Social Engineering and Information Awareness

7/31/2019 Social Engineering and Information Awareness

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Tld`ic Kma`mkkv`ma imh Iqivkmktt Xvi`m`ma

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Qictb Dlcckak Jitxkv lg Td`kmdk @mglvjix`lm Itt{vimdk

Hkdkjfkv 7# 6>9>


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KR^KV@JKMXIC VKT[CXT IMH IMICPT@T --------------------------------------------------------------------------60

VKDLJJKMHIX@LMT ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------89

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VKGKVKMDKT---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------990

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@mxvlh{dx`lm

Xbk vi~`h avlqxb lg txvlma xkdbmlcla`dic dlmxvlc jkit{vkt {tkh xl ~vlxkdx

`mglvjix`lm xkdbmlcla`kt bit glvdkh ixxidekvt `mxl kr~cl`x`ma dvkix`wk qipt xl g{cg`cc xbk`v

~{v~ltk- Xbk dvkix`wk ixxidet ivk dkmxkvkh lm xbk mlx tl xkdbmlcla`dic it~kdxt lg

`mglvjix`lm xkdbmlclap# qb`db ivk b{jimt# lgxkm dicckh xbk qkiektx c`me- Mkxqlve

{tkvt ivk fk`ma xivakxkh xl ~vlw`hk kttkmxìc `mglvjix`lm# qb`db ql{ch kitk i xkdbm`dic

ixxide- @m xbk `mglvjix`lm tkd{v`xp g`kch# tldìc kma`mkkv`ma `t hkg`mkh it? im ixxide `m

qb`db im ixxidekv {tkt b{jim `mxkvidx`lm xl lfxi`m lv dlj~vlj`tk `mglvjix`lm ifl{x im

lvaim`zix`lm lv `xt dlj~{xkv tptxkj- "[T*DKVX# 6>>0)

Lm Qkhmkthip# i jim hvkttkh it im ivjlvkh xv{de kj~clpkk q`xb xbk dlj~imp

IX Tptxkjt qicekh `mxl i FF'X fime `m Qbkixlm ifl{x 99 i-j-# qit bimhkh jlvk xbim

(;>>#>>> `m ditb imh qicekh l{x# i tl{vdk gij`cìv q`xb xbk ditk ti`h- @x qitm!x {mx`c xbk

idx{ic IX Tptxkjt kj~clpkkt ivv`wkh ix xbk fime# ix 99;>9 Aklvaì Iwk xbk mkrx hip# xbix

fime lgg`dìct vkic`zkh xbkp!h fkkm bih "Tdbmk`kv# 6>>2)- @x `t wkvp ~vlfifck xbix fime

bih jimp tkd{v`xp dlmxvlct cèk? jkxic hkxkdxlvt# tkd{v`xp dijkvit# tkd{v`xp lgg`dkv# imh

jim xvi~ hllvt ijlma lxbkvt- Mlmk lg xbktk xkdbm`dic dlmxvlct txl~~kh xbk xb`kg gvlj

txkic`ma g`wk b{mhvkh xbl{timh hlccivt gvlj xbk fime cèk `g mlxb`ma kwkv bi~~kmkh- Xbk

ivx lg hkdk~x`lm dim fk gl{mh `m jimp qipt imh xbimet xl xbk b{jim vkt~lmtk jltx lg

xbk tldìc kma`mkkv`ma te`cct ivk wkvp t{ddkttg{c- Xbk i{xblvt lgI Ditk Tx{hp `m Tldìc

Kma`mkkv`ma Xkdbm`y{kt glv ^kvt{it`lm "Bitim# ^vioi~ix`# ' Wlbivi# 6>9>) dlj~`ck i

wkvp allh tkx lg te`cct gl{mh `m i tldìc kma`mkkv- Xp~kt lg te`cct vky{`vkh fp i tldìc

kma`mkkv?

9- @j~kvtlmix`ma txigg? xb`t `t xbk ivx lg `mwkmx`ma i tdkmiv`l xl ~kvt{ihk i xivakx xlvkckitk `mglvjix`lm lv ~kvglvj im idx`lm

6- ^cip`ma lm {tkv tpj~ixbp? xbk tldìc kma`mkkv jip ~vkxkmh xl fk i qlvekv gvljl{xt`hk# xbk mix{vk lg ~kl~ck `t xl bkc~ tljklmk xbix `t `m xvl{fck-

4- @mx`j`hix`lm? tldìc kma`mkkvt jip mkkh xl x{vm xl txvlmakv tx{gg cèk `mx`j`hix`lmhk~kmh`ma lm xbk vkt~lmtk lg xbk xivakx-

8- Blir`ma? i blir `t im ixxkj~x xl xv`de ~kl~ck `mxl fkc`kw`ma tljkxb`ma gictk `t vkic-


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;- Dvkix`ma dlmg{t`lm? xb`t lmk `mwlcwkt dvkix`ma i ~vlfckj imh xbkm xiek ihwimxiaklg `x-

7- H{j~txkv h`w`ma? dbkde`ma o{me ji`c lv vl{x`mk ji`c clle`ma glv `mglvjix`lm-[t{iccp `m xvitbdimt lv dlv~lvix`lmt h{j~txkvt-

1- Vkwkvtk tldìc kma`mkkv`ma? akx lxbkvt xl ite pl{ y{ktx`lmt `mtxkih lg pl{ ite`maxbkj-

2- Kji`c? xbk {tk lg im `mxkvktx`ma t{fokdx c`mk dim xvàakv im kjlx`lm xbix ckiht xlidd`hkmxic ~ivx`d`~ix`lm gvlj xbk xivakx-

0- ^b`tb`ma? `m xb`t xkdbm`y{k wkvt`lm lg i tdij# xbk dlmt{jkv vkdk`wkt imh kji`chktàm `m i qip xbix cllet cèk im kji`c gvlj i cka`x`jixk dlj~imp# ji`mcp xl

dbimak ~ittqlvht# lv vkxp~k ~kvtlmic `mglvjix`lm `m lvhkv xl ~vlxkdx xbk iddl{mx

^b`tb`ma ixxidet {tk kji`c lv jic`d`l{t qkft`xkt xl tlc`d`x ~kvtlmic `mglvjix`lm fp

~lt`ma it i xv{txqlvxbp lvaim`zix`lm- Glv krij~ck# im ixxidekv jip tkmh kji`c tkkj`macp

gvlj i vk~{xifck dvkh`x divh dlj~imp lv g`mimdìc `mtx`x{x`lm xbix vky{ktxt iddl{mx

`mglvjix`lm# lgxkm t{aaktx`ma xbix xbkvk `t i ~vlfckj- Qbkm {tkvt vkt~lmh q`xb xbk

vky{ktxkh `mglvjix`lm# ixxidekvt dim {tk `x xl ai`m iddktt xl xbk iddl{mxt- "[T*DKVX#

6>>0) I vkdkmx ~b`tb`ma tdij kwkmx bi~~kmkh lm Dljkv`di fime `m J`dbàim qbkm i

t~llgkh kji`c gvlj imlxbkv dlv~lvix`lm aiwk xbk dpfkv dv`j`mic kml{ab `mglvjix`lm xl

q`vk xvimtgkv 9-0 j`cc`lm hlccivt l{x lg Dljkv`di xl h`ggkvkmx iddl{mxt- @m Xbk D{v`l{t

Ditk lg KJ@ wt- Dljkv`di "Miwkxxi# 6>9>) xbk i{xblv kr~ci`mt blq im KJ@ kj~clpkk

vkdk`wkh i ~b`tb`ma ixxide xv`de`ma b`j xl a`wk l{x b`t cla`m dvkhkmxìc- KJ@ kj~clpkk

jkmx`lmkh xbix xbk giek kji`c icckakhcp cllekh wkvp t`j`civ xl xbk kji`ct tkmx fp

Dljkv`di Fime- Dljkv`di {tkt i txvlma i{xbkmx`dix`lm jkdbim`tj xl i{xbkmx`dixk {tkvt#

i xlekm*fitkh 6*qip gidxlv i{xbkmx`dix`lm tptxkj xbix qit mlx kml{ab xl txl~ xbk ixxide-

Xb`t dlmxvlc jkdbim`tj `t qbix xbkp dicc `m xbk xkdbm`dic g`kch im `mh{txvp tximhivh#

jkim`ma icjltx kwkvp fime {tkt xbk tijk jkxblh lg i{xbkmx`dix`lm fkdi{tk lg `xt tkd{vk

gidxlv- Xb`t ditk vi`tkt tkwkvic `mxkvktx`ma ckaic `tt{kt- @m gidx# xb`t ditk dl{ch {cx`jixkcp

`cc{j`mixk blq dl{vxt w`kq xbk tdl~k lg i vkitlmifck tkd{v`xp h{xp- "Miwkxxi# 6>9>) @g

xbk fime lg Dljkv`di qit {t`ma icc bàbcp vkdljjkmhkh `mh{txvp tximhivht it xbk`v

dlmxvlc jkdbim`tj# imh xbk ~b`tb`ma tdij qit ~kvglvjkh lm KJ@# qbp ivk xbkp tx`cc


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cìfck< @ a{ktt qk ivk al`ma xl biwk xl ~ip dcltk ixxkmx`lm xl xb`t ditk5 qb`db fp xbk x`jk

lg xbk dlj~ckx`lm lg xb`t vk~lvx# xbk ditk bit mlx fkkm pkx vktlcwkh-

Tldìc kma`mkkv`ma fp~ittkt icc tlgxqivk imh bivhqivk tkd{v`xp dlmxvlct fp

xivakx`ma b{jimt5 qb`db ivk xbk dlj~{xkv {tkvt# jie`ma `x wkvp h`gg`d{cx xl dlmxvlc

`mglvjix`lm ckieiak- Kr~kvxt fkc`kwk xbix iqivkmktt imh xvi`m`ma ivk mkdkttivp xllct glv

gàbx`ma tldìc kma`mkkv`ma ixxidet- Xb`t vktkivdb `t ~ivx lg im kgglvx lg {mhkvtximh`ma

tkd{v`xp iqivkmktt ~vlavijt imh qbp ivk xbkp mlx fkkm kggkdx`wk-

Fideavl{mh

Xbk qlvch bit emlqm ifl{x tldìc kma`mkkv`ma xkdbm`y{kt t`mdk xbk x`jk lg Avkke

jpxblclap- Xbk Xvloim blvtk `t i allh krij~ck xbix vk~vktkmxt blq kggkdx`wk dim fk xl

xv`de tljklmk# imh iddlvh`ma xl tljk# ^vljkxbk{t `t lmk `g xbk lchktx tldìc kma`mkkv-

Iddlvh`ma xl Avkke jpxblclap# b{jim`xpt ~vlg`d`kmdp `m tldìc kma`mkkv`ma xlhip `t

~vlfifcp i h`vkdx vkt{cx lg `xt avkixktx jkmxlv? ^vljkxbk{t# qbl qit tl te`cckh `m xb`t

dvigx xbix bk dl{ch xv`de _k{t# xbk e`ma lg alht- "Hima# 6>>2) ^vljkxbk{t qit

vkdlam`zkh glv b`t qipt imh xv`det- Xbk dvkix`lm lg jim `t iddvkh`xkh xl b`j fp jlch`ma

b`j l{x lg dcip- Xb`t xv`de qit emlqm it xbk Xv`de ix Jkdlmk# bkvk ^vljkxbk{t lggkvkh

_k{t q`xb xql dbl`dkt# xl g`m`tb lmdk imh glv icc xbk h`tiavkkjkmx fkxqkkm jlvxict imh

alht- Lmk lg bk dbl`dkt qit lr jkix tx{ggkh `mt`hk im lrt txljidb# imh xbk lxbkv qit im

lr flmk dlwkvkh q`xb tb`m`ma gix- _k{t dbltk xbk tkdlmh l~x`lm imh it i vkt{cx

b{jime`mh ql{ch lmcp biwk xl jiek tidv`g`dkt xl flmkt imh gix alht- _k{t tkckdx`lm

gvkkh b{jime`mh gvlj biw`ma xl jiek tidv`g`dkt xl xbk alht- Kwkm xbl{ab xb`t `t o{tx i

jpxb tljklmk j{tx biwk xbl{abx lg xb`t imh ~ittkh `x iclma- Jkim`ma xbix xbltk

jic`d`l{t `mxkmx`lmt lg xv`de`ma tljklmk xl dlj~cp q`xb pl{v q`tbkt al fide xl xbk kàbx

dkmx{vp- Tljkblq `x dim fk ti`h xbix xbk qlvch bit gi`ckh xl j`xàixk tldìc kma`mkkv`ma

ixxidet- Ekw`m J`xm`de xkcct xbk txlvp xbix alkt fide xl 9012 ifl{x i jim dicckh Jive

V`ge`m# --- ~{cckh xbk fàaktx fime bk`tx `m b`txlvp* imh hlmk `x q`xbl{x {t`ma i a{m# kwkm

q`xbl{x i dlj~{xkv- "J`xm`de# 6>>6# ~-8)- Lmk ql{ch xb`me xbix c`w`ma `m xbk `mglvjix`lm


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iak9# lvaim`zix`lmt ql{ch fk jlvk iqivk lg t{db lch jkxblht xl dlj~vlj`tk im

`mglvjix`lm tptxkj- @x bit fkkm ~vlwkm xbix it x`jk ~vlavkttkt# xbk b{jim gidxlv tx`cc

vkji`mt xbk qkiektx c`me `m lvaim`zix`lmt-

Kwkvp pkiv# xbkvk `t i bide`ma dlmgkvkmdk qbkvk icc tlvxt lg tkd{v`xp ~vlgktt`lmict

imh kmxb{tìtx jkkx xl xice ifl{x xbk cixktx mkqt lm `mglvjix`lm tkd{v`xp imh bide`ma-

Xbk dlmgkvkmdk `t dicckh Hkgdlm- Xbk 92xb jkkx xlle ~cidk xb`t pkiv `m Cit Wkait# dicckh

Hkgdlm 92- @m Hkgdlm 92 xbk ~kl~ck lg tldìc*kma`mkkv-lva# ckih fp Dbv`txl~bkv

Bihmiap6# qbl `t i t{fokdx jixxkv kr~kvx# lvaim`zkh i tldìc kma`mkkv`ma di~x{vk xbk gcia

"DXG) dlmxktx- @m xb`t kwkmx xbk Glvx{mk ;>> dlj~im`kt qkvk xbk xivakx5 imh gvlj xbk

vkt{cxt# xbk dlmxktximxt gl{mh wkvp c`xxck vkt`tximdk xl tldìc kma`mkkv`ma ixxidet- Xbk alic

lg xbk di~x{vk xbk gcia kwkmx `m Cit Wkait qit xl dvkixk i bàbkv ckwkc lg iqivkmktt xl xb`t

xp~k lg xbvkix- Qbix jiekt xb`t kwkmx `j~lvximx `t xbk gidx xbix `x qit xbk g`vtx x`jk xbix

tldìc kma`mkkv`ma xidx`dt biwk fkkm ~{x `m h`t~cip glv xbk ~{fc`d-

@m xb`t DXG kwkmx xbk dlmxktximxt qbkvk ittàmkh i dlj~imp imh qbkvk a`wkm xql

qkket xl ~kvglvj `mglvjix`lm aixbkv`ma {t`ma ~itt`wk xkdbm`y{kt xl f{`cx im lvaim`zix`lm

~vlg`ck- Ml h`vkdx dlmxidx qit icclqkh h{v`ma xb`t x`jk- Xbk h`vkdx dlmxidx qit al`ma xl

xiek ~cidk `m xbk dlmgkvkmdk imh kidb dlmxktximx qit icclqkh 6; j`m{xkt xl dicc xivakx

imh dlcckdx it jimp gciat it ~ltt`fck- Xl jiek xbk dlmxktx it cktt `mwit`wk it ~ltt`fck xbk

gciat xbix qkvk xivakxkh bih xl fk mlm*tkmt`x`wk `mglvjix`lm gciat- Kidb gcia qit

i~~l`mxkh q`xb i wic{k iddlvh`ma xl xbk ckwkc lg h`gg`d{cxp-

Xbkvk ivk tkwkvic xb`mat xbix jiek tldìc kma`mkkv`ma i fà xbvkix xl im

lvaim`zix`lm# imh xbk kitk lg `mglvjix`lm aixbkv`ma `t lmk lg xbkj- Dlv~lvix`lmt t~kmh i

clx lg x`jk imh jlmkp `mxl ~vlxkdx`ma `mglvjix`lm? `mxv{t`lm hkxkdx`lm tptxkjt "@HT),

`mxv{t`lm ~vkwkmx`lm tptxkjt "@^T) tptxkjt# g`vkqicct# dlv~lvixk imx`*w`v{t tptxkjt#

kj~clpkk xvi`m`ma imh dlmtximx jlm`xlv`ma# ijlmatx lxbkvt- Blqkwkv xbkp biwk gi`ckh xl

dlmtxvi`m icc xbk `mglvjix`lm xbix `t iwi`cifck `m xbk @mxkvmkx- G`mh`ma kml{ab `mglvjix`lm

xl dvkixk im lvaim`zix`lmic ~vlg`ck fkglvk i tldìc kma`mkkv`ma ixxide bit fkdljk j{db

kit`kv mlq q`xb `mglvjix`lm tl{vdkt xbix ivk iwi`cifck xl kwkvpflhp- Tl{vdkt cèk Xq`xxkv#

9@mglvjix`lm Iak `t xbk ~kv`lh fka`mm`ma ivl{mh 901> imh mlxkh glv xbk if{mhimx ~{fc`dix`lm# dlmt{j~x`lm# imhjim`~{cix`lm lg `mglvjix`lm# kt~kdìccp fp dlj~{xkvt imh dlj~{xkv mkxqlvet- "XbkGvkkH`dx`lmivp# 6>>0)6Dbv`txl~bkv Bihmiap `t i ~vlgktt`lmic tldìc kma`mkkv imh i{xblv lgTldìc Kma`mkkv`ma? Xbk Ivx lg B{jim Bide`ma


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Allack# C`mekh@m# imh Gidkflle ivk tljk lg xbk jltx dljjlmcp {tkh xllct xl ~itt`wkcp

dvkixk lvaim`zix`lmic ~vlg`ckt xbix ql{ch fk cixkv {tkh fp i tldìc kma`mkkv xl divvp l{x

xbk`v ixxidet- @m xbk Hkgdlm 92 DXG kwkmx# `mglvjix`lm aixbkv`ma {t`ma xbktk jkdbim`tjt

qit dv{dìc- Gvlj xbk tldìc jkhì ~kvt~kdx`wk lmk lg xbk tkvw`dkt xbix bit fkkm

lwkvcllekh `t C`mekh@m- C`mekh@m `t ji`mcp {tkh glv ~vlgktt`lmic mkxqlve`ma- C`mekh@m

~vlw`hkt dlj~ckxk cipl{xt lg dlj~imp ~vlg`ckt ~vlw`h`ma vkckwimx `mglvjix`lm glv i

tldìc kma`mkkv- C`mekh@m `t i tkvw`dk xbix bit mlx vkdk`wkh it j{db ~l~{civ ixxkmx`lm#

f{x `m xbk dlmxkrx lg xbk DXG kwkmx qit giv jlvk {tkg{c xbim imp lxbkv t`mack `mglvjix`lm

tl{vdk- "Bihmiap# 6>9>) Xb`t hk~`dxt xbk gidx xbix xbkvk `t j{db `mglvjix`lm ckieiak

gl{mh `m xbk tldìc jkhì mkxqlve5 imh t`mdk xb`t `t i mkq avlq`ma `mh{txvp#

lvaim`zix`lmt biwk `j~ckjkmxkh wkvp c`xxck dlmxvlc jkdbim`tjt lwkv xb`t t{fokdx-

Lmdk i tldìc kma`mkkv dlcckdxt icc xbk `mglvjix`lm mkkhkh# bk dim hktàm im ixxide

fitkh lm xbk `mglvjix`lm aixbkvkh gvlj xbk t~kd`g`d xivakx- @m Hkgdlm 92 xbk ~blmk dicc

~vkxkrx jkxblh qit xbk ji`m ixxvidx`lm- @m gà{vk 9 qk dim tkk i avi~b`dic vk~vktkmxix`lm

lg xbk jltx t{ddkttg{ccp {tkh ~vkxkrx?

