Society of Extension Education, Anand (Gujarat) · Navsari 2 8 February 1992 Seminar on “Role of Rural Women in Development Anand 3 23 October 1994 Seminar on “Role of Farm Literature

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Society of Extension Education, Anand (Gujarat)Directorate of Extension Education

Anand Agricultural UniversityAnand-388 110, Gujarat, India

Gujarat Journal of

Extension EducationVol. : 26Issue : 1Year : 2015

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EDITORIAL BOARD(Gujarat Journal of Extension Education )

Chief Editor : Dr. M. R. Prajapati Prinicpal, C. P. College of Agriculture Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University SK Nagar-385506 Mo. : 99249 77250 Email: [email protected]

Associate Editors : Dr. N. V. Soni Associate Extension Educationist Publication Dept., DOEE, Anand Agricultural University Anand – 388 110 Mo. : 94278 56045 Email: [email protected]

Dr. M. R. Bhatt Associate Professor, Dept. of Extension Education N.M. College of Agriculture, NAU, Navsari-396450 Mo. : 99980 12219 Email: [email protected] Dr. V. T. Patel Associate Professor, Dept. of Extension Education C.P. College of Agriculture Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University SK Nagar-385506 Mo. : 99985 53060 Email: [email protected] Dr. J. B. Patel Associate Editor (Middle Gujarat Region & Other State) Associate Professor, Dept. of Extension Education B.A., College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University Anand – 388 110 Mo. : 94273 85081 Email: [email protected] Dr. V. J. Savaliya Assistant Professor, Dept. of Extension Education College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural Univeristy Junagadh-362001 Mo. : 94277 41952 Email: [email protected] Dr. J. K. Patel Associate Professor, Dairy Vigyan Kendra Dairy Science College, Anand Agricultural University Anand-388110 Mo. : 96012 79243 Email: [email protected]

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Guidelines to AuthorGujarat Journal of Extension Education

General rules

1 Gujarat Journal of Extension Education is published yearly by “Society of Extension Education”, Anand, which includes the articles contributed by the members of the association and invited articles of eminent researchers.

2 The journal publishes full- length papers, short communication based on new finding/approaches and review articles in English only.

3 The paper submitted for the publication in the journal should not contain material already published in any form or even a part of it offered for publication elsewhere.

4 Authors should submit a certificate duly signed by all authors to the effect that material contained has not been submitted elsewhere for publication.

5 All papers are published after peer review and thereafter approved by the Chief Editor.

6 Submission of paper (through online or offline with CD) does not guarantee its acceptance or publication in Gujarat Journal of Extension Education.

7 It is mandatory for all authors to be member of the Society of Extension Education, Anand (Gujarat).

8 Copy of journal is provided free to all its members. Reprints of papers are not provided.

9 The research paper should contain only three author names. The research paper contains more than three names will not be accepted for publication.

Preparation of manuscript

1 Articles should not exceed 1 .5 double spaced typed pages including references, tables, figures etc.

2 Title of contribution should be short, specific and phrased to identify the content in the article and include the nature of the study. It must written in running letters with first letter capital.

3 The names and initials of the place where research was conducted should be given as the by-line.Any change in the address of correspondence address should be given in a footnote. AUTHORS NAME should be in capital letters.

4 Paper may be outlined under main heading- ABSTRACT, INTRODUCTION, METHOLOGY, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION if -any, -ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, REFERENCES etc should be in capitals.

5 Manuscript should be submitted in duplicate typed in 12 pt Times New Roman in double space throught on A4 size paper with a minimum 3 cm left margin and Soft copy will be required at thetime of submission of revised paper.

6 Abstract should not exceed 200 words. Key words upto six may be given beneath the abstract. 1 Where the methods are well known, citation of standard work would suffice.

8 The result may be supported by tables or graphics, wherever necessary. Self-explanatory tables should be on separate sheets, with appropriate titles. While referring in texts, the first letter in Table and Fig. should be capital with Fig. in short form.

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9 References should be cited chronologically in the text. All references in the text must be listed at the end of the paper, with names of the author arranged alphabetically; all entries in the text must correspond to references in the text.

10 The references should include the names of the authors, year, full title of the article, name of the journal, volume number and pages. In case of book and monographs etc. the name of publishers, place, and year with total number of pages should also be given. Journal title should be italic in abbreviated form Example :

Journal Article:

Munikishor, S., Chandargi, D.M. and Hirevenkanagoudar, L. V. (2008).Development of Scale to Measure the Attitude of Beneficiaries towards Sujala Watershed Project.Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 21(1): 144-145.

Whole book:

Federer, W.T. (1955). Experimental Desingns. The MacMillin Co., New York.

Book chapter:

Cochran, W.G. (1972). Sampling techniques.Wiley Eastern pvt.ltd., New Delhi. 87-107.

Report/Bulletin:

Anonymous (1996).Annual report.Department of Agricultural Statistics, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand.

11 Authors are requested to follow the international system of units for exact measurement of physical quantities.

12 All Correspondence should be addressed to : Dr. N.V. Soni Managing Editor Gujarat Journal of Extension Education Office of the Directorate of Extension Education Univeristy Bhavan, Anand Agricultural University, Anand-388110

Check List

1 Manuscript is typed in double space throughout in 12 pt Times New Roman

2 Title is written in running letters only.

3 AUTHORS NAME is capitalized

4 Main heading (ABSTRACT, METHODOLOGY, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION, REFERENCES etc are capitalized.

5 Sub-heading are left aligned.

6 Check all reference cited in the text are in the reference and vice-versa.\

7 Give journal name in abbreviated forms in italic in the references.

8 Book title and report name are given in full

9 Tables and Fig are on separate page and numbered in the order in which discussed in the text.

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Form for enrollment

Society of Extension Education, Anand (Gujarat)Proposal of Membership

• Name in full (Block letter) :

• Address :

Phone/Email :

• Date of Birth :

• Profession and present employment :

• Academic qualification :

• Societies of which already member :

• Amount paid :

Fee: Life Member : ` 1000, Corporate/Institutional Member : ` 2000/- for 10 years, Patrons (Individual or Institutional): ` 5000/-

Declaration by the Nominee

I hereby declare that I shall abide by the Statutes and Regulations of the Society of Extension Education and offer my cooperation in promoting its objectives.

Date:------------------------------- Signature----------------------------------------

I propose that _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ be admitted as Life member of the Society of Extension Education.

Signature :

Name in full :

Address :

Date :

I second the above proposal for admission of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ to the Society of Extension Educa-

tion.

Signature :

Name in full :

Address :Date :All remittances and correspondence relating to subscription, membership, advertisement etc. should be addressed to Secretary-cum-Treasurer, Society of Extension Education, Office of Director of Extension Education, University Bhavan, Anand Agricultural University, Anand - 388 110, Gujarat. The Demand Draft should be issued in favour of ‘M S OF EXTENSION EDUCATION’ payable at Anand OR through money transfer to Central Bank of India A/c No. 1215785307, IFSC No. : CBIN0281262, (Branch Code : 1262) at Institute of Agri. Campus, Anand Branch, Anand - 388 110

website : www.gjoee.org email : [email protected]

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SEMINARS / INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ORGANISED BY SOCIETY OF EXTENSION EDUCATION ANAND (GUJARAT)

Sr. No.

Date Title Place

1 20 May 1990 Seminar on “Future Challenges and Strategies of Extension Education”

Navsari

2 8 February 1992 Seminar on “Role of Rural Women in Development

Anand

3 23 October 1994 Seminar on “Role of Farm Literature in Agricultural Development”

Sardarkrushinagar

4 27 January 1996 Seminar on “Role of Co-operative Organization in Rural Development”

Navsari

5 30 April 1997 Seminar on “Challanges of Extension Education in 21st Century”

Anand

6 9 January 1998 Seminar on “Distance Extension Education in Electronic Era”

Junagadh

7 27 April 2001 Seminar on “Human Resource Development in Agriculture”

Sardarkrushinagar

8 27 February 2003 Seminar on “Transfer of Agricultural Technology in 21st Century”

Navsari

9 5-7 December 2003 International Conference on “Agricultural Policies and Strategies for Profitable Farming: Field Realities, Needed Reforms and Interventions”

Anand

10 25 February 2007 Seminar on “Extension Strategy for Agricultural Development”

Navsari

11 31 August 2009 Seminar on “Participatory Approach and Recent Trends in Rural Development”

Junagadh

12 18 August 2012 Seminar on “Innovative Avenues of Extension Education

Sardarkrushinagar

13 5 April 2014 National Seminar on “Dimensions of Extension Education in Holistic Development of Farmers”

Anand

14 7-8 February 2015 National Seminar on “Magnitude of Extension Approaches in Agricutural Development”

Navsari

: Visit Our Website :www.gjoee.org

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ANNOUNCEMENT

National Seminar onJointly Organised by Society of Extension Education, Gujarat &

Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujaraton

18-19 March 2016“Contemporary Innovations for Quantum Extension in Agricultural Development”

BACKGROUND

Agricultural extension in India is in transition. After several years of relentless efforts, extension has been witnessing renewed interest and policy attention during the last few years. It is also under pressure to reform its purpose and the way it is managed as well as to address the new challenges faced by Indian agriculture effectively. The science and technology development in agriculture has opened tremendous opportunities for income and employment generation. The empowerment and development of rural people and sensitization of research and extension systems about their roles and contributions are important for sustainable growth in agriculture. Different transfer of technology and methodologies are available now a days. Number of extension functionaries and organisations are making efforts to fulfil the changing needs of people. Keeping these in view, National Seminar on “Contemporary Innovations for Quantum Extension in Agricultural Development” ‘ is planned to provide a right forum for scientists, research scholars, students, development agents, farmers and farm leaders, policy makers and administrators to share their experience and expertise to support holistic as a sustainable development in agriculture.

THEMATIC AREAS :

1 Social media tools for the extension toolbox :

Social media is a powerful tool for communities which connect to their citizens. This article outlines various free social media tools available to communities to better connect with their citizens. The descriptions of these tools will help extension workers and communities to learn which social media outlet will best work for their community, how they can be used to reach out to citizens, and how they can be used to gather data about the community.

2 Harnessing of indigenous technical knowledge and farmer’s innovations for better livelihood :

This approach focuses on the indigenous knowledge developed by the farmers through their ingenuity, which are viable and sustainable for the solution of many agricultural and allied problems faced by them without neglecting the nature and culture.

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3 Use of ICT approach in extension

This approach focuses on subjective communication, distance education, rendering agriculture information, inputs and services through cyber linkages including kiosk, e-chopal etc. (Success story)

4 Extension strategies for changing scenario of agriculture :

The new roles and competency required by extension system for climate change, natural resource management, research studies on adaptation, orientation of farmers towards climate change, managing farmers innovation system and success stories of progressive farmers prevailing at grassroot level.

5 Livelihood security, poverty and gender discrimination :

Inclusive growth has been the main development objectives. Different policies, administrative activities and different organisation are playing a main role in livelihood development of people.

6 Networking for agricultural knowledge management :

Experiences, concerning issues and strategies related to convergence of pluralistic extension agencies and strengthening linkages and coordination, Public-private partnership in technology generation and dissemination, Field experiences in collective action, development of social capital, formation of collectives (SHGs, FIGs, CIGs, farmers’ organizations/Associations, etc.)

7 Impactoffirstlinetransferoftechnologies:

Technologies which are recommended by SAUs and implemented at the farmers’ fields through FLDs, OFT and ORP in the presence of SMSs of KVKs have great potential to disseminate in horizontal spread of agricultural innovations. These phenomena are playing the vital role for the enhancement of productivity and production as well in all the commodities of agriculture.

: CONTECT :Dr. P. R. Kanani Professor & Head

Department of Agril. Extension EducationCollege of Agriculture, JAU, Junagadh-362 001 (Guj.)

Phone: 0285-2672080 (Epbx - 434,422)Fax: 0285-2670289 • Mobile: +919427423517

E- mail: [email protected]

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From Chief Editor’s Desk......

Technology has been a major factor in the rich- poor divide until now. We should now enlist technology as an ally in the movement for gender and social equity. This will call for a pro-poor, pro-women and pro-nature orientation to technology development and dissemination.

Bringing about positive changes in the society at large is herculean task – a subject of social engineering a blend of modern as well as indigenous technologies. There are five major component of development : (i) trained men power (ii) improved technologies (iii) extension methodologies (iv) management and (v) Marketing. The demand and market driven extension is a function of extension professionals as well as subject matter specialist ; the two sides of the same coin – agriculture development and growth based on economic as well as social intervention.

I am very happy to note that publication of Gujarat Journal of Extension Education is being brought out as a sincere commitment to the farmers’ community and the contributors of research papers. The contributors are to be commended for bestowing their attention, which is time consuming, towards contributing high quality research papers.

Indeed, we are extremely grateful to the contributors for their sincere dedication in contributing to the journal. We do hope that the keen interest shall be sustained in making the journal grow from strengthen to strengthen. We are sure that the journal shall be of significant help to all the readers. At the same time, we request our readers to provide feedback for improvement of journal.

My sincere thanks are due to Dr. P. P. Patel, Director of Extension Education and President of the Gujarat Society of Extension Education and all the members of the society for providing us this opportunity. I appreciate the efforts of my colleagues and associate editors Dr. N.V. Soni, Dr. V. T. Patel, Dr. J. B. Patel Dr. M. R. Bhatt, and Dr. V. J. Savaliya and Dr. J. K. Patel for their extensive efforts and available different sources finalized the articles. I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr. N. B. Chauhan, Dr. R. D. Pandya and Dr. P. R. Kanani for sharing their valuable experiences, insights and knowledge to make our journal recognized.

Hopefully this publication will prove useful for all those who are engaged and interested in up-liftment and advancement of agriculture and its farming community through suitable strategic extension approaches.

Your suggestions and comments are always welcome and we solicit the same.

(Dr. M.R.Prajapati) Chief Editor

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Our reviewers

• Dr. J. P. Sharma, Pricipal Scientist, IARI, New Delhi

• Dr. Dipak De, Prof. & Head, BHU, Varansi

• Dr. K. L. Dangi, Prof. & Head, MPUAP, Udaipur

• Dr. S. B. Shinde, Prof. & Head, MPKV, Rahuri

• Dr. S. K. Kher, Prof. & Head, Sher-E Kashmir Uni. of Agri. Sci. & Tech., jammu

• Dr. Nalin Khare, Prof. & Head, JNKV, Jabalpur

• Dr. M. L. Sharma, Prof. & Head, IGKVV,Raipur

• Dr. S. S. Shisodiya, Prof., Ext. Edu., MPUAT, Udaipur

• Dr. K. A. Thakkar, DEE, SDAU, S.K. Nagar

• Dr. B. T. Patel, Ex. DEE, GAU, Ahmedabad

• Dr. A. O. Kher, Ex DEE, GAU, Junagadh

• Dr. M.C. Soni, Ex DEE, SDAU, S.K. Nagar

• Dr. R. B. Patel, Ex DEE, NAU, Navsari

• Dr. V. V. Mayani, Ex. Ext. Educationist, AAU, Anand

• Dr. V. D. Joshi, Ex Prof., NAU, Navsari

• Dr. N.B. Chauhan, Prof. & Head, Ext. Edu. Dept., AAU, Anand

• Dr. P.R. Kanani, Prof. & Head, Ext. Edu. Dept., JAU, Junagadh

• Dr. R.D. Pandya, Prof. & Head, Ext. Edu. Dept., NAU, Navsari

• Dr. K. B. Kamaliya, Principal, Polytechnic in Food Sc. & Hom. Eco., AAU, Anand

• Dr. Y. R. Godasara, Librarian, AAU, Anand

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CONTENTS

Sr. No.

Title Page No.

