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Social Values/Ecosystem Services
Paul B. ThompsonW.K. Kellogg Professor of Agricultural,
Food and Community Ethics
Michigan State University
Disclaimer
BehaviorReasons
Why do they do that?
…ask them why
…learn their language
…interpret their texts
1. Observe what they do
2. Identify law-like patterns or regularities
3. Form predictive hypotheses
4. Corroborate or disconfirm
BehaviorReasons
Why do they do that?
…ask them why
…learn their language
…interpret their texts
1. Observe what they do
2. Identify law-like patterns or regularities
3. Form predictive hypotheses
4. Corroborate or disconfirm
Rational ChoicePeople behave in
ways that will best achieve pre-given
ends
Behavior
Rational ChoicePeople behave in
ways that will best achieve pre-given
ends
From Biology
Infer them from
behavior
preferences
To behave rationally is to maximally satisfy one’s
Behavior
Rational ChoiceTo behave rationally
is to satisfy one’s preferences
preferences
To behave rationally is to maximally satisfy one’s
Now apply these tools in making public policy
Rational ChoicePolicy should maximally
satisfy preferences of affected parties.
Behavior
Now apply these tools in making public policy
Rational ChoicePolicy should maximally
satisfy preferences of affected parties.
Net social preferences for goods & serves
represents the value of those goods and services
Reasons
…ask them why
…learn their language
…interpret their texts
Values are a function of preferences
derived from observation of behavior.
Behavior
Rational ChoicePolicy should maximally
satisfy preferences of affected parties.
Net social preferences for goods & serves
represents the value of those goods and services
Reasons
…ask them why
…learn their language
…interpret their texts
Values are a function of preferences
derived from observation of behavior.
Values play a key role in the process of
reasoning, and can be inferred from the study
of the artifacts of reasoning.
Reasons
…ask them why
…learn their language
…interpret their texts
Values play a key role in the process of
reasoning, and can be inferred from the study
of the artifacts of reasoning.
Thinking: Talking to oneself
Communication: Talking with others
A conscious, explicit or deliberate process that
occurs in response to a felt need or problem
Communication: Talking with others
Values play a key role in the process of
reasoning, and can be inferred from the study
of the artifacts of reasoning.
Statements in the Optative
Mood
“Would that Jones were here.”
A counterfactual or future condition is asserted as
desirable for the purpose of advancing deliberation
or taking action.
Statements in the Optative
Mood
“Would that Jones were here.”
A counterfactual or future condition is asserted as
desirable for the purpose of advancing deliberation.
Jones’ presence would advance the achievement of a condition sought by parties to the reasoning
process
Jones’ presence is itself the condition that a
communicatiive process had been launched to
achieve.
Instrumental Value
Intrinsic Value
Jones’ presence would advance the achievement of a condition sought by parties to the reasoning
process
Jones’ presence is itself the condition that a
communicatiive process had been launched to
achieve.
Instrumental Value
Intrinsic Value
When Assertions in the Optative Mood Are Contested
Disagreement about the effectiveness, efficiency,
relevance or salience of a stated value to the purpose at hand.
Disagreement about the effectiveness, efficiency,
relevance or salience of a stated value to the purpose at hand.
Jones’ presence would advance the achievement of a condition sought by parties to the reasoning
process
Jones’ presence is itself the condition that a
communicatiive process had been launched to
achieve.
Instrumental Value
Intrinsic Value
When Assertions in the Optative Mood Are Contested
Disagreement about the effectiveness, efficiency,
relevance or salience of a stated value to the purpose at hand.
That is, a reason has been presented, and reasoning
continues
Disagreement shows that one is simply not a member of the
discourse community. One “doesn’t speak the
language”.
Constitutive ValueValues that function to mark and sometimes
protect the borders of a discourse community or
culture..
Ends-in-view: Aims or goals (including goods & services) that serve some
further or more comprehensive end.
Jones’ presence is itself the condition that a
communicatiive process had been launched to
achieve.
Instrumental Value
Intrinsic Value
What About Ecosystem Services?