Gà{vk 9? T{ddkttg{c ~vkxkrx {tkh `m DXG

It pl{ dim tkk glvj xbk dbivx `mxkvmic kj~clpkkt ivk xbk ji`m dlmxv`f{xlvt xl xb`t

ixxide wkdxlv glcclqkh fp xbk xp~`dic g`cc l{x xb`t t{vwkp xl q`m i `îh ~b`tb`ma tdij-

Xbk fàaktx dlmxv`f{x`lm jihk fp xb`t kwkmx `t ~l`mx`ma l{x xbix `m xb`t hip lg iak5 xbk

pkiv 6>9># Glvx{mk ;>> dlj~im`kt "F^# Tbkcc# Allack# ^vldxlv ' Aijfck# J`dvltlgx#


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I~~ck# D`tdl# Glvh# Dlek# ^k~t`# Qic*Jivx# Tpjimxkd# ^b`c`~ Jlvv`t# Hkcc# imh Wkv`zlm)

q`xb `mglvjix`lm iqivkmktt xvi`m`ma imh kr~kmt`wk xkdbm`dic dlmxvlc jkdbim`tj gi`ckh xl

~vlw`hk i dlmxvlc iai`mtx lmk lg xbk gitxktx avlq`ma glvj lg ixxidet# emlqm it tldìc

kma`mkkv`ma-

[mglvx{mixkcp xbvl{abl{x xbk dl{vtk lg xbk dlmxktx# xbk m{jfkv lg x`jkt

dlmxktximxt kmdl{mxkvkh imp hkavkk lg vkt`tximdk qit vixbkv j`m`jic- @m xiccp`ma xbktk

vkt{cxt qk xlle i wkvp c`fkvic i~~vlidb lm dcitt`g`dix`lm lg vkt`tximdk- Iddlvh`ma xl l{v

imicpt`t# xbk vkt{cxt tblq xbix `m xbk dicct xbix qkvk jihk# iqivkmktt xvi`m`ma qit mlx

kggkdx`wk q`xb`m xbk xivakxkh lvaim`zix`lmt- "Bihmiap# 6>9>) Gà{vk xql `t i avi~b`dic

vk~vktkmxix`lm lg xbk ijl{mx lg vkt`tximdk gl{mh `m xbk DXG kwkmx-

Gà{vk 6? Vkt`tximdk Gl{mh lm DXG ~vkxkrx fitkh ixxide

@x `t kw`hkmx xbix wkvp c`xxck vkt`tximdk qit gl{mh lwkv xbktk ixxidet- Xbk gidx xbix

xb`t kwkmx `t tl vkdkmx fv`mat avkix vkckwimdk xl xb`t di~txlmk ~vlokdx- @x `t wkvp dckiv xbix

tkd{v`xp iqivkmktt# kwkm xbl{ab `j~ckjkmxkh# `t mlx kggkdx`wk- Xbk `mxkmx`lm lg xb`t~vlokdx `t xl al hkk~kv `mxl {mhkvtximh`ma qbp `t tkd{v`xp iqivkmktt `t mlx vkidb`ma xbk

kmh {tkv-

Ekw`m J`xm`de `m b`t flle Xbk Ivx lg Hkdk~x`lm "6>>6)# xicet ifl{x xbk

kggkdx`wkmktt lg xkdbmlcla`dic dlmxvlct imh blq xbkp ~vljlxk jic`d`l{t ixxidekvt `mxl

~kvglvj`ma tldìc kma`mkkv`ma ixxidet- Xbk Imx`*^b`tb`ma Qlve Avl{~ 6>9> "I^QA#


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6>9>) vk~lvx `mh`dixkh xbix xbk g`mimdìc `mh{txvp `t tx`cc xbk ckih`ma xivakx lg ~b`tb`ma

tdijt- Kivc`kv# `x qit jkmx`lmkh blq Dljkv`di Fime `t lm i ckaic ditk h{k xl i ~b`tb`ma

tdij# imh `x icc txivxkh q`xb i {tkv dc`de`ma lm xbk qvlma c`me `m im kji`c- ^kl~ck ivk mlx

o{tx xbk ~vlfckj5 `x `t `j~lvximx xl {mhkvtximh xbkp ivk ~ivx lg xbk tlc{x`lm jimp clttkt

ivk mlx di{tkh fp i cide lg xkdbmlclap lv gi{cxp xkdbmlclap f{x vixbkv fp {tkvt lg

xkdbmlclap imh gi{cxp b{jim fkbiw`lv "Vlxwlch# 6>>2)-

Xbkvk ivk tljk t{vwkpt xbix xivakx xbk hkd`t`lm jiekvt lm dlv~lvix`lmt# xbktk

t{vwkpt ~vlw`hk i dckiv ~kvt~kdx`wk lg xbk qip dlv~lvix`lmt ivk vkidx`ma xl `mglvjix`lm

tkd{v`xp xvkmht- Xbktk t{vwkpt ivk? Dlj~{xkv Dv`jk imh Tkd{v`xp T{vwkp imh Aclfic

@mglvjix`lm Tkd{v`xp T{vwkp- Xbk ji`m xivakx `m xbktk t{vwkpt ivk db`kg `mglvjix`lm

lgg`dkvt "D@L) imh db`kg tkd{v`xp lgg`dkvt "DTL) gvlj f{x mlx c`j`xkh xl xbk [m`xkh Txixkt-

Qbix jiekt xb`t t{vwkp `mxkvktx`ma `t xbk gidx xbix tkd{v`xp iqivkmktt `t imicpzkh gvlj

h`ggkvkmx ~kvt~kdx`wkt- Xbkp ictl di~x{vk xbk ckwkc lg {mhkvtximh`ma xbix icc tkd{v`xp

~vlgktt`lmict biwk lm iqivkmktt# ~lc`d`kt imh ~vldkh{vkt q`xb`m xbk`v lvaim`zix`lm- Xbk

vkckwimdk lg Xbk Aclfic @mglvjix`lm Tkd{v`xp T{vwkp5 imh xbk Dlj~{xkv Dv`jk imh

Tkd{v`xp T{vwkpt# xl xb`t di~txlmk ~vlokdx `t xbix xbkp icc `mwktxàixk blq db`kg

`mglvjix`lm lgg`dkv idx {~lm t~kd`g`d `mglvjix`lm tkd{v`xp `tt{kt- Xbk h`ggkvkmdk `m xbktk

t{vwkpt imh xbk di~txlmk ~vlokdx `t xbix xbk di~txlmk ~vlokdx gld{tkt jlvk lm xbk

emlqckhak xbix {tkvt vkiccp mkkh xl `hkmx`gp i tldìc kma`mkkv`ma ixxide-

Lmk lg xbk t{vwkpt xbix qk ivk al`ma xl fk dlj~iv`ma `t Kvmtx ' Pl{ma Aclfic

@mglvjix`lm Tkd{v`xp T{vwkp "A@TT)# xb`t t{vwkp ~{xt kj~bit`t `m mkq xkmhkmd`kt#

icxbl{ab mlx h`vkdxcp ittldìxkh q`xb tldìc kma`mkkv`ma# `x dim fk ti`h xbix xbk mkq xvkmht

q`cc kitk tldìc kma`mkkv`ma ixxidet- Lwkv xbk citx pkiv# qk biwk q`xmkttkh i tàm`g`dimx

`mdvkitk `m xbk {tk lg krxkvmic tkvw`dk ~vlw`hkvt imh xbk f{t`mktt ihl~x`lm lg mkq

xkdbmlcla`kt t{db it? dcl{h dlj~{x`ma# tldìc mkxqlve`ma imh Qkf 6->- "Kvmtx ' Pl{ma#

6>9>) 7>+ lg xbk vkt~lmhkmxt `m xbk t{vwkp fkc`kwk xbix xbk`v ckwkc lg v`te q`cc `mdvkitk hl

xl xb`t xvkmh- Xb`t `t jltx icivj`ma qbkm pl{ vkih xbix lmcp 87+ lg xbk vkt~lmhkmxt

idemlqckhak xbk`v `mwktxjkmx `m `mglvjix`lm tkd{v`xp `t `mdvkit`ma-

@g xbk vktx lg xbk vkt~lmhkmxt ivk mlx hl`ma imp dbimak# `x jkimt xbix 44+ lg xbkj

emlq xbix xbk v`tet `t `mdvkit`ma imh ivk mlx hl`ma impxb`ma ifl{x `x- @g pl{ dljf`mk xbk


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vkt{cxt gvlj xb`t t{vwkp imh dlj~ivk `x q`xb xbk g`mh`mat `m xbk Hkgdlm kwkmx# `x dl{ch fk

ti`h xbix cide lg iqivkmktt `t mlx xbk vkitlm glv cide lg idx`lm iai`mtx `mdvkit`ma v`te-

Xbkvk qit lmk y{ktx`lm lm xbk Kvmtx ' Pl{ma t{vwkp xbix vkiccp b`x xbk oide~lx?

Dlj~ivkh xl xbk ~vkw`l{t pkiv# hlkt pl{v lvaim`zix`lm ~cim xl t~kmh jlvk lv vkcix`wk

xbk tijk ijl{mx lwkv xbk mkrx pkiv glv xbk glcclq`ma idx`w`x`kt9>)

Tldìc jkhì mkxqlvet ivk lm i dlmtximx v`tk# Idx`wk {m`y{k {tkvt lg tldìc

mkxqlvet ivk ictl {~ mkivcp 4>+ aclficcp# v`t`ma gvlj 688-6 j`cc`lm xl 498-; j`cc`lm

dlcckdx`wkcp- "M`kctkm# 6>9>) I vk~vktkmxix`lm lg xb`t `m gl{mh lm gà{vk xbvkk-

Gà{vk 4? Tldìc Mkxqlve xvigg`d Gkf 6>9>


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Tljk lvaim`zix`lmt {mhkvtximh xbk bàb ckwkc lg ~lxkmxìc d{txljkvt `mt`hk xbktk

mkxqlvet imh ivk txivx`ma xl {tk xbkj glv txvixka`d ~{v~ltkt xl idb`kwk f{t`mktt alict-

Jlvk xbim lmk*xb`vh "4;+) lg kj~clpkvt `m xbk [-T- {tk tldìc jkhì xl ~vljlxk xbk`vdlj~imp# iddlvh`ma xl i mkq Divkkv F{`chkv t{vwkp- "Avitz# 6>9>) Xbk y{ktx`lm xbix qk

mkkh xl ite `t? ivk xbkp `j~ckjkmx`ma xbk {tk lg tldìc jkhì mkxqlvet tigkcp imh

vkt~lmt`fcp< Kvmtx ' Pl{ma vk~lvxkh xbix 44+ lg xbk vkt~lmhkmxt lm xbk`v t{vwkp

{mhkvtximh xbix tldìc mkxqlve`ma `t i dbicckmak xl dlmxvlc imh hkc`wkv ~vl~kv tkd{v`xp

`m`xìx`wkt- Jkim`ma xbix tldìc mkxqlve`ma `t bivh xl dlmxvlc5 imh kwkm xbl{ab xbkp

{mhkvtximh xbkvk `t i fà v`te# lmcp i gkq lvaim`zix`lmt ivk idx{iccp hl`ma tljkxb`ma

ifl{x `x- @g qk xiek i hkk~kv clle ix C`mekh@m "xbk m{jfkv lmk tl{vdk glv xbk DXG kwkmx

`m Cit Wkait)# xbkvk `t i avkix hkic lg `mglvjix`lm xbix dim fk aixbkvkh gvlj xb`t t`xk- I

gkq krij~ckt ivk? xidx`dic vktkivdb hixi# dlj~ckxk lvaim`zix`lm dbivxt# dlj~ckxk `hkmx`xp

`mglvjix`lm# ~blmk m{jfkvt# l~kvix`ma tptxkjt `m {tk# mkxqlve bivhqivk `m {tk# imh

mijk hvl~~`ma# ijlmatx lxbkvt- Tljkx`jkt `t o{tx i jixxkv lg dlmmkdx`ma xbk hlxt5 `g im

lvaim`zix`lm bit i ~vlg`ck qbkvk jltx lg xbk`v mkxqlve ihj`m`txvixlvt ivk D`tdl dkvx`g`kh

imh D`tdl kr~kvxt5 xbkvk `t i fà ~ltt`f`c`xp xbix D`tdl `t xbk wkmhlv {tkh glv mkxqlve

`mgvitxv{dx{vk `m xb`t lvaim`zix`lm- @x `t kw`hkmx xbix jltx lg xbk db`kg `mglvjix`lm lgg`dkvt

ivk tljkblq mlx ~ip`ma ixxkmx`lm xl xbk mkq xvkmht qbkm lmcp xkm ~kvdkmx lg

vkt~lmhkmxt `mh`dixkh xbix krij`m`ma @X xvkmht qit i wkvp `j~lvximx idx`w`xp glv xbk

`mglvjix`lm tkd{v`xp g{mdx`lm xl ~kvglvj "Kvmtx ' Pl{ma# 6>9>)- Gà{vk 8 fkclq tblqt

tljk lg xbk idx`w`x`kt xbix ivk vkckwimx xl lvaim`zix`lmt qbkvk dlj~cìmdk q`xb

vka{cix`lmt imh ~vlxkdx`ma fvimh vk~{xix`lmt ivk xbk q`mmkvt- Xbktk vkt~lmtkt dl{ch fk


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wkvp h`tx{vf`ma# imh dim fk gl{mh dl{mxkv~vlh{dx`wk- @g pl{ hl mlx emlq qbix `x `t xbix

pl{ mkkh xl ~vlxkdx iai`mtx# xbkm xbkvk `t ml mkkh xl flxbkv q`xb ~vlxkdx`ma vk~{xix`lm lv

dlj~cp`ma q`xb vka{cix`lmt- Tkd{v`xp `t im lmal`ma ~vldktt imh ekk~`ma xbk lvaim`zix`lm

~vlxkdxkh tbl{ch fk im kwkvphip xite- Dlj~cìmdk wt- tkd{v`xp bit fkkm i mkwkv*kmh`ma

hkfixk `m xbk `mglvjix`lm tkd{v`xp qlvch-

Gà{vk 8? Tkd{v`xp Idx`w`x`kt `m xbk lvaim`zix`lm-

It jkmx`lmkh fkglvk xbk ~{v~ltk lg xb`t ~i~kv `t xl dlj~vkbkmh xbk kggkdx`wkmktt

lg tkd{v`xp iqivkmktt xvi`m`ma `m dlv~lvix`lmt# imh {mhkvtximh qbp ivk xbkp mlx fkkm

kggkdx`wk iai`mtx tldìc kma`mkkv`ma ixxidet- Db`kg `mglvjix`lm lgg`dkvt ivk xbk hkd`t`lm

jiekvt imh xbk ~kl~ck vkt~lmt`fck glv ~vlxkdx`ma `mglvjix`lm lm xbk`v lvaim`zix`lmt5

Kvmtx ' Pl{mat t{vwkp bit tblqkh {t xbix kwkm qbkm i jiolv`xp lg xbkj {mhkvtximh xbk

mkq v`tet xbkp gidk- @m xb`t t{vwkp 9;+ lg xbk vkt~lmhkmxt ti`h xbix xbkp hl mlx biwk im

`mglvjix`lm iqivkmktt ~vlavij# i 17+ lg xbkj jkmx`lmkh xbix xbk`v `mglvjix`lm

iqivkmktt ~vlavij vkw`kqt akmkvic iqivkmktt tkd{v`xp xl~`dt# imh lmcp 69+ lg xbkj


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jkit{vk xbk lwkvicc kggkdx`wkmktt lg xbk iqivkmktt ~vlavij- Kwkvp lvaim`zix`lm bit

h`ggkvkmx mkkht imh vktl{vdkt# `x `t `j~lvximx glv xbk lvaim`zix`lm xl {mhkvtximh xbk`v

t~kd`g`d vky{`vkjkmxt- Kidb ekp ivki lg im lvaim`zix`lm mkkht xl fk `mwlcwkh `m xbk

~vldktt lg dvkix`ma xb`t tkd{v`xp iqivkmktt xvi`m`ma- @x t `j~lvximx xbix kwkvp lvaim`zix`lm

