive and pass on their traits what process is occurring?

After many generations of this process what occurs next?


What kind of observations did Charles Darwin make about the Iguanas, Finches, and Commorants of the

Galapagos Islands? How were they different from the organisms on the mainland of South America?

Ecology

Habitat

Biotic Factor

Abiotic Factor

Ecosystem

Competition

Symbiosis

Mutually beneficial/mutualism

Producer

Consumer

Herbivore

Carnivore

Omnivore

Scavenger

Decomposer

Food Chain

Food Web

Energy Pyramid

Climate

Biome

Estuary

Temperate


Ecology

1. What is an autotroph?__________________________________________________ 2. What is a heterotroph?_________________________________________________ Use the diagram to the right to answer Questions #3-11 3. Where do all the organisms get their energy

From? _____________________

4. Write out the food chain in words below: 5. Name the producer(s)__________________________________________

Consumer(s)__________________________________________

6. Label the herbivore(s) and carnivore(s) on the food chain.

7. Are there any omnivores? Why or why not?

8. Name the predators(s)________________________________ 9. Name the prey __________________________________

10. Do all organisms get the same amount of energy? Why or why not?

11. Create a food energy pyramid using the organisms from the food chain above.


12. In a forest, the deer population has 200 members. The wolves that prey upon the deer have a population of 20. A forest fire destroys 90% of the plant life in the forest. What happens to the deer population due to the fire? What happens to the wolf population?

13. In a certain ecosystem, there is a population of wolves that feed primarily on a population of rabbits. If there is an abundance of rabbit food for several years and the rabbit population increases, what will most likely be the result for the wolf population?

Match the biomes with the following characteristics: Coniferous/Boreal Forest (Taiga) Tundra Desert Freshwater Grassland Marine Temperate Deciduous Forest Tropical Rainforest Estuary

Biome Characteristic

Found in regions close to the equator. Receives a lot of rain and warm temperatures throughout the year with constant sunlight. Many diverse animals and tall trees form a canopy.

Receives less than 25cm of rain per year. Very dry and warm climate. Animals and plants store water to adapt to the lack of rain. Animals are active at night and plants have a thick and waxy covering.

Sometimes called a prairie, the temperature here is comfortable because it is located in the middle latitudes. Receives 25-75cm of rain per year, not enough for trees to grow. Typically populated by grasses and home of the largest animals such as bison, antelopes, giraffes, and rhinoceros.

Lots of trees that shed their leaves and grow new ones each year are found here. Receives 50 cm of rain per year, enough to support the growth of trees and plants. Temperatures vary during the year with all the season. Many birds, opossums, bears, and porcupines are found here and may migrate or hibernate in the winter. Found in the eastern part of the United States.

Here in northern Canada you will find many trees that have needle like leaves and produce seeds in cones such as pine, fir, and spruce trees. Winters are very cold with much snow and summers are warm enough to melt the snow and bring much rain. Trees have a waxy covering, a necessary adaptation to keep water from evaporating


since much of the year the water is frozen. Many herbivores live here such a deer, elk, moose, and beavers that attract large predators such as wolves, bears, and lynxes.

Largest of all biomes because it covers 70% of the earths surface. Many animals that are adapted to live in saltwater live here.

Extremely cold and dry biome located in the arctic regions. Receives litte precipitation like the desert but here most of the soil is permanently frozen. No trees grow here because of the permafrost not allowing for roots to grow. The top layer of soil thaws for grass to grow. Herbivores graze on the grass or lichen and have thick fur to withstand the freezing climate.

This is a very productive, very diverse, and wet biome. It is the place where a river meets the ocean, producing a salt/fresh water mix. Large amounts of nutrients carried by the river and lots of sunlight make it a good habitat. Producers include marsh grass and algae. Consumers include crabs, worms, slams, oysters, and fish. Used as a breeding ground by many ocean animals.