The value of an ecosystm service is a function of the reasons for thinking that the service will
promote some other comprehensive end.
Constitutive ValueValues that function to mark and sometimes
protect the borders of a discourse community or
culture..
Rational ChoicePolicy should maximally
satisfy preferences of affected parties.
Behavior
Rational ChoicePolicy should maximally
satisfy preferences of affected parties.
Net social preferences for goods & serves
represents the value of those goods and services
Reasons
…ask them why
…learn their language
…interpret their textsThe value of an ecosystm service
is a function of the reasons for thinking that the service will
promote some other comprehensive end.
Ends-in-view: Aims or goals (including goods & services) that serve some
further or more comprehensive end.
Jones’ presence is itself the condition that a
communicatiive process had been launched to
achieve.
Instrumental Value
Intrinsic Value
What About Ecosystem Services?
The value of an ecosystm service is a function of the reasons for thinking that the service will
promote some other comprehensive end.
Preservation of habitat for humans and other creatures is a
constitutive value for some communities.
Constitutive ValueValues that function to mark and sometimes
protect the borders of a discourse community or
culture..
Behavior
Rational ChoicePolicy should maximally
satisfy preferences of affected parties.
Net social preferences for goods & serves
represents the value of those goods and services
Reasons
…ask them why
…learn their language
…interpret their textsPreservation of habitat for
humans and other creatures is a constitutive value for some
communities.
The potential range of constitutive alues is as diverse as the range of
communities.
This may be a constitutive value for some scientific
communities
Behavior
Rational ChoicePolicy should maximally
satisfy preferences of affected parties.
Reasons
…ask them why
…learn their language
…interpret their texts
The potential range of constitutive alues is as diverse as the range of
communities.
This may be a constitutive value for some scientific
communities
Interaction, communication and conflict between and among discourse communities each defined and delimited by constitutive values is a noteworthy kind of social problem.
Especially when community boundaries are drawn or reinforced along ethnic, racial, religious or gender lines.
BehaviorReasons
…ask them why
…learn their language
…interpret their texts
The potential range of constitutive alues is as diverse as the range of
communities.
Tensions between and among
communities with distinct constitutive
values.
In the age of sustainability, these problems and felt needs are often named under the heading of social justice.
BehaviorReasons
…ask them why
…learn their language
…interpret their texts
The potential range of constitutive alues is as diverse as the range of
communities.
Tensions between and among
communities with distinct constitutive
values.
In the age of sustainability, these problems and felt needs are often named under the heading of social justice. Or when environmental goods are at stake, environmental justice.
Distributive JusticeFair distribution of burdens and
benefits.
Participatory JusticeOpportunity to have voice in
decisions affecting one’s group.
Restorative JusticeRecognition of identity and retribution for past harms.
BehaviorReasons
…ask them why
…learn their language
…interpret their texts
The potential range of constitutive alues is as diverse as the range of
communities.
Tensions between and among
communities with distinct constitutive
values.
Given that incompatible constitutive values and entrenched power inequality may lie at the bottom
of the these problems in allocating ecosystem services, what should we do?
We Reason We Fight
BehaviorReasons
…ask them why
…learn their language
…interpret their texts
The potential range of constitutive alues is as diverse as the range of
communities.
Tensions between and among
communities with distinct constitutive
values.
Given that incompatible constitutive values and entrenched power inequality may lie at the bottom
of the these problems in allocating ecosystem services, what should we do?
We Reason We FightInsisting on a prevailing
constitutive value (such as rational choice) is an
exercise of power.
BehaviorReasons
…ask them why
…learn their languageThe potential range of constitutive alues is as diverse as the range of
communities.
Tensions between and among
communities with distinct constitutive
values.
Given that incompatible constitutive values and entrenched power inequality may lie at the bottom
of the these problems in allocating ecosystem services, what should we do?
We ReasonImplies a sustained effort to build a shared vocabulary.
We FightInsisting on a prevailing
constitutive value (such as ratioinal choice) is an
exercise of power.