{mhkvtximht imh `hkmx`g`kt ~ltt`fck ai~t `m xbk tkd{v`xp iqivkmktt ~vlavij- @hkmx`gp`ma

xbktk ai~t tbl{ch fk im lm*al`ma ~vldktt xl `j~vlwk tkd{v`xp iqivkmktt# imh ictl xl xktx

xbk lvaim`zix`lmt di~if`c`xp xl q`xbtximh im ixxide- Xb`t q`cc lggkv `j~lvximx hkxi`ct lm xbk

kggkdx`wkmktt lg xbk lvaim`zix`lmt tkd{v`xp iqivkmktt ~vlavij imh ~vlw`hk glv

`j~vlwkjkmx- Ji`mxi`m`ma im {~hixkh tkd{v`xp ~vlavij q`cc ~vljlxk tkd{v`xp imh a`wk

xbk lvaim`zix`lm i fkxxkv tkd{v`xp ~ltx{vk-

I tx{hp dlmh{dxkh fp Ackmhi Vlxwlch4 vkwkickh `mxkvktx`ma vkt{cxt lm

lvaim`zix`lmt tkd{v`xp d{cx{vk imh iqivkmktt ~vlavij- 7>+ lg xbk t{vwkp ~ivx`d`~imxt

jkmx`lmkh xbix xbk`v lvaim`zix`lmt biwk tkd{v`xp iqivkmktt xvi`m`ma# l{x lg xbltk t`rxp#

88+ jkmx`lmkh xbix ixxkmhimdk qit jimhixlvp- Xbk jiolv`xp lg xbk vkt~lmhkmxt lm

Vlxwlcht t{vwkp txixkh xbix xbk jltx dljjlm jkxblht xl hkc`wkv xvi`m`ma qkvk {tkh?

gidk*xl*gidk xvi`m`ma tktt`lmt# kji`c jkttiakt# imh lmc`mk xvi`m`ma flxb `m xbk `mxvimkx imh

xbk qkf- Xvi`m`ma tktt`lmt qkvk lggkvkh ~v`jiv`cp lmdk i pkiv# xp~`diccp dlmh{dxkh fp

`mglvjix`lm tptxkjt "@T) lv tkd{v`xp txigg imh qkvk {t{iccp gckr`fck kml{ab xl `mdlv~lvixk

mkq `tt{kt lv mkkht- Vkt{cxt `mh`dixkh xbix xvi`m`ma qit mlx xp~`diccp d{txlj`zkh glv

h`ggkvkmx lvaim`zix`lmic avl{~t- "Vlxwlch# 6>>2) Gvlj xbk Kvmtx ' Pl{mat t{vwkp qk

ckivmkh xbix xbkvk qit ml ihi~xix`lm lg xbk iqivkmktt xvi`m`ma- @m Vlxwlcht t{vwkp# xbk

xvkmh lg mlx d{txlj`z`ma xbk iqivkmktt xvi`m`ma `t xbk tijk- Jimp tkd{v`xp ~vlgktt`lmict

iavkk xbix d{txlj`z`ma xbk iqivkmktt xvi`m`ma xl fkmkg`x `mh`w`h{ic hk~ivxjkmxt `t lmk lg

jimp qipt xl `j~vlwk xbk kggkdx`wkmktt lg xbk iqivkmktt xvi`m`ma- @g xbk {tkv dim vkcixk

xbk `mglvjix`lm xbix `t fkkm a`wkm xl b`j lm xbk xvi`m`ma imh ihi~x `x xl b`t kwkvphip

vl{x`mk# bk dim `mdlv~lvixk fkxxkv xbk dlmxvlc jkdbim`tjt xi{abx- @m xb`t t{vwkp# 16+ lg

xbk vkt~lmhkmxt jkmx`lmkh xbix xbkp biwk vkdk`wkh tkd{v`xp iqivkmktt xvi`m`ma- Xb`t `t

wkvp vkckwimx xl xb`t ~vlokdx fkdi{tk gvlj xbk `mglvjix`lm aixbkvkh# `x dim fk dlmdc{hkh

4Ackmhi Vlxwlch `t i ^b-H gvlj xbk [m`wkvt`xp lg Mlvxb Hielxi imh i{xblv lgBlq xl dvkixk i Tkd{v`xp D{cx{vk `mPl{v Lvaim`zix`lm-


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xbix xbk jiolv`xp lg xbk lvaim`zix`lmt biwk tljk tlvx lg `mglvjix`lm iqivkmktt xvi`m`ma

kwkm `g `x o{tx dlwkvt akmkv`d tkd{v`xp iqivkmktt-

@m Vlxwlcht vk~lvx# 6>+ lg xbk vkt~lmhkmxt ti`h xl biwk i ~lc`dp vkaivh`ma tldìc

kma`mkkv`ma imh gl{vxkkm ~kvdkmx lg xbkj tip xb`t ~lc`dp `t `m {tk- Biw`ma i tkd{v`xp

~lc`dp `t dlmt`hkvkh xl fk im kttkmxìc `mglvjix`lm tkd{v`xp idx`w`xp- I tkd{v`xp ~lc`dp `t

hkg`mkh it? xbk v{ckt# ~v`w`ckakt# vlckt# imh vkt~lmt`f`c`x`kt xbix i~~cp xl xbk {tkvt `m

jimia`ma icc xbk `mglvjix`lm- "Bimtdbk# 6>>1) Xbkvk `t ml {tk lm biw`ma i tkd{v`xp

~lc`dp `g xbk mkxqlve {tkvt ivk mlx iqivk lg `x imh {mhkvtximh `x- Glv xbk tkd{v`xp ~lc`dp xl

fk kggkdx`wk# {tkvt j{tx {mhkvtximh blq xl dlj~cp# {mhkvtximh xbk dlmtky{kmdkt lg mlx

dlj~cp`ma# imh iavkk xl xbkj- @m Vlxwlcht t{vwkp I t{ftximxìc ~kvdkmxiak lg

vkt~lmhkmxt vk~lvxkh xbix xbkvk qkvk ~kmicx`kt lv dlmtky{kmdkt glv tkd{v`xp fvkidbkt#

`mdc{h`ma tldìc kma`mkkv`ma "82-2 +)5 blqkwkv# 89-; + h`h mlx emlq `g xbkvk qkvk

dlmtky{kmdkt# imh lmcp 0-2 ~kvdkmx vk~lvxkh ml dlmtky{kmdkt- "Vlxwlch# 6>>2) Kwkm

xbl{ab xb`t tx{hp gl{mh xbix xbkvk `t i ~lt`x`wk ~kvdk~x`lm ijlmatx vkt~lmhkmx xl qbix

xbk`v lvaim`zix`lm `t hl`ma ifl{x `mglvjix`lm tkd{v`xp# jimp vkt~lmhkmxt gkcx xbix xbkp

ql{ch cèk xl vkdk`wk jlvk `mglvjix`lm tkd{v xp xvi`m`ma gvlj xbk`v lvaim`zix`lm- Imlxbkv

`mxkvktx`ma it~kdx ifl{x Vlxwlcht g`mh`mat `t xbix xbk vkt~lmhkmxt gkcx xbix `x qit

kwkvpflhpt vkt~lmt`f`c`xp xl bkc~ xbk lvaim`zix`lm q`xb ~vlxkdx`ma `xt ittkxt imh

dlj~cp`ma q`xb `mglvjix`lm tkd{v`xp dlmxvlc jkit{vkt- Jltx mkxqlve {tkvt {mhkvtximh

xbk `j~lvximdk lg `mglvjix`lm iqivkmktt# imh xbkp gkkc xbkp qimx jlvk `mglvjix`lm gvlj

xbk lvaim`zix`lm xl bkc~ xbkj vkdlam`zk ~ltt`fck v`tet imh ~vlxkdx iai`mtx xbkj- Xbk fà

`vlmp `t qbix qk ckivmkh gvlj xbk Kvmtx ' Pl{mat vkt{cxt# imh xbix `t jltx lg xbk db`kg

`mglvjix`lm lgg`dkvt q`cc txip q`xb xbk`v akmkv`d tkd{v`xp iqivkmktt xvi`m`ma imh q`cc mlx

ihi~x xl mkq xvkmht- Qbkm pl{ ~{x icc xb`t `mglvjix`lm xlakxbkv `x jiekt j{db jlvk

tkmtk qbp Glvx{mk ;>> lvaim`zix`lmt gi`ckh tl fihcp qbkm ~{x `mxl xbk xktx fp tldìc

kma`mkkv`ma ixxidet `m xbk vkdkmx Di~x{vk xbk Gcia kwkmx `m Hkgdlm 92# `m Cit Wkait-

Xbk vkt~lmt`f`c`xp lg xbk lvaim`zix`lm tkd{v`xp ~ltx{vk c`kt lm {~~kv jimiakjkmx-

Xb`t `t xbk vkitlm qbp Kvmtx ' Pl{mat t{vwkp vkwkict `mxkvktx`ma `mglvjix`lm ifl{x blq

{~~kv jimiakjkmx bimhckt d{vvkmx `mglvjix`lm tkd{v`xp `m jimp lvaim`zix`lmt- Xbk

tkd{v`xp ~lc`dp ktxifc`tbkh fp im lvaim`zix`lm tbl{ch biwk xbk fcktt`ma lg xbk`v tkm`lv

jimiakjkmx- Xb`t ~lc`dp q`cc bkc~ xbk lvaim`zix`lm dvkixk i tkd{v`xp ~vlavij- @m xbk


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di~x{vk xbk gcia kwkmx `m Cit Wkait# `x qit vkdlvhkh xbix wkvp c`xxck vkt`tximdk qit gl{mh

lm xbk ~vkxkrx fitkh ixxidet- @m xbk ditkt qbkvk xbk ixxidekv gl{mh vkt`tximdk gvlj lmk

kj~clpkk# `x ql{ch o{tx xiek imlxbkv dicc xl i h`ggkvkmx kj~clpkk xl fk ifck xl di~x{vk xbk

vky{`vkh gcia-

Lmk lg xbk kckjkmxt xbix tbl{ch fk `mdc{hkh `m xbk tkd{v`xp ~vlavij `t `md`hkmx

bimhc`ma- @md`hkmx bimhc`ma dimmlx fk o{tx lm vkt~lmtkt xl xkdbm`dic ixxide wkdxlvt- Im

krij~ck dl{ch fk xbk Glvx{mk ;>> dlj~im`kt xktxkh lm xbk DXG kwkmx5 itt{j`ma xbix

xbltk dlj~im`kt bih im `md`hkmx*bimhc`ma ~vlavij# ql{ch xbkp biwk fkkm ifck xl dlmxvlc

xbktk ixxidet< Xbkvk `t i ~ltt`f`c`xp xbix lm xbk vk~kixkh ditkt qbkvk xbk ~blmk dicct bih

xl al xl i tkdlmh ixxkj~x# xbktk jip biwk fkkm gi`c{vk ixxkj~xt `g xbk kj~clpkkt qbkvk

ickvxkh lg xbk t{t~`d`l{t ~blmk dicct- Q`xb im `md`hkmx vkt~lmtk ~cim# xbltk txvimak ~blmk

dicct ql{ch biwk fkkm vk~lvxkh imh xbk vktx lg xbk kj~clpkkt ickvxkh- Xbk ekp y{ktx`lm

`t? h`h xbk kj~clpkkt biwk kml{ab xllct xl `hkmx`gp xbk ixxide< Xbk gidx lg xbk jixxkv `t

xbix dlmxktximx `m xbk kwkmx gl{mh wkvp c`xxck vkt`tximdk xl xbk ~vkxkrx fitkh ixxidet- @x `t

dckiv xbix kwkm `g im `md`hkmx vkt~lmtk ~cim `t ktxifc`tbkh# `x tx`cc dljkt hlqm xl

`hkmx`gp`ma xbk dicc it i t{t~`d`l{t lmk- Bkvk `t qbkvk qk al fide xl iqivkmktt xvi`m`ma-

@x `t wkvp cèkcp xbix jimp lg xbk ~vkxkrx*fitkh ixxidet `m xbk DXG ix Hkgdlm qkmx

{mvk~lvxkh5 xb`t `t fkdi{tk xbk {tkvt h`h mlx biwk xbk di~if`c`xp xl `hkmx`gp i tldìc

kma`mkkv`ma ixxide-

@m 6>>;# xbk txixk Lgg`dk lg Dpfkv Tkd{v`xp ' Dv`x`dic @mgvitxv{dx{vk "MPT*

DTD@D) txivxkh qlve`ma lm im iqivkmktt ~vlavij xbix ql{ch vkwlc{x`lm`zk iqivkmktt lm

xbk d`xp lg Mkq Plve- Xbk ~vlavij qit gld{t`ma lm ~b`tb`ma tdij- îvx`d`~ix`ma q`xb

MPT*DTD@D qkvk xbk Imx`*^b`tb`ma Qlve`ma Avl{~# IX'X# imh xbk TIMT @mtx`x{xk-

Xlakxbkv xbkp vim xb`t g`vtx imx`*~b`tb`ma ~`clx ~vlokdx- Xb`t ~`clx ~vlokdx bih xql ji`m

alict? xl fkxxkv ~vlxkdx xbk iakmdp iai`mtx ~b`tb`ma tdijt# imh xl xktx xbk kggkdx`wkmktt lg

xbk tkd{v`xp xvi`m`ma- Xbk ~vlokdx dlmt`txkh lm ~vlw`h`ma xbk kmh {tkv q`xb xvi`m`ma imh

xbkm xktx`ma xbk`v if`c`xp xl `hkmx`gp i ~b`tb`ma tdij- &Xbk jlde ~b`tb`ma tdij krkvd`tk

`mwlcwkh tkmh`ma im k*ji`c xl xbk avl{~ xbix i~~kivkh xl fk dlj`ma gvlj i cka`x`jixk

tl{vdk# xbk iakmdp!t @mglvjix`lm Tkd{v`xp Lgg`dk# imh dlmxi`mkh i c`me xl xbk MPT*DTD@D

Qkf t`xk xbix qkvk `mtxv{dxkh xl w`t`x xl dbkde xbk tkd{v`xp lg xbk`v ~ittqlvh-& "Bivfkv#


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6>>0) Xbk `mxkvktx`ma xb`ma ifl{x xb`t jkxblh `t xbix xbk kmh*{tkv qit vkdkmxcp qivmkh

ifl{x xbk ~vlfckjt ~v`lv xl fkkm xktxkh- Xb`t jkxblh ql{ch di~x{vk xbk kggkdx`wkmktt lg

xbk xvi`m`ma ~vlavij imh {tkvt if`c`xp xl vkxi`m xbk `mglvjix`lm a`wkm- Xbk vkt{cxt qkvk

y{`xk `mxkvktx`ma# 91+ lg xbk ~ivx`d`~imxt glcclqkh xbk `ccka`x`jixk c`met `m xbk jldekh

kji`ct imh 9;+ xv`kh xl dbimak xbk`v ~ittqlvht- Xbk kmh {tkvt qbl glcclq xbk c`me qbkvk

a`wkm i gi`c xl dlj~cp jkttiak imh xiekm fide xl xbk xvi`m`ma- Q`ccìj ^kcav`m5 db`kg

dpfkv tkd{v`xp lgg`dkv glv Mkq Plve {mhkvtxllh xbix xbk ~vlavij qit wkvp kggkdx`wk imh

{tk xbk vkt{cxt xl `j~vlwk xbk iqivkmktt dl{vtk# &Dpfkvtkd{v`xp iqivkmktt `t ifl{x

d{cx{vic dbimak bk tipt-

@m xbk pkiv 6>>2 xbk tijk lgg`dk `j~ckjkmxkh i 9>*jlh{ck dlj~{xkv fitk

xvi`m`ma ~vlavij- Xb`t ~vlavij dlmxi`mkh `mxkvidx`wk krkvd`tkt lm xl~`dt cèk xbk ~b`tb`ma

tdij ~vkw`l{tcp xktxkh- Xl g{vxbkv vkidb l{x `mxl xb`t ~vlfckj xbk dlj~{xkv*fitkh

xvi`m`ma `mxvlh{dkh fp MPT*DTD@D `mdc{hkh imlxbkv 9> `mxkvidx`wk jlhkct lm {~hixkh

xl~`dt cèk tldìc kma`mkkv`ma# tkd{v`xp iddl{mxif`c`xp# imh tkd{v`xp xbvkixt ijlmatx lxbkv

`j~lvximx xl~`dt- Biw`ma t{ddkkhkh q`xb vkidb`ma `xt alic# i tkvwkv wkvt`lm lg xb`t

xvi`m`ma qit jihk iwi`cifck xl lxbkv alwkvmjkmx iakmd`kt q`xb`m xbk txixk xbvl{ab xbk

J{cx`*Txixk @mglvjix`lm Tbiv`ma imh Imicpt`t Dkmxkv-

Xb`t kwkmx bit avkix vkckwimdk xl xb`t ~vlokdx fkdi{tk `x hkjlmtxvixkt xl i ~l`mx

xbk kggkdx`wkmktt lg xb`t xp~k lg jkxblhlclap lg ji`mxi`m`ma im {~hixkh wkvt`lm lg xbk

iqivkmktt xvi`m`ma q`xb h`vkdx `mxkvidx`lm q`xb xbk {tkv- It x`jk ~vlavkttkt# xkdbmlclap

dbimakt imh kwlcwkt- @g lvaim`zix`lmt ji`mxi`m i dlmtximx lm xvi`m`ma qb`ck xkdbmlclap `t

kwlcw`ma# xbkm xvi`m`ma q`cc hkg`m`xkcp txip fkb`mh xl i ~l`mx lg mlx fkkm kggkdx`wk

impjlvk- @mglvjix`lm lqmkvt tbl{ch fk xbk lmkt vka{cix`ma xbk iddktt xl xbk`v vktl{vdkt

imh qbix xbk {tkvt dim hl q`xb xbix vktl{vdk-

@m imlxbkv Aclfic Txixk lg @mglvjix`lm Tkd{v`xp T{vwkp "AT@T) qk alx xbk

imtqkvt xl tljk lg xbk y{ktx`lmt qk ite- Xb`t t{vwkp qit ~kvglvjkh fp?

^v`dkqixkvbl{tkDll~kv "^QD) gvlj D@L jiaiz`mk- Wkvp t`j`civ xl Kvmtx ' Pl{mat

t{vwkp# xb`t t{vwkp ictl gld{tkt lm db`kg `mglvjix`lm lgg`dkvt gvlj ivl{mh xbk qlvch- @m

6>99# ivl{mh xqkcwk xbl{timh kàbx b{mhvkh D@Lt ~ivx`d`~ixkh lm xbk t{vwkp- Kivc`kv qk

itekh `g db`kg `mglvjix`lm lgg`dkvt xv{txkh xbk`v tkd{v`xp `j~ckjkmxix`lmt lv qit `x xbk

kdlmlj`d dv`t`t blch`ma fide hkd`t`lmt xlqivht i fkxxkv tkd{v`xp ~ltx{vk- Xbk AT@T


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t{vwkp ~kvglvjkh fp ^v`dkqixkvbl{tkDll~kv kw`hkmdkh xbix g`mimdìc vktxvi`mx `t

q`xbblch`ma `mglvjix`lm tkd{v`xp kwlc{x`lm `m jimp lvaim`zix`lmt- Fkclq `t gà{vk g`wk

q`xb i dlj~iv`tlm lg tkd{v`xp f{hakxt glv ~vkw`l{t pkivt?