1 Development of Scale to Measure Attitude Towards Farmer’s Training Programmes Organized by SAUs of Gujarat StateMeena C.Patel and N.B. Chauhan

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2 A Test to Measure Knowledge About Poultry Management PracticesG. N. Thorat, S. G. Vahora, and D. B. Ramjiyani

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3 Participation of Tribal Farmwomen in Decision MakingMahesh R. Patel, Arun Patel and N. R. Patel

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4 Adoption Status of Nagli Production Technologies in the Tribal District Dang of GujaratS. D. Kavad, H. M. Virdia and G. R. Patel

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5 New ICT in Agriculture: Opportunities and ChallengesR.S.Parmar, D.R.Kathiriya and G.J.Kamani

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6 Impact of Front Line Demonstrations on MaizeJ. J. Mistry, K. J. Vihol and G. J. Patel

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7 Economic Evaluation of IPM Technology for Cotton in Yavatmal District of MaharashtraS. S. Neware, Sonawane H.P. and V. S. Shirke

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8 Knowledge of Farm Women about No Cost and Low Cost Technology of Animal HusbandryB.M.Christian and N.B.Chauhan

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9 Impact of Krishi Vigyan Kendra on Knowledge of Farmers About Improved Agricultural Technologies of Wheat CropJ.K. Chaudhari, B.S.Patel and A.H. Parikh

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10 Constraints Faced by Rural Youth in Adopting Agriculture as an Occupation D. B. Ramjiyani, S. R. Patel and S. G. Vahora

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11 Usefulness of Information About Maize Production Practices Given During Krushi MahotsavArti N. Soni, N.V.Soni and Dipal. N.Soni

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12 Development and Standardization of Attitude Scale of Farmers Towards Dehorning in CattleN. B. Chauhan, J. B. Patel and P. C. Patel

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13 ConstraintsFacedbyFarmersinAdoptionofScientificKharif Groundnut Production TechnologiesJ. G. Markana, B. N. Kalsariya and N. D. Bharad

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14 Evaluation of Community Balwadi Children Growth Rate as Effected by Feeding the Protein Rich BiscuitK. B. Kamaliya and R. K. Mishra

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15 Agro-Chemicals Use Pattern of Pointed Gourd Growers’ in Controlling Insect-Pests and Diseases in Nadia District of West Bengal Hiralal Jana; D. Basu and R. K. Kole

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16 Farm Women’s Perception Regarding Training Programme and Opinion about Training InstituteB. N. Kalsariya, N. D. Bharad and H. B. Gardharia

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17 ManagementEfficiencyofSmallScaleHorticulturalNurseryGrowersofSouthGujaratA.G.Patel and H.U.Vyas

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18 Adoption Behaviour of Tribal Farmers for Vermicompost TechnologyR. N. Patel, M. R. Prajapati and V. T. Patel

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19 Knowledge of Tomato Growers About Tomato Production Technology P. K. Sharma, M. K. Choudhary and P. C. Patel

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20 Adoption of Recommended Green Gram Cultivation Technology by Tribal FLD Farmers J. J. Mistry, K. J. Vihol and G. J. Patel

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21 Attitude of Tribal Farmers Towards Well RechargingV. M. Patel, J. J. Mistry and Bipin A. Sutariya

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22 Adoption of No Cost and Low Cost Animal Husbandry Practices by Dairy FarmersS. G. Vahora, G. N. Thorat and Dweep B. Ramjiyani

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23 Women in Agriculture and Post Harvest Management- Approaches and Strategy for Women Development Mandavkar, P. M., Manjarekar, R.G. and M. S. Talathi

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24 Adoption of No-Cost and Low-Cost Technologies of Watershed Management by Tribal FarmerN. G. Patel, P. C. Patel and J. B. Patel

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25 Community Radio: An Innovative Medium for Capacity Building of Rural PeopleArpita Sharma and P. P. Patel

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26 Awareness Level of Organic Farming Followers About Organic Farming of South GujaratC.D.Patel, R.M.Naik and V.P.Vejpara

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27 Constraints Faced by Tribal Farmers of South Gujarat in Low Cost Watershed ManagementNiraj . G. Patel and N. M. Chauhan

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28 ManagerialAbilityofFarmers,CommitteeMembersandOfficeBearersofAPMCsofTribalandNon Tribal Area of South Gujarat in Market Led ExtensionKavad S. D. and Pandya R. D.

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29 Training Need Assessment of Castor GrowersR. N. Patel, M. R. Prajapati and V. T. Patel

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30 Constraints Faced by the Tribal Farm Women in Agricultural and Animal Husbandry ActivitiesMahesh R. Patel, Arun Patel and P. P. Patel

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31 Training Needs of Tribal Farmers in Agriculture V.V.Prajapati, Dhara M. Prajapati and B.K.Patel

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32 Suggestions Given by Subscriber Livestock Owners of Krushijivan Farm Magazine to Make the Farm Magazine More EffectiveV. V. Solanki, J.B. Patel and P. C. Patel

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33 Impact of Krishi Vigyan Kendra on Knowledge of Farmers about Improved Agricultural Technologies of Wheat CropJ.K. Chaudhari, B.S.Patel, A.H. Parikh

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34 Constraints Faced by the Farm Women in Adoption of No cost and Low cost Technology Regarding Animal Husbandry B.M.Christian , N.B.Chauhan and A.R.Macwan

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35 Constraints Impeding the Entrepreneurial Behaviour of Dairy EnterpriseP. G. Amreliya, J. G. Rathod and R. I. Patel

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36 Correlates of Knowledge of Poultry Entrepreneurs About Poultry Management PracticesG. N. Thorat, S. G. Vahora, and D. B. Ramjiyani

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Guj. J. Ext. Edu. Vol. 26 : Issue 1 : December 2015

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INTRODUCTION

One out of every two people on this planet struggles to feed and educate their children. Even where natural resources are ample, people suffer from chronic malnourishment because they lack access to agricultural financing, quality seed and fertilizer, competitive crop distribution channels, agricultural education and training, and insurance against natural disasters. Training that will help farmers in increasing their crop yields, improve income and food security for their families and communities, and create jobs for their neighbors.

Training is teaching, or developing in oneself or others, any skills and knowledge that relate to specific useful competencies. Training has specific goals of improving one’s capability, capacity, productivity and performance. It forms the core of apprenticeships and provides the backbone of content at institutes of technology (also known as technical colleges or polytechnics). State Agricultural Universities play an active role in projects and partnerships in agricultural education, training and skills development. This is done through training programmes, farm visits, on farm trials, KVKs, kisan melas, kisan clubs, advisory bulletins and the like, so that farmers need the necessary resources to transform their subsistence farm into a thriving agribusinesses to create a better future for their families and their communities. Small-scale farmers move from subsistence to commercial farming and increase their profits.

Some of the major land marks in the history of farmers training in India after the advent of high yielding varieties of crop have been intensive training for farmers at Extension training centers, Agricultural schools, Agricultural colleges of SAUs., establishment of farmers training centers all over the country and integrated farmers training programme by following the principles of “Teaching by doing and “Learning by doing. SAUs of Gujarat are also imparting various types of training to the farmers for betterment of their livelihood. Hence to up lift more involvement of farmers in various training organized by SAUs, it is realized to know feelings of farmers towards training programmes organized by SAUs. Looking to this it was decided to develop tool to measure attitude towards farmer’s training programmes organized by SAUs of Gujarat State.

OBJECTIVE

To develop and standardize the Scale to measure attitude towards farmer’s training programmes organized by SAUs of Gujarat State.

METHODOLOGY

In the present study attitude is conceptualized as positive or negative feelings towards farmer’s training programmes organized by SAUs of Gujarat State.

Development of Scale to Measure Attitude Towards Farmer’s Training Programmes Organized by SAUs of Gujarat State

Meena C.Patel1 and N.B. Chauhan2

1 Assistant Professor, Institute of Distance education, AAU, Anand -3880012 Professor and Head Department of Extension Education

B.A.College of Agriculture, AAU, Anand - 388110 Email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Farmer training is an important tool widely utilized by development programs in developing countries. SAUs of Gujarat are also imparting various types of training to the farmers for betterment of their livelihood. Hence to up lift more involvement of farmers in various training organized by SAUs, it is realized to know feelings of farmers towards training programmes organized by SAUs. Appropriate statistical methods. ‘scale product method’ was used, 22statements were selected for judgment; a panel of 40 judges was requested to assign the score for each statement in five continuums, based on the scale (median) and Q values, 10 statements were finally selected to constitute scale to measure attitude towards farmer’s training programmes organized by SAUs of Gujarat State. Reliability of the scale was found 0.74

Keywords: Attitude scale, Farmer’s training programme


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Scale product method’ which combines the Thrustone’s technique of equal appearing interval scale( 1928 ), for selection of items and Likert’s technique of summated rating ( 1932 ) and for ascertaining the response on the scale as proposed by Eysenck and Crown (1949 ) was selected to develop the scale.

Statement Collection

In initial stage of developing the scale, 32 numbers of statements about reflecting feelings of training programmes organized by SAUs were collected. The collected statements were edited according to the criteria laid down by Edward (1957). From the 32 statements, 22 statements were selected for judgment.

Statement Analysis

In order to judge the degree of “Unfavorableness” to “Favorableness” of each statement on the five point equal appearing interval continuum i.e. strongly agree, agree, undecided, disagree, strongly disagree, a panel of 40 judges of social science group was selected.

Determination of scale values

Based on judgment, the median value of the distribution and the Q value for the statement concerned were

calculated with the help of

0.50 - ∑PbS = L +–––––––––– x i Pw

The inter-quartile range (Q = Q3 - Q1) for each statement was also worked out. Only those statements were selected whose median values were greater than Q value. When a few statements had the same scale values, the statements having lowest Q Values were selected.

Thurstone and Chave (1946) described another criteria in addition to Q as a basis for rejecting statement in scales constructed by the method of the equal appearing interval. Accordingly when a few items had the same scale values, the item having lowest Q Values were selected. With this same manner, scale to measure attitude of research scholars of AAU, Gujarat towards use of Information Technology for their empowerment was developed and standardized statistically by Patel M.C. and Chauhan N.B, (2008).

RESULT

Based on the scale and Q values out of 22 statements 10 statements were finally selected to constitute scale to measure attitude towards farmer’s training programmes organized by SAUs of Gujarat State.

Table 1: Final format of statements to measure attitude towards farmer’s training programmes organized by SAUs of Gujarat State

No. Final format of Statement SA A UN DA SDA

1 + Training programme organized by SAUs helps in increasing confidence among farmers.

2 + The training programmes organized by SAUs provide the needful information regarding

improved agricultural practices.

3 - Hand out provide during training programme organized by SAUs are difficult to understand

the agricultural practices

4 + Off campus training programme organized by SAUs is more beneficial to rural women.

5 - For progressive farmer training programme organized by SAUs is wastage of time.

6 - Farmer’s training programme organized by SAUs in not advisable for experienced farmers

7 + Conducting of visit of successful organization during training organized by SAUs provide

adequate information to the farmers.

8 + Vocational training programme conducted by SAUs develop skilled entrepreneur.

9 + Information given during training programme builds innovative ideas among farmers.

10 +

SAUs training programme creates interest among farmers regarding modern farming technology.

SA-Strongly Agree, A- Agree, UN- Undecided, DA- Disagree, SDA- Strongly Disagree


3

Reliability of the scale

The split-half technique was used to measure the reliability of the scale. The 10 statements were divided into two equal halves with 5 odd numbered and 5 even numbered. These were administered to 30 trainees of training programme organized at Sardar Smruti Kendra, AAU, Anand. Each of the two sets was treated as separate scales having obtained two score, for each of the 30 trainees. Co-efficient of reliability between the two sets of score was calculated by Rulon’s formula (Guilford 1954). This was found 0.74.

Validity of the scale

The validity of the scale was examined for content validity by determining how well content were selected by discussing it with specialists, of extension and statisticians.

Scoring technique

Against each of 10 statements there were five columns, representing a five point continuum of agreement or disagreement to the statements as followed by Likert (1932). The points on continuum were strongly agreed, agree and disagree with weight of 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1, respectively for positive statements and reverse scoring for negative statement. To know level of attitude towards farmer’s training programmes organized by SAUs of Gujarat State, Score of

each statement will be summed up.

REFERENCES

Edward, A.L.1957.Techniques of attitude scale construction, Appleton Century Crofts, Inc., New York.

Eysenck, H.J. and S. Crown.1949. An Experimental study in opinion Attitude Methodology. International J. of Attitude Research. 3: 47-86.

Guilford, J. P. 1954. Psychometric Methods. Tata McGraw-Hill Publication Co. Ltd., Bombay: 378-382.

Likert, R.A.1932. A Technique for the measurement of Attitude Scales, Psychol, New York, No 140.

Patel M.C. and Chauhan N.B, 2008. A Scale to measure Attitude of Research Scholars towards use of Information Technology for their empowerment, Agric.Sci. Digest.28 (4):286-288, ISSN 0253-150X.

Thurston. L.L. and E.G. Chave (1928). The measurement of opinion, J. of Abnormal social psychology- 22:415-430.

Thurstone, L. L. (1946). The measurement of attitude, American J. Soci., Chicago: 39-50.

Received : April 2015 : Accepted : August 2015


4

A Test to Measure Knowledge About Poultry Management Practices

G. N. Thorat1, S. G. Vahora2, and D. B. Ramjiyani3

Associate Professor, Pashu Vigyan Kendra , TRTC, AAU, Devgadh Baria - 389380Assistant Professor, Pashu Vigyan Kendra, TRTC, AAU, Devgadh Baria - 389380

Research Associate, TRTC, AAU, Devgadh Baria - 389380Email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Knowledge of the farmers plays an important role in adoption of improved poultry management practices. A high technical nature of improved poultry management practices would lead to higher adoption and accumulated in the minds of the poultry farmers; knowledge both undergoes and produces changes in the thinking process. Keeping in this view a scale was developed to measure the knowledge of poultry owners about poultry management practices. A tentative list of 80 statements was drafted keeping in view the application of statement suited to the area of study. After getting jury opinion on the items of test, Item difficulty index, Discrimination index and items of validity were worked out. Finally, 21 statements were selected in the final format to measure knowledge of the poultry owners. The reliability coefficient (rtt=0.91) obtained indicated that the internal consistency of the knowledge test developed for the study was very high.

Keywords: Knowledge, Poultry and Management practices

INTRODUCTION

The present commercial poultry industry has given rise to a number of supporting industries to like feed compounding units, poultry processing equipments and machinery, pharmaceuticals and biological etc. It also plays an important role to improve economy of the poultry owners. Any enterprise to run in profit requires good knowledge about varies activities to be taken up to run the enterprise and management of these activities better way.

Knowledge plays an important role for achieving desired results. Bloom et al. (1955) considered knowledge as “those behaviour and test situations which emphasizes the remembering, either by recognition or recall of ideas, material or phenomena”. Knowledge according to English and English (1961) is a body of understood information possessed by an individual or by a culture. Hence, to perform active role in any activities, information being understood play an important role. For the purpose of this study, knowledge was operationalised information and understanding of the poultry farmers regarding poultry management practices. For measuring the knowledge level, a knowledge test was constructed and standardized with help of the following techniques.

METHODOLOGY

Selection of item

The content of the test was composed of the questions called items. In initial stage for developing the scale, a number of statements about poultry management practices were collected from scientists of poultry training centre, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, relevant literature both books and research papers, subject matter specialists. Keeping the following three criteria in view, the items were selected for the study.

(i) The items should provide thinking rather than simply rote memorization.

(ii) The items should differentiate the well-informed farmers from the poorly informed farmers and should have certain difficulty value ( Jha and Singh, 1970)

(iii) The items included should cover all the areas of the knowledge about poultry management practices.

Analysis of item

The items analysis used by Jha and Singh (1970) was carried out so as to yield three kinds of information’s


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viz., index of item difficulty’, “index of items discrimination” and “index of items difficulty”

The collected items were numbered from the 1 to 80 and administered to the 36 respondents selected at randomly from the village of the area of the study, resembling the sample farmers selected for the final studies. Each respondents was given the score of 1 and 0 for dichotomized response of ‘correct’ or ‘incorrect’ and for ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answers, respectively. Thus, the total score secured by an individual respondents of 80 items from ‘correct’ or ‘yes’ answers was knowledge score, thus obtained by the 36 respondents were arranged seperately TRTC, AAU, Devgadh Baria Gujarat from highest to lowest in magnitude. These 36 respondents were divided inti six equal groups, each of six and were arranged in descending order of the score obtained by them. Each group of made 6 respondents and the groups were named G1, G2, G3, G4, G5 and G6 respectively. For item analysis the middle two groups namely G3 and G4 were eliminated retaining only the four terminal groups with high score (G1 and G2) and with low score (G5 and G6), score of these groups ranged as follows:

Group Score out of 80

Group Score out of 80

G1 65 to 56 G4 42 to 40G2 55 to 49 G5 39 to 34G3 48 to 43 G6 33 to 30

Item difficulty index-P

The index of difficulty was worked out as the percentage of the respondents answering as item as correctly. The assumption in this item index of difficulty was that the difficulty related to the level of respondents’ knowledge about poultry management practices. When a respondents answers items, it was assured that the items was less difficult than his ability to cope with it.

The index of the item difficulty indicates the extent to which an item is difficult. An item should neither be so easy that all persons can pass it nor should it be so difficult that none can pass it.

The item with difficulty P values ranging from 10 t0 90 were considered for final selection of the knowledge test battery. it was calculated by following formula:

P=No.of respendents answered correctly

X 100Total number of respondents

Discrimination index( E1/3)

The Second criterion for item selection was the discrimination index indicated by E1/3 value for an item. The function of items discrimination index is to find out whether an item really discriminates a well-informed respondent from poorly informed respondents. In the present study, the items with E1/3 values ranging from 0.20 to 0.80 per cent were considered for the final selection in the knowledge test.

Discrimination index E1/3 was worked out by using formula(Jha and Singh, 1970)

Where, S1, S2, S5 and S6 are the frequencies of correct answers in the group of G1, G2, G5 and G6 respectively.

N= total number of respondents in the item analysis (36)

Biserial correlation is used for the test items validation, when the criterian of validity is regarded as internal consistency i.e. the relationship of total score to a dichotomized response to any given item. keeping this in view, the Biserial correlation of each of the items was calculated, and the significance of the Biserial correlation coefficient was tested with help of formula used by Guilford (1965). The items which were found significant at 5 per cent level of significance were retained in the final format of the knowledge test battery.

Where,

Mp= Mean of x values for higher group in dichotomized variable

Mq= Mean of x values for lower group in dichotomized variable

p= Proportion of cases in higher group

q= Proportion of cases in lower group

z= ordinate of the unit normal distribution curve with surface equal to 1.0 at the point of division between segments containing p and q proportion of the cases


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Test of Significance of r bis

The co-efficient of Biserial correlation was tested for significance by using the formula as given by Guildford (1965)

Representative items of the test

Though the aforesaid criteria were the main consideration for the final selection of the knowledge items, care was taken not to eliminate the important aspect, if any.

Finally, 21 items were selected, which formed the

actual (final) format of the knowledge test. The items are presented in Table.

Reliability and validity of the knowledge test

The reliability examined by employing split halves method. The 21 items were divided into two equal halves, with 13 odd numbered statements in one and the 12 even numbered in the other. These were administered purposively to 20 respondents separately. Having obtained the two sets of scores for each of the respondents, coefficient of correlation between two sets of score was calculated, which was found to be significant. The reliability coefficient (rtt=0.9142, thus obtained indicated that the internal consistency of the knowledge test developed for the study was very high.

