Social PathologyPathos= diseasePathogen= an agent ,That cause diseasePathological= not reasonable or sensible,, a pathological fear, hatred . a pathological liar ,a person who cannot stop himself telling lies) pathological depression)Meaning of pathology,= the scientific study of disease.Social pathology= the scientific study of social problem (disease)Pathologist= an expert in pathology.Definition of social pathology: Social pathology is a term used to describe social factors, such as poverty, old age or crime that support social disorganization. At the same time, the term refers to the study of these factors and the social problems they may lead to. (Social pathology as a concept appeared late in the19th and early in the 20th century, when sociologists classified as social pathology all human actions that contradicted with ideals such as residential stability, moderation, training to work, sexual maturity, family unity, neighborliness and discipline of the will.

• The study of social pathology is important to the maintenance of social health. Similar to pathology in medical science, a more specific knowledge and deeper understanding of social pathology gives sociologists an insight in to the healthy social organization. The aim of social pathology is to identify the causes of social disease and to find ways to remove them. In the early 20th century, for example, poverty was one of the most discussed and studied forms of social pathology. Sociologists were deeply interested in the effects that poverty had on people.

• Social pathology is the study of social problems (as crime or alcoholism)that them as diseased conditions of the social organization. In the 21st century actions often defined as social pathology include

• Substance abuse,• Violence,• Abuses of women and children,• Crime,• Terrorism• Corruption,• Criminality,• Discrimination,• Isolation,• Human rights violations.• These society problems are relative and usually differ among different cultures.

Social pathology also depends on the values and organization of the time that a person lives in .(vine,ciubs etc) ( Many contemporary social problems are universal (international) in nature and are share by many countries. For Example … violence against women is a public health in all countries, An estimated 20% to 50% of women have suffered domestic violence…. )

IN Term OF PSYCHOLOGY

• In term of psychology, Social pathology is defined as a social factor that usually helps to inhibit personal gain or increase social disorganization. Social pathology can also refer to the study of specific factors and they produce certain results. Some of these factors include old age, crime and poverty etc…

• Social disorganization is a concept closely related to social pathology. The two terms overlap to certain extend, while social disorganization may also be viewed as supplementing ((to sth) a thing added to some thing else to improve or complete it) social pathology. Social disorganization is defined as a state of disequilibrium and lack of consensus among the members of a society. American sociologists William Fielding Ogburn (1886-1959) and Meyer F Nimkoff 1904-1965) explain social disorganization as a disturbance of the harmonious relationship between the various parts of culture.

Social pathology and Social disorganization

Social Organization and Disorganization

• Social organization and social disorganization represent the dual aspects of the functioning of society. Both terms are relative as they are never fixed. Social organization is focused on the unchanging patterns, although the process of change is always found in every society. Social disorganization can be described as a kind of rot in the social structure so that old habits and forms of social control cannot keep functioning effectively. In other words, social disorganization represents a decline in the influence of the existing social rules of behavior upon individual members.

Major factors for social change• Sociologists have outlined five major factors for social

change. These include: psychological, biological, physical and technological factor and culture. Sometimes the changes in social structure triggered (to be the cause of a sudden, often a violation reactions; to start something) by these factors may be so disturbing that the present institution and other means of social control can no longer work effectively. These events result in social disorganization. Factors of social disorganization at a particular period are usually highly interrelated, making it difficult to find which factor is the predominant one. More specific events that may lead to negative social change may include the changing structure of the family, the increasing importance of the central government and the lowering standards of morality.

Aim of social pathology• The aim of social pathology is to identify the causes of

social diseases and to find ways to remove them. For example

• 1. crime • 2.poverty • 3.corrupation• 4.gender discrimination • 5.sectorians violence • 6.human right violation• 7.terrorism• 8.Enviromental abuse• 9.water pollution and air pollution

• Example• In late 20th century, for example poverty

was one of the most discussed and studied forms of social pathology/ sociologist were deeply interested the effects that poverty had on people.

Roots of the social pathology perspective

• The social pathology perspective is rooted in the organic analogy

• [{Analogy: with some a similar feature , condition ,state ,e.tc.• Organic Analogy:• Functionalist use an organic analogy to compare

society to the human body. They that all parts of society need to work together in order for society to maintain consensus i.e. , if one body part stop functioning correctly then the rest of the human body will be affected. A example in society ,if the education system would be failing ,it would effect many other parts of society for instance the work place.