Gà{vk ; ? Jltx j~lvximx hv`wkvt

It pl{ dim tkk gvlj xbk dbivx jimp dlj~im`kt biwk iddk~xkh xbk v`te glv

kdlmlj`d vkitlmt- @g qk dljf`mk xbk vkt~lmhkmxt gvlj Kvmtx ' Pl{mat imh xbk lmkt

gvlj ^QD# qk dim mlxk xbix D@Lt ivl{mh xbk qlvch ivk ~{xx`ma kj~bit`t xl jimp

it~kdxt lg tkd{v`xp imh ivk mlx dlmt`hkv`ma tldìc kma`mkkv`ma i xbvkix- ^QD t{vwkp

vk~lvxkh xbix 80+ lg xbk vkt~lmhkmxt qbkvk mlx gld{t`ma lm tkd{v`xp fkdi{tk lg xbk

kdlmlj`d dlmh`x`lm lg xbk lvaim`zix`lm# qb`ck i 8>+ lg xbk vkt~lmhkmxt ivk gld{t`ma lm

f{t`mktt dlmx`m{`xp imh h`titxkv vkdlwkvp- Iddk~x`ma xbk v`te `t ~vlfifcp wkvp himakvl{t

xl jimp dlj~im`kt# `x ql{ch fk wkvp `mxkvktx`ma xl tkk g{vxbkv `mwktxàix`lmt xbix ql{ch

dlj~ivk xbk v`te ittkttjkmxt ~kvglvjkh fp xbktk dlj~im`kt- Xb`t ql{ch ~vlw`hk i dckiv

w`kq it xl qbix ivk xbk ~v`lv`x`kt q`xb`m kidb lvaim`zix`lm- Gvlj xb`t t{vwkp xbk D@Lt

qbkvk itekh xl ~vlw`hk `mglvjix`lm lm blq `t tkd{v`xp o{tx`g`kh `m xbk`v lvaim`zix`lm imh

xbk vkt{cxt kr~vkttkh qkvk y{`xk ijiz`ma- Gà{vk t`r `t xbk vk~vktkmxix`lm lg xbk

vkt~lmhkmxt tkd{v`xp o{tx`g`dix`lm-


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Gà{vk 7 ? O{tx`g`dix`lm

@x icjltx tkkjt cèk `g vka{cix`lmt ql{ch mlx kr`tx jimp dlv~lvix`lmt ql{ch mlx

fk tkd{v`xp lv`kmxkh# kt~kdìccp qbkm i 89+ lg xbk tkd{v`xp o{tx`g`dix`lmt ivk fkdi{tk lg

dc`kmxt vky{`vkjkmxt- Xb`t `t xbk ji`m vkitlm qbp xb`t xp~k lg t{vwkp `t `j~lvximx# xl

{mhkvtximh qbix `t vkiccp al`ma lm fkb`mh dlv~lvixk qicct imh xbk vkitlm qbp xbkp jiek

tljk lg xbk`v hkd`t`lmt- @x `t dckiv gvlj xbk dbivx xbix ckaic imh vka{cixlvp kmw`vlmjkmxt

ivk xbk m{jfkv lmk o{tx`g`dix`lm glv `mglvjix`lm tkd{v`xp-

Igxkv icc xb`t vktkivdb xbk y{ktx`lm vkji`mt? blq jimp db`kg `mglvjix`lm lgg`dkvt

{mhkvtximh xbix tldìc kma`mkkv`ma `t i avkix xbvkix xl jimp lvaim`zix`lmt< Dlj~im`kt

dim dlj~cp q`xb icc vka{cix`lmt# biwk icc tlvxt lg xkdbm`dic dlmxvlc jkdbim`tj ~{x `m

~cidk imh tx`cc fk w{cmkvifck xl i tldìc kma`mkkv`ma ixxide5 qbkvk `m tljk lddit`lmt

q`xbl{x imp {tk lg xkdbmlclap vkt{cxt dl{ch fk hkwitxix`ma- Xbk ji`m ~vlfckj tkkjt xl

fk lvaim`zix`lmic gld{t# jimp lvaim`zix`lmt ivk {t`ma xbk tijk txvixka`kt pkiv igxkv pkiv

imh ml ihi~xix`lm xl mkq xbvkixt `t xie`ma ~cidk- Glv xbk tkdlmh pkiv `m i vlq# xbk gld{t

lm hixi ~vlxkdx`lm `t xbk t`mack jltx dljjlm txvixkap qlvchq`hk- "^QD# 6>9>) Lm xl~lg xbix# jimp lvaim`zix`lmt ivk gid`ma kdlmlj`d dv`t`t imh iddk~x`ma xbix xbkp ivk

vkh{d`ma tkd{v`xp f{hakx- 81+ lg xbk vkt~lmhkmxt jkmx`lmkh xbix xbk ji`m vkitlm glv

vkh{d`ma lm tkd{v`xp idx`w`x`kt `t di~`xic kr~kmh`x{vkt- Icc xb`t `mglvjix`lm bit avkix

vkckwimdk xl xb`t ~vlokdx# fkdi{tk tldìc kma`mkkv`ma vky{`vkt wkvp c`xxck xl ml xkdbmlclap

xl fk ifck xl dlj~vlj`tk i mkxqlve- @g xbk jiolv`xp lg xbk lvaim`zix`lmt ivk ckiw`ma xbk`v


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hkgkmtk jkdbim`tj it xbkp ivk# `g ml ihi~xix`lm lg xvkmht ivk xie`ma ~cidk# `g ml civakv

idx`w`xp glv tkd{v`xp iqivkmktt ivk bi~~km`ma# imh lm xl~ lg xbix# `g lvaim`zix`lmt ivk mlx

`mwktx`ma lm tkd{v`xp# xbkm jimp tldìc kma`mkkvt q`cc g`mh `x wkvp kitp xl dlmh{dx xbk`v

ixxidet imh fk t{ddkttg{c# tljkxb`ma icvkihp ~vlwkm `m xbk DXG ix Hkgdlm 92-

^QD t{vwkp ~l`mxkh l{x i wkvp `j~lvximx it~kdx lg xbk t`x{ix`lm# 80+ lg xbk

vkt~lmhkmxt jkmx`lmkh xbix xbkp bih im {~hixkh tkd{v`xp iqivkmktt ~vlavij# jkim`ma

xbix im `mdvkh`fck ;9+ hl mlx biwk im {~hixkh iqivkmktt ~vlavij- Xb`t `mglvjix`lm dim

fk dljf`mkh q`xb xbk gidx xbix ml g{vxbkv vktkivdb `t ~kvglvjkh qbkm idx{ic kwkmxt

bi~~kmkh- Xbkvk ivk jimp ivkit xbix al {mbkivh*lg- Xb`t `t imlxbkv avkix dlmxv`f{xlv xl

xbk ~vlfckj fkdi{tk `g im lvaim`zix`lm dimmlx ckivm gvlj xbk`v d{vvkmx kwkmxt# xbkp q`cc

mkwkv dlvvkdx xbkj k`xbkv- @x `t dv{dìc xl {mhkvtximh pl{v mkxqlve imh xbk kwkmxt xbix

bi~~km lm `x# xl ~vl~kvcp ~{x `m ~cidk dlmxvlc jkdbim`tjt xbix ivk kggkdx`wk# qb`db `t xbk

ji`m vkitlm qbp i v`te imicpt`t `t ~kvglvjkh- Xbkvk `t i dckiv ~ixxkvm xbix tbl{ch mlx fk

lwkvcllekh- @x `t kw`hkmx xbix tldìc jkhì `t dbima`ma xbk qlvch# imh xbk qip ~kl~ck

dljj{m`dixk {t`ma jlf`ck hkw`dkt `t dbima`ma kwkvpxb`ma- ^kl~ck ivk {t`ma tldìc

jkhì xl ckx xbk qlvch emlq# qbl xbkp ivk# qbix xbkp ivk hl`ma# qbkvk ivk xbkp cldixkh

imh xbk`v ivkit lg kr~kvx`tk- Icc xb`t `mglvjix`lm `t gvkk imh wkvp kitp xl lfxi`m- Ix xbk

tijk x`jk dlv~lvix`lmt ivk t{~~lvx`ma xb`t jlwkjkmx fkdi{tk lg xbk f{t`mktt ~lxkmxìct-

Dbivx 9?Mkaix`wk Kwkmxt

Vkt~lmhkmxt qbl vk~lvxkh mkaix`wk tkd{v`xp kwkmxt "^v`dkqixkvbl{tkDll~kv 6>9>)

Hlmx emlq blq jimp tkd{v`xp kwkmxt biwk

ldd{vvkh `m xbk ~itx 96 jlmxbt64+

Hlmx emlq qbix xp~k lg tkd{v`xp kwkmxt ldd{vvkh#

qbkxbkv kr~cl`xix`lm qit wì [TF# jlf`ck hkw`dk

lv tldìc kma`mkkv`ma

44+

Hlmx emlq xbk tl{vdk lg xbk kwkmx cèk# t{~~c`kv#

glvjkv kj~clpkk# bidekv lv d{vvkmx kj~clpkk 48+

Dbivx 9 `cc{txvixkt blq jimp ixxidet dim al {mmlx`dkh imh {mbkivh*lg- @g xbkvk `t

ml txifck tkd{v`xp d{cx{vk `m xbk lvaim`zix`lm# jimp jlvk xb`mat dim fp~itt tkd{v`xp imh

di{tk lxbkv h`titxvl{t kggkdxt- ^QD t{vwkp g`mh`mat ivk ml h`ggkvkmx gvlj imp lg xbk lxbkv


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t{vwkp jkmx`lmkh `m xb`t ~vlokdx- Jimp lvaim`zix`lmt ivk `mdlv~lvix`ma QKF 6->

xkdbmlcla`kt imh tldìc jkhì mkxqlvet `mxl xbk`v kmw`vlmjkmxt imh mlx jimp lg xbkj

ivk `j~ckjkmx`ma `x tigkcp- Lm ^QD t{vwkp# 8>+ lg xbk vkt~lmhkmxt jkmx`lmkh xbix xbkp

qbkvk `j~ckjkmx`ma tldìc jkhì xl bkc~ f{t`mktt# imh lmcp 64+ lg xbkj biwk tkd{v`xp

~lc`d`kt xl dlmxvlc xbk {tk lg xbkj- Iai`m# jimp lvaim`zix`lmt ivk txivx`ma xl {tk mkq

qipt lg dljj{m`dix`ma q`xb xbk`v dc`kmxt f{x mlx mkdkttiv`cp jie`ma t{vk xbktk mkq

qipt ivk tigk glv xbk lvaim`zix`lmt l~kvix`lm- Ittktt`ma kmh*{tkvt `t i avkix xllc mlx lmcp

xl glvdk xbk iqivkmktt# f{x ictl xl xktx q`xb vkic c`gk tdkmiv`lt `g xbk iqivkmktt ~vlavij `t

fk`ma kggkdx`wk- O{tx cèk xbk krij~ck `m Mkq Plve# `j~vlw`ma xbk jkxblhlclap q`cc ictl

ji`mxi`m xbk kmh {tkv iqivk-

Tldìc kma`mkkv`ma `t wkvp t{ddkttg{c fkdi{tk lg xbk mix{vic b{jim hkt`vkh xl bkc~- @x

`mwlcwkt flxb ~bpt`dic imh xkdbmlcla`dic xv`det xl `mdvkitk xbk xv{tx lg xbk xivakx- @m lvhkv

xl `j~vlwk xbk dbimdkt lg i t{ddkttg{c ixxide# xbk ixxidekv j{tx kr~cl`x icc ~ltt`fck

b{jim dbividxkv`tx`dt- Hv- Vlfkvx Dìch`m`8 `m b`t flle@mgc{kmdkh# xicet ifl{x wiv`l{t

b{jim fkbiw`lv xkmhkmd`kt xbix jip `mgc{kmdk dlj~cìmdk lg i t~kdìc vky{ktx- Xbktk

ivk? i{xblv`xp# tdivd`xp# cè`ma# vkd`~vldix`lm# dlmt`txkmdp# imh tldìc ~vllg-

9- I{xblv`xp : Qk biwk i hkk~*tkixkh tkmtk lg h{xp xl i{xblv`xp# Xktxt hkjlmtxvixkxbix ih{cxt q`cc hl krxvkjk xb`mat qbkm `mtxv{dxkh xl hl tl fp im i{xblv`xp gà{vk

6- Tdivd`xp : L~~lvx{m`x`kt tkkj jlvk wic{ifck xl {t qbkm xbk`v iwi`cif`c`xp `tc`j`xkh

4- Cè`ma: Qk ~vkgkv xl tip pkt xl tljklmk qk emlq imh cèk8- Vkd`~vldix`lm : Qk qimx xl vk~ip# `m e`mh# qbix imlxbkv ~kvtlm bit ~vlw`hkh {t;- Dlmt`txkmdp? hkt`vk xl fk "imh xl i~~kiv) dlmt`txkmx q`xb qbix qk biwk icvkihp

hlmk

7- Tldìc ~vllg: Lmk jkimt qk {tk xl hkxkvj`mk qbix `t dlvvkdx `t xl g`mh l{x qbixlxbkv ~kl~ck xb`me `t dlvvkdx---Qk w`kq i fkbiw`lv it jlvk dlvvkdx `m i a`wkm

t`x{ix`lm xl xbk hkavkk xbix qk tkk lxbkvt ~kvglvj`ma `x&

T`j`civcp# q`xb`m xbk g`kch lg `mglvjix`lm xkdbmlclap# Txkwkmt "6>>>) vkgkvt xl fkbi

8VlfkvxDìch`m`?^b-H^vlgkttlvKjkv`x{tlg^tpdblclapimhJivekx`maixIv`zlmiTxixk[m`wkvt`xp


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w`lvic xvi`xt t{db it dlmglvj`xp imh xbk hkt`vk xl fk bkc~g{c# qb`ck Olvhim imh Al{hkp

"6>>;) vkgkv xl gidxlvt lg `mkr~kv`kmdk imh d{v`lt`xp xbix jip fk kr~cl`xkh- @m

~b`tb`ma ixxidet# xbktk `mgc{kmxìc jkxblht dim fk `j~ckjkmxkh xbvl{ab xbk xkdbm`y{k lg

tkjimx`d hkdk~x`lm "Gkxxkix ic-6>>7)# qb`db `t idb`kwkh xbvl{ab xbk cima{iak {tkh `m

xbk xkrx flhp lg im kji`c- "Eivieit`c`lt# 6>>7)- @x `t wkvp `mxkvktx`ma blq `mkr~kv`kmdk

imh d{v`lt`xp ivk `mdc{hkh imh jkmx`lmkh it b{jim gidxlvt xbix dim fk kr~cl`xkh- Xbktk

dl{ch wkvp cèkcp fk dicckh `m xbk xkdbm`dic g`kch it xbk b{jim kr~cl`xt- Icc lg xbktk

xkdbm`y{kt imh tx{h`kt `m xbk g`kch lg ~tpdblclap xbix vkgkv xl b{jim fkbiw`lv ivk xbk

gkix{vkt {tkh fp tldìc kma`mkkvt xl iddktt qbix Dbv`txl~bkv Bihmiap; dicct xbk

B{jimLT-

Xbktk ~tpdblcla`dic jkxblht dim fk kr~cl`xkh xbvl{ab xbk {tk lg xkdbmlclap5 xbk

~b`tb`ma xkdbm`y{k {tkt flxb# b{jim gidxlv imh xkdbmlcla`dic lmk xl jkkx `xt alic-

^kl~ck qlvvp ifl{x xbk`v fime iddl{mxt# kji`c iddl{mxt# imh icc lxbkv tkvw`dkt lggkvkh `m

xbk @mxkvmkx xbix divv`kt ~kvtlmic `mglvjix`lm- Qbkm im kji`c tipt xbkvk `t i ~vlfckj q`xb

lmk lg xbktk iddl{mxt imh i mkkh glv i ~ittqlvh vktkx mkkht xl xiek ~kl~ck xkmh xl

~kvglvj qbix `x `t itekh glv- Ictl xl ~{x pl{v ~kvtlmic `mglvjix`lm lm i t`xk xl dckiv `x imh

ckx xbkj emlq xbix `x `t vkiccp pl{# jltx ~kl~ck glcclq xbktk dljjimht xl gkkc xbkp ivk

hl`ma xbk tljkxb`ma xl ~vlxkdx xbk`v `mglvjix`lm- Kwkm xbl{ab xbkvk ivk imx`*~b`tb`ma

tdij dij~iàmt# ~kl~ck tx`cc xkmh xl gicc glv `x imh glcclq xbk c`me- Xbktk c`met# gl{mh `m

xbk kji`ct xkcc`ma xbkj xl ~kvglvj tljkxb`ma t~kd`g`d# divvp im {m`glvj vktl{vdk cldixlv

"[VC) xl i fla{t t`xk lv i t`xk xbix cllet wkvp dcltk xl xbk tkmhkvt t`xk# {t{iccp fimet lv

lmc`mk vkxi`c txlvkt-

W`t{ic hkdk~x`lm `m ~b`tb`ma ixxidet dim fk idb`kwkh xbvl{ab jimp

~clpt xl jiek xbk kji`c i~~kiv cka`x`jixk# t{db it jite`ma i gvi{h{ckmx

[VC "B{tkfp# 6>>8) imh txkic`ma BXJC dlhk gvlj i akm{`mk qkf t`xk `m lvhkv xl

dvkixk i fla{t lmk fp j`vvlv`ma `x "Hviek kx ic- 6>>8)- @jiakt q`xb fimmkvt imh clalt

dim ictl fk {tkh xl dvkixk i jlvk ~ci{t`fck i~~kivimdk- "Eivieit`c`lx`t# 6>>7)