Final format of the Knowledge test for measuring poultry entrepreneurs’ knowledge regarding poultry management practices

Sr. No

Questions ‘T’ value

1 How much is the average egg weight? 3.60892 Why debeaking is carried out in birds? 2.34833 how many time debeaking is done in layer birds? 2.96654 What is the feed consumption during 0- 8 weeks period in layers? 2.08255 What is the feed consumption during 0- 20 weeks period in layers? 4.54376 What is the feed consumption during 21-72 weeks period in layers? 6.32867 Which materials are normally used as litter? 2.56048 Can we house three layers in one cage? Yes/No 2.72869 Strict adherence to vaccination schedule is important precautions for the prevention of diseases in poultry

birds?2.3270

10 Consultancy and proper follow up any medication programme is important precautions for the preven-tion of diseases in poultry birds?

3.7826

11 Which are the symptoms of Marek’s disease? 4.438212 What is the age for first vaccination against Marek’s disease? 3.640113 Which are the symptoms of Ranikhet disease? 4.203914 What is the age for vaccination against Fowl pox disease? 4.589715 Give the name of coccidiostat used to control the coccidiosis? 4.403916 Give the crude protein and energy content of starter chick mash(BIS standard) 3.820917 Give the crude protein content of starter chick mash(BIS standard) 5.450418 Give the energy content of Grower mash(BIS standard) 5.896019 Give the crude protein content of Layer mash(BIS standard) 3.427020 Give the energy content of Layer mash(BIS standard) 3.544321 Mention sources of calcium used in poultry feed. 3.3302

REFERENCES

English, H. B. and English, A. G.(1961). New York: A comparative dictionary psychological and psycho-analytical items.

Guilford, J. p. (1965). Fundamental statistics in psychology

and Education, New York, MxGraw Hell-Book Co. Inc: 317-319.

Jha, P. n. and Singh, K. N. (1970). A test to measure farmers’ knowledge about high yielding variety programme. Interdiscipline, 7(1):65-67.

Received : September 2015 : Accepted : December 2015


7

INTRODUCTION

Agriculture is the largest industry in India contributing to the source of livelihood for over 70 per cent of population. Agricultural production plays a significant role in the Indian economy. In India, women and agriculture seem synonymous terms. One can not think of agriculture without women. There is hardly any activity in agriculture except ploughing, where women are not involved. In some of the activities, she is relatively more efficient than man. Dahod is one of the ITDP areas of Gujarat State, where various administrative measures have been adopted through large number of tribal development and welfare programmes under Tribal Area Sub Plan (TASP). Since, independence huge fund have been diverted by the Central and State Government through different agencies with a view to uplift their living standard and bringing them into the main stream of nation. Even after lapses of more than 50 years of independence the progress of tribal farmwoman is not yet upto the level of expectation in the field of agriculture and animal husbandry as she is continued to be in a state of neglect. Being illiterate and ignorant, she is over exploited. A victim of man made system, she is hardly considered equal to man in wage and

social status. Keeping in view the above said facts and information about the tribal farmwoman’s situation and her multiple roles in agriculture and animal husbandry a study on Participation of tribal farmwomen in decision making in integrated tribal development project area of Dahod district of Gujarat state ‘ was undertaken.

METHODOLOGY

The present study was undertaken in Integrated Tribal Development Project areas of Dahod district of Gujarat in 2006. Out of seven talukas of the district, five talukas namely (1) Dahod (2) Zalod (3) Limkheda (4) Garbada and (5) Dhanpur were selected purposively for this study. Out of total villages of each selected taluka, two villages were randomly selected comprising total ten villages from five selected talukas kof ITDP Dahod. From each village, 20 respondents were selected randomly, thus, total sample of 200 respondents were selected for the present study.

The interview schedule was prepared keeping in view the objectives of the study. The interview schedule was translated in to Gujarati language and pre-tested in the field on a separate 20 non-sampled respondents. On the basis of

Participation of Tribal Farmwomen in Decision Making

Mahesh R. Patel1, Arun Patel2 and N. R. Patel3

1 Associate Extension Educationist, EEI, AAU, Anand - 3881102 Director, EEI, AAU, Anand - 388110

3 Ex. Associate Extension Educationist, EEI, AAU, Anand - 388110Email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Agricultural production plays a significant role in the Indian economy. In India, women and agriculture seem synonymous terms. One can not think of agriculture without women. There is hardly any activity in agriculture except ploughing, where women are not involved. The tribal farmwoman shares with her husband the arduous burden of farm work in addition to her major responsibility as home maker, by helping in all other agricultural operations. Keeping this fact in mind, the present study was carried out to find out the extent of Participation of tribal farmwomen in decision making. The result of the study revealed that slightly more than half of the respondents’ families made the decision on cultivation of crop jointly by husband and respondents. Nearly half of the respondents’ families made the decision on marketing of produces jointly by husband and respondents. Slightly more than half of the respondents alone made the decision on storage of grains for home consumption and other purposes. Nearly three-fourth of the respondents’ families made the decision on animal husbandry jointly by husband and respondent. In more than half of the respondents’ families, the decision was made jointly by husband and respondent with respect to expenditure pattern.

Keywords: decision making, Tribal farmwomen


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pre-testing, necessary modifications were made in the final draft and used as the instrument for data collection.

The respondents were asked about their participation in decision making related to farm operations, animal husbandry activities and expenditure pattern. Decision making was grouped into five groups, viz., husband and wife jointly, wife alone, neighbour and friends, husband alone and relatives taking decision.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Extent of participation of tribal farmwomen in decision making

In order to plan and carry out farm and home programme successfully in tribal area, there is need to know whether decision taken by tribal farmwomen was at individual level or joint decisions. To determine the decision making pattern, the decision makers were categorised into five groups, namely (i) husband, (ii) respondent (iii) husband and respondent (iv) neighbour and friends and (v) relatives. The data in this regard are presented in Table 1.

Farm business related tasks

Table 1 : Distribution of respondents according to their participation in decision making

n = 200

Sr. No.

Particulars Decision making

H R H+R N & F Re

I Farm business related tasks

(a) About cultivation of crop

79 (39.50)

05(2.50)

107(53.50)

09(4.50)

00(0.00)

(b) Marketing of produces

84 (42.00)

06(3.00)

103(51.50)

07(3.50)

00(0.00)

(c) Storage of grains 36(18.00)

104(52.00)

60(30.00)

00(0.00)

00(0.00)

II Animal husbandry 44(22.00)

16(8.00)

140(70.00)

00(0.00)

00(0.00)

III Expenditure pattern

71(35.50)

15(7.50)

114(57.00)

00(0.00)

00(0.00)

H = Husband alone, R = Respondent alone, H + R = Husband and Respondent, N & F = Neighbour and Friends, Re = Relatives

(Figures in parenthesis indicates percentages)

About cultivation of crop

Nearly half (53.50 per cent) of the families made the decision on cultivation of crop jointly by husband and respondents followed by 39.50 per cent by husband alone, whereas 2.50 per cent by respondents alone. While in 4.50 per cent of the families decisions were made by neighbour and friends on cultivation of crop which comprises the selection of crop, selection of variety, selection of area for crop, crop rotation, sowing time, purchase of seeds, purchase and use of manures and fertilizers, purchase and use of insecticides and pesticides, time and method of weeding, requirement and selection of labour, adoption of modern (recommended) agricultural technology, time of harvesting and storage of seeds.

Marketing of produces

Nearly half (51.50 per cent) of the respondents stated that decision was made by jointly (husband and respondent) on marketing of the produces which involves how much to sell, place for sell and rates at which produce should be sold. In 42.00 per cent of the families, the decision was made by husband alone, whereas 3.00 per cent of respondents indicated these decision was made by them on this aspects. While 3.50 per cent of the respondents stated that neighbours and friends helped them in taking decisions on marketing of produces.

Storage of grains

More than half (52.00 per cent) of the respondents alone made the decision on storage of grains for home consumption and other purposes, followed by 30.00 per cent of the respondents stated that the decision was made jointly by husband and respondent. While in 18.00 per cent of the families, decision on these aspects was made by husband alone.

Animal husbandry activities

Nearly three fourth (70.00 per cent) of the families made the decision on animal husbandry which involves selling price of milk and milk product, purchase and sale of animals, type and quality of fodder for animals jointly by husband and respondent followed by in 22.00 per cent of the families decision on these aspects was made by husband alone. While 8.00 per cent of the respondents stated that the decision on the same aspects was made by themselves alone.


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Expenditure pattern

In more than half (57.00 per cent) of the families, the decision was made jointly by husband and respondent with respect to expenditure on food and clothes, sale and purchase of land and amount to be spent on labour work. Whereas 35.50 per cent of the respondents stated that decision was made by their husband on expenditure pattern. While 7.50 per cent of the respondents made the decision themselves alone on these aspects.

The findings are supported by findings of Shirolkar (1993), Patel et al. (1995), Pattanaik (1996) and Sheokand et al. (1999).

CONCLUSION

It is concluded from the study that nearly half (53.50 per cent) of the families made the decision on cultivation of crop jointly by husband and respondents, followed by 39.50 per cent by husband alone, whereas 2.50 per cent by respondents alone. While in 4.50 per cent of the families decisions were made by neighbour and friends on cultivation of crop. Nearly half (51.50 per cent) of the respondents stated that decision was made by jointly (husband and respondents) on marketing of the produces which involves how much to sell, place for sell and rates at which produce should be sold. In 42.00 per cent of the families, the decision was made by husband alone, whereas 3.00 per cent of respondents indicated these decision was made by them on this aspects. More than half (52.00 per cent) of the respondents alone made the decision on storage of grains for home consumption and other purposes, followed

by 30.00 per cent of the respondents stated that the decision was made jointly by husband and respondent. Nearly three fourth (70.00 per cent) of the families made the decision on animal husbandry which involves selling price of milk and milk product, purchase and sale of animals, type and quality of fodder for animals jointly by husband and respondent, followed by in 22.00 per cent of the family decision on these aspects was made by husband alone. In more than half (57.00 per cent) of the families, the decision was made jointly by husband and respondent with respect to expenditure on food and clothes, sale and purchase of land and amount to be spent on labour work.

REFERENCES

Patel, M. R.; Trivedi, J. C.; Desai, C. P. and Patel, A. A. (1995). Role of rural women in agriculture. GAU Res. J., 21 (1) : 105-107.

Patnaik, Tilothama (1996). Decision making behaviour of women in farm sector : A study. Ind. J. Ext. Edu., 57 (2): 235-243.

Sheokand, R. S.; Narinder Singh; Sheoran, O. P.; Pannu, R. S. and Singh, N. (1999). Farm women and animal husbandry practices in paddy belt of Haryana. J. of Dairying, 18 (2) : 85-91.

Shirolkar, V. V. (1993). A study of participation and decision making of farmwomen in dairy occupation. M. Sc. (Agri) thesis (Unpub.), M.P.K.V., Rahuri.



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INTRODUCTION

Nagli (Ragi) is the main staple food crop in the Dang district, as it is cultivated since long in this tribal area. Hill Millet Research Station is doing research on developing Nagli varieties and cultivation practices of Nagli for the situation prevailing in the district. KVK, Dang organizing different activities in order to increase the awareness, knowledge, skill and adoption among farming community through training, demonstration, on farm trial and other extension activities. In order to assess the adoption of newly released Nagli production technology in the Dangs district, present study was planned.

OBJECTIVES

(i) To study the socio-economic and personal characteristics of the farmers of the district

(ii) To study the level of knowledge regarding scientific cultivation of Nagli.

(iii) To know the extent of adoption of newly released Nagli production technologies by the farmers.

(iv) To study the constraints perceived by the farmers in adoption of Nagli production technologies.

METHODOLOGY

Ex-post facto research design was used for the study. Eight villages from Dang district were selected randomly and 13 farmers were selected from each village, thus total 104 farmers considered as sample and termed as respondents in the study. The information of each respondents was collected with the help of pre tested, structured interview schedule by personal interview. The collected data were analysed and interpreted in the light of the objectives with appropriate statistical tools like percentage, rank, mean and standard deviation.


The outcome of the present study has been presented

Adoption Status of Nagli Production Technologies in the Tribal District Dang of Gujarat

S. D. Kavad1, H. M. Virdia2 and G. R. Patel3

1 Mr. S. D. Kavad, Assistant Extension Educationist, DEE, NAU, Navsari - 3964502 Dr. H. M. Virdia, Associate Professor, Department of Agronomy, NMCA, NAU, Navsari -396450

3. Dr. G. R. Patel, Director of Extension Education, NAU, Navsari - 396450Email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Nagli (Ragi) is the main staple food crop in the Dang district, as it is cultivated since long in this tribal area. Hill Millet Research Station is doing research on developing Nagli varieties and cultivation practices of Nagli for the situation prevailing in the district. KVK, Dang organizing different activities in order to increase the awareness, knowledge, skill and adoption among farming community through training, demonstration, on farm trial and other extension activities. In order to assess the adoption of newly released Nagli production technology in the Dangs district, present study was planned. From the study it was found that majority of the respondents were falls in middle age group, having low education, marginal to small land holding size with low annual income and small size of family. About half of the respondents have membership in one organization and good participation in extension activities. The overall knowledge of scientific cultivation of Nagli was found medium, while the adoption was found medium in majority of the respondents. The main constraints perceived by the farmers were the sloppy land, high cost of pesticide and fertilizer and poor economic condition. It was observed during the study that in the Dang district, Nagli is being cultivated in sloppy land only and average area under nagli cultivation is 0.29 ha. per respondent. The average yield of Nagli is 1048 kg/ha of surveyed sample. The farmers in the Dang, generally cultivate Nagli for their own consumption, so they mostly prefer local / deshi varieties and not using chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

Keywords : Nagli, Technology, Adoption, Training, Constraints.


11

here after applying the appropriate statistical analysis. The results have been described under the following sub heads in the light of the objectives of the study.

Socio-economic and personal characteristics of the respondents

The data regarding socio-economic and personal characteristics of respondents were analyzed and presented in the following table.

Table 1: Distribution of respondents according to their Socio-economic and personal characteristics n= 104

Sr. No.

Characteristics Fre-quency

Per-centage

I Age 1 Young age 19 18.002 Middle age 67 65.003 Old age 18 17.00II Education1 Illiterate 24 23.002 Primary level of education 49 47.003 Secondary and Higher second-

ary level of education26 25.00

4 College level of education and above

05 05.00

III Land holding1 Marginal farmer 47 45.002 Small farmer 47 45.003 Medium farmer 09 09.004 Big farmer 01 01.00

IV Annual income1 Up to Rs. 50,000 93 89.002 ` 50,001 to ` 1,00,000 07 07.003 ` 1,00,001 to ` 1,50,000 02 02.004 ` 1,50,001 to ` 2,00,000 00 00.005 Above ` 2,00,001 02 02.00V Size of family1 Small size of family(Up to 5

members)84 81.00

2 Medium size of family(6 to 8 members)

20 19.00

3 Large size of family (More than 8 members)

00 0.00

VI Social participation1 No membership 22 21.002 Membership in one organization 50 48.003 Membership in more than one

organization32 31.00

VII Extension participation1 No participation 04 4.002 Participation in one activity 11 11.003 Participation in two activities 12 11.004 Participation in more than two

activities77 74.00

It is clear from the data in the Table 1 that more than half (65.00 per cent) of the respondents were in the middle age group. Slightly less than half (47.00 per cent) of the respondents were found to have primary level education. Majority of the respondents belonged to the (45.00 per cent each) category of marginal and small farmer, having annual income up to Rs. 50,000 (89.00 per cent) and small size of family (81.00 per cent). Slightly less than half (48.00 per cent) of the respondents had membership in one organization and about three fourth (74.00 per cent) of the respondents had participation in more than two extension activities.

Level of knowledge regarding scientific cultivation of Nagli

Knowledge word is normally mean out as an individual “aware about or know how” of their enterprise. The responses from the respondents about their level of knowledge regarding scientific cultivation of Nagli were collected and grouped in to three categories such as, (i) low level of knowledge (Up to 5 score) (ii) medium level of knowledge (Between 6-14 score) and (iii) higher level of knowledge (Above 14 score). The data in this regarding are presented in Table 2.

Table 2: Distribution of respondents according to their overall Knowledge level n= 104

Sr. No.

Knowledge level Frequency Percentage

1 Low level of knowledge

14 14.00

2 Medium level of knowledge

73 70.00

3 High level of knowledge

17 16.00


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Table 2 clearly indicates that more than half (70.00 per cent) of the respondents had medium level of knowledge regarding scientific cultivation of Nagli followed by 16.00 per cent and 14.00 per cent of the respondents had high level and low level of knowledge, respectively.

Table 3: Distribution of respondents according to their Knowledge regarding selected technologies n= 104

Sr. No.

Name of technology Knowledge

Frequency Percentage

1 Improved varieties 63 61.00

2 Seedling method 40 38.00

3 Seed rate 44 42.00

4 Transplanting method 66 63.00

5 Manure 73 70.00

6 Fertilizer 27 26.00

7 Pest and disease control 5 5.00

In case of knowledge regarding selected technology for nagli cultivation, 61.00 per cent had knowledge regarding improved varieties, 63.00 per cent had knowledge about transplanting method, while 70.00 per cent of the respondents having knowledge about application of manure, while 42.00 and 26.00 per cent having knowledge about seed rate and fertilizer application. Only 5.00 per cent had the knowledge about pest and disease control.

Extent of adoption of newly released Nagli production technologies

Adoption level for each respondent was calculated on the basis of maximum score obtained by him.

Table 4: Distribution of respondents according to their Extent of overall adoption

n= 104

Sr. No.

