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Social Stratification in the United States
Tahu KukutaiDepartment of Sociology
Stanford [email protected]
What is social stratification?
The study of systematic inequality between groups of
people
The 3 axis of inequality
• RACE
• GENDER
• SOCIAL CLASS
America the Beautiful
What does the U.S. symbolize?
• Land of opportunity– “rags to riches” : anyone can become rich, famous,
the President (or at least the Governor of California)– Jobs and education are available to all (who want it)
• Social class is achieved, not ascribed– Individuals decide what class to belong to– Open mobility between classes
• Meritocracyskill + effort = rewards
Rags to Riches ?
What are the key features of social class?
• WEALTH– Valued possessions : cash, land, buildings, property– Income : money from employment, shares etc. – Tends to be intergenerational
• POWER– Ability to carry out one’s will, even if opposed by others– Who has power???
• PRESTIGE– Respect given to people with valued positions or resources
Occupational Prestige
– What kinds of jobs are prestigious and why?– Ratings by Americans about the prestige of different
occupations
Physician 82Lawyer 76School Teacher 60Computer Programmer 51Secretary 46Baker 34Taxi Driver 22Shoe Shiner 9ALC Professor ?Sociology Professor ?
Class in the New York Times
5 social classes in the U.S.
UPPER CLASS
Alice Walton -
Walmart Heir
Upper Class Facts
Q. What % of Americans belong to the upper class? – 0.5%
Q. Extent of wealth?– Top 1% owns more than one third of ALL net worth in the U.S. – 50% U.S. stocks, 60% bonds; corporations, property, inheritances;
income mostly from investments not employment
Q. Source of power?– Ownership of resources - money makes money– Economic power and political power intertwined
Q. Source of prestige?– family name & resources (old: Rockefeller, Carnegie, Walton, Getty;
new: Gates)
Corporate Class
Ken Lay & Jeff Skilling
Former Enron CEOs
Corporate Class Facts
Q. What % of Americans? – 0.5%
Q. Extent of wealth?– A lot, but not as much as the upper class– Usually not major owners of companies– median CEO salary $10.8 million– President of the U.S. $400,000 (why do it then??)
Q. Source of power?– Heads of companies, government
Q. Source of prestige?– Position of influence
Middle Class
The Cosby Show
America’s first black middle class TV family
Middle Class FactsQ. What % of Americans? – 43%
Q. Extent of wealth?– Some– Ownership—own home– Income—mid to high income
– Engineer, $58,000– Teacher, $34,000– ALC Professor, ??
Q. Source of power?- Limited within context of occupation
Q. Source of prestige?– Some more than others, White collar job
Working Class
Photograph from a book
Working Class Facts
Q. What % of Americans? – 43%
Q. Extent of wealth?– Little– Ownership—little or no property
– Income—mid to low – Factory worker, $24,000– Machine operator, $23,000
Q. Source of power? – Limited, sometimes collective power through unions
Q. Source of prestige?– Very little, Blue collar jobs
Lower Class
Homeless man in New York - one of thousands
Lower Class Facts
Q. What % of Americans? – 13%
Q. Extent of wealth?– Very little, usually none– Ownership: none
– Income: low – Poverty rate in 2001: 9.9%– Only about 1/3 of poor get welfare
Q. Source of power? – Limited to none
Q. Source of prestige?– Limited to none
Distribution of Wealth
Wealth Class 1998 Net Worth
Top 1% 38.1% $10,204,000
Next 4% 21.3% $1,441,000
Next 5% 11.5% $623,500
Next 10% 12.5% $344,900
Next 20% 11.9% $161,300
Middle 20% 4.5% $61,000
Bottom 40% 0.2% $1,900
How do Americans perceive social stratification in their own country?
• Mixed optimism
• A general belief in meritocracy (what does this mean again?)
• A general belief that mobility and opportunities to advance have increased
Importance of Education
Better off over Generations
Trap of Poverty?
American Dream for Everyone?
“American Dream” for all?
Racial gaps in the labor market
Race Unemployment, 2000
Hispanic or Latino 9.3%
White 4.3%
Black 11.8%
American Indian 12.4%
Asian 5.1%
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
10.9%
Gender gaps in the labor market
• More men work full time than women, but comparing men and women who work:
Median IncomeMale $29,458
Female $18,957
– For every dollar men make, women make 64 cents
Why does the gender gap exist?
• Education?– Women make up over 50% of students in college
Men and Women with a BA (1999) Male $47,126 Female $34,455
• Men work more hours?– Women in full-time work earn less than men with the
same educational qualification
Revisiting the American Dream
• Land of Opportunity?– “rags to riches” or “the rich get rich?” classes tend to reproduce themselves (e.g. occupational &
wealth inheritance, legacy admits)– are all jobs open and equal for everyone? clearly not
• Social class is achieved or ascribed? between 40 to 60% of parental income advantage passed on
to children
• A meritocracy?– barriers to channels of upward mobility (e.g. a good
education)
America the Beautiful?
Or is it more complicated?
And our very own Palo Alto: A tale of two cities