Xb`t di~txlmk ~vlokdx alic `t xl jiek i dckiv ~l`mx xbix xb`t `t xbk pkiv 6>9> imh

xbktk lch jkxblhlcla`kt ivk tx`cc fk`ma {tkh imh ivk tx`cc im kggkdx`wk jkxblh glv tldìc

kma`mkkvt- Xbk vktkivdb ~vktkmxkh fp Eivieit`c`lx t `t lg avkix vkckwimdk xl xb`t vktkivdb-

;Dbv`txl~bkvBihmiapi{xblvlgXbkIvxlgB{jimBide`maimhtkd{v`xpkr~kvx`mdbivaklgDXG`mHkgdlm`m92


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Eivieit`c`lx`t hktàmkh i t{vwkp q`xb i tkv`kt lg cka`x`jixk imh `ccka`x`jixk kji`ct imh

dlmgvlmxkh b`t ~ivx d`~imxt xl wkv gp `g xbkp dim `hkmx`gp xbk dlmxkmx- Xb`t di~txlmk

~vlokdx {tkh i wkvp t`j`civ jkxblh lg xktx`ma `xt ~ivx`d`~imxt5 xbk h`ggkvkmdk tximht `m

emlq`ma xbk ~ivx`d`~imx- Xb`t ~vlokdx qimxt xl vktkivdb qbix xp~k lg dlj~{xkv emlqckhak

xbktk ~ivx`d`~imxt biwk# `g xbkp biwk xiekm im iqivkmktt dl{vtk fkglvk imh qbix `t xbk`v

ckwkc lg kh{dix`lm- Eivieit`c`lx`t t{vwkp `mt~`vkh xbk t{vwkp hktàmkh glv xb`t di~txlmk

~vlokdx# fkdi{tk {mhkvtximh`ma qbp xbk ~ivx`d`~imx xb`met xbk kji`ct ivk cka`x`jixk lv

`ccka`x`jixk bkc~t xbk vktkivdbkv dljk xl i fkxxkv dlmdc{t`lm ifl{x xbk ~vlfckj-

Eivieit`c`lx`t! vktkivdb hvkq wkvp `mxkvktx`ma dlmdc{t`lmt fide `m 6>>7# xb`t di~txlmk

~vlokdx qimxkh xl ~vlw`hk `mglvjix`lm ifl{x blq jimp {tkvt vkiccp emlq qbix xl clle

glv `m i kji`c mlq `m xbk pkiv 6>9>- Xb`t vktkivdb `t ~{xx`ma avkix kj~bit`t lm xbk pkiv

fkdi{tk `x {mhkvtximht xbix it x`jk ~ittkt fp# kmh {tkvt tbl{ch fk i c`xxck jlvk iqivk lg

xbktk lch xvkmht imh dlv~lvix`lmt fp mlq tbl{ch biwk g{cc ihi~xix`lm xl xbktk xvkmht-

Eivieit`c`lx`t tkmh i vimak lg kji`c jkttiakt xbix xp~`dic @mxkvmkx {tkvt vkdk`wkh gvlj

wkmhlvt# imh fimet ijlmatx lxbkvt- Xbk 6> kji`c y{ktx`lmt qkvk dlj~ltkh gvlj 99

`ccka`x`jixk imh m`mk cka`x`jixk jkttiakt# imh qkvk aixbkvkh gvlj i dljf`mix`lm lg

qkft`xkt tblq`ma ~b`tb`ma vkcixkh krij~ckt# it qkcc it kji`ct xbix xbk i{xblvt

bih ~kvtlmiccp vkdk`wkh- "Eivieit`c`lx`t# 6>>7) Bkvk ivk xbk dixkalv`kt {tkh glv xb`t

t{vwkp?

9- @hkmx`gìfck vkd`~`kmx? H`h xbk jkttiak `mdc{hk tljkxb`ma xbix ihhvkttkhxbk vkd`~`kmx fp mijk lv tljk lxbkv dbividxkv`tx`d "k-a- ~ivx lg im iddl{mx

m{jfkv) xbix dl{ch itt`tx xl wkv`gp qbkxbkv lv mlx xbk tkmhkv qit `m ~lttktt`lm

lg wic`h hkxi`ct ifl{x xbkj vkt~lmhkmxt {tkh w`t{ic gidxlvt imh ;6

jihk o{hajkmx fitkh lm xbk xkdbm`dic it~kdx- Jlvk ~ivx`d`~imxt ~ip`ma ixxkmx`lm xl xbk

xkdbm`dic t`hk lg xbk `hkmx`g`dix`lm ~vldktt ckxt xb`t vktkivdb emlq xbix `x `t ~ltt`fck xl

~vlw`hk xbk kmh*{tkvt i xkdbm`dic xvi`m`ma qbkvk xbkp ql{ch `hkmx`gp t~kd`g`d it~kdxt lg

xbk kji`c tl xbkp vk~vktkmx fkxxkv hkgkmtk xl xbk mkxqlve ix xbk clma v{m-

Ictl gvlj im imicpt`t lg `mgc{kmxìc xkdbm`y{kt# `x tkkjt xbix jkttiakt xbix `mwlcwk ittkv

x`ma i{xblv`xp lv kr~cl`x`ma xbk vkd`~`kmxt hkt`vk xl fk bkc~g{c ivk jltx cèkcp xl fk j`tdci

tt`g`kh# dlj~ivkh xl xbltk ixxkj~x`ma xl krkvx `mgc{kmdk fitkh {~lm tldìc ~vllg lv tdivd`x


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p# qb`db ~ivx`d`~imxt qkvk jlvk ifck xl dcitt`gp dlvvkdxcp- "Eivieit`c`lx`t# 6>>7) Xb`t

it~kdx lg xbk tx{hp `t wkvp `j~lvximx fkdi{tk it jkmx`lmkh fkglvk# tldìc kma`mkkvt tx{hp

xbk`v xivakx ~v`lv xl ci{mdb`ma im ixxide- Xbkp q`cc di~x{vk `mglvjix`lm imh {mhkvtximh

jimp `j~lvximx it~kdxt lg xbk`v xivakx xbix q`cc bkc~ xbkj kciflvixk i t{ddkttg{c ixxide-

Xb`t `t ~ivx`d{civcp xbk vkitlm qbp iqivkmktt xvi`m`ma tbl{ch xivakx t~kd`g`d `tt{kt

`mtxkih lg i akmkvic `hki-

Xbk 6>>7 DT@,GF@ Dlj~{xkv Dv`jk T{vwkp vk~lvxkh ivl{mh (;6 j`cc`lm hlccivt

`m xlxic clttkt# imh l{x lg xbk xlxic kji`c ixxidet vk~vktkmxkh (9-2 j`cc`lm hlccivt `m cltt-

Biw`ma i ~vlfckj xbix ql{ch dlmtx`x{xk j`cc`lmt `m cltt ql{ch fk tljkxb`ma xbix tbl{ch

dixdb tljklmkt ixxkmx`lm# it qkcc it xl dlvvkdx`ma xbk ~vlfckj- Xbk imx`*~b`tb`ma

qlveavl{~ vk~lvx lg xbk g`vtx bicg lg 6>>0 vk~lvxkh xbix h{v`ma Gkfv{ivp imh O{mk xbk

m{jfkv lg ~b`tb`ma t`xkt gc{dx{ixkh ivl{mh xbk 4>#>>>5 qb`db `t mkivcp 96+ clqkv xbim

xbk icc x`jk tkx lg ;;#784# f{x tx`cc vkji`mt xbk tkdlmh bàbktx m{jfkv# jkim`ma xbix xbktk

ixxidet q`cc tx`cc vkji`m wkvp dljjlm- It i jixxkv lg gidx# Tpjimxkd "i dlj~imp xbix

t~kdìc`zkt `m Imx`w`v{t) fkc`kwkt xbix tldìc kma`mkkv`ma xvkmht q`cc dlmx`m{k xl avlq

h{v`ma xbk pkiv 6>9>- Jlvk imh jlvk# ixxidekvt ivk al`ma h`vkdxcp igxkv kmh {tkvt imh

ixxkj~x`ma xl xv`de xbkj `mxl hlqmclih`ma jicqivk lv h`w{ca`ma tkmt`x`wk `mglvjix`lm

{mhkv xbk i{t~`dk xbix xbkp ivk hl`ma tljkxb`ma ~kvgkdxcp `mmldkmx- Tldìc kma`mkkv`mat

~l~{civ`xp `t ix ckitx `m ~ivx t~{vvkh fp xbk gidx xbix `x `t xbk idx{ic {tkv fk`ma xivakxkh# mlx

mkdkttiv`cp w{cmkvif`c`x`kt `m i jidb`mk- Tpjimxkd ktx`jixkt xbix xbk m{jfkv lg ixxkj~xkh

ixxidet {t`ma tldìc kma`mkkv`ma xkdbm`y{kt q`cc `mdvkitk `m 6>9>- "Tpjimxkd# 6>9>)

Tpjimxkd ictl jkmx`lmkh xbix tldìc mkxqlve`ma xb`vh*~ivxp i~~c`dix`lmt ql{ch ictl fk i

bàb xivakx h{v`ma xb`t pkiv- Xbk ji`m ~vlfckj q`xb xp~k lg gciq `t xbix xbkvk ivk wkvp

c`xxck lvaim`zix`lmt q`cc`ma xl hl tljkxb`ma ifl{x `x# ji`mcp fkdi{tk xbkp fkc`kwk xbix

tldìc kma`mkkv`ma `t im ixxide wkdxlv xbix vky{`vkt i clx lg ~vk~ivix`lm# imh lmcp

`mkr~kv`kmdkh bidekvt {tk `x-

Iddlvh`ma xl i dlj~imp dicckh JIMH@IMX xbix `t mlx xv{k- Xbkp ~{fc`tbkh i

vk~lvx kr~ci`m`ma xbk mkq imixljp lg i jlhkvm bide- Xbktk dlj~im`kt jkmx`lm xbix xbk`v

tx{hp `t fitkh lm tkwkm pkivt lg gvlmx*c`mkt fvkidb `mwktxàix`lmt glv xbk ~{fc`d imh

~v`wixk tkdxlv- JIMH@IMX {tkt xbk mkqcp wla{k xkvj Ihwimdkh ^kvt`txkmx Xbvkix

"I^X) xl hktdv`fk xbk ixxidet hkxi`ckh `m xbk vk~lvx- Xbk dlj~imp hkg`mkt I^X it im


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&lvdbktxvixkh hk~clpjkmx lg tl~b`tx`dixkh imh ~kv~kx{ic ixxidet xbix biwk tptxkjix`diccp

dlj~vlj`tkh dlj~{xkv mkxqlvet `m xbk ~{fc`d imh ~v`wixk tkdxlv glv pkivt- "B{cjk#

6>9>) JIMH@IMX vk~lvxt xbix h{v`ma xbk ~bitk xql lg xbk ixxide "@m`xìc @mxv{t`lm `mxl

xbk Mkxqlve) xbk ixxidekv q`cc wkvp cèkcp {tk i dljf`mix`lm lg kgglvxt xl ai`m iddktt xl

xbk mkxqlve- Xbktk `mdc{hk dljjlmcp {tkh xllct cèk tldìc kma`mkkv`ma# dljf`mkh q`xb

kji`c# qb`db xbkp dicc t~kiv ~b`tb`ma- Xb`t jkxblh q`cc dljf`mk t~llgkh kji`ct

xivakxkh xl i tjicc m{jfkv lg t~kd`g`d `mh`w`h{ic q`xb`m xbk lvaim`zix`lm- Xbk t~llgkh

kji`ct q`cc dlmxi`m t~kd`g`d kr~cl`xt gvlj jltx dljjlm w{cmkvif`c`x`kt cèk J`dvltlgx

imh Ihlfk- Xb`t wkmhlvt kr~ci`m blq i dlj~ckxk ixxide `t lvdbktxvixkh# jkmx`lm`ma xbix

tldìc kma`mkkv`ma `t lmk lg xbk xkdbm`y{kt {tkh xl ai`m iddktt xl i tptxkj- Kwkm xbl{ab

xbk i{xblv tkkjt xl biwk mlx gl{mh imp mkq xvkmh lm xbk qip# JIMH@IMX vk~lvxkh xbk

mkq imixljp- Bk jkmx`lmt Qbix qk hl biwk ivk bàbcp*jlx`wixkh# qkcc xvi`mkh imh

g{mhkh ihwkvtiv`kt {t`ma tldìc kma`mkkv`ma# ixxide xllct# tlgxqivk gciqt# imh clq*imh*

tclq ixxide txvixka`kt xbix qk!wk fkkm avi~~c`ma q`xb glv jlvk xbim i hkdihk mlq-

"B{cjk# 6>9>) Xbkvk `t im `mt`hk olek ijlmatx xbk @X dljj{m`xp dicckh xbk cipkv 2

~vlfckj5 xbk kmh {tkv# `x dimmlx fk xiekm glv avimxkh fkdi{tk `x tx`cc vkji`mt glv jimp

lvaim`zix`lmt `xt qkiektx c`me-

Xbk citx f{x mlx ckitx vk~lvx xbix q`cc fk jkmx`lmkh `m xb`t vktkivdb `t xbk

Dlj~{xkv Dv`jk imh Tkd{v`xp T{vwkp ~kvglvjkh 6>9>- Xbk Dlj~{xkv Tkd{v`xp @mtx`x{xk

dlmh{dxt i pkivcp vk~lvx xbix ~vlw`hkt txix{t lg xbk jiolv`xp lg xbk vk~lvxkh `md`hkmxt-

Xb`t vk~lvx q`cc ~vlw`hk {~hixkh `mglvjix`lm ifl{x lm lmal`ma ixxidet- Xb`t t{vwkp `t

dlmh{dxkh lm ;#896 tkd{v`xp ~vidx`x`lmkvt qbkvk 69-;+ ivk `m xbk dlmt{cx`ma f{t`mktt#

9>-7+ ivk `m xbk g`mimdk tkdxlv# imh 9>-0+ `m `mglvjix`lm xkdbmlclap ijlma lxbkvt-

T`j`civ xl xbk lxbkv t{vwkpt ~vktkmxkh `m xb`t vktkivdb xbk jiolv`xp lg xbk vkt~lmhkmxt

biwk xl dlj~cp q`xb `mh{txvp vka{cix`lmt cèk B@ÎI# TLR# îpjkmx Divh @mh{txvp

Tkd{v`xp ^D@# imh Gkhkvic @mglvjix`lm Tkd{v`xp Jimiakjkmx Idx ijlma lxbkvt- Xb`t

vk~lvx `t lg avkix vkckwimdk xl xb`t vktkivdb fkdi{tk `x ~vlw`hkt {~hixkh `mglvjix`lm lm

xbk jltx vkdkmx ixxidet xbix lvaim`zix`lmt ivk kr~kv`kmd`ma- Xb`t {~hixkh `mglvjix`lm

~vlw`hkt i vkic ~kvt~kdx`wk lg xbk ~vlfckj fk`ma kr~ltkh fp xb`t di~txlmk ~vlokdx-

Xbk ixxidet vk~lvxkh fp DT@ `mdc{hk jimp wkdxlvt# glvj xbktk wkdxlvt tljk jip

fk di{tkh fp tldìc kma`mkkv`ma imh lxbkvt vka{civ ixxidet- Bkvk ivk xbk vk~lvxkh ixxidet


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q`xb bàbkv vixk lg ldd{vvkmdk?

9- Jicqivk @mgkdx`lm 71+6- ^b`tb`ma jkttiakt 40+4- Ci~xl~ xbkgx lv cltt 48+8- Flxt q`xb`m xbk lvaim`zix`lm 60+;- @mt`hkv If{tk lg `mxkvmkx iddktt lv kji`c 6;+7- Kr~cl`x lg dc`kmx qkf fvlqtkv 9>+

Kwkm qbkm jicqivkt tx`cc vkji`mt xbk jltx dljjlm ixxide {tkh# xbk ~b`tb`ma

kwkmxt `mdvkitkh ;+ gvlj xbk 6>>0 vk~lvx- Xbk `mt`hkv if{tk lg @mxkvmkx iddktt imh kji`c

bit i bàb vixk ictl q`xb i 6;+ imh xbk kr~cl`xix`lm lg qkf fvlqtk bit i 9>+- Xbktk

xbvkk biwk `m dljjlm xbk gidx xbix xbkp dim icc fk ittldìxkh q`xb tldìc kma`mkkv`ma

ixxidet- Imlxbkv `mxkvktx`ma gidx ifl{x xbk vk~lvx xbix fv`ma avkix vkckwimdk xl xb`t ~vlokdx

`t xbix `m 6>>0 DT@ vk~lvxkh xbix xbk jiolv`xp lg xbk g`mimdìc cltt qit di{tkh fp `mt`hkvt

txvlmacp iddkmx{ix`ma xbk gidx xbix b{jim kvvlv di{tkt bàb cltt- 21-9 ~kvdkmx lg

vkt~lmhkmxt ti`h xbix 6> ~kvdkmx lv cktt lg xbk`v clttkt tbl{ch fk ixxv`f{xkh xl jic`d`l{t

`mt`hkvt- 77-9 ~kvdkmx lg vkt~lmhkmxt ti`h xbix 6> ~kvdkmx lv cktt lg xbk`v clttkt qkvk

ixxv`f{xkh xl mlm*jic`d`l{t `mt`hkvt- "DT@# 6>9>) Jltx lg xbktk dlmxktximxt ictl vk~lvxkh

ifl{x xbk idx`lmt xiekm qbkm im ixxide xiekt ~cidk- 76-4+ lg xbkj jkmx`lmkh xbix

~ixdb`ma w{cmkvif`c`x`kt xl tlgxqivk `t xbk`v ji`m dl{vtk lg idx`lm- I 86+ jkmx`lmkh xbix

xbkp ~vlw`hk ihh`x`lmic tkd{v`xp iqivkmktt xvi`m`ma xl kmh*{tkvt it im idx`lm xiekm- Xb`t