Extent of adoption Frequency Percentage

1 Low level of adoption

09 09.00

2 Medium level of adoption

85 81.00

3 High level of adoption

10 10.00

From Table 4 it is clear that majority (81.00 per cent) of the respondents had medium level of adoption followed by 10.00 per cent and 9.00 per cent had high level and low level of adoption, respectively.

This might be due to the fact that the KVK had convinced them for increasing the crop production and thereby increasing income.

Table 5: Distribution of respondents according to their Extent of adoption of selected technologies

n= 104

Sr. No.

Name of technology AdoptionFrequency Percentage

1 Improved varieties 25 24.002 Seedling method 06 06.003 Seed rate 36 35.004 Transplanting method 06 06.005 Manure 40 38.006 Fertilizer 03 03.007 Pest and disease control 05 05.00

Regarding adoption of selected technology for nagli cultivation, 24.00 per cent had adopted the improved varieties, 35.00 per cent had recommended seed rate, 38.00 had applied manure, while only 6.00, 6.00, 5.00 and 3.00 per cent adopted seeding method, transplanting method, pest and disease control and fertilizer, respectively.

In the Dang district Nagli is being cultivated in sloppy land only and average area under nagli cultivation is 0.29 ha. per respondent. The average yield of nagli is 1048 kg/ha of surveyed sample. It was observed during the study that generally they cultivate nagli for own consumption, so they mostly prefer local / deshi varieties and not using chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

Constraints perceived by the farmers in adoption of Nagli production technologies

In this study constraint is operationalized as the items of difficulties faced by the respondents to carry out their day to day operations and adoption in Nagli production technologies. Constraints play a vital role in adoption as well as transfer of technology. To obtain better result of any type of services it is very essential to minimize the constraints. The information regarding constraints experienced by the respondents were collected by using open end questions. Agreement of each respondent against enumerated constraints


13

was sum up separately and converted into percentage. Later on, rank was assigned. The classified data are presented in table 6.

Table 6: Distribution of respondents according to their constraints n=104

Sr. No. Constraints Fre-

quency

Per-cent-age

Rank

1 Non availability of improved Seed 15 14.00 VI

2 Poor economic condition 81 78.00 III3 Sloppy land 94 90.00 I

4 Can’t take care due to large size of land holding 08 08.00 VII

5 High cost of pesticide and fertilizer 82 79.00 II

6 Sub standard pesticides 34 33.00 IV7 Lack of irrigation facility 19 18.00 V

The data presented in table 6 clearly indicated that the sloppy land (90.00 per cent) was perceived by the farmers as their main constraint and ranked first followed by high cost of pesticide and fertilizer (79.00 per cent) ranked second, poor economic condition (78.00 per cent) ranked third, sub standard pesticides (33.00 per cent) ranked fourth, lack of irrigation facilities (18.00 per cent) ranked fifth, non availability of improved seeds (14.00 per cent) ranked sixth and can’t take care due to large size of land holding (8.00 per cent) ranked seventh.

CONCLUSION

From the study it can be concluded that majority of the respondents were found in middle age group, low education, marginal to small land holding size with low annual income and small size of family. About half of the

respondents have membership in one organization and good participation in extension activities. The overall knowledge of scientific cultivation of nagli was found medium, while the adoption was found medium in majority of the respondents. The main constraints perceived by the farmers were the sloppy land, high cost of pesticide and fertilizer and poor economic condition.

In the Dang district Nagli is being cultivated in sloppy land only and average area under nagli cultivation is 0.29 ha. per respondent. The average yield of nagli is 1048 kg/ha of surveyed sample. It was observed during the study that the farmers in dang generally cultivate Nagli for their own consumption, so they mostly prefer local / deshi varieties and not using chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

REFERECES

Dave, Rashmi, Godawad, Asha and Soni R. L. (2011). Adoption of okra crop production technology in tribal women promoted under NAIP. Raj. J. Extn. Edu. 19:117-120.

Pandya, C. D., Bhatt, S. T. and Chauhan, N. M. (2013). Knowledge and adoption level of farmers about scientific cultivation of okra in Tapi district. Guj. J. Extn. Edu. 24:102-104.

Patel, R. M., Kavad, S. D., Solia, B. M. and Patil, R. G. (2013) Problems faced by Green house growers in South Gujarat, India. Plant Archives 13(2) : 911-914.

Singh, P., Lakhera, J.P. and Subhash Chandra (2012). Knowledge and adoption of Moth bean production technology in Western zone of Rajasthan. Raj. J. Extn. Edu.20:35-38.

Received : June 2015 : Accepted : September 2015


14

INTRODUCTION

The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in this era of globalization has accentuated new modes of knowledge transformation and communication patterns. ICT has opened up uncommon opportunities for developing countries in terms of providing low cost access to information. This is the fastest growing tool of communication ever with the number of users growing from 150 million in 1998 to more than 700 million in 2001 ( Brown, 2002 ). India has 70% of its population, which is dependent on Agriculture for its livelihood. Considering this, use of ICT in Agriculture is of strategic importance in a country like India. ICT have tremendous potential in timely collection of data and distributing it to the potential users even in developing countries, thus, providing low cost access to information.

While the term ‘ICT’ comprises many technologies for capturing, interpreting, storing and transmitting information (Jonathan, 2010), ‘New ICT’ is used to denote “the use of computers and the communication systems between computers (Anon, 1999). New ICT, however have the potential of getting vast amount of information for rural populations in a more timely, comprehensive and cost effective manner. The new ICT are becoming more accessible and users can obtain information from various sources, one computer could meet the needs of a large community. These

modern technologies offer new and multiple perspectives, such as faster and better-focused access to information. Email is the most commonly used new ICT that has brought a cultural revolution in the way individuals and organizations interact, in terms of time, cost and distance. Another most significant use of ICT is the computer networks, the World Wide Web, email and search engines, which enable us to receive information and communicate or exchange information with millions of computers (Jonathan, 2010).

METHODOLOGY

New ICT has been implemented as a layered structure having three layers viz., User Interface layer (UIL), Application layer (APL) and Database layer (DBL). Each layer has its own specific functions. Applications are usually broken into logical chunks called “tiers”, where every tier is assigned a role. Traditional applications consist only of 1 tier, which resides on the client machine, but web applications lend themselves to an n-tiered approach by nature. Though many variations are possible, the most common structure is the three-tiered application. In its most common form, the three tiers are called presentation, application and storage, in this order. A web browser is the first tier (presentation), an engine using some dynamic Web content technology (such as ASP, ASP.NET, CGI, ColdFusion, JSP/Java, PHP, Perl, Python, Ruby on Rails or Struts2) is the middle tier

New ICT in Agriculture: Opportunities and Challenges

R.S.Parmar1, D.R.Kathiriya2 and G.J.Kamani3

1 Associate Professor (Computer Science), College of AIT, AAU, Anand - 3881102 Professor (Computer Science), College of AIT, AAU, Anand - 388110

3 Assistant Professor (Computer Science), College of AIT, AAU, Anand - 388110Email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

New ICT have had an enormous impact on society. The role of Information and Communication Technology to develop agriculture and quality of life in rural area is well established. New ICT can help a farmer to get relevant information regarding agro-inputs, crop production technologies, agro processing, market support, agro-finance and management of farm Agri-business. Agriculture sector faces major challenges of enhancing production in a situation of falling natural resources necessary for production. The growing demand for agriculture products, however, also offers opportunities for farmers to sustain and improve their livelihood. New ICTs have a major role in addressing these challenges and uplifting the livelihood of the farming community. This paper attempts to review the significance of New ICT in agriculture, discuss their opportunities in agriculture and examine their challenges as well.

Keywords: New ICT


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(application logic), and a database is the third tier (storage). The web browser sends requests to the middle tier, which services them by making queries and updates against the database and generates a user interface. The basic structure of a 3-tier web-based application is presented in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 : Basic structure of 3-tier Architecture (http://www.engr.uconn.edu)

Application of New ICT’S in Agriculture

New Information and Communication Technologies are indispensable catalysts of agricultural development. It helps scientists to provide quick solutions to farmers, agriculture extension department to disseminate various information to farmers and government to create awareness amongst farmers. Some ICT enabled projects for rural areas are as follows:

DVAR (Direct Video Assisted Redressal) Project

DVAR is designed to be used by farmers who does not know computers, Internet, e-mail, chat and does not possess reading/writing skills. It is also designed to be a bandwidth aware, so it can be used on very low bandwidth connection without sacrificing the audio/video quality. The only different between low bandwidth and high bandwidth setup is response time between farmer and scientists. Lower bandwidth DVAR setup will have longer response time compare to high bandwidth setup. DVAR technology is comprises of various technologies like:

VOD Video on Demand

OLVM Off line video messaging

CMS Content Management System

VC Video conferencing

RDBMS Relational Database Management System

It is an integration of all above technologies in a way that, farmer or scientist does not need to learn computer in order to communicate in an efficient and timely manner.

Farmer will interact with push of a button and scientist will interact with click of a mouse (Parmar et al., 2012). Both will interact with each other without the time bound so farmer can concentrate on how to get most out of his farm and scientist can concentrate on his research. DVAR technology is not about only being a farmer to scientist interaction medium; it can be effectively used by government, agriculture extension to create awareness amongst rural population.

It can help farmers to solve their day to day problems with push of a button

It can also help various government departments to interact with farmers, through awareness videos or one-on-one off-line messaging

It can particularly help agriculture extension department to disseminate agriculture related awareness information to farmers without spending much budget on travelling

It can further help government to create awareness amongst farmers to make them active participant in development process resulting effective nation building exercise

It can be used by private companies to reach specific audience for targeted marketing

Gyandoot Project

Gyandoot is an ICT based Government to Citizen Service delivery portal commissioned in Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh in January 2000. The Dhar district in central India has a population of 1.7 million; 60 percent live below the poverty line. The goal of the Gyandoot project has been establish community-owned, technologically innovative and sustainable information kiosks in a poverty-stricken, tribal dominated rural area of Madhya Pradesh (Mansuri, 2009). It is a low cost user-charge-based-service and the expense of running it is being borne by panchayats and the communities. Gyandoot creates a cost-effective, replicable, economically self reliant and financially viable model for taking the benefits of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to the rural masses. Gyandoot is managed by a society called ‘Gyandoot Samiti’ registered under Madhya Pradesh Societies Registration Act with District Collector as the President of the Samiti. The services offered by Gyandoot encompass a wide range of government departments and can be accessed from any Gyandoot kiosk (soochanalaya) by any citizen. The services offered by Gyandoot are:


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Agriculture Produce Auction Centers Rates

Copies of Land Records

On-line Registration of Applications

On-line Public Grievance Redress

Village auction site

TARAhaat Project

TARAhaat is an e-business created to bring the benefits of the Internet to rural India. It is a Delhi based non-profit organization launched in Tikamgarh district of Madhya Pradesh. The Taradhabas or public kiosks unlike PCOs are run by independent local franchisees. This organization is operational in Bundelkhand in Jhansi and Bhatinda district in Punjab. TARAhaat delivers education, information services and market opportunities to rural consumers via the Internet and its Kendra outposts (http://www.tarahaat.com).

MeraKisan.com

It is an online digital tool to help consumers in India who value fresh food and goods sourced from local farmers. This portal has been developed keeping in mind the needs and requirements of consumers in search of quality farmers and also to create visibility of those farmers who are producing quality Agro Products (http://www.merakisan.com).

Greenstar Project

This is a new consortium of companies from India and the United States which launched its first solar powered internet community centre in Parvatpur village, 150 kms from Hyderabad, providing e- commerce services and offering agricultural information through fax, e-mail and voice mail (http://www.greenstar.org).

KISAN.com

It is a website conceptualized and developed by Nagarjuna group which offers weather forecasts, commodity news, product availability, online loan facilities, chat rooms and discussion forums. It enables the farmers to communicate with other farmers, suppliers and consumers across the world. It intends to bring Decision Makers and Opinion Leaders in Agriculture on a common platform. It is an unbiased, open, uninfluenced platform for everybody to use to their own extent (http://www.kisan.com).

Farmerbazzar.com

It allows farmers to sell their produce through auctioning. The biggest advantage of this site is that farmer knows the best price before clinching a deal (http://www. farmerbazzar.com).

Aquachoupal.com

It provides shrimp farmers information on world shrimp prices and technological information on shrimp farming technology (http://www. aquachoupal.com).

Challenges ahead

New ICT is not only a technology but an innovative concept which requires good planning and on-going support. In order to make the New ICT implementation successful, all the stake holders must be working together in order to get the full potential of the technology. Once farmers starting to use New ICT and getting satisfactory solutions for their problems, they will use again and again for their day to day problems. End result of the New ICT implementation could very well be motivated and well informed famers.

Farmers

He must be motivated to use New ICT, and it will only be possible if he gets the problem solving answers in a reasonable amount of time.

Scientist

They need to be active providing descriptive answers in the local language so they can build a trust worthy relationship with farmers through interactive questions and answers. The whole idea of interactive video based question answer technology is to build trust between farmers and scientists, so any new farming advised by scientists would be implemented by farmers with a good acceptance, trust and confidence.

IT department

It will manage the collaborative database, take backup, maintain recording setup and help scientist to easily access and study framers’ questions through internet/intranet/ extranet.

Extension Department

Their primary responsibility could be providing various training and informative material in form of the


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audio/visual aids.

Government or Private Agencies

To prepare, provide or upload awareness videos for farmers based on governments guide lines and policies. They can also work with private companies to collect paid advertisements for targeted audience.

It is true that in spite of all the efforts made by the various agriculture and technology scientists, there is still a long way for an average farmer to enjoy the fruits of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and relish its ultimate use. Some of the challenges associated with the use of new ICT for farmers are listed below:

Policy considerations

High telecommunication costs

Infrastructure

Lack of local content and language barrier

High rate of Illiteracy

Inadequate human resources

Gender differences

CONCLUSION

New ICT is a technological innovation to promote ONE FARMER AT A TIME concept, each farmer will get personalized attention, and solutions to their problems.

New ICTs have a major role to play in the life of farmers as they provide them with latest know-how on agriculture, on line selling and buying, daily weather

forecasts, information on cropping patterns, soil conservation, and government schemes.

India would benefit from approaching the issue by using ICT in Agriculture by focusing on providing broadband connectivity and a centric development approach.

REFERENCES

Anonymous (1999). Reducing poverty through agricultural sector: Strategies in eastern and southern Africa. Proceedings of a workshop organized by CTA and the European commission. Wageningen, The Netherlands, 23 – 25 November 1998 : 96

Brown, M. M. (2002). ‘Can ICTs address the needs of the poor?’ Choices, 10 (2):4.

Jonathan, A. (2010). ‘ICT Transforming Education’ A Regional Guide, UNESCO Bangkok : 93.

http://www. aquachoupal.com

http://www.engr.uconn.edu

http://www. farmerbazzar.com

http://www.greenstar.org

http://www.kisan.com

http://www.merakisan.com

http://www.tarahaat.com

Mansuri, B.B. (2009). E-Governance A Case Study of Gyandoot Project J. of Contemporary Research In Management :1-9.

Received : June 2015 : Accepted : September 2015


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INTRODUCTION

Krishi Vigyan Kendra has been functioning in the Sabarkantha district since February 2005. The KVK is sanctioned by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and constituent of Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University situated at Khedbrahma, Dist. Sabarkantha. The main aim of Krishi Vigyan Kendra is transfer of technology through on and off campus training programmes for farmers and extension functionaries, front line demonstrations, on farm trials and other extension activities. A Front line demonstration on different crops grown in the district is the mandatory activity of Krishi Vigyan Kendra. Krishi Vigyan Kendra has given front line demonstrations on Maize crop (var. G. M.-2) to tribal farmers sanctioned by ZPD, Jodhpur. Thus, impact of front line demonstrations on Maize given by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Khedbrahma was felt necessary.

OBJECTIVES

(i) To evaluate the FLD Maize in terms of adoption of recommended Maize production technology

(ii) To estimate the yield of Maize on farmers field before and after FLD

(iii) To estimate the profitability of Maize crop before and after FLD

METHODOLOGY

The present study was conducted in Sabarkantha district. The villages namely Changod, Kajavas, Ratanpur, Nanabaval, Shilvad, Panthal, Dantral, Ambamahuda, Shitol and bandiyanu talav were selected purposively in which Maize FLDs had been given by KVK, Sabarkantha. List of farmers to whom FLD Maize (var. G. M. 2) had been allotted were prepared and six farmers from each village were randomly selected. Thus, total sixty farmers / respondents were selected for present study.

The data were collected by personal interview. The respondents were same for before and after FLD data collection. The interview schedule was developed through discussion with experts, scientist and extension officers working in the district. The data were analyzed with appropriate statistical procedures.


In order to find out the extent of adoption of improved agricultural practices of Maize crop, 13 improved practices were identified for study. The respondents were asked to give their responses to these practices. In both the cases, before FLD and after FLD, the respondents were same for present study. The responses of farmers were recorded and presented in Table 1.

Impact of Front Line Demonstrations on Maize

J. J. Mistry1, K J Vihol2 and G J Patel3

1 SMS (Ext. Edu.), KVK, SDAU, Khedbrahma - 3882552 SMS (Agron.), KVK, SDAU, Khedbrahma - 388255

3 Programme Coordinator, KVK, SDAU, Khedbrahma - 388255Email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi has started front line demonstration through krishi Vigyan Kendras to accelerate the production of crops. Technologies generated by scientists are of no use unless adopted by farmers. Latest recommended package of practices are demonstrated on farmers’ field through FLDs. The study was under taken to know the extent of adoption of maize production technologies before and after FLDs given by KVK, Khedbrahma. Total 10 villages in which FLDs on maize conducted by KVK, Khedbrahma were selected. From each village six demonstrating farmers were selected randomly making sample of sixty respondents. Majority (91.66 percent) of the respondents had adopted sowing distance, thinning & interculturing and hand weeding. The yield of Maize crop per hectare was increased 32.77 percent after FLD. Before FLD BCR was 1.99 increased to 2.49 after FLD.