Comparison of Early and Modern Classification Systems Aristotle’s Classification System Linnaeus-based Modern Classification

Six Kingdoms of Life

____________ ___________

____________ ____________

____________ ____________


Words Frequently Used On Standardized Tests

Directions: Get twelve blank 3 x 5 index cards. On the front of each card record the following underlined terms, one term per card. Then, write the definition/explanation for the term on the back of the card. Analyze Compare Contrast Break apart Alike All the ways they are not alike Think it through Same Different Look at carefully Similar Use Venn Diagram Describe Evaluate Explain Tell about Judge Give details Paint a picture with words Supply data Tell me all about it List Give value to Answer Formulate Infer Predict Make What are they trying to say Guess Figure out Figure out Tell what you think is going to happen Create Come up with Summarize Support Trace Retell Back it up Draw Main ideas Prove your point with facts Follow Recall Defend Go over Conclude List in steps

Multiple Choice Test Taking Strategies

Strategy: Eliminate answers that don’t make any sense. Example: Food webs contain many different types of organisms including: producers, consumers, and decomposers. Which of the following organisms is a primary consumer in a food web?

a. oak tree b. wolf c. giraffe d. grass

Strategy: Circle key words that will help you answer the questions. Example: The students in your class have been comparing and contrasting organisms from the six kingdoms. Which of the following organisms is a multicellular eukaryote with a cell wall?

a. plant b. animal c. archebacteria d. eubacteria

Modern Levels of Classification Largest Group Smallest

______________________________________________________________________

CRCT Study Guide 2011 Name______________________________ Strategy: Be aware of Extreme Words in the answers. Choices that contain these words are usually wrong. Example: Which of the following statements is true of symbiotic relationships?

a. Both organisms always benefit from the relationship. b. One organism is always harmed in the relationship. c. One organism is never harmed in the relationship. d. At least one organism benefits from the relationship.

Strategy: Pay special attention to questions written with negative words. Example: Which of the following is NOT a part of the cell theory?

a. All living things are made of cells. b. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function. c. Cells produce their own food for survival. d. All cells are made from other cells.

Strategy: Check for qualifying words. Test these qualifiers to see if they are true. Example: It is very common for pigs with different genotypes to mate and produce many offspring. If a black pig with the genotype Bb mates with a pink pig whose genotype is bb for life, what will be true of their offspring?

a. The offspring will always be pink. b. The offspring will always be black. c. Most of their offspring will be pink. d. Half of their offspring will be black.

Strategy: Read the answer choices carefully. Is the whole statement true, or just parts of it? Example: The symbiotic relationship between a flea and the dog it feeds on is an example of

a. predation because the flea feeds on the dog’s blood. b. commensalism because the flea feeds on the dog’s blood, and the dog doesn’t care. c. parasitism because the flea feeds on the dog’s blood which benefits the dog. d. parasitism because the flea feeds on the dog’s blood which harms the dog.

Strategy: Examine the answer choices carefully when answering “all of the above” questions. Example: The number of organisms living within an ecosystem is controlled by both biotic and abiotic limiting factors. Which is a biotic factor that affects the size of a population living in a specific ecosystem?

a. the average temperature in the ecosystem b. the type of soil in the ecosystem c. the number and types of predators in the ecosystem d. all of the above

Strategy: Choose numbers from the middle range, not the extremes. Example: What is the average yearly rainfall for a tropical rainforest located along the equator?

a. 4 centimeters b. 40 centimeters c. 400 centimeters d. 4,000 centimeters

Strategy: Look at similar answer choices. One is correct, and the other is there to trick you. Example: Which of the following raw materials is necessary for cellular respiration to occur?

a. air b. oxygen c. carbon dioxide d. water

Strategy: Look at opposite answer choices. One is correct and the other is there to trick you. Example: Which is the correct sequence of organization from LEAST complex to MOST complex?

a. organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell b. organism, organ, tissue, organ system, cell c. cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism d. cell, organ, tissue, organ system, organism

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Social CRM in German retail banks - BearingPoint ToolBox