`t i wkvp ~lt`x`wk vkt{cx qbkm dlmgvlmxkh q`xb xbk gidx xbix xbk jiolv`xp lg xbk ixxidet ivk

di{tkh fp jicqivk `mgkdx`lm- Imlxbkv ktxifc`tbkh gidx xbix `t ictl jkmx`lmkh `m lxbkv

t{vwkpt `t xbix xbk jiolv`xp lg xbk dlmxktximxt "7>-8+) vkwkickh xbix xbk`v lvaim`zix`lmt

biwk im ktxifc`tbkh glvjic tkd{v`xp ~lc`dp- Icxbl{ab qk icvkihp emlq xbix i ~lc`dp dim

bkc~ ~vlw`hk i dlmxvlc jkdbim`tj qk ictl emlq `x hlkt mlx j`xàixk xbk ~vlfckj imh i

dljf`mix`lm lg kgglvxt j{tx fk jihk xl dlmxvlc xbk xbvkix- Xbk jiolv`xp lg xbk

dlmxktximxt ";>+) qbkm itekh ifl{x xbk `mwktxjkmx lm tkd{v`xp iqivkmktt fk`ma

ihky{ixk idx{iccp idemlqckhak xbix `x qit xl c`xxck- Xb`t `mglvjix`lm ~vlw`hkt im icvkihp

ktxifc`tb ~l`mx xbix jimp dlv~lvix`lmt ivk iqivk lg xbk ~vlfckj- Lmk lg xbk jltx vkckwimx


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`mglvjix`lm `t xbk ijl{mx lg xkdbmlclap dlmxvlct {tkh# g`a{vk 0 ~vlw`hkt i w`t{ic a{`hk xl

xbk xp~kt lg tkd{v`xp dlmxvlct {tkh fp xbk vkt~lmhkmxt-

G`a{vk 0? Xp~kt lg Tkd{v`xp Xkdbmlclap [tkh

@x `t dckiv xbix lvaim`zix`lmt biwk jimp xkdbmlclap tkd{v`xp dlmxvlct f{x b{jimt q`cc

dlmx`m{k xl fk xbk mkxqlvet qkiektx c`me- Xbk DT@ t{vwkp ~vlw`hkt vkt{cxt glv i y{ktx`lm


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xbix a`wkt tljk e`mh lg bl~k xl xbk vktx lg xbk g`mh`mat qk biwk aixbkvkh xbvl{ab xbk

vktkivdb- Xb`t y{ktx`lm qit ihhkh xl xbk t{vwkp `m 6>>0 lm imh dlmx`m{kh xl fk `m {tk

xb`t pkiv- Xbk dlmxktximxt qbkvk itekh qbix xkdbm`y{kt qbkvk {tkh xl kwic{ixk xbk

kggkdx`wkmktt lg iqivkmktt xvi`m`ma- @m 6>>0? 96-7+ bih ml `mglvjix`lm iqivkmktt

xvi`m`ma# 8>-2+ lg xbk dlmxktximxt bih `mglvjix`lm iqivkmktt xvi`m`ma f{x h`h mlx jkit{vk

`xt kggkdx`wkmktt imh 9;-4+ ~vlw`hk tldìc kma`mkkv`ma xkdbm`y{kt `m xbk xvi`m`ma- @m

6>9>? 98-0+ biwk ml iqivkmktt xvi`m`ma# 48-9+ biwk `mglvjix`lm iqivkmktt xvi`m`ma f{x

h`h mlx jkit{vk `x imh 69-6+ biwk tldìc kma`mkkv`ma xvi`m`ma q`xb i jkxblh xl jkit{vk

`xt kggkdx`wkmktt- Xbk lftkvwix`lm `t kw`hkmx xbix xbk m{jfkv lg {mjkit{vkh xvi`m`ma

hkdvkitk# imh xbk m{jfkv lg tldìc kma`mkkv`ma t~kd`g`d xvi`m`ma `mdvkitkh- Xb`t hixi

~vlw`hkt ~lt`x`wk `m~{xt# lmk lg xbk ji`m t{aaktx`lmt xbix xb`t vktkivdb qimxt xl ~vlw`hk

`t xbk gidx xbix `x `t `j~kvix`wk xl wic{ixk iqivkmktt xvi`m`ma imh g`mh jkdbim`tj xl emlq

`g xbk xvi`m`ma `t qlve`ma glv xbk lvaim`zix`lm imh `g mlx xl vk*kwic{ixk imh ihi~x xbk

xb`mat xbime xbk xvi`m`ma `t cide`ma xl fkxxkv `j~vlwk `x-

@mwktxàix`wk Jkxblhlclap

Xb`t di~txlmk ~vlokdx {mhkvtximht xbix tkd{v`xp iqivkmktt `t lmk lg xbk jltx

wic{ifck xllct im lvaim`zix`lm bit xl dl{mxkvidx im lwkvcllekh qkiemktt ijlmatx

lvaim`zix`lmt- Biw`ma i akmkvic iqivkmktt ~vlavij q`cc mlx ~vlw`hk xbk mkdkttivp

kckjkmxt vky{`vkh xl g{cg`cc xbk alic- Xl ~vlw`hk i fkxxkv dlmxvlc jkdbim`tj glv tldìc

kma`mkkv`ma ixxidet# {tkvt mkkh fk ~vl~kvcp `mglvjkh ifl{x xbk xkdbm`y{kt {tkh `m flxb

xkdbm`dic imh mlm*xkdbm`dic ixxidet- Xb`t kr~kv`jkmx qimxt xl ~vlwk xbix `m xbk pkiv

6>9># qbkm icjltx kwkvpflhp `t i dlj~{xkv {tkv q`xb i bàb ckwkc lg kh{dix`lm# xbk

jiolv`xp lg xbk mkxqlve {tkvt dimmlx `hkmx`gp i c`me lv xbk cka`x`jidp lg im kji`c- Xbk

kr~kv`jkmx qit hktàmkh fitkh lm im lmc`mk t{vwkp imh `x `mdc{hkh xbvkk

ji`m tkdx`lmt- Xbk g`vtx tkdx`lm dlcckdxkh hkjlavi~b`d hkxi`ct ifl{x

vkt~lmhkmxt# dlj~{xkv emlqckhak# kh{dix`lm imh xbk`v @mxkvmkx {tiak- Xb`t `t glcclqkh

fp xbk ji`m ~ivx lg xbk t{vwkp# qb`db dlmt`txkh lg i tjicc y{`z dlj~ltkh lg m`mk

y{ktx`lmt# kidb ~vktkmx`ma xbk ~ivx`d`~imx q`xb im kji`c jkttiak lv i [VC# imh

ite`ma xbkj xl o{hak `xt cka`x`jidp- @m kidb ditk# vkt~lmhkmxt dl{ch dblltk lmk lg


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xbvkk l~x`lmt "`ccka`x`jixk# cka`x`jixk imh hlm emlq)- @g xbkp dblltk `ccka`x`jixk#

xbkm xbkp qkvk itekh qbp h`h xbkp xb`me xbk kji`c ~vktkmxkh qit `ccka`x`jixk- Xbk citx

~ivx lg xbk t{vwkp xv`kt xl {mhkvtximh i c`xxck jlvk ifl{x mkxqlve {tkv t~kd`g`dt? bit xbk

~ivx`d`~imx kwkv xiekm imp iqivkmktt dl{vtk# biwk xbkp bkivh t~kd`g`d xkvjt cèk ~b`tb`ma#

imh lxbkv xv`dep y{ktx`lmt gl{mh lm I~~kmh`r I- Xb`t t{vwkp ql{ch xktx blq j{db xbk

~ivx`d`~imx `t vkiccp iqivk lgg-

I wiv`kxp lg kji`c tij~ckt gvlj Bkc~`ma Bi`x`# Ijizlm ~ittqlvh vktkx# xl fimet

ite`ma {tkv `mglvjix`lm qkvk {tkh `m xb`t tdkmiv`l icc xiekm gvlj xbk imx`*~b`tb`ma qlve

avl{~ qkf t`xk "bxx~?,,qqq-imx`~b`tb`ma-lva,)- Lmk lg xbk ekp kckjkmxt xbix jiek

~b`tb`ma tdijt tl t{ddkttg{c `t xbk dljf`mix`lm lg b{jim gidxlv q`xb xbk `mif`c`xp lg xbk

{tkv xl `hkmx`gp`ma i cka`x`jixk lv `ccka`x`jixk [VC- It ~ivx lg xb`t mwktxàix`lm qk biwk

`mdlv~lvixkh i tkv`kt lg {m`glvj vktl{vdk cldixlvt "[VC) glv xbk ~ivx`d`~imxt xl `hkmx`gp

o{tx cèk `m xbk kji`c? `m kidb ditk# vkt~lmhkmxt dl{ch dbltk lmk lg xbvkk l~x`lmt

"`ccka`x`jixk# cka`x`jixk imh hlmx emlq)# imh `g xbkp dblltk `ccka`x`jixk# xbkm xbkp

qkvk itekh qbp h`h xbkp xb`me `x qit `ccka`x`jixk- Xbk giek [VCt qbkvk ictl xiekm gvlj

xbk imx`*~b`tb`ma qlveavl{~ qkf t`xk "bxx~?,,qqq-imx`~b`tb`ma-lva,)-

Lmcp xql [VCt qbkvk cka`x`jixk `m xbk tjicc y{`z imh xbk vktx lg xbk krij~ckt

qkvk `ccka`x`jixk- Xbk dkmxvic `hki `t xl {mhkvtximh qbp {tkvt xb`me xbktk kji`ct ivk

`ccka`x`jixk imh ckivm `g xbkp vkiccp {mhkvtximh qbix xl clle glv `m im kji`c- T`mdk jltx lg

xbk ~vlfckjt `m i ~b`tb`ma tdij dljk gvlj dc`de`ma lm im `mdlvvkdx c`me# xb`t t{vwkp

hkd`hkh xl `mdc{hk [VC `hkmx`g`dix`lm it ~ivx lg xbk xktxkh `xkjt-

Kr~kv`jkmxic Vkt{cxt imh Imicpt`t

Icxbl{ab i xlxic lg 66; ~ivx`d`~imxt txivxkh xbk t{vwkp# lmcp 9;6 ~ivx`d`~imxt g{ccp

dlj~ckxkh xbk t{vwkp lwkv xbk dl{vtk lg xql qkket- Qictb Dlcckak Y{icxv`dt tptxkj qit

ifck xl xvimtcixk xbk t{vwkp# tl `x qit ~vlw`hkh `m flxb Kmac`tb imh T~im`tb- Xb`t t{vwkp

qit `mxkmhkh ~v`jiv`cp xl tx{hp idx{ic mkxqlve {tkvt `m h`ggkvkmx dlv~lvix`lmt- Hl xl xbk

vktkivdb xl~`d jimp dlv~lvix`lmt hkdc`mk bkc~ fp h`ttkj`mix`ma xb`t t{vwkp xl xbk`v

mkxqlve {tkvt- Xb`t c`j`xix`lm dlj~ckxkcp dbimakh xbk alic lg xb`t di~txlmk ~vlokdx imh


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biw`ma x`jk c`j`xix`lmt di{tkh xb`t t{vwkp xl fk ~vl~iaixkh ~{fc`dcp `mtxkih lg h`vkdxcp xl

mkxqlve {tkvt- Gidkflle# C`mekh@m# Xq`xxkv# imh kji`c tptxkjt qbkvk {tkh xl ~vl~iaixk

xbk t{vwkp- Xbk [VC vkh`vkdx`lm tkvw`dk bxx~?,,f`x-cp qit {tkh xl xvide t{vwkpt b`xt imh

cldix`lmt- Gà{vk 9> vk~vktkmxt i dbivx lm xbk ~cidkt qbkvk xbk t{vwkp qit dc`dekh-

Gà{vk 9>? F`x-cp c`me xvide`ma

Iddlvh`ma xl l{v g`mh`mat xbk xlxic ~ivx`d`~imxt `mdc{hkh 91 h`ggkvkmx mix`lmic`x`kt

q`xb xbk jiolv`xp lg xbk ~ivx`d`~imxt fk`ma gvlj [m`xkh Txixkt imh ^{kvxl V`dl- Xb`t

`mdc{hkh i j`r akmhkv lg 1>+ jick imh 4>+ gkjick- Xbk jiolv`xp lg xbk ~ivx`d`~imxt

iak vimakh gvlj 4> xl 80 pkivt lg iak q`xb i ;9+# 40+ gvlj xbk vimak lg 9>*60 imh 0+

gvlj xbk iakt ;> xl 70- Lm im `mxkvktx`ma mlxk xbk jiolv`xp lg xbk ~ivx`d`~imxt "8;+) bih

i fidbkclvt hkavkk# imh i tàm`g`dimx ijl{mx bih bàbkv kh{dix`lm# cèk i jitxkvt hkavkk

q`xb i 61+- Glv xbk ~{v~ltk lg xb`t vktkivdb xb`t hixi `t wkvp `j~lvximx# xl i hkavkk xbk

ckwkc lg kh{dix`lm lg xbk {tkvt jkimt xbkp ivk jlvk di~ifck lg {mhkvtximh`ma i fkxxkv*

hkxi`ckh iqivkmktt dl{vtk xbim xbltk q`xbl{x im kh{dix`lm- Icxbl{ab g{vxbkv vktkivdb `t

mkkhkh xl ~vlwk xb`t ~l`mx# `x `t t{aaktxkh xbix fkxxkv h`txv`f{x`lm lg xbk iqivkmktt dl{vtktdim fkmkg`x xbk lvaim`zix`lm- Xvi`m`ma `t mlx ky{iccp h`txv`f{xkh ijlma kj~clpkkt-

Lchkv# clq te`cckh qlvekvt# imh xl tljk krxkmx gkjick qlvekvt# xp~`diccp vkdk`wk cktt

xvi`m`ma xbim lxbkv avl{~t lg kj~clpkkt- Blqkwkv# qk hl mlx g`mh imp dckiv*d{x kw`hkmdk

xbix vkx{vmt xl xvi`m`ma wiv`kt q`xb akmhkv# kh{dix`lmic lv te`cct ckwkct# qb`db t{aaktxt

xbix `mky{ic`x`kt hl mlx iv`tk fkdi{tk lg h`ggkvkmdkt `m vkx{vmt xl xvi`m`ma# f{x ivk jlvk i


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dlmtky{kmdk lg `mky{ic`x`kt lg xbk h`txv`f{x`lm lg xvi`m`ma `mwktxjkmxt- "Bimttlm# F-

6>>2) Xbk ~ivx`d`~imxt qlvekh `m i wiv`kxp lg tkdxlvt imh xbk jltx mlxifck ivk? 6;+ lwkv

icc tkvw`dkt# 91+ tx{hkmxt# 94+ alwkvmjkmx# 99+ tkcg kj~clpkh# 1+ G`mimdìc# imh 7+

{mkj~clpkh# ijlma lxbkvt- Xbk jiolv`xp lg xbktk {tkvt kr~vkttkh xl fk J`dvltlgx {tkvt

q`xb i 71+# I~~ck {tkvt vimakh `m i 98+ qb`ck i 96+ glv l~km tl{vdk {tkvt- Xbk vktx lg

xbk ~ivx`d`~imxt dci`jkh xl {tk xbkj icc# lv flxb J`dvltlgx imh I~~ck- ^kl~ck q`xb tljk

tlvx lg dlcckak hkavkk xkmh xl fk jlvk dlj~{xkv tiwwp xbim lxbkvt- Xbkvk ivk tx{h`kt

xbix hkxkvj`mk xbix ckwkc lg kh{dix`lm dim al bimh*xl*bimh q`xb xbk xp~k lg dlj~{xkv

{tkh- Lmk gidxlv dl{ch fk xbix ~kl~ck q`xb kh{dix`lm biwk fkkm jlvk kr~ltkh xl

dlj~{xkv {tiak xbim ~kl~ck q`xbl{x im kh{dix`lm- G{vxbkv vktkivdb dl{ch ~vlw`hk jlvk

kw`hkmdk lg xb`t jixxkv f{x glv xbk tdl~k lg xbk ~vlokdx qk gkkc xbix xbk xp~k lg l~kvix`ma

tptxkjt {tkh `t `j~lvximx xl {mhkvtximh xbk xp~k lg dlj~{xkv {tkv- M`kctkm,MkxVix`mat

ti`h xbix 1>-6 ~kvdkmx lg Jid {tkvt lmc`mk biwk i dlcckak hkavkk# dlj~ivkh q`xb ;8-6

~kvdkmx lg icc Qkf t{vgkvt- "DMKX# 6>>6)

Xbk jiolv`xp lg xbk ~ivx`d`~imxt jkmx`lmkh xbix xbkp {tk dlj~{xkv kwkvp hip flxb

ix bljk imh ix qlve- Xbk ~{v~ltk lg {tiak wiv`kt# f{x kji`c tptxkj qit xbk jiolv`xp-

Gà{vk 99 vk~vktkmxt xbltk m{jfkvt?

Gà{vk 99? Dlj~{xkv [tiak


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Xbk tkdlmh ~ivx lg xbk t{vwkp qit xbk y{`z q`xb xbk [VC imh kji`ct- It

jkmx`lmkh fkglvk xb`t ~ivx qit dlj~ltkh lg m`mk y{ktx`lmt# xbkvk qbkvk gl{v kji`ct xl

`hkmx`gp imh g`wk [VCt- Icc xbk kji`ct `m xbk t{vwkp qbkvk `ccka`x`jixk imh l{x lg xbk g`wk

[VC kr~ltkh lmcp xql qkvk cka`x`jixk- @g xbk ~ivx`d`~imx `hkmx`g`kh xbk kji`c lv xbk [VC

it im `ccka`x`jixk lmk# bk,tbk qit dbicckmakh q`xb i xkrx flr xl kr~ci`m b`t,bkv vkitlm`ma-

I y{`de lftkvwix`lm gvlj xbk lwkv icc vkt{cxt? l{x lg xbk m`mk y{ktx`lmt kr~ltkh lm gl{v

lg xbkj "94# 9;#69# imh 60) xbk jiolv xp lg xbk ~ivx`d`~imxt qbkvk dlvvkdx ifl{x xbk kji`c

lv [VC imh t{txi`mkh xbk`v imtqkv it xl qbp- Xb`t jkimt xbix ;7+ lg xbk lwkvicc y{`z

di{tkh tljk xp~k lg xvl{fck glv xbk ~ivx`d`~imx xl `hkmx`gp dlvvkdxcp- @m y{ktx`lm 91 xbk

jiolv`xp lg xbk ~ivx`d`~imxt ";1+) `mh`dixkh xbix xbk [VC qit `ccka`x`jixk f{x l{x lg xbix

jiolv`xp lmcp ;6+ lg xbkj dl{ch t{txi`m xbk`v imtqkv tkxx`ma fide xb`t jiolv`xp xl i 62+-

@m xbk vktx lg xbk y{`z cktt xbix bicg lg xbk ~ivx`d`~imxt `mh`dixkh xbk dlvvkdx imtqkv imh

kwkm xbix ckttkv bicg dl{ch mlx t{txi`m xbk`v imtqkv- Tkk g`a{vk 96 fkclq-

G`a{vk 96 ? ^vlw`hkt xbk lwkvicc vkt~lmtkt?