Keywords : FLD, Maize


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Table 1: Extent of adoption of recommended package of practices of Maize crop before FLD and after FLD n=60

Sr.No.

Package of practice

Adoption of recommended

practices (Before FLD)

Adoption of recommended

practices (After FLD)

No. Percent No. Percent

1 Preparation of land

30 50.00 51 85.00

2 Selection of Maize varieties

20 33.33 48 80.00

3 Sowing time 10 16.66 50 83.33

4 Seed treatment 07 11.66 40 66.66

5 Seed rate 23 38.33 42 70.00

6 Sowing distance 40 66.66 55 91.66

7 Basal fertilizer application as per recommendation

05 08.33 35 58.33

8 Irrigation at critical stages

20 33.33 50 83.33

9 Thinning 25 41.66 55 91.66

10 Top dressing of fertilizers

10 16.66 41 68.33

11 Inter culturing & hand weeding

34 56.66 55 91.66

12 Application of weedicides

00 0.00 10 16.66

13 Plant protection measures

22 36.66 51 85.00

The data in Table 1 indicated that majority (91.66 percent) of the respondents had adopted sowing distance, thinning and interculturing & hand weeding. Preparation of land and plant protection measures were adopted by 85.00 per cent respondents. While sowing time and irrigation at critical stages (83.33 per cent), selection of variety (80.00 per cent), seed rate (70.00 per cent), top dressing of fertilizer (68.33 per cent), seed treatment (66.66 per cent) and basal application of fertilizer (58.33 per cent) adopted by respondents. Very less number of respondents (16.66 percent) adopted weedicide application.

Yield of maize

The yield of Maize crop before FLD and after FLD were compared. The data are presented in Table 2.

Table 2: Yield of Maize crop before FLD and after FLD n=60

Average yield of Maize crop Kg/ha

‘t’ value

Percentage increase

Before FLD After FLD24.32 32.29 2.278* 32.77 %

t=2.278 (Calculated t) t=1.96 (Table t at 0.05 percent level of significance) *Significant

The data in Table 2 reveled that the yield of Maize crop per hectare was increased 32.77 percent after FLD. The t test also indicates the significant difference in yield before and after FLD.

Profitability of FLD maize

The cost of inputs was calculated for before and after FLD Maize crop. The yield data of Maize crop was also recorded before and after conducting FLDs. The data are presented in Table 3.

Table 3: Profitability of Maize crop before and after FLD

n=60

Sr. No.

Items Before FLD

After FLD

1 Cost of cultivation (`/ha) 16462 17442

2 Yield of Wheat (qt/ha) 24.32 32.29

3 Gross income (`/ha) 32759 43495

4 Net profit (`/ha) 16297 26053

5 BCR 1.99 2.49Selling price ` 1347=00 per quintal

As per market price the income was calculated for before and after FLD and profitability per hectare was calculated.

The data in Table 3 reveled that before FLD the yield of Maize was 24.32 qt/ha while after FLD the yield was 32.29 qt/ha. The prevailing market price was ` 1347=00 per quintal and on that base profitability was calculated which showed that net profit from Maize crop before FLD was ` 16297.00 / ha while the net profit from Wheat crop after FLD was ` 26053.00/ha. The BCR for before FLD was 1.99while after FLD was 2.49.


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CONCLUSION

From the set of technologies of Maize crop, before FLD the adoption was very less but after conducting the FLD programme on farmers field most of the farmers become aware about recommended production technologies of Maize crop. Majority of the farmers have adopted most of the production technologies of Maize after FLD as compare to before FLD. The yield of Maize crop per hectare was increased 32.77 percent after FLD. The t test also indicates the significant difference in yield before FLD and after FLD. At the prevailing market price (` 1347=00 per quintal) the net profit from maize crop before FLD was ` 16297.00 / ha while the net profit from maize crop after FLD was ` 26053.00/ha. The BCR for before FLD was 1.99while after FLD was 2.49. It shows impact of FLD on adoption.

REFERENCES :

Haque M. S. (2000). Impact of compact block demonstration on increase in productivity of rice. Maha. J. Ext. Edu. 19(1): 22-27.

Rai A. K., Khajuria S. and Kanak lata (2014). Impact of front line demonstration in transfer of sesamum production technology. . Guj. J. Ext. Edu. 25(2): 158-162.

Tiwari R. B., Singh V. and Parihar P. (2003). Role of front line demonstration in transfer of gram production technology. Maha. J. Ext. Edu. 22(1): 19-20.

Received : August 2015 : Accepted : November 2015


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INTRODUCTION

Cotton is one of the most important commercial crop playing a key role in economic, political and social affairs of the world. The organized sector of Indian textile industry constitutes the largest single industrial segment in the country in terms of annual value of output and labour employed both direct and indirect. In India the area under cotton crop is 9.53 Million ha. with productivity of 553.0 kg/ha, however, Maharashtra state, occupies an area of 31.90 lakh ha. with productivity of 60.00 kg/ha. Cotton crop is grown on 13.60 lakhs ha in Vidarbha region with productivity of 282.00 lint kg/ha Hence, cotton productivity of state is less as compared to national average (Anonymous, 2008).In 1967, Food and Agriculture Organization panel of expert define “Integrated Pest Management as a pest management system that in the context of the associate environment and population dynamics of the pest species utilizes all suitable techniques and the method as compatible manner as possible and maintain pest population at level below those causing

economic injury”. The aim was to keep the pest below the Economic Injury Level (ETL) and manage them without decrease in yield. IPM is accepted as the only relevant means of reducing dependence on chemical input. It is environmentally safe, ecologically sound and sustainable alternative, which sheet to minimize the use of pesticide by placing greater relevance on biological control. The judicious and timely use of IPM practices is of prime importance to minimize the use of pesticides and control of insect. It is therefore necessary to find out the existing level of knowledge and extent of adoption of IPM practices for pest management for cotton and also to identify the constraints faced by farmer in adoption of IPM technology. The study was therefore planned and undertaken with following specific objectives.

OBJECTIVES

(i) To examine the level of adoption of IPM technology

(ii) To study the economics of IPM technology adopted cotton

Economic Evaluation of IPM Technology for Cotton in Yavatmal District of Maharashtra

S. S. Neware1, Sonawane H.P.2 and V. S. Shirke3

1 Junior Research Assistant, College of Agriculture, Pune (M.S.)2 Assistant Professor (Agril. Extn), College of Agriculture, Pune (M.S.)

3 Professor (Agril. Extn), College of Agriculture, Pune (M.S.)

ABSTRACT

Cotton is one of the most important commercial crop. In India the area under cotton crop is 9.53 Million ha. with productivity of 553.0 kg/ha, however, Maharashtra state, occupies an area of 31.90 lakh ha. with productivity of 60.00 kg/ha. IPM is accepted as the only relevant means of reducing dependence on chemical input. The judicious and timely use of IPM practices is of prime importance to minimize the use of pesticides and control of insect. It is therefore necessary to find out the existing level of knowledge and extent of adoption of IPM practices for pest management for cotton and also to identify the constraints faced by farmer in adoption of IPM technology. The present study was carried out in Yavatmal district of Vidarbha in Maharashtra. Nine villages of three tahsils were selected and from each village 10 farmers were selected randomly thus total 90 farmers were selected as sample. The study concluded that average size of holding for overall farms was observed 4.33 ha. Extent of adoption of IPM technology was found higher in Pest resistant and tolerant variety i.e. 82.22 per cent followed by soil manuring i.e. 80.00 per cent. Most of the farmers i.e. 71.11 per cent were in group of medium level of adoption. The cost of cultivation at cost ‘C” was found low in high adoption group i.e. ` 22995.12 followed by medium adoption group and low adoption group and it was ` 23526.48 and ` 23751.74. The Input-Output ratio at cost “C” was 1.4, 1.48 and 1.66 in case of low, medium and high adoption groups respectively. Thus, the production of cotton crop was observed profitable at all technology level. Lack of technical guidance, unaware of critical component of IPM technology, lack of capital, lack of irrigation facilities were found major constraints faced by cotton growers.

Keywords: IPM technology, Cotton


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METHODOLOGY

The present study was carried out in Yavatmal district of Vidarbha in Maharashtra was purposively selected for the study since integrated pest management technology proposed by Dr. PDKV, Akola Maharashtra was demonstrated to farmer in larger area. The district lies between 190 26’ and 200 42’ north latitudes and 770 18’ and 790 9’ east longitudes. It has an average elevation of 434 meters above mean sea level. The climate of the district is in general hot and dry with moderately cold winter. The year may be divided in to four seasons. The hot season begins in March and extends up to first week of June. This is followed by south west monsoon season which last up till end of September, October and November constitute the post monsoon season which is followed by cold season which last up till February. From the district of Yavatmal, Yavatmal, Ner and Ralegaon tahsils were selected for this study. From these tahsils nine villages viz., Bhishni, Waghapur, Jamwadi, Son Wadona, Uttar Wadona, Yarad, Ralegaon Kalab, Watkhed, Watkhed Bk., were selected for final sample as the IPM demonstration were operated in these villages. Form these 9 villages 90 respondents were selected by random sampling method.


Extent of adoption of IPM technology by selected farmers

At overall level the extent of adoption of Pest resistant

and tolerant variety was observed highest 82.22 per cent followed by soil manuring i.e. 80 per cent , crop rotation was 77.77 per cent, whereas, the extent of adoption of deep ploughing/tillage and clean cultivation were 75.55 per cent and 68.88 percent respectively. Extent of adoption of Crop residue and destruction under cotton cultivation was observed 63.33 per cent at overall level fallowed by use of Spraying of Neem seed extract i.e. 62.22 per cent. Whereas two practices namely Seed treatment of Trichoderma viridae and Releasing Predator and Parasite are not followed by farmers

Distribution of farmer on the basis of level of adoption

Extent of adoption of IPM technology by selected farmers. Out of 90 farmers 7 farmers belongs to low group having adoption index of 30.52 per cent, large no of farmer observed in medium adoption i.e. 64 farmer belongs to medium group having adoption index of 51.78 percent . Extent of adoption of IPM technology by 19 farmers belong to high adoption group having adoption index of 67.11 per cent. The contribution of farmers in low, medium and high adoption IPM group was 7.77 per cent, 71.11 per cent and 21.11 per cent respectively. More number of farmers were concentrated in medium adoption of IPM technology as confirmed with the findings of Bansod (2002).

Table 1 : The extent of adoption of IPM technology by selected farmers n=90

Sr. No. IPM component Small Medium Large Overall1 Crop rotation 83.78 71.87 76.19 77.772 Trap crop 27.02 40.62 33.33 33.333 Removal of alternate host 37.83 43.75 38.09 40.004 Clean cultivation 72.79 65.62 66.66 68.885 Deep ploughing / Tillage 70.27 81.25 76.19 75.556 Crop residue and destruction 56.75 65.62 71.42 63.337 Soil manuring 72.79 81.25 90.47 80.008 Judicious use of Fertilizer 43.24 46.87 52.38 46.669 Pest resistant and tolerant variety 75.67 84.37 90.47 82.2210 Hand picking and destruction of larvae 37.83 40.62 23.80 35.55

11 Collection and destruction of affected fruit and plant parts 45.94 40.62 28.57 40.00

12 Clipping affected terminal shoots for controlling spotted bollworm 37.83 32.43 19.04 33.33

13 Seed treatment of Trichoderma viridae - - - -14 Spraying HaNPV/ Bt. 13.51 21.87 33.33 21.1115 Use of pheromone trap and Perchar for bird 32.43 46.87 47.61 41.1116 Spraying of Neem seed extract 54.05 62.50 76.19 62.2217 Releasing Predator and Parasite - - - -18 Insecticides 40.54 43.75 52.38 44.44


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Resource utilization

The pattern of utilization of resources by farmers indicates the degree of management of resource, their choice and decision making. Besides this, it indicate the level of technology adopted by the farmers. Human labour, bullock labour, seed, manures and fertilizers for cotton crop were the basic type of resources used, being considered in the present study. Levels of key inputs utilization per hectare in the different adoption groups for cotton crop.

(a) Human labour

An attempt has been made to measure the degree of labour uses, according to farm operations. It helps to formulate the labour calendar. Labour utilization for a crop depends on the intensity of preparatory and cultural operations done for raising crop. Total human labour employed per hectare for cotton crop as seen from Table 10 were 22.1 man days, 25.1 man days and 25.89 man days for low, medium and high adoption groups respectively and at overall level, it was worked out to 24.36 days. Whereas, for female it was 46.76 42.2 and 47.8 for low, medium and high adoption groups respectively and at overall level, it was worked out to 45.58 days.

(b) Bullock labour

Total bullock labour employed per hectare worked out to 9.12 pair days, 9.2 pair days, 8.02 pair days in low, medium and high adoption groups respectively and at overall level, it was worked out to 8.78 pair days.

(c) Machine charges

Total machine hours incurred per hectare worked out to 4.13, 4.95 and 4.4 hours for low, medium and high group respectively and at overall level, it was worked out to 4.49 hr.

(d) Manure and fertilizer

In respect of manures as against the recommended dose of 48-60 quintal per hectare, the actual use is 33.53 quintals in low, 35.51 quintals in medium and 35.83 quintals in high adoption groups respectively, overall average worked out to 34.95 quintals. In case of chemical fertilizer, use of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, It was observed that 49.26:27.33:11.22 kg, 51.7:22.06:13.18 kg and 42:17.79:11.44 kg of N: P: K was used respectively in low, medium and high adopter groups.

From above result it is concluded that utilization of fertilizer is low as compared to recommended dose.

(e) Seed

Seed is an important input in crop production and considering the recommended seed rate per hectare for hybrid cotton which is mostly used in this area i.e. 3-4 kg/ha. It was observed that, its utilization near to recommended level in low, medium and high adopter groups i.e. 3.6 kg, 3.4 kg and 3.21 kg respectively, From these results it could be concluded that the cotton growers used low levels of key inputs as compared to recommended levels except seed hence obtained less yield as compared to recommended yield. The use of nitrogen and phosphorus was mostly through complex fertilizers, hence there was imbalance in their application.

Cost of cultivation

Cost of cultivation of cotton crop has been estimated on the basis of cost A, cost B and cost C. The purpose of estimating these costs is to work out profitability of different crops on the basis of direct costs and imputed costs. Information on item wise cost of cultivation per hectare of cotton at different cost concepts in respect of groups having different adoption level

It is revealed Table that at overall level, per hectare total cost of cultivation (Cost ‘C’) for cotton was ` 23424.44. Main items of cost were rental value of land and hired female and male labour accounting for 24.81 percent, 9.73 percent and 6.86 per cent of the total cost respectively, whereas, share of bullock labour and machinery labour were 6.37 per cent and 5.75 per cent at overall level. Expenditure on FYM, seed, fertilizer, plant protection chemicals accounted for 8.95 per cent, 10.69 per cent, 5.46 per cent and 2.24 per cent respectively of total cost at overall level. Among IPM technology adopted groups also, rental value of land and hired human labour emerged to be important items of cost. As regards rental value of land, its share in total cost in low, medium and high adoption group was 23.03 per cent 24.21 per cent and 27.19 per cent respectively. Whereas the hired female labour was 9.84 per cent, 8.96 per cent and 10.39 per cent in low, medium and high adoption groups respectively and male labour was 5.25 per cent, 7.46 per cent and 7.88 per cent in low, medium and high adoption groups respectively.


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Table 2: Per hectare cost of cultivation of cotton by different IPM adoption groups (`/ha.)

Sr. No.

Items IPM adoption group OverallLow Medium High

1 Hired labourMale 1247.27

(5.25)1757.21(7.46)

1812.9(7.88)

1605.79(6.86)

Female 2338.11(9.84)

2110.15(8.96)

2390(10.39)

2279.42(9.73)

2 Bullock labour 1551.18(6.53)

1564.9(6.65)

1364.28(5.93)

1493.45(6.37)

3 Machine charges 1240.52(5.22)

1486.85(6.31)

1320.52(5.74)

1349.33(5.75)

4 Seed 2570.56(10.82)

2550.9(10.84)

2400.27(10.43)

2567.24(10.69)

5 FYM 2012.08(8.47)

2130.79(9.05)

2150(9.34)

2097.62(8.95)

6 Fertilizer 1343.38(5.65)

1334.48(5.67)

1164.8(5.06)

1280.88(5.46)

7 Irrigation 125.23(0.52)

212.62(0.90)

210.26(0.91)

182.70(0.77)

8 Plant protection 750.25(3.15)

523(2.22)

311.23(1.35)

528.16(2.24)

9 Incidental charges 148.56(0.62)

176.8(0.75)

105.93(0.46)

143.76(0.61)

10 Repairing charges 227.11(0.96)

222.19(0.94)

197.27(0.85)

215.23(0.91)

11 Interest on working capital@ 6% 813.25(3.42)

844.19(3.58)

805.64(3.50)

821.02(3.5)

12 Land revenue 103.18(0.43)

115.12(0.48)

127.18(0.55)

115.160.48)

13 Depreciation 1620.09(6.82)

1482.17(6.3)

1148.39(4.99)

1416.88(6.03)

14 Cost A 16090.77(67.74)

16511.37(70.18)

15508.67(67.44)

16036.93(68.45)

15 Rental value of land 5470.15(23.03)

5697.51(24.21)

6252.82(27.19)

5806.82(24.81)

16 Interest on fixed capital @ 10% 538.42(2.26)

469.85(1.99)

517.21(2.24)

508.49(2.16)

17 Cost B 22099.34(93.04)

22678.73(96.39)

22278.7(96.88)

22463.36(95.43)

18 Family labourMale 723.28

(3.04)522.63(2.22)

511.33(2.22)

585.74(2.49)

Female 929.12(3.91)

325.12(1.38)

205.09(0.89)

486.44(2.06)

19 Cost C 23751.74(100)

23526.48(100)

22995.12(100)

23424.44 (100)

(Figures in parentheses show the percentage to the total)

The other important items of cost in terms of there share in the total cost were bullock labour and machine labour. The share of interest on working capital was worked out to 3.5 per cent at overall level of IPM technology groups.