• Organic analogy refers to a structural-functionalist view of society in which different institutions such as military, economy, religion, family, politics, etc. are interrelated as organs in the organism of society . if one organ is damaged in some way the analogy assumes that all other organs would be impacted, leading to some changes in society as a whole structural – functionalist are concerned with stability of society. They tend to focus on concepts such as :norm , sanctions )

• Herbert Spencer :• In his view , society is like an organism in that

it has group , a complexity of structure that increases with its growth ,interdependent parts , and a life that exceed the life of any part.

• organic analogy ,person or situations were considered to be social problems to the extent that they interfered with the “normal” working of the social organism.

• Organic analogy , such interference was viewed as a form of illness , or pathology.

• Since society is made up of individuals bound together in social relationships, social pathology refers to the maladjustments in social relationships. The phrase is the based on the analogy of bodily maladjustment of function in organ….if carefully protected….The term “social pathology ” may be used to identify the social conditions with result (1) from failure of individuals so to adjust themselves to social life that they function as independent self-supporting members of society , who contribute their fair share to its stability and progressive development; and (2) from the lack of adjustment of social structure , including ways of doing things and institutions , to the development of social personality.

• pathological conditions in society may result from (1) natural lake of ability in individuals to keep speed with changing ideals and institutions of society; or from the failure of society to keep speed in its functional machinery with the changing conditions in the world in which it lives.

• The early sociologists, saw both individual maladjustment (such as economic dependency)and institutional malfunctioning (such as economic depression ) as obstacles in the forward march of social progress . They thought that such maladjustments, whether individual or institutional , should be rooted.

• Two sociologists who helped to established the basic outline of the social pathology perspective were Charles henderson and Samuel smith .

Characteristics of the social pathology perspective

• Definition: Desirable social conditions and arrangement are seen as healthy , while persons or situations at deviate from moral expectations are regarded as “sick” therefore bad. thus, from the social pathology perspective , a social problem is a violation of moral expectations.

• Cause : The ultimate cause of social problem is a failure in socialization , society through its socializing agents , has the responsibility of transmitting moral norms to each generation . sometimes, the socialization is effort is ineffective. An early defective, dependent , or delinquent. Defective can not be taught; dependents are handicapped (often considered offensive) in receiving instruction ; and delinquents reject the teachings. For later pathologists ,social problems are the result of wrong values being learned . social pathology perspectives “tender”(demand) mood, who contribute to the social problem are viewed as “sick”; in its “tough” mood , they are as “criminal” behind both moods ,is the notion that the person or situation is immoral.”

conditions: The early social pathologists considered some people to be inherently defective , the defective ,dependent , delinquent , classes tended to perpetuate themselves through inbreeding. Later ,social pathologists began to see the social environment as the important condition contributing to social pathology,

Smith himself wrote, social disease so prevalent as to create a social problem is rarely found without a bad environment of some sort or other . Students is compelled to study the causes of social disease . whereas earlier pathologist tended to focus on the immoral properties of individuals, contemporary

• Pathologists have tended to focus on the immoral properties of societies and to see problem as developing from societal forces such as technology and population density.

• Consequences:• In the early pathology view, social disturbance

increase the coast of maintaining a legitimate social order . The early did believe ,however , that ultimately the healthiest would survive. The more recent pathologists, in contrast , are morally angry about the defects of society and are less optimistic in the prediction. The most angry see societal pathology as total , spreading , and likely to dehumanize the entire population.

• Solutions: • both the early and the recent versions of the social

pathology perspective suggest what form the solutions to social problems might take. The early sociologists who dwelt on the troubles caused by “genetically” defective individual , for example ,turn to the eugenics movement as a solution .

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• Other sociologists the solution to social problem put in educating the troublemakers in middle-class morality.

• Rousseauean view of human nature . individual are good ; their institutions, on the other hand are bad. so far even the social pathologists see the remedy to “sick” institution as a change in people values . Hence according to this perspective, the only real solution to social problems is moral education.