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Imlxbkv lftkvwix`lm qit xbk dlmg{t`lm lg bxx~ imh qqq- Xbk bxx~ jkimt xbix

xbk fvlqtkv q`cc {tk bxx~ ~vlxldlc xl dljj{m`dixk q`xb xbix t~kd`g`d t`xk# imh xbk qqq `t

lmcp i mij`ma tximhivh- Xb`t jkimt xbk tkvwkv `t i qkf tkvwkv# `m HMT xbkvk ql{ch fk

I xp~k vkdlvht ~l`mx`ma xl xbix t`xk!t @^ glv flxb t`xk mijk ' t`xk mijk ~vkg`rkh q`xb

qqq- @m xb`t ditk flxb t`xkt qkvk cka`x`jixk f{x tx`cc i wkvp tjicc ~kvdkmxiak lg xbk

~ivx`d`~imxt bih xvl{fck `hkmx`gp`ma `x- I 4+ kvvlv mkkht xl fk xiekm `m dlmt`hkvix`lm hl xl

xbk mix{vk lg xb`t y{`z5 xiekm lwkv xbk @mxkvmkx# fkdi{tk ~kl~ck xkmh xl clle glv xbk v`abx

imtqkv `mtxkih lg imtqkv`ma qbix xbkp vkiccp emlq- It jkmx`lmkh fkglvk `m xb`t vktkivdb5

xbk ji`m t{aaktx`lm `t glv {tkvt xl biwk i t~kd`g`d iqivkmktt dl{vtk# qkvk hkxi`ckh

`mglvjix`lm `m vkckwimdk xl xbk`v olf `t t~kd`g`kh- [tkvt mkkh xl fk iqivk lg xbk h`ggkvkmdk

`m xkvj`mlclap imh blq xl ~vl~kvcp `hkmx`gp xbkj# lmcp xb`t q`cc ~vlw`hk imh kggkdx`wk

dl{mxkvjkit{vk iai`mtx ~b`tb`ma ixxidet- Xbk xifck 6 "fkclq) hk~`dxt l{x lg xbk lwkvicc

vkt~lmhkmxt# lmcp xbk lmkt xbix imtqkvkh `ccka`x`jixk imh qbix ~kvdkmxiak lg xbltk

imtqkvt qbkvk t{txi`mkh-

Xifck 6? T{txi`mkh Imtqkvkh

Y{ktx`lm$

Xp~k DlvvkdxImtqkv

@H it@ccka`x`jixk

Dlvvkdxcp@H

9 94 Kji`c @ccka`x`jixk ;6+ 21+

6 9; Kji`c @ccka`x`jixk 14+ 08+

4 91 [VC @ccka`x`jixk ;1+ ;6+

8 90 [VC @ccka`x`jixk 80+ 14+

; 69 [VC Cka`x`jixk 97+ 16+

7 64 Kji`c @ccka`x`jixk 40+ 10+

1 6; [VC @ccka`x`jixk 81+ 16+

2 61 Kji`c @ccka`x`jixk 80+ 21+

0 60 [VC Cka`x`jixk 2+ 79+


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Xbk jiolv`xp lg xbktk kji`ct qbkvk dlvvkdxcp `hkmx`g`kh h{k xl?

9- T~kcc`ma kvvlvt6- Tkmhkv ihhvktt4- Qbp dlmg`vj `hkmx`xp4-988-648-942,{t,tigkhixi,`mhkr-bxjc

@m xb`t y{ktx`lm 87+ lg xbk ~ivx`d`~imxt h`h mlx emlq qbkxbkv xbk [VC qit

cka`x`jixk lv mlx imh l{x lg xbk 80+ qbl jkmx`lmkh `x qit `ccka`x`jixk lmcp 14+ lg xbkj

~vlw`hkh xbk dlvvkdx vkitlm`ma- Jimp ti`h `x cidekh -DLJ# lxbkv ti`h xbk [VC `t mlx

qlve`ma5 tljk ti`h xbkp hlmx xv{tx impxb`ma q`xbl{x im bxx~t- Xbk ~ixxkvm q`xb xbk [VC

y{ktx`lmt `t xbix xbk ~ivx`d`~imxt xvp xbk c`me fkglvk imtqkv`ma `g `x `t giek lv mlx# jkim`ma

xbix xbktk ~ivx`d`~imxt h`h mlx emlq blq xl ~vl~kvcp `hkmx`g`kh xbk [VC imh bih xl

idx{iccp xvp xbkj xl `hkmx`gp xbk`v cka`x`jidp- Xb`t `t o{tx c`ek mlx emlq`ma5 xbk lxbkv

~vlfckj `t xbix xbk [VCt ~vktkmxkh `m xbk t{vwkp ivk {t{iccp b`hhkm fkb`mh xbk dlhk lg


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qbix `x cllet cèk i cka`x`jixk c`me cèk `m gà{vk 96- Xb`t jkimt xbix xbk {tkv vkiccp mkkht

xl emlq qbkvk xl clle xl fk ifck xl `hkmx`gp xbk cka`x`jidp- Im `mglvjix`lm iqivkmktt

dl{vtk tbl{ch xivakx xbktk `m~{xt imh ~vl~kvcp xktx {tkvt xl {mhkvtximh xbk`v

dlj~vkbkmt`lm lm xbk jixxkv5 xb`t iqivkmktt xvi`m`ma tbl{ch ictl fk dpdc`d- Xb`t qip `x

dim fk tkajkmxkh imh icc xkdbm`dic `mglvjix`lm hlkt mlx biwk xl fk a`wkm ix xbk tijk

x`jk# qb`db dl{ch fk wkvp lwkvqbkcj`ma g mlx ~vl~kvcp bimhckh- Xl fkxxkv ~vlxkdx xbk

kmxkv~v`tk `x `t `j~lvximx xl ~vlw`hk im idd{vixk imh {tkv gld{tkh tkd{v`xp iqivkmktt

xvi`m`ma- @x `t ictl `j~lvximx xl jkit{vk `xt kggkdx`wkmktt# fp xktx`ma xbk {tkv- Xb`t jkxblh

q`cc ~vlw`hk i jkit{vkjkmx glv xbk iqivkmktt dl{vtk# ~l`mxt l{x qbix xbk iqivkmktt

dl{vtk `t cide`ma# imh xbk ivkit xbix mkkh `j~vlwkjkmx- O{tx cèk ~kvglvjkh `m xb`t

vktkivdb# t{vwkpt# krijt# imh i{h`xt ivk o{tx i gkq lg xbk ittkttjkmx xllct xbix dim fk

{tkh xl kwic{ixk xbk iqivkmktt dl{vtk a`wkm fp xbk dlv~lvix`lm-

Gà{vk 96? Krij~ck ^b`tb`ma


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Mlq xbix qk biwk imicpzkh xbk hixi imh qk biwk `hkmx`g`kh xbk ~ivx`d`~imxt

qkiemkttkt# `x `t x`jk xl xiek im iqivkmktt i~~vlidb ix xbk lftkvwix`lmt- @x `t kw`hkmx xbix

jltx lg xbk ~ivx`d`~imxt biwk gl{mh tljk lg xbk kji`ct imh [VC t{t~`d`l{t# xbk ~vlfckj

txv`hkt xbix `m i vkic tldìc kma`mkkv`ma ixxide xbk tldìc kma`mkkv ql{ch biwk kml{ab

`mglvjix`lm ifl{x `xt xivakx xbix bk ql{ch jiek ml j`txiek lm tkmh`ma im kji`c xbix xbk

xivakx ql{ch gicc glv- Tl `g pl{ xiek xbk t~kcc`ma kvvlvt lgg# xbk giek clalt imh xbk @ hl

mlx biwk im iddl{mx lm Ijizlm pl{ ivk ckgx q`xb xbk ~ltt`f`c`xp lg im ixxidekv g`mh`ma

tljkxb`ma xbk xivakx ql{ch glcclq- Xb`t `t qbkvk iqivkmktt dljkt `m# `hkmx`gp`ma xbltk

t~kd`g`d ivkit qbkvk i {tkvt cidet emlqckhak imh ~vlw`h`ma xbk kmh*{tkv q`xb xbk

mkdkttivp xllct xl gàbx lgg xb`t avlq`ma ~vlfckj- Qb`ck jltx lg xbk tldìc kma`mkkv`ma

ixxidet dim ldd{v lwkv xbk ~blmk lv wì kji`c i vkiccp jlx`wixkh tldìc kma`mkkv jàbx

~bpt`diccp kmh {~ `m xbk xivakxt ivkmi clle`ma glv jlvk ckiht lm xbk xivakx- Xb`t `t qbp

icc xbltk ~ltt`f`c`x`kt mkkh xl fk dlwkvkh imh kmh*{tkvt mkkh xl {mhkvtximh xbk

~ltt`f`c`x`kt-

Lm xbk xb`vh ~ivx lg xbk t{vwkp jlvk t~kd`g`d y{ktx`lmt ifl{x xbk tldìc

kma`mkkv`ma xl~`d qbkvk itekh- Ijlma xbktk y{ktx`lm qit xbk? biwk pl{ kwkv xiekm im

`mglvjix`lm iqivkmktt dl{vtk- @m xb`t ditk 81+ lg xbk ~ivx`d`~imxt `mh`dixkh xbix xbkp

bih xiekm im iqivkmktt dl{vtk- Xb`t tjicc ijl{mx lg {tkvt xbix biwk xiekm im

`mglvjix`lm iqivkmktt dl{vtk vk~vktkmx o{tx i x`mp ~lvx`lm lg xbk txix{t lg jltx dlj~{xkv

{tkvt# xiekm xbim 6>+ lg xbk ~ivx`d`~imxt qlve `m tkvw`dkt# 99+ `m xbk alwkvmjkmx# 99+

tkcg kj~clpkh imh 91+ qbkvk tx{hkmxt ijlma lxbkvt- @mt`tx`ma lm xbk m{jfkvt xbk

jiolv`xp lg xbktk ~ivx`d`~imxt bih icvkihp `mh`dixkh xbix xbkp {tkt dlj~{xkvt flxb ix

bljk imh ix qlve kwkvp hip imh xbix kji`c tptxkjt qit xbk jltx dljjlm ~{v~ltk lg xbk

{tiak- It jkmx`lmkh kivc`kv xbk `mxkmx`lm lg xb`t t{vwkp qit xl tx{hp lvaim`zix`lmt q`xb

`mglvjix`lm iqivkmktt dl{vtk imh lvaim`zix`lmt q`xbl{x `x- T`mdk xb`t t{vwkp gl{mh wkvp

c`xxck t{~~lvx gvlj lvaim`zix`lmt xbk tdl~k qit c`j`xkh xl akmkvic ~{fc`d- Ijlma xbk~ivx`d`~imxt gvlj xbk akmkvic ~{fc`d xbkvk `t i allh avit~ lg ~vlgktt`lmict gvlj h`ggkvkmx

ivkit# qb`db tx`cc hk~`dx i allh txix{t lg blq jimp dlj~{xkv {tkvt ivk i c`xxck jlvk

`mglvjkh- Xbkvk qit lmk y{ktx`lm xbix itekh xbk ~ivx`d`~imxt `g xbkp bih vkdk`wkh im

kji`c `m xbk ~itx t`r jlmxb ite`ma glv `mglvjix`lm xbix xbkp bih `hkmx`g`kh it i gvi{h{ckmx

kji`c# ;0+ lg xbk ~ivx`d`~imxt jkmx`lmkh xbix pkt xbkp biwk vkdkmxcp vkdk`wkh xb`t xp~k lg


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kji`ct- Xb`t jkimt xbix xbktk ixxidet ivk tx`cc dljjlmcp {tkh imh kwkm xbl{ab tljk ivk

o{tx vka{civ t~ij# lmk mkwkv emlqt qbkm im kciflvixkh kji`c dlj`ma gvlj i tldìc

kma`mkkv jàbx tblq {~ `m xbk `mflr-

Mlx kwkvpxb`ma `t cltx# 78+ lg l{v ~ivx`d`~imxt biwk bkivh ifl{x tldìc

kma`mkkv`ma imh {mhkvtxllh qbix `x qit qbkm itekh- Ictl 7;+ lg xbkj bih i qlve`ma

kmw`vlmjkmx xbix qit alwkvmkh fp i mkxqlve tkd{v`xp ~lc`dp- Xl al hkk~kv `mxl xbk tx{hp

qk hkd`hkh xl dvltt xif{cixk xbk y{`z vkt~lmtkt xl xbk ijl{mx lg ~ivx`d`~imxt qbl bih

xiekm im `mglvjix`lm iqivkmktt dl{vtk- Xb`t q`cc ~l`mx l{x icc xbk ~ivx`d`~imxt xbix

imtqkvkh dlvvkdxcp imh qbkxbkv lv mlx xbkp bih tljk tlvx lg iqivkmktt ifl{x xbktk

t{fokdxt# ekk~`ma `m j`mh xbix xbk lwkvicc vkt{cxt txixkh xbix cktt xbim bicg lg xbk

~ivx`d`~imxt bih xiekm im `mglvjix`lm iqivkmktt dl{vtk fkglvk- Gà{vk 96 tblqt i

vk~vktkmxix`lm lg xb`t dvltt xif{cix`lm-

Xbk vlqt `m xb`t dbivx vk~vktkmxkh `m gà{vk 96 ~vlw`hk xbk y{ktx`lmt itekh `m xbk

y{`z# imh xbk dlc{jmt vk~vktkmx xbltk qbl biwk xiekm im iqivkmktt dl{vtk- Xbk

bàbcàbxkh `xkjt vk~vktkmx xbk dlvvkdx imtqkvt dlvvkcixkh q`xb xbk iqivkmktt- Ekk~`ma `m

j`mh xbix `m tljk lg xbk y{ktx`lmt xbk ~ivx`d`~imxt qkvk mlx ifck xl t{txi`m xbk`v imtqkv

xbk akmkvic gkkc`ma `t xbix xbk jiolv`xp lg xbk ~ivx`d`~imxt `m xb`t t{vwkp xbix imtqkvkh xbk

y{ktx`lmt dlvvkdxcp bih im `mglvjix`lm iqivkmktt dl{vtk- Glv xbk ~{v~ltk lg xbk

`mwktxàix`lm `x `t dckiv xbix iqivkmktt xvi`m`ma `t im kggkdx`wk jkdbim`tj iai`mtx xbktk

xp~kt lg ixxidet# qk {mhkvtximh xbix tljk lg xbk {tkvt qkvk mlx ifck xl vkiccp `hkmx`gp ekp

`xkjt qbkm itekh qbp qbkvk xbkp cka`x`jixkh lv mlx5 qb`db jkimt xbix tljk dbimakt

mkkh xl fk jihk xl xbk xvi`m`ma xl ihi~x mkq xvkmht imh t~kd`g`d ixxidet-

Xbk lwkvicc jkttiak `t xbix xbk ~kl~ck xbix bih jkmx`lmkh xie`ma im `mglvjix`lm

iqivkmktt dl{vtk biwk fkxxkv ~vlfif`c`x`kt lg `hkmx`gp`ma im ixxide# `g xbk emlqckhak lg

xbktk `mh`w`h{ict qkvk xl fk `j~vlwk `j~vlwkh fp ~vlw`h`ma xbkj q`xb i jlvk hkxi`ctiqivkmktt dl{vtk -


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Gà{vk 96? tblqt xbk dvltt xif{cix`lm

Gvlj xbk DXG kwkmx qk ckivmkh xbix ~vkxkrx fitkh ixxidet lwkv xbk ~blmk dim fk

wkvp kggkdx`wk jkxblh lg ixxide {tkh fp tldìc kma`mkkvt- @m xbk citx ~ivx lg xb`t t{vwkp

qk itekh tljk y{ktx`lmt fitkh lm ~blmk tdkmiv`lt imh lxbkv tldìc kma`mkkv`ma tdbkjkt

imh bkvk xifck 4 `cc{txvixkt xbkj-


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Xifck 4? îvx 4 lg xbk y{`z

Y{ktx`lm Imtqkv Jiolv`xp

Biwk pl{ vkdk`wkh imkji`c# i dicc lv ckxxkvq`xb`m xbk ~itx 7 jlmxbtxbix pl{ t{t~kdx qit imixxkj~---

Pkt ;0+

Qbkm pl{v fime dicc hlpl{--

Wic`hixk xbk`v @hkmx`xp ;;+

Blq hl pl{ h`t~ltk lgpl{v tkmt`x`wk ckxxkvt lv

f`cct>2) Xl

bkc~ jkit{vk xbk iqivkmktt xvi`m`ma `x `t `j~lvximx xl xktx icc kj~clpkkt imh jkit{vk

xbk`v emlqckhak lm icc xbk dlwkvkh xl~`dt-

It jkmx`lmkh kivc`kv# `x `t `j~lvximx glv xbk lvaim`zix`lmt xl jiek tldìc

kma`mkkv`ma xvi`m`ma i ~ivx lg xbk ihj`m`txvix`wk dlmxvlct5 `x `t dv`x`dic xbix xbkp ~{fc`tb xbk

tkd{v`xp ~lc`d`kt# hkwkcl~ tximhivht imh ~vldkh{vkt xl glcclq xbkj# a{`hkc`mkt# v`te

jimiakjkmx imh tkd{v`xp iqivkmktt- @x `t kttkmxìc xbix kwkvpflhp `m xbk lvaim`zix`lm

{mhkvtximh xbix xkdbmlclap iclmk `t mlx i dlj~ckxk tlc{x`lm- Ictl# hkd`t`lm jiekvt mkkh

xl dlmt`hkv jlvk tkv`l{tcp xbk `mdc{t`lm lg tldìc kma`mkkv`ma `m xbk`v iqivkmktt

~vlavijt- I tkd{v`xp ~vlavij dlmxi`mt icc xbk ~`kdkt mkdkttivp xl ~vlw`hk lwkvicc

~vlxkdx`lm xl i dlv~lvix`lm imh cipt l{x i clma*xkvj tkd{v`xp txvixkap- I tkd{v`xp