The per hectare total cost of cultivation in low, medium and high adoption groups was Rs.23751.74, Rs. 23526.48 and Rs. 22995.12 respectively. Where as it was observed to Rs. 23424.44 at overall level.


25

Economics of production of cotton by different IPM adoption groups

Table 3: Economics of production of cotton by different IPM adoption groups

Sr. No. Particular IPM adoption groups OverallLow Medium High

1 Yield (Qtl) 12.16 12.5 13.2 12.622 Rate/Qtl. 2750 2790 2900 2815.533 Per hectare

Cost A 16090.77 16511.37 15508.67 16036.93Cost B 22099.34 22678.73 22278.7 22352.25Cost C 23751.74 23526.48 22995.12 23491.11

4 Gross return 33440 34875.78 38280.27 35532.015 Net returns at

Cost A 17349.23 18364.41 22771.6 19495.08Cost B 11340.66 12197.05 16001.57 13179.76Cost C 9688.26 11349.3 15285.15 12107.57

It is revealed from this Table 3 that per hectare production of cotton is observed to 12.16 qtl., 12.5 qtl. and 13.2 qtl in low, medium and high adoption groups respectively. The net returns at cost “A” was observed to ` 17349.23, ` 18364.41 and ` 22771.6 in low, medium and high adoption groups respectively. Gross return observed the highest in high level of adoption of IPM technology i.e. ` 38280.27 followed by medium and low level of adoption i.e. ` 34875.78 and Rs. 33440 respectively. Net returns was obtained the highest in high level of adoption group i.e. ` 15285.15 followed by medium level of adoption group i.e. ` 11349.3 and low adoption of IPM technology group i.e. ` 9688.26 The study thus revealed that per hectare output of cotton and consequently the gross and net return increased with the level of adoption of technology as confirmed with the findings of Sudhakar et al. (1997).

Input-output ratio

It is observed that, the Input-output ratio at overall level at cost “A” worked out to 2.21. at cost “B” and cost “C” the ratio at overall level was 1.59 and 1.51 respectively. Among groups the highest ratio at all the cost were observed in high adoption group i.e. 2.46, 1.71 and 1.66 at cost A, cost B and cost C respectively. Input-output ratio was observed greater than unity in all the adoption groups indicated that cotton cultivation was profitable at all the levels of technology of adoption. It showed increasing trend with increased level of IPM technology of adoption as confirmed with the findings of Vishweshwar and Naik (2000) which indicated higher returns realized per rupee invested in case of IPM farmer than that of conventional farmer.

Table 4 : Input-output ratio for different IPM adoption group of farmers

Sr. No

Benefit-Cost ratio

IPM adoption Group

Low Medium High Overall1 at Cost A 2.07 2.11 2.46 2.212 at Cost B 1.51 1.53 1.71 1.593 at Cost C 1.40 1.48 1.66 1.51

The discussion thus revealed that cotton production is a profitable proposition in the study area. The production and return from the cotton cultivation, in general increased with the increase in adoption of recommended technologies. Thus, the farmer should adopt IPM technologies to the fullest extent to exploit all the production potential of this crop.

CONCLUSION

Average size of holding for overall farms was observed 4.33 ha. Extent of adoption of IPM technology was found higher in Pest resistant and tolerant variety i.e. 82.22 per cent followed by soil manuring i.e. 80.00 per cent. Most of the farmers i.e. 71.11 per cent were in group of medium level of adoption. The cost of cultivation at cost ‘C” was found low in high adoption group i.e. ` 22995.12 followed by medium adoption group and low adoption group and it was ` 23526.48 and ` 23751.74. The Input-Output ratio at cost “C” was 1.4, 1.48 and 1.66 in case of low, medium and high adoption groups respectively. Thus, the production of cotton crop was observed profitable at all technology level. Lack of technical guidance, unaware of critical component of IPM technology, lack of capital, lack of irrigation facilities were found major constraints faced by cotton growers.


26

REFERENCES

Bansod, V. B., (2002). Adoption of package of practices of cottion . M.Sc Thesis (unpub.), Dr.PDKV, Akola: 67.

Bhople, R. S., P. S. Shinde and S, S. Dhule, (2001). Knowedge and adoption of biocontrol pest management in cotton. Maharashtra J. Extn. Educ. 20: 18-21

Giri, A. N. And P. S. Kapse, (2007). Evaluation of efficacy of integrated pest management module vis-a-vis farmers practices for cotton at farmer field. Maharashtra J. cotton res. dev. 21(2):257-259.

Kulkarni, V. V.; R. S. Bhople and P. S. Shinde, (1994). Constraients in adoption of IPM technology. Maharashtra J. Extn. Educ. 13: 253-256

Sudhakar, K. and R. P. Satyanarayanan, 1997. Combating Helicoverpa armigera through Integrated Pest Management practices in rainfed cotton. Indian J. Pl. Prot. 25:1-4.

Vishweshwar, S. and A. D. Naik, 2000. comparative economics of Integrated Pest Management technique and conventional pest management technique in hybrid Cotton. Agril. Mktg. 32(3): 21-23.



27

Knowledge of Farm Women about No Cost and Low Cost Technology of Animal Husbandry

B.M.Christian1 and N.B.Chauhan2

1 Assistant Professor, College of Agriculture, AAU, Vaso - 3873802 Professor and Head, department of Extension Education, BACA, AAU, Anand - 388110

Email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The study was conducted to know Extent of Knowledge of No Cost and Low Cost Technology in Animal Husbandry of the Farm Women of Nadiad Taluka of Kheda. According to the availability of the farm women engaged in animal husbandry as per government census, 10 villages of Nadiad taluka were selected for this study. Total 150 farm women were selected by proportionate random sample method. The data were collected by personal contacts. Majority(84%) of the farm women has knowledge regarding proper ventilation and milking practices followed by 80%of them having knowledge of provide non slippery,impervious,well slopped floor in cattle shed,79% of them knowing cleanliness of milking utensils,78%of them having knowledge of providing adequate fresh and clean water and quick ,regular and accurate milking with full hand,77% of them having knowledge of quick disposal/delivery of milk to the village co-operative/selling place after milking,75%of them are aware of giving chaffed dry and green fodder, and 71.33%of them have knowledge regarding cleaning and washing of udder, teat and hind quarter before milking.

Keywords: No. cost and low cost technology, Animal husbandry, Knowledge

Animal husbandry signifies as the second largest economic activity next to agriculture in rural areas. It provides employment and economic support to rural families. Many of the important tasks in animal husbandry are performed by women besides their responsibilities as home makers. Women play an important role in animal husbandry activities as manager, decision makers and skilled workers. They help in farm operations, take their animals for grazing, look after the sale of milk and in addition, perform the functions related to house management. Rural woman contributes a share of more than 75 per cent in animal husbandry operations like feeding, milking and sale of milk. Considering the importance of role of women in animal husbandry, the present study was carried out.

OBJECTIVE

To find out the knowledge level of the farm women regarding no cost and low cost technology of animal husbandry

METHODOLOGY

The study was conducted in Nadiad taluka of Kheda district of Gujarat state. According to the availability of the farm women engaged in animal husbandry as per government census, 10 villages of Nadiad taluka were selected for this

study. Total 150 farm women were selected by proportionate random sample method. The proportionate sample that is from Vaso-20 farm women ,Uttarsanda-19,Sodpur-17,Vadtal-16,Salun(talpad)-14,Piplata-14,Maholel-14,Dabhan-12,Chalali-12,Narsanda-12 farm women were selected. The data of the study was collected by personal interview. The interview schedule was prepared keeping in view the objectives of the study. The statistical measure such as percentage was used to analyze the data.


It can be observed from the above table that Majority(84%) of the farm women has knowledge regarding proper ventilation and milking practices followed by 80%of them having knowledge of provide non slippery,impervious,well slopped floor in cattle shed,79% of them knowing cleanliness of milking utensils,78%of them having knowledge of providing adequate fresh and clean water and quick ,regular and accurate milking with full hand,77% of them having knowledge of quick disposal/delivery of milk to the village co-operative/selling place after milking,75%of them are aware of giving chaffed dry and green fodder, and 71.33%of them have knowledge regarding cleaning and washing of udder, teat and hind quarter before milking. While only 32% were having knowledge regarding


28

providing mineral mixture and its required quantity, Care and post bite vaccination in case of dog bite and Purchase of new animal by consulting doctor .Only 45 % of farm women were

having knowledge of AI/Natural service after 60-90 days of calving.

Table 1 : Knowledge level of the farm women regarding no cost and low cost technology of animal husbandry n=150

Sr. No.

Practice Number Per cent

A About improved variety/breed of animal 87 57.00B General management and milking practices1 Proper ventilation &sufficient light in cattle shed 127 84.662 Provide non slippery, impervious, well slopped floor in cattle shed. 121 80.663 Regular cleaning of cattle shed 103 68.664 Cleaning and washing of udder, teat and hind quarter before milking 107 71.335 Cleanliness of milking utensils 119 79.336 Quick, regular and accurate milking with full hand 117 78.007 Quick disposal/delivery of milk to the village co-operative/selling place after

milking116 77.33

C About Feeding and watering practices1 Chaffed green and dry fodder 113 75.332 Providing concentrate and its required quantity 93 62.003 Providing mineral mixture and its required quantity 48 32.004 Providing Adequate fresh and clean drinking water 117 78.00D About Breeding practices1 Accurate and timely heat detection 91 60.662 Artificial insemination/Natural service at proper time of heat 94 62.663 Pregnancy diagnosis at 60-90 days after AI/Natural service 89 59.334 AI/Natural service after 60-90 days of calving 68 45.33E Healthcare practices1 identification and Timely -regular vaccination against contageneous diseases like

FMD,BQ,HS85 56.66

2 Care and post bite vaccination in case of dog bite. 49 32.663 Regular deworming of animal at least once in a year 78 52.004 Hygienic disposal of placenta & dead body 95 63.33F About rearing practices1 Provision of bedding material &its regular replacement 59 39.332 Cutting and disinfections of naval cord with tincture iodine 62 41.333 Feeding of adequate quantity of colostrums to the calf at proper time 89 59.334 Dehorning of calf 91 60.665 Different diseases and its Time of Vaccination 74 49.336 Regular deworming of calf 71 47.33G Animal market management1 Purchase of new animal by consulting doctor 48 32.002- Checking 2 to 3 time milk production to know true milk production of animal

before purchasing new animal.84 56.00

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded from the above table that Majority(84%) of the farm women has knowledge

regarding proper ventilation and milking practices followed by 80%of them having knowledge of provide non slippery,impervious,well slopped floor in cattle shed,79% of them knowing cleanliness of milking utensils,78%of


29

them having knowledge of providing adequate fresh and clean water and quick ,regular and accurate milking with full hand,77% of them having knowledge of quick disposal/delivery of milk to the village co-operative/selling place after milking,75%of them are aware of giving chaffed dry and green fodder, and 71.33%of them have knowledge regarding cleaning and washing of udder, teat and hind quarter before milking.

IMPLICATION

Understanding significance of farm woman in to animal husbandry, there is a need of serious efforts should be started to improve their level of knowledge regarding no cost and low cost technology of animal Husbandry so that they can diminish their cost of animal keeping and raise their income.

REFERENCES

Patel, A. J; Chaudhary M.G, and Patel J.K (2012) Awareness

and Technological Needs of Woman in Dairying, Guj. J. Ext. Edu., Vol. 23 : 74-77.

Patel, R. N; Patel V. T, and Prajapati M.M (2013) Training need of dairy Farm Women in Dairy Farming Practices, Guj. J. Ext. Edu. Vol.24 : 39-41.

Prajapati, J.V; Bhatt P.M and Patel J.B(2013)Factors affecting Adoption of No-cost and Low –cost Technologies of Animal Husbandry by Tribal Dairy Farmwomen in Guj. J. Ext. Edu.,Vol.24 : 111-113.

Prajapati, J.V; Bhatt P.M and Patel H.B(2011)Adoption of no-cost and Low –cost technologies of animal husbandry by tribal dairy farmwomen, Guj. J. Ext. Edu., Vol.22 : 111-113.

Prajapati, J.V; Bhatt P.M and Patel J.B(2012)Knowledge level of Tribal Dairy Farm Women about No-cost and Low –cost Technologies of Animal Husbandryt, Guj. J. Ext. Edu., Vol.23 : 141-146.



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INTRODUCTION

Agriculture is the most pivotal sector of Indian economy in the current phase of development. Therefore, the transformation of traditional agriculture to modern agriculture is a challenge to fulfill the requirements of over increasing population. Krishi Vigyan Kendra, an innovative science based institutions, were consequently established mainly to impart vocational training to the farmers and field level extension workers. The concept of vocational training in agriculture through KVK grows substantially due to greater demand for improved agricultural technology by the farmers. Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) is the important instrument of transfer of technology at grass-root level. It is situated in Agro Climatic Zone of Bhal and Coastal –VIII of the Gujarat to bring out improvement in the production and economy of the district. KVK directly deals with the farming community for rural development. KVK acts as link between Agricultural University, Research Institutes and farmers for transfer of agricultural technologies. Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Arnej has started it functioning since 2004, with the objectives to improve the productivity for achieving social justice for all most needy and deserving weaker sections of the society. It would be necessary to review the development activities and programmes undertaken by Government to improve the socio-economic conditions of farmers through increased agricultural production. Therefore, the investigator felt necessary to examine the impact of Krishi Vigyan Kendra

on level of knowledge, adoption and attitude towards various activities of Krishi Vigyan Kendra. With a view analyzing these, present study on impact of Krishi Vigyan Kendra in Ahmedabad district was undertaken.

OBJECTIVES

(i) To study the impact of Krishi Vigyan Kendra on knowledge level of beneficiary and non-beneficiary farmers about improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop.

(ii) To ascertain relationship between knowledge level and independent variables of beneficiary and non- beneficiary farmers.

METHODOLOGY

In Ahmedabad district, Dholka and Bavla talukas would be selected purposively, where the maximum numbers of activities carried out by Krishi Vigyn Kendra, Arnej. The present investigation was carried out on a 120 randomly selected samples of Ahmedabad district of Gujarat. Dholka and Bavla talukas of Ahmedabad district were selected purposively, where the maximum numbers of activities carried out by the Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Arnej. All 10 villages were selected purposely, where maximum numbers of activities carried out by the Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Arnej. 6 beneficiary farmers were selected from each village for the

Impact of Krishi Vigyan Kendra on Knowledge of Farmers About Improved Agricultural Tech-nologies of Wheat Crop

J.K. Chaudhari1, B.S.Patel2 and A.H. Parikh3

1 & 3. P.G. students, Department of Extension Education, B.A.C.A, AAU, Ananad – 388 1102 Training Associate, T & V System DEE, AAU, Anand – 388 110

Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The aim of Krishi Vigyan Kendra (Farm Science Centre), an innovative science based institutions, were consequently established mainly to impart vocational training to the farmers and field level extension workers. The concept of vocational training in agriculture through KVK grows substantially due to greater demand for improved agricultural technology by the farmers. The present study was conducted in Ahmedabad District. By following simpal random sampling 120 wheat growers from 10 villages where selected. The ex-post-fecto research design was used for study. The finding revealed that great majority of beneficiary (93.33 per cent) of farmers had medium to high and non-beneficiary (95.00 per cent) of farmers had low to medium level of knowledge about improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop.

Keywords: Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Knowledge, Improved technologies, Wheat


31

study. Thus, 60 non-beneficiary farmers were selected for the study.

To know the impact the Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Arnej. The same numbers of non-beneficiary farmers were selected from the same villages. Thus, 60 non-beneficiary farmers were selected for the study.

To measure the selected dependent variable like knowledge of farmers about improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop was measured with the help of knowledge index. To measure the selected independent variables, the scales developed by various researchers were used with slight modifications. The data were collected with the help of structural schedule by personal interview method.

The data so collected were coded, classified, tabulated and analyzed in order to make findings meaningful.


Level of knowledge

Knowledge refers to know-how about different improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop possessed by the farmers. Adequate knowledge is essential to farmers for the success and profitable cultivation. It was therefore thought necessary to obtain information from the farmers about the knowledge they possessed about improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop. The data about level of knowledge are given in Table 1.

Table 1 : Distribution of respondents according to their knowledge about improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop n=120

Sr. No. Level of Knowledge Beneficiary (n=60) Non- beneficiary (n=60)Number Per cent Number Per cent

1 Low (Up to 19.4 score) 04 06.67 18 30.00

2 Medium (Between 19.4 to 26.12 score) 39 65.00 39 65.00

3 High (Above 26.12 score) 17 28.33 03 05.00

X = 22.77 SD = 3.37

The analysis of data showed that great majority of beneficiary (93.33 per cent) of farmers had medium to high and non-beneficiary (95.00 per cent) of farmers had low to medium level of knowledge about improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop.

It means this may be perhaps due to positive impact of KVK activities. The probable reasons for above finding might be due to favourable attitude towards various activities carried out by KVK, frequent contacts with extension

agencies, higher mass media exposure and active involvement in various extension activities of beneficiary farmers.

