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Socialization and the Life Course
Chapter 4
Socialization
• Lifelong social experiences by which individuals develop their human potential and learn culture
• Personality – a person’s fairly consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting
• Self – a dimension of personality composed of an individual’s self-awareness and self-image
Hardwiring
Cultural Transmission
Enculturation
Personality
Social Environment:The Impact of Isolation
• Interaction of heredity and environment shape human development– Isabelle and Genie– Primate Studies
Figure 13-1: Genie’s Sketch
Source: Curtiss 1977:274.
Sigmund Freud’s Personality Model
• Id – the human being’s basic drives
• Ego – a person’s conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives with the demands of society
• Superego – the operation of culture within the individual
George Herbert Mead
• Stages of self
• 1st stage – Preparatory stage – children imitate people around them
• 2nd stage – Play stage- role taking – mentally assuming the perspective of another
• 3rd stage – Game stage- can consider tasks and relationships simultaneously
Charles Horton Cooley
• Looking glass self – we learn who we are by interacting with others
• Imagine how we are presenting ourselves• Imagine how people are evaluating us• Form opinions about ourselves based on our
perceptions
Jean Piaget – Stages of Cognitive Development
• 1st stage – sensorimotor – level of human development in which individuals experience the world only through sensory contact
• 2nd stage – preoperational – individuals first use language and other symbols
Jean Piaget – Stages of Cognitive Development
• Stage 3 – concrete operational – individuals first perceive causal connections in their surroundings
• Stage 4 – formal operational – individuals think abstractly and critically
Mead: Theory of the Self
• Self begins as privileged, central position in a person’s world
• As the person matures, the self changes and begins to reflect greater concern about reactions of others
• Significant others: Individuals most important in the development of the self
Goffman: Presentation of the Self
• Impression management: Individual learns to slant presentation of self to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences– Also known as dramaturgical approach– Face-work: Need to maintain proper
image of self to continue social interaction
Erik Erikson
• 8 stages of development• Stage 1 – Infancy – trust vs. distrust• Stage 2 - Toddlerhood – autonomy vs. doubt
and shame• Stage 3 – Preschool – Initiative vs. guilt• Stage 4 – Pre-Adolescence – industriousness
vs. inferiority
Erik Erikson
• Stage 5 – Adolescence – identity vs. confusion• Stage 6 – Young Adulthood – Intimacy vs.
isolation• Stage 7 – Middle Adulthood – Making a
difference vs. Self-absorption• Stage 8 – Old Age – integrity vs. despair
Agents of Socialization
• Family• School• Peer groups• Mass media and technology
Targeted Socialization
• Anticipatory socialization – social learning geared toward gaining a desired position
• Resocialization – altering personality through deliberate control of the environment
• Total Institution – all aspects of a person’s life are under one authority