~vlavij tbl{ch biwk tkd{v`xp ~lc`d`kt# ~vldkh{vkt# tximhivht# a{`hkc`mkt# fitkc`mkt#

tkd{v`xp*iqivkmktt xvi`m`ma# im `md`hkmx vkt~lmtk ~cim# imh i dlj~cìmdk ~vlavij


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"Bivv`t# 6>>0)-

Xbkvk ivk jimp a{`hkc`mkt xl ~vlw`h`ma i ~vl~kv `mglvjix`lm iqivkmktt dl{vtk `m

xbk lvaim`zix`lm- Xbk Mix`lmic @mtx`x{xk lg Tximhivht imh Xkdbmlclap "M@TX)# hktàmt

tximhivht glv gkhkvic dlj~{xkv tptxkjt# f{x jimp ~v`wixk `mh{txvp lvaim`zix`lmt ihi~x

xbktk tximhivht xl xbk`v mkkht- @m xbk Kvmtx ' Pl{ma t{vwkp qk ckivmkh xbix ;7+ lg xbk

vkt~lmhkmxt biwk im `mglvjix`lm tkd{v`xp ~vlavij fkdi{tk lg dlj~cìmdk q`xb

vka{cix`lmt- @m xbk ditk lg xbktk lvaim`zix`lmt xbix mkkh xl dlj~cp q`xb vka{cix`lmt

glcclq`ma M@TX tximhivht `t jimhixlvp- Xl ktxifc`tb im iqivkmktt ~vlavij gvlj avl{mh

{~ M@TX bit T~kdìc ^{fc`dix`lm 2>>*;> F{`ch`ma im @mglvjix`lm Xkdbmlclap Tkd{v`xp

Iqivkmktt imh Xvi`m`ma ^vlavij- "M@TX# 6>>4) T^2>>*;> ~vlw`hkt a{`hkc`mkt xl

hkwkcl~`ma xb`t dl{vtk5 xbkvk ivk wkvp vkckwimx vkdljjkmhix`lmt `m xb`t ~{fc`dix`lm xbix `g

glcclqkh# dim wkvp qkcc xivakx tldìc kma`mkkv`ma xkdbm`y{kt imh ~vlw`hk kmh {tkvt xbk

xllct mkdkttivp xl `hkmx`gp xb`t xp~k lg tdimt- Icxbl{ab xb`t di~txlmk ~vlokdx {mhkvtximht

xbix xbk iqivkmktt xvi`m`ma tbl{ch fk jlvk xkdbm`dic# `x q`cc ~vlw`hk xbk ~kvt~kdx`wk lg xbk

M@TX it i glvj lg dlj~iv`tlm- Xbk ji`m ~{v~ltk lg iqivkmktt `t xl vkidb i fvlih

i{h`kmdk q`xb ixxvidx`wk xkdbm`y{kt lg dlj~vkbkmt`lmt# jie`ma iqivkmktt im `mxkvktx`ma

~vldkh{vk `mtxkih lg i ~i`mg{c lmk- Bkvk `t i vk~vktkmxix`lm lg xbk t{ddktt vl{xk xlqivht

xbk `j~ckjkmxix`lm glcclq`ma T^2>>*;> vkdljjkmhix`lmt?

9-Akx t{~~lvx gvlj {~~kv jimiakjkmx# imh {tk xbk`v vktl{vdkt6-Hkg`mk ekp jkttiakt# i{h`kmdk# imh hkc`wkvp x`jkgvijk4-Tkckdx i~~vl~vìxk dljj{m`dix`lm wkb`dckt imh xi`clv jkttiak glv i{h`kmdk "Bkvk `t

qbkvk qk ql{ch ihi~x xl t~kd`g`d kmh {tkvt)

8-Aixbkv vky{`vkh i~~vlwict;-Hkc`wkv jkttiak xl i{h`kmdk7-Aixbkv gkkhfide

Jimiakjkmx t{~~lvx `t wkvp `j~lvximx glv kmh*{tkvt xl xiek xbk iqivkmktt dl{vtk

~vlavij tkv`l{tcp imh ictl xl akx xbk mkdkttivp vktl{vdkt xl f{`ch i ~vlavij- @x `t

mkdkttivp xl hkg`mk i f{t`mktt ditk xbix t{~~lvxt xbk lfokdx`wkt lg xbk lvaim`zix`lm#

akxx`ma {~~kv jimiakjkmx t{~~lvxt q`cc ~vlw`hk glv vktl{vdkt imh hkjlmtxvixk t{~~lvx


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xbix q`cc txvkmaxbkm xbk iqivkmktt ~vlavij- Hkg`m`ma xbk ekp jittiak q`cc hkxkvj`mk

qbix xbk {tkv mkkht xl emlq- @x `t `j~lvximx xl `mdc{hk ~kvtlmmkc gvlj xbk vkt~kdx`wk

ivkit tl xbix xbk dl{vtk `t ihi~xkh xl xbk`v t~kd`g`d mkkht- Biwk kwkvp flhp akx `mwlcwkh?

Bkc~ Hkte# Hktexl~ t{~~lvx# Jimiakvt# imh kmh*{tkvt- Lmdk xbktk ekp ~cipkvt ivk

`hkmx`g`kh xbkm xbk i{h`kmdk mkkht xl fk hkg`mkh- It qk biwk icvkihp ~l`mx l{x# h`ggkvkmx

i{h`kmdk biwk h`ggkvkmx mkkht# jltxcp fitkh lm xbk`v vlck imh vkt~lmt`f`c`x`kt- Bkvk `t

qbkvk xb`t vktkivdb {mhkvtximht xbix i akmkv`d dl{vtk q`cc mlx ~vlw`hk mkdkttivp l{xdljk

fkdi{tk icc {tkvt mkkh i ekp jkttiak- Tkckdx`ma xbk fktx dljj{m`dix`lm wkb`dck glv xbk

{tkvt tbl{ch fk mkrx- Xbktk dl{ch fk?

9- Kckdxvlm`d : Kji`c# `mxvimkx# lmc`mk xvi`m`ma# ~lhditxt# ^D txivx{~ x`~# tdvkkm tiwkvt#Bkc~ Hkte gvlmx*kmh jkttiak# wl`dk ji`c

6- î~kv : ^ltxkvt# mkqtckxxkvt# fvldb{vkt# flleckxt# qicckx divht# dig xkmx divht4- Gidk*xl*gidk : Xkdbm`dic gi`vt# tkd{v`xp vlih tblqt# fllxbt# hk~ivxjkmx,xkij

jkkx`mat# c{mdb imh ckivmt# lmk*lm*lmkt# gld{t avl{~t

8- Lxbkv : Xv`mekxt# gif{cl{t ~v`zkt

Igxkv hkxkvj`m`ma qbix `t fktx glv xbk {tkv xbkm `x `t x`jk xl akx i~~vlwic# jltxcp

gvlj ~kl~ck vkckwimx xl xbk xl~`dt fk`ma xice ifl{x? {t{iccp @X# Ckaic# Dlv~lvixk# B{jim

Vktl{vdkt# kxd- Xbk jltx `j~lvximx it~kdx lg icc imh jkmx`lmkh `m xb`t vktkivdb `m wiv`l{t

lddit`lmt `t xl jkit{vk xbk kggkdx`wkmktt lg xbk iqivkmktt dl{vtk- [tk jkxv`dt# bkc~ hkte

dicct# `md`hkmxt# t{vwkpt# xvi`m`ma ixxkmhkkt# imh iflwk icc# xktx xbk kj~clpkkt xl tkk blq

xbkp ~kvglvj- Jie`ma iqivkmktt dlj~vkbkmt`wk imh g{m `t xbk ekp xl t{ddktt- @x `t

`j~kvix`wk xl `mdlv~lvixk jivekx`ma xkdbm`y{kt xl ~{fc`tb xb`t xvi`m`ma- @x `t dv{dìc xl

`mdlv~lvixk vkic qlvch imh f{t`mktt krij~ckt- Hl`ma i ~vk*~vlavij t{vwkp,y{`z# glvjt

gl{mhix`lm imh idxt it fitkc`mk xl ~ltx*xvi`m`ma t{vwkp,y{`z- Pl{ dim jkit{vk vkt{cxt5

kwkm qbkm t~kdìc ~{fc`dix`lm 2>>*;> jkmx`lmt Iqivkmktt `t mlx xvi`m`ma-

Xbk ~{v~ltk lg iqivkmktt ~vktkmxix`lmt `t t`j~cp xl gld{t ixxkmx`lm lm tkd{v`xp-

Iqivkmktt ~vktkmxix`lmt ivk `mxkmhkh xl icclq `mh`w`h{ict xl vkdlam`zk @X tkd{v`xp

dlmdkvmt imh vkt~lmh iddlvh`macp q`xb ixxkmx`lm lm tkd{v`xp- Iqivkmktt ~vktkmxix`lmt ivk

`mxkmhkh xl icclq `mh`w`h{ict xl vkdlam`zk @X tkd{v`xp"M@TX# 6>>4) Xb`t vktkivdb


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fkc`kwkt xbix iqivkmktt dim al g{vxbkv# h{k xl xbk ckwkc lg t{ddktt lg tljk lg xbk tldìc

kma`mkkv`ma ixxidet# {tkvt mkkh xl fk kmcàbxkmkh q`xb i c`xxck jlvk xkdbm`dic `mglvjix`lm-

Gà{vk 0 ~vlw`hkt i dbivx xbix vk~vktkmxt blq t~kdìc ~{fc`dix`lm 2>>*;> tkkt xbk

iqivkmktt ~vldktt-

Gà{vk 94? Xbk @X Tkd{v`xp Ckivm`ma Dlmx`m{{j

M@TX ktxifc`tbkt ckivm`ma it i dlmx`m{{j5 `x txivxt q`xb iqivkmktt# f{`cht xl

xvi`m`ma# imh kwlcwkt `mxl kh{dix`lm- Iqivkmktt tbl{ch fk h`w`hkh `mxl y{ivxkvt imh biwk

t{fxl~`dt xbix ql{ch jiek xbk dlj~ckxk ~vldktt cktt bkiwp lm xbk kmh*{tkvt- Bkvk i

tij~ck ~cim?

9- Y9 @mxkvmkx Xbvkixt imh Tigka{ivht? xbvkixt# w`v{t# qlvjt# t~ij# ~b`tb`ma#g`vkqicct# Bp~kv Xkrx Xvimtgkv ^vlxldlc "BXX^)# BXX^ Tkd{v`xp# Tkd{vk Tldekx


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Cipkv kmdvp~x`lm

6- Y6 @mglvjix`lm ^vlxkdx`lm? ^lc`d`kt# vka{cix`lmt# Tivfimkt*Lrckp "TLR)# Bkicxb@mt{vimdk ^lvxif`c`xp imh Iddl{mxif`c`xp Idx "B@ÎI)# xbk `j~lvximdk lg xbk

Dlmg`hkmxìc`xp @mxkav`xp Iwi`cif`c`xp "D@I) xvìh

4- Y4 ^vk~ivkhmktt? v`te jimiakjkmx# `md`hkmx vkt~lmtk# f{t`mktt dlmx`m{`xp ~cimm`ma8- Y8 Hkgkmtk `m Hk~xb? Xbk b{jim kckjkmx : tldìc kma`mkkv`ma# ~bpt`dic tkd{v`xp

imh im lwkvw`kq ~{xx`ma icc xbk xl~`dt xlakxbkv-

H`w`h`ma xbk dlj~ckxk ~vldktt `mxl avl{~t o{tx cèk vkdljjkmhkh fp M@TX q`cc

dlwkv icc xbk mkdkttivp xl~`dt xl jiek xbk iqivkmktt ~vlavij im kggkdx`wk lmk- Fk`ma xbix

xb`t ~vldktt `t i dlmx`m{l{t lmk# vka{civ {~hixkt xl xbk xl~`dt tbl{ch fk ~kvglvjkh xl

ji`mxi`m vkckwimdk imh ihi~xix`lm xl xbk mkq xvkmht- Xb`t vktkivdb bit hkjlmtxvixkh xbix

xbk {tk lg akmkv`d iqivkmktt dl{vtk `t mlx fk`ma t{ddkttg{c xl tldìc kma`mkkv`ma ixxidet-

I h`ggkvkmx txvixkap mkkht xl fk ihi~xkh xl vk~vktkmx i fkxxkv dlmxvlc jkdbim`tj iai`mtx

xb`t avlq`ma xbvkix-

Jimp tkd{v`xp kr~kvxt dlmd{v xbix tkd{v`xp `t im lmal`ma ~vldktt# qbix tkkjt xl fk

qlve`ma xlhip `t ml clmakv vkcìfck xljlvvlq- Db`kg tkd{v`xp lgg`dkvt mkkh xl xb`me cèk

im ixxidekv xl fk ifck xl ~vlxkdx xbk`v lvaim`zix`lm- Xb`t `t xbk ji`m vkitlm qbp jltx lg

xbkj mkkh xl txip d{vvkmx q`xb xbk kwkmxt bi~~km`ma ivl{mh xbkj- Tldìc kma`mkkv`ma `t i

vkcix`wk kitp jkxblh lg lfxi`m`ma `mglvjix`lm gvlj i dlv~lvix`lm- @x `t akmkviccp

lwkvcllekh fkdi{tk jimp DTLt gkkc xbix xbk mlx*tl*xickmxkh ixxidekvt {tk xb`t jkxblh

lg aixbkv`ma `mglvjix`lm- Xbk Hkgdlm DXG ~vlwkh xbix tldìc kma`mkkv`ma dimmlx fk

xiekm glv avimxkh imh jimp lvaim`zix`lmt ivk ix v`te glv cide lg ~vl~kv dl{mxkvjkit{vkt

xl gàbx xb`t avlq`ma jkmidk- Qk vkic`zkh xbix xbk ~vlfckj `t xbix ~kl~ck ivk mlx iqivk

xbix xkcc`ma i txvimakv lm xbk ~blmk qbix wkvt`lm lg @mxkvmkx Kr~clvkv imh Ihlfk Vkihkv

a`wkt im ixxidekv `mglvjix`lm xbkp mkkh xl bide pl{- "Dbv`t Bihmiap# 6>9>) Xbk

`j~ckjkmxix`lm lg im kggkdx`wk tkd{v`xp iqivkmktt ~vlavij bit fkkm ~vlwkm xl qlve

iai`mtx tldìc kma`mkkv`ma- Xbk lmcp xv{cp kggkdx`wk qip xl j`xàixk xbk xbvkix lg tldìc

kma`mkkv`ma `t xbvl{ab xbk {tk lg tkd{v`xp iqivkmktt dljf`mkh q`xb tkd{v`xp ~lc`d`kt xbix

tkx xbk avl{mh v{ckt glv kj~clpkkt fkbiw`lv# imh i~~vl~vìxk kh{dix`lm imh xvi`m`ma glv

kj~clpkkt- "Ekw`m J`xm`de# 6>>6)


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I~~kmh`r I

T{vwkpVk~lvx

CitxJlh`g`kh?99,69,6>9>

9-XbimePl{glvxie`ma~ivxlgxb`ttkd{v`xpt{vwkp-@m

xbkkgglvxxlfkxxkv~vlxkdx`mglvjix`lmimhdlj~{xkv

{tkvtgvljjic`d`l{tixxidekvt#`x`tdv{dìcxbixqk

{mhkvtximhxbkiqivkmkttimkxqlve{tkv~lttkt-Qkq`cctxivxfpite`maitkv`ktlgy{ktx`lmtifl{xpl{vdlj~{xkv

{tiakimhemlqckhaklgxbkj-Xbkmqkq`ccihj`m`txkvi

tblvxxktxxlhkxkvj`mkpl{vif`c`xpxlt~lx`mtkd{v`x`kt-

Pl{vt{vwkpvkt~lmtktimhvkt{cxtivkek~x`mtxv`dx

dlmg`hkmdkimh{tkh`mdlj~cìmdkq`xbckaic

vky{`vkjkmxt-Xbkpq`ccfkimlmpjl{t5qkq`ccmkwkv{tk

pl{vt{vwkpy{ktx`lmtlvvkt~lmtktlxbkvxbimglvxbkdvkix`lmlgitkd{vkjkxblhlclapglvdlj~{xkvhkgkmtk-

$ Imtqkv Vkt~lmtk +

Xlxic > >+

Txix`tx`d Wic{k

J`mWic{k

JirWic{k

Jkim >->>

Wivìmdk >->>

TximhivhHkwìx`lm >->>

XlxicVkt~lmtkt >


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6-Qbix`tpl{vtkr+

6 Gkjick ;1 4>+

Xlxic 90> 9>>+

Txix`tx`d Wic{k

J`mWic{k 9

JirWic{k 6

Jkim 9-4>

Wiv`imdk >-69

TximhivhHkw`ix`lm >-87

XlxicVkt~lmtkt 90>


48/121

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4-Qbix`tpl{viakavl{~60 1; 40+

6 4>80 07 ;9+

4 ;>70 92 0+

8 1>2> 9 9+

Xlxic 90> 9>>+

Txix`tx`d Wic{k

J`mWic{k 9

JirWic{k 8

Jkim 9-19

Wiv`imdk >-84

TximhivhHkw`ix`lm >-7;

XlxicVkt~lmtkt 90>


49/121

80

8-Qbix`txbkbàbktxhkavkklvckwkclgtdbllcpl{biwk

dlj~ckxkh ;+

4 BàbTdbllc 92 0+

8 Fidbkclv!tHkavkk 2; 8;+

; Jitxkv!thkavkk ;9 61+ Xlxic 90> 9>>+

Txix`tx`d Wic{k

J`mWic{k 9

JirWic{k ;

Jkim 4-77

Wivìmdk 9-1>

TximhivhHkwìx`lm 9-4>

XlxicVkt~lmtkt 90>


50/121

;>

;-Ivkpl{d{vvkmxcp---+

2 Kh{dix`lm 0 ;+

0 Tkvw`dkt 42 6>+

9> Lxbkvt 8> 69+

Xlxic 90> 9>>+


51/121

;9

Lxbkvt

Mlm~vlg`x

Kj~clpkk

`mdi~id`xihi

Xvimt~lvxix`lmVkxi`c

Dlj~-Xkdbm`dìm

jkhì,dljj{m`dix`lmt

Fimdi

Vktkivdb

Kj~clpkh

@XDlmt{cximx

kj~clpkk

Kj~clpkh[x`c`xp

Fime`ma

Xkckdljj{m`dix`lmt

@X

I{h`xlv

I~vltx`x{xk

Xkckdljj{m`dix`lmt

Tx{hkmx,@X

Jivekx`ma

Hktàm'tickt

Kmkvap

@mxkvmkx

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