Comparison between groups

The ‘t’ value was calculated to examine whether there was any significant difference in level of knowledge about improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop between beneficiary and non-beneficiary farmers. The detail analysis was carried out in this regard which is presented in Table 2.

Table 2: Comparison between beneficiary and non-beneficiary farmers in respect of their knowledge about improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop

Category of respondents Number Mean score of Knowledge

Standard deviation ‘t’ value

Beneficiary farmers 60 24.57 3.026.820**

Non-beneficiary farmers 60 20.97 2.67** Significant at 1 per cent probability level

It evident from Table 2,‘ t ’ value (6.820) was found to be significant at 0.01 level of significance, indicating thereby that beneficiary farmers had significantly higher knowledge about improved agricultural technologies of wheat

crop then non-beneficiary farmers. From the above finding an inference can be drawn that KVK activities had influenced in increasing the knowledge of the beneficiary farmers about improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop.


32

Relationship between the selected characteristics of beneficiary and non-beneficiary farmers and their level of knowledge about improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop.

In order to find out the relationship between the selected characteristics of beneficiary and non-beneficiary farmers and their level of knowledge about improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop, correlation was worked out the finding are presented in Table 3.

Table 3: Relationship between knowledge about improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop and independent variables of beneficiary and non- beneficiary farmers. n=120

Sr. No. Variable

Correlation-coefficient (r-Value)

Beneficiary (n=60)

Non- beneficiary

(n=60)X1 Age -0.623** -0.260*

X2 Education 0.782** 0.303*X3 Land holding 0.070NS 0.112NSX4 Animal possession 0.079NS 0.446**X5 Occupation 0.281** 0.170NSX6 Social participation 0.388** 0.099NSX7 Extension participation 0.115NS 0.181NSX8 Mass media exposure 0.327** 0.009NSX9 Scientific orientation 0.161NS 0.027NSX10 Achievement

motivation 0.070NS 0.075NS

X11 Innovativeness 0.473** 0.038NSX12 Risk orientation 0.185NS 0.151NSX13 Attitude towards KVK 0.335** 0.180NS

* Significant at 0.05 level of probability

**= Significant at 0.01 level of probability

NS= Non Significant

Six variables viz. Education, occupation, social participation, mass media, innovativeness and attitude towards various activities of KVK of beneficiary farmers were observed positively significant with their knowledge regarding improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop. Six variables like Land holding, animal possession, extension participation, scientific orientation, achievement motivation

and risk orientation of beneficiary farmers were positively non-significant with their knowledge regarding improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop. Age was negatively significant of beneficiary farmers with their knowledge regarding improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop.

Ten variables viz. Land holding, occupation, social participation, extension participation, mass media, scientific orientation, achievement motivation, innovativeness, risk orientation and attitude towards various activities of KVK of non-beneficiary farmers were positively non-significant with their knowledge regarding improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop. Age was negatively and Education and Animal possession was positively significant of non-beneficiary farmers with their knowledge regarding improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop.

CONCLUSION

Great majority of beneficiary of farmers had medium to high and non-beneficiary farmers had low to medium level of knowledge about improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop. ‘t’ value was found to be significant indicating thereby that beneficiary farmers had significantly higher knowledge about improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop then non-beneficiary farmers. Age was negatively significant of all farmers with their knowledge regarding improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop.

REFERENCES

Bhoi, G. N. (2008). Impact of frontline demonstrations on castor growers in Anand district of Gujarat state, M.Sc.(Agri.) thesis (Unpub.), AAU,Anand.

Binkadakatti J. S. (2008) Impact of krishi vigyan kendra (kvk) trainings on use of bio-fertilizers and bio-pesticides by tur farmers in gulbarga district. M.Sc. (Agri.) thesis. (Unpub.), Dharwad.

Dubey A.K., Srivastava J.P., Singh R.P., and Sharma V.K. (2008). Impact of KVK Programme on Socio-economic Status and Knowledge of Trainees in Allahabad district. Indian Res.J.Ext.Edu. 8 (2 & 3).

Sai, D. (2008). Impact of Krishi Vigyan Kendra Devataj on the farmers of Anand district,M.Sc. (Agri.) thesis (Unpub.), AAU,Anand.



33

Constraints Faced by Rural Youth in Adopting Agriculture as an Occupation

D. B. Ramjiyani1, S. R. Patel2 and S. G. Vahora૩ 1 Research Associate, TRTC, AAU, Devgadh Baria - 389380

1 Associate Professor, College of Agriculture, AAU, Jabugam - 3911551 Associate Professor, Pashu Vigyan Kendra, TRTC, AAU, Devgadh Baria - 389380


ABSTRACT

Rural youth are the most important segment of the country like India where agriculture is the back bone of national economy. But, rural youth now a days, have been losing their interest in agriculture. Instead of being self employed in agriculture and allied activities, they are now turning to be “Job seekers”.The constraints faced by rural youth in adopting agriculture as an occupation in the research area have been analyzed through personal survey. The major constraints which hinder in adopting agriculture as an occupation were: high rate of farming input and seed (92.00 per cent), less availability of laborers for performing farm operations (87.00 per cent), etc. In order to overcome the constraints, it is suggested that price of seed should be minimized (93.00 per cent), low labor consuming technology should be developed (86.00 per cent) and chemical fertilizer should be made available in time (82.00 per cent).

Keywords: Constraints, Suggestion, Occupation, Rural youth

INTRODUCTION

The socio-economic development and prosperity of rural areas depends to a considerable extent, on the type of youth living in rural areas, because the rural youth have abilities to orient themselves to go along the main stream of the development process. Since youth are recognized as effective “change agents”, they can help in the process of dissemination and adoption of modern techniques of agriculture. If the talents and abilities of rural youth are properly nurtured and systematically guided, agriculture which is the backbone of national economy can attain sustained growth and bring prosperity to the country.

They participate in most of the agricultural operations like ploughing, harrowing, sowing, transplanting, weeding, harvesting, post harvesting activities and so on. Rural youth participate in marketing where the trade or enterprise is highly/largely commercialized. Rural youth play a key role in performing various tasks related to dairy and animal husbandry enterprise like maintenance of cattle/goat shed feeding of animal/goats, collection of fodder for animals etc. As per one estimate, more than 380 million youth, “India’s best resource”, will be unable to find job by

the year 2016 (Anonymous 2009b), and their potentialities will be wasted through unemployment, underemployment and disgust. So there is a huge scope to use potential of rural youth in agriculture to achieve our target of food production.

But now-a-day, the picture is somewhat different. The wide spread illiteracy in rural areas, unemployment among the educated youth, lack of proper guidance, ‘brain drain’ of educated rural youth to urban areas are some of the major problems. It is disturbing to note that youth are losing interest and confidence in agriculture and allied activities; hence, they are not willingly involved in agricultural operations. In spite of excellent and tremendous development in the field of agriculture science and technology only a few have been adopted.

Shivalingaih et al. (1996) conducted study on farming problems of rural youth and reported that a vast majority of small and big farm youth expressed high cost of fertilizers and chemicals, lack of subsidies, high cost of production and lack of credit facilities as their major problems. Phalke and Shaikh (2000) revealed that as opined by all rural unemployed youth, their unemployment was due to lack of irrigation facility, whereas 91.20 per cent of the


34

respondents faced a difficulty in meeting family needs. Nath and Bhattacharya (2004) found that more than four-fifth of the respondents had problem of lack of irrigation facility, lack of technical guidance and lack of reliable information sources.

The investigation therefore, is an attempt to determine the constraints faced by rural youth in adopting agriculture as an occupation and their suggestions to overcome such constraints.

METHODOLOGY

The present investigation was carried out in Anand district of Gujarat State. A large number of development projects, State Agriculture Department, non-government organizations, cooperative organizations, Krushi Vigyan Kendra and Anand Agricultural University are in operation for development of farmers’ community in this district. Using multi-stage random sampling techniques, the study was purposively in Tarapur and Khambhat talukas of Anand district. From each selected taluka, five villages and from each selected village, ten rural youth were randomly selected making the sample size of 100 respondents, which are shown in the following Table 1.

For ascertaining the constraints, rural youth were asked open ended question to state the difficulties faced by them in adopting agriculture as an occupation. The

suggestions offered to overcome constraints were ranked on the basis of number and percentage of respondents who reported respective suggestions.

Table 1: Selected villages from selected talukas in Anand district

n=100

Name of taluka Name of village No. of respondents

Tarapur

Dugari 10Moraj 10Padra 10Adruj 10Bhanderaj 10

Khambhat

Gudel 10Haripura 10Paladi 10Motipura 10Vatra 10


Constraints faced by rural youths in adopting agriculture as an occupation

Constraints mean the difficulties or restraints faced by rural youth in the way of adopting agriculture as an occupation. If such constraints are identifies, corrective measures can be taken up. The data in this regard are presented in Table 2.

Table 2: Constraints faced by rural youths in adopting agriculture as an occupation n=100

Sr. No. Constraints Number Percent Rank1 High rate of farming input and seed 92 92.00 I 2 Less availability of laborers for performing farm operations 87 87.00 II 3 Unavailability of chemical fertilizers in time 83 83.00 III 4 Low price of produce in APMC 79 79.00 IV 5 Fluctuations in market rate 75 75.00 V

6 Irregular supply of electric power 73 73.00 VI 7 High cost of irrigation on rent base 34 34.00 X 8 Lack of own tube well 39 39.00 IX 9 High cost of transportation 61 61.00 VIII 10 Unavailability of guarantor against loan 65 65.00 VII

As seen from the Table 2 the major important constraints faced by the rural youth in adopting agriculture as an occupation were: high rate of farming input and seed (92.00 per cent), less availability of laborers for performing farm operations (87.00 per cent), unavailability of chemical fertilizers in time (83.00 per cent), low price of produces in APMC (79.00 per cent), fluctuations in market rate (75.00 per cent) and irregular supply of electric power (73.00 per cent).

Some other constraints were: non availability of guarantor against loan (65.00 per cent), high cost of transportation (61.00 per cent), lack of own tube well (39.00 per cent) and high cost of irrigation on rent base (34.00 per cent).

Suggestions made by rural youth to overcome the constraints faced by them

Considering the constraints faced by the respondents


35

and to overcome the same in adoption of Agriculture as an occupation successfully, they were asked to give their valuable

suggestions. The suggestions given by the rural youth were collected, summarized and presented in Table 3.

Table 3: Suggestions given by rural youth to overcome the constraints n=100

Sr. No. Suggestions Number Percent Rank1 Price of seed should be minimized 93 93.00 I2 Low labor consuming technology should be developed 86 86.00 II3 Chemical fertilizer should be made available in time 82 82.00 III4 Rate of produce should be regulated 76 76.00 V5 Proper marketing facilities should be established 78 78.00 IV6 Irrigation water supply should be regulated 37 37.00 IX7 Procedure to avail loan should be made easy 64 64.00 VIII8 Middle man commission should be avoided 67 67.00 VII9 Sufficient electric power should be provided regularly 71 71.00 VI

An attempt was also made to ascertain suggestions from the rural youth to overcome various constraints faced by them in adopting agriculture as an occupation. The rural youth were requested to offer their valuable suggestions against difficulties faced by them in adopting agriculture as an occupation.

The major suggestions as endorsed by the rural youth to overcome their constraints in adopting agriculture as an occupation were: price of seed should be minimized (93.00 per cent), low labor consuming technology should be developed (86.00 per cent), chemical fertilizer should be made available in time (82.00 per cent) and proper marketing facility should be established (78.00 per cent). Some other suggestions were: sufficient electric power should be provided regularly (71.00 per cent), middle man commission should be avoided (67.00 per cent), procedure of loan should made easy (64.00 per cent) and irrigation water supply should be regulated (37.00 per cent). The result is similar to finding of Sajjan (2006).

CONCLUSION:

The findings of the study clearly indicated that high rate of farming input and seed, less availability of laborers for performing farm operations and unavailability of chemical fertilizers in time were major constraints faced by rural youth in adopting agriculture as an occupation. Price of seed should be minimized, low labor consuming technology should be developed and chemical fertilizers should be made available in time were major suggestions given by the rural youth.

REFERENCES

Aglawe,D. D., Lairenlakpam, M., and Kokate, D. S., (2014) Constraints Faced by Farmers in Adoption of Turmeric Production Technology. Guj.J.Ext.Edu.,Vol.25(2) : 215-217

Anonymous, (2009b).Planning commission report, GOI. (2009).

Maheriya, H. N., Patel, R., & Patel, J. (2014),. Constraints faced by Farmers in Adoption of Recommended Paddy Production Technology. Guj.J.Ext.Edu.,25(1), : 93-95.

Makwan, A. R., Vaidhya, A. C., & Patel, D. D. (2014),. Problems Faced by Paddy Growers in Adoption of Scientific Technology. Guj.J.Ext.Edu.,25(1) : 96-97.

Nath, D. and Bhattacharya, A. K. (2004). Problems of rural youth club members in performing different rice cultivation practices. Journal of Interacademicia, 8(3), : 483-484.

Parmar, P., Patel, M., and Chauhan, N. B. (2012),. Attitude of Farmers towards Agro Based Enterprise. Guj.J.Ext.Edu., 23 : 32-34.

Patel, A., & Vyas, H. (2014),. Constraints Faced by Sugarcane Growers in Adoption of Improved Technology. Guj.J.Ext.Edu.,25(1) : 114-116.

Phalke, D. H. and Shaikh, A. M. (2000).A study of unemployment problem in rural youths.J. Maha. Agril. Universities, 25(3) : 311-313,

Ramjiyani, D. B., Patel, S. R., and Chaudhary, K. L., (2014) Development of Scale to Measure Attitude of Rural Youth Towards Agriculture as an Occupation. Guj.J.Ext.Edu., Vol.25(2) : 155-157

Sajjan, S. P. (2006). A comparative profile analysis of rural youth in rainfed and irrigated tracts of Bagalkot district. M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis (Unpublished), UAS, Dharwad.

Shivalingaih, Y. N., Veerabhadraiah, V. and Suresh, S. V. (1996).Socio-economic characteristics of rural youths and their participation in farm activities. Journal of Extn.Edu.,7(2&3): 1460-1463.

Received : August 2015 : Accepted : December 2015


36

INTRODUCTION

The Government of Gujarat celebrates the ‘Krishi Mahotsav programme’. The main aim is to boost up the agriculture and allied production. Maize is widely grown in Vadodara district. This crop plays an important role in the rural economy. Looking to the importance of maize crop for farmers, the study was carried out to know the usefulness of information about maize production practices given during Krishi Mahotsav.

OBJECTIVES

(i) To know the socio-economic characteristics of farmers.

(ii) To know the usefulness of information about maize production practices given during Krishi Mahotsav.

METHODOLOGY

The study was undertaken by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mangal Bharti in Vadodara district under middle Gujarat. Total 10 villages were randomly selected in Sankheda taluka of Vadodara district namely Hareshwar, Kasumbiya, Manjarol, Orwada, Bhuriyakuwa, Aritha, Aambapura, Sundarpura, Kathmandava and Ratanpur. From each village, 10 respondents were randomly selected for the study. Thus the total sample size of the respondents became 100. The data were collected through interview schedule and analyzed with simple statistics.


The data regarding the study were analyzed and presented in the following tables.

Usefulness of Information About Maize Production Practices GivenDuring Krushi Mahotsav

Arti N. Soni1 , N.V.Soni2 and Dipal. N.Soni3

1 SMS (Home Science), KVK, NAU, Vyara, Dist. Tapi - 394650 2 Extension Educationist, DEE, AAU, Anand - 388110

3 SMS (Home Science), KVK, NAU, Surat - 395007Eamil : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The study was conducted in jurisdiction of Vadodara district. 10 villages of Sankheda taluka for the study. Ten respondents were randomly selected from each village. Respondents of the study were beneficiary farmers of Krishi Mahotsav programme which is organized every year by Government of Gujarat. The study was undertaken to know usefulness of information on maize production practices given during Krishi Mahotsav. The study revealed that during Krishi Mahotsav programme, the majority of farmers gained information regarding maize production practices like land preparation, name of advantageous chemical fertilizers, deficiency symptoms of major plant nutrients, trade name of weedicides/insecticides/pesticides, biological control of pests, method of irrigation, useful insects, ideal thrasher for thrashings , care during harvesting, weather forecast, seed rate, depth of sowing, place of availability of fertilizers, nutrient requirements, making organic matter from farm waste, hand weeding, fertilizer management during irrigation, method of preparing solution of insecticides/pesticides, proper time of harvest, storage practices etc. These information were found useful to maize growers.

Keywords : Maize production practices, Socio-economic characteristics


37

Table 1: Socio-economic characteristics of farmers n=100

Sr. No.

Socio-economic Characteristics No. Percent

A Age(i) Young (18 to 35 years ) 13 13(ii) Middle (36 to 50 years ) 61 61(iii) Old ( above 50 years ) 26 26

B Education(i) illiterate 06 06(ii) Primary (1 to 7 std.) 47 47(iii) Secondary (8 to 10 std.) 32 32(iv) Higher Secondary (11 to 12 std.)

09 09

(v) Graduate 06 06C Type of family

(i) Joint 41 41(ii) Nuclear 59 59

D Size of family(i) Small ( up to 2 members) 08 08(ii) Medium (3 to 4 members) 33 33(iii) Big (above 4 members) 59 59

E Membership in organizations(i) No membership 15 15(ii) Membership in one organization

62 62

(iii) Membership in more than one organization

20 20

(iv) Office bearer 03 03F Size of land holding (irrigated)

(i) Land less 12 12(ii) Marginal farmers (below 1.0 ha)

46 46

Sr. No.

Socio-economic Characteristics No. Percent

(iii) Small farmers (1.01 to 2.0 ha) 34 34(iv) Medium farmers (2.01 to 4.0 ha)

06 06

(v) Big farmers ( above 4.0 ha ) 02 02G No. of milch animals

(i) up to 2 16 16(ii) 3 to 4 53 53(iii) above 4 31 31

H Annual income(i) up to ` 10,000/- 20 20(ii) ` 10,001/- to ` 20,000/- 19 19(iii) ` 20,001/- to ` 30,000/- 29 29(iv) ` 30,001/- to ` 40,000/- 20 20(v) above ` 40,000/- 12 12

The data presented in Table 1 revealed that the majority of farmers (61.00 per cent) had in middle age group and majority of farmers (47.00 per cent) had an educated up to primary school level followed by 32.00, 9.00 and 6.00 per cent had an education up to secondary level, higher secondary and graduation level respectively. The data portrayed in Table No.1 indicated that the 59.00 per cent farmers had nuclear family and big family size (above 4 members) followed by 41.00 per cent had joint family. It also revealed that the majority of farmers (80.00 per cent) belonged to marginal to small land holding categories, 53.00 per cent farmers had 3 to 4 numbers of milch animals. The data indicated that 29.00 per cent farmers had annual income of ` 20,001 to ` 30,000, while 20.00, 19.00 and 12.00 per cent of them had up to Rs.30,001 to ̀ 40,000 & up to ̀ 10,000, ̀ 10,001 to ̀ 20,000 and above Rs.40,000 annual income respectively.

Table-2: Usefulness of information about Maize production practices given during Krishi Mahotsav n=100

Sr. No.

Item Not given(%)

1st time known correct

information(%)

Usefulness(%)

Useful(%)

Most useful(%)

A Nursery management1 Sources of seed 11 89 13 872 Suitable high yielding variety for the area 15 85 07 933 Rate of seeds 100 00 00 004 Land preparation 69 31 100 005 Soil treatment methods 100 00 00 006 Place of availability of soil treatment inputs 100 00 00 007 Seed rate 28 72 82 188 Price of soil treatment inputs 100 00 00 00


38

Sr. No.

Item Not given(%)


information(%)

Usefulness(%)

Useful(%)

Most useful(%)

B Post nursery phase9 Sowing time 41 59 71 2910 Depth of sowing 39 61 91 0911 Method of sowing 39 61 67 3312 Spacing 18 82 69 3113 Seed treatment inputs 25 75 38 6214 Gap filling 30 70 74 2615 Price of fertilizers 100 00 00 0016 Place of availability of fertilizers 78 22 81 1917 Name of advantageous chemical fertilizers 65 35 100 0018 Method and time of fertilizer application 21 79 46 5419 Nutrient requirements of crop 27 73 84 1620 Calculating the doze of chemical fertilizer 100 00 00 0021 Deficiency symptoms of major plant nutrients 89 11 100 0022 Bio-fertilizers 12 88 19 8123 Making organic matter from farm waste 82 18 88 1224 Organic manures 16 84 84 1625 Chemical weed control 59 41 78 2226 Price of weedicides 100 00 00 0027 Place of availability of weedicides 60 40 75 2528 Trade name of weedicides 68 32 100 0029 Hand weeding 35 65 84 1630 Schedule for irrigation 34 66 65 3531 Critical stages of irrigation 41 59 71 2932 How to save crop during shortage of water 63 37 67 3333 Fertilizer management during irrigation 48 52 92 0834 Method of irrigation 61 39 100 0035 Insect management 30 70 37 6336 Diseases management 28 72 33 6737 Price of insecticides and pesticides 100 00 00 0038 Integrated pest management 32 68 72 2839 Biological control of pests 82 18 100 0040 Useful insects 86 14 100 0041 Method of preparing solution of insecticides/pesticides 39 61 90 1042 Trade name of insecticides/pesticides 62 38 100 0043 Place of availability of insecticides and pesticides 61 39 92 0844 Proper time of harvest 30 70 80 2045 Ideal thrasher for thrashings 48 52 100 0046 How to store production 74 26 84 1647 Care after harvesting at farm level 100 00 00 0048 Care during harvesting 81 19 100 00C Marketing of the products49 Market price 100 00 00 0050 Quality parameters that affects price 86 14 57 4351 Time of market inflow 100 00 00 0052 Place of marketing 89 11 18 8253 Marketing procedure 100 00 00 0054 Facilities available at market 100 00 00 00


39

Sr. No.

Item Not given(%)


information(%)

Usefulness(%)

Useful(%)

Most useful(%)

55 Value addition 18 82 54 4656 Export marketing 100 00 00 00D Related information57 Weather forecast 67 33 100 0058 Crop related government policies 100 00 00 0059 Credit/loan facilities for crop cultivation 100 00 00 0060 Insurance of crop 70 30 56 4461 Subsidies for crop cultivation 100 00 00 00

The data presented in Table-2 revealed that during Krishi Mahotsav programme, the information regarding land preparation, name of advantageous chemical fertilizers, deficiency symptoms of major plant nutrients, trade name of weedicides/insecticides/pesticides, biological control of pests, method of irrigation, useful insects, ideal thrasher for thrashings , care during harvesting and weather forecast found cent percent useful to the farmers. More than eighty percent (>80.00per cent) farmers found useful information regarding seed rate, depth of sowing, place of availability of fertilizers, nutrient requirements, making organic matter from farm waste, hand weeding, fertilizer management during irrigation, method of preparing solution of insecticides/pesticides, proper time of harvest, storage practices. While information regarding rate of seeds, soil treatment methods, place of availability & price of soil treatment inputs, price of fertilizers, insecticides/pesticides & weedicides, calculating the doze of chemical fertilizers, care after harvesting at farm level, marketing procedure, crop related government policies & subsidies for crop cultivation were not given during Krishi Mahotsav programme.

CONCLUSION

From the above results and discussion, it could be concluded that majority of the farmers (87.00 per cent) had in middle to old age group. Majority of farmers (79.00 per cent) had an education up to primary to secondary level. It was also observed that the majority of farmers (80.00 per cent) belonged to marginal to small land holding categories, 53.00

per cent farmers had 3 to 4 numbers of milch animals. It could be found that during Krishi Mahotsav programme, information regarding maize production practices like land preparation, name of advantageous chemical fertilizers, deficiency symptoms of major plant nutrients, trade name of weedicides/insecticides/pesticides, biological control of pests, method of irrigation, useful insects, ideal thrasher for thrashings , care during harvesting, weather forecast, seed rate, depth of sowing, place of availability of fertilizers, nutrient requirements, making organic matter from farm waste, hand weeding, fertilizer management during irrigation, method of preparing solution of insecticides/pesticides, proper time of harvest, storage practices were found useful to farmers.

REFERENCES

Patel B.S., Patel U.M. and Chaudhary K.V. (2014) Technological gap in Adoption of Recommended Maize seed production practices by the Maize seed producers, Guj. J of Ext. Edu. Vol. 25(2); 197-200

Meti,S.K. and Sambrani, R.M.(2005) A technique of attitude scale construction of small and marginal farmers towards improved agricultural technologies. Rural India, 95-96.

Soni N.V., M.R.Bhatt and Machhar R.G. (2011) Gap in Adoption and proposed Extension strategy for improving the productivity of Maize crop in Dahod District under ATMA project, Guj. J.of Ext.Edu., Vol. 22; 39-42

Received : July 2015 : Accepted : November 2015


40

INTRODUCTION

A large number of farmers in India depend on animal husbandry for their livelihood. In addition to supplying milk, meat and hides, animals, mainly bullocks, are the major source of power for both farmers and dryers. Thus, animal husbandry plays an important role in the rural economy. The gross value of output from this sector was 358 billion (US$5.6 billion) in FY 1989, an amount that constituted about 25 percent of the total agricultural output of 1.4 trillion (US$22.0 billion). Dehorning plays important role in animal health and reduces injury to the farmers and others human. Dehorning or disbudding is the process of removing or stopping the growth of the horns of livestock. Cattle, sheep, and goats are dehorned for economic and safety reasons. Horns can pose a risk in both human and other animals, and can be real bearers in the process of husbandry. The procedure is most commonly performed early in an animal’s life, along with other actions such as docking and castration. Dehorning is normally done by a veterinarian or a trained professional. The alternatives that could be used in these processes and the lack of good practices in many countries resulted in a debate based on an animal welfare issue due to the fact that these alternatives can be very stressful for animals because they are producing pain and diseases. Dehorning or disbudding is the process of removing or stopping the growth of the horns of livestock. Disbudding involves destroying the horn-producing cells of the horn bud.5 Horn buds are removed without opening the

frontal sinus (Vickers KJ, et al. 2005).

Disbudding can be performed by cautery, or by rubbing or covering the horn buds with a chemical, or by amputation with a specifically designed sharp tool, a scoop. Dehorning is removal of the horns after they have formed from the horn bud. Physical methods of dehorning (gouge dehorning) include the use of embryotomy wire, guillotine shears, or dehorning knives, saws, spoons, cups, or tubes. The Barnes-type scoop dehorner is commonly used for physical dehorning (AVMA, 2007).Recent publications confirmed that disbudding and dehorning are painful to cattle (Stafford and Mellor, 2005). The best animal welfare alternative in dehorning is the use of a naturally polled bull in the breeding program. The use of a naturally polled bull from naturally polled ancestors over horned breeding cows should result in the birth of polled calves. Considering this fact in mind, present study was planned to construct the scale to measure the attitude of farmers towards dehorning in cattle.

METHODOLOGY

In the present study attitude is operationalized as positive or negative feeling of farmers towards dehorning in cattle. Among the techniques available ‘Scale product method’ which combines the Thurstone’s technique (1928) of equal appearing interval scale for selection of items and Likert’s technique (1932) of summated rating for ascertaining the response on the scale as proposed by Eysenck and Crown (1949) was used.

Development and Standardization of Attitude Scale of Farmers Towards Dehorning in Cattle

N. B. Chauhan1, J. B. Patel2 and P. C. Patel3

1 Professor and Head, Department of Extension Education, BACA, AAU, Anand -388 1102 Associate Professor, Department of Extension Education, BACA, AAU, Anand -388 110

3 P. G. Student, Department of Extension Education,, BACA, AAU, Anand, Gujarat, India -388 110Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The study was conducted to develop and standardize the reliable and valid scale, to measure attitude of farmers to-wards use of mineral mixture. Appropriate statistical methods ‘Scale product method’ was used, which combines Thurston and Likert techniques. Twenty (20) statements were selected for judgment; a panel of 50 judges was requested to assign the score for each statement on five point continuum. Based on the scale (median) and Q values, twelve (12) statements were finally selected to constitute attitude of farmers towards dehorning in cattle.

Key words: Attitude, Dehorning in cattle, Scale product method.


41

Statement Collection:

The items of attitude scale are called as statements. In initial stage, 20 (twenty) statements reflecting feelings of the farmers towards dehorning in cattle were collected from relevant literature and discussion with experts of extension discipline. The collected statements were edited according to the criteria laid down by Edward (1957) and then 20(twenty) statements were selected as they were found to be unambiguous.

Statement Analysis

In order to judge the degree of ‘Unfavorableness’ to ‘Favorableness’ of each statement on the five point equal appearing interval continuum, a panel of judges was selected. Fifty slips of the selected statements were handed over to the experts connected with extension educational work. The judges were requested to judge each statement in terms of their most agreement or most disagreement with the statements with the five equal appearing interval continuums. Out of these experts, all the experts returned the statements after duly recording their judgments and were considered for the analysis.

Determination of scale values

Based on judgment, the median value of the distribution and the S value for the statement concerned were calculated with the help of

0.50 - ∑PbS = L +–––––––––– x i Pw

The inter-quartile range (Q = Q3 - Q1) for each statement was also worked out. Only those statements were selected whose median values were greater than Q value. When a few statements had the same scale values, the statements having lowest Q Values were selected. Thurstone and Chave (Edwards, 1957) described another criteria in addition to Q as a basis for rejecting statement in scales constructed by the method of the equal appearing interval. Accordingly when a few items had the same scale values, the item having lowest Q Values were selected. The attitude scale thus constructed given in Table 1

Reliability of the scale

To know the consistency of the scale, reliability was worked out. The split-half technique was used to measure the reliability of the scale. Selected 12 attitudinal statements

were divided into two equal halves with 6 (six) odd and 6 (six) even numbered statements. Each of the two sets was treated as separate scales having obtained two score, for each of the 20 respondents. Co-efficient of reliability between the two sets of score was calculated by Rulon’s formula (Guilford 1954), which was 0.75.

Table: 1 Final selected statement to measure attitude of farmers towards dehorning in cattle

Sr. No.

Statements Scale Value

Q Value

1 The dehorning in cattle is advantages method. (+) 1.28 0.92

2 I dislike purchasing dehorned milch animals for my farm. (-) 2.30 1.39

3 The dehorning is the healthier approach to improve animal health. (+) 1.36 1.13

4 I think that dehorning in animals is unreliable practice. (-) 2.90 1.32

5 I feel that adoption of recommended dehorning practices in animals involves risk but worth taking. (+) 1.50 1.15

6 I think that dehorning reduces productivity of milch animals. (-) 3.50 2.75

7 Dehorning helps in reducing risk of injury to other animals. (+) 1.90 0.98

8 I think adoption of dehorning in animals is adoptable only by rich farmers. (-) 4.07 2.37

9 Dehorning helps in decreasing danger of injury to cattle keepers. (+) 2.00 0.69

10 I believe dehorning helps animals in behaving advantageously. (+) 3.00 2.82

11 I think that progressive animal keeper is one who believes in dehorning practices. (+) 3.62 2.89

12 I would dislike advising my children to adopt dehorning in milch animals. (-) 3.78 2.44

Validity of the scale

The validity of content of scale was examined by discussing with specialists of the extension and statistics. Specialists examined and realized appropriateness of the each statement to measure the feeling of farmers towards dehorning in cattle for which the scale is developed.

Administration of the scale (Scoring technique)

For application of the scale, the researcher can


42

collect information against each 12 statements in five point continuum viz. ’Strongly agree’, ‘Agree’, ‘Undecided’, ’Disagree’ and ‘Strongly disagree’ with weighted score of 5,4,3,2 and 1 for positive and reverse to negative statements

CONCLUSION

From the various methods available for constructing the attitude scale, scale product method’ which combines the Thrustone’s technique of equal appearing interval scale, for selection of items and Likert’s technique of summated rating for ascertaining the response on the scale as proposed by Eysenck and Crown was used to measure the attitude of farmers towards dehorning in cattle.

REFERENCES

Edward, A. L. (1957). Techniques of attitude scale construction, Appleton Century Crofts, Inc.,

New York.

Eysenck, H. J. and Crown, S. 1949. An Experimental study in opinion Attitude Methodology. Int.J. of Attitude Res. 3: 47-86.

Guilford, J. P. 1954. Psychometric Methods. Tata McGraw- Hill Publication Co. Ltd., Bombay: 378-382.

Likert, R. A. 1932. A Technique for the measurement of attitude. Archives of Psychology, New York.140

Paul, S., Panjabi, N. K. and Paul, N. (2001) Attitude of tribal’s towards cross breed cattle rearing. Maharashtra Journal of Extension Education, XX : 32-35

Thurston, L. L. and Chave , E. G.1928. The measurement of attitude, Chicago University Press, USA. : 39-40.



43

INTRODUCTION

Oilseed crops have been backbone of agricultural economy of India from time to time immemorial. Oilseed is an account for one ninth of the total agricultural production in India and rank next to food grains. Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea.), is the most important crop among the oilseed crops grown in the country. It is important not only from the point of view of its contribution of the national agricultural production, but also because of its industrial use. Groundnut is expected to harvest recorded groundnut crop of 25.95 lakh tonnes and reported acreage of 16.6 lakh hectares during 2013-2014 (Anonymous 2013). The groundnut is a principal crop of the Saurashtra, The principal groundnut growing district in Saurashtra are Rajkot, Junagadh, Jamnagar, Porbandar, Bhavnagar and Surendranagar. Majority of the farmers in the area has undertaken the cultivation of groundnut since a very long time. However it is observed that recommended groundnut production technology is not adopted by the farmers up to the extent for higher production due to some constraints. Therefore, study was conducted to identify the

constraints faced by the farmers in adoption of recommended groundnut production technologies.

OBJECTIVE

To study the constraints faced by groundnut growers in adoption of scientific groundnut production technologies

METHODOLOGY

A sample of 120 farmers representing from eight villages of four talukas viz. Vanthli, Visavadar from Junagadh district and Gondal and Jasdan from Rajkot district of South Saurashtra agro climatic zone of Gujarat state was drawn randomly. The data of this study were collected with the help of structural interview schedule. The ex-post-facto research design was used for the study. For ascertaining the constraints faced by the respondents in adoption of recommended practices of kharif groundnut an explorative study was made. At first of a large number of statements of groundnut production constraint were collected by reviewing the literature related to groundnut production

Constraints Faced by Farmers in Adoption of Scientific Kharif Groundnut Production Technologies

J. G. Markana1, B. N. Kalsariya2 and N. D. Bharad3

1 Research Scholar P.G., Department of Agril. Extension, College of Agriculture, JAU, Junagadh - 3620012 Assistant Professor, Department of Agril. Extension, College of Agriculture, JAU, Junagadh - 362001

3 Training organizer, Office of DEE, JAU, Junagadh - 362001Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Groundnut is the most important crop among the oilseed crops grown in the country. Groundnut is considered as the world’s fourth largest source of edible oil and third most important source of vegetable protein. It is also a major oilseed legume crop in India and meets about 30 per cent of the edible oil requirements in the country. Present study was conducted in Junagadh and Rajkot districts of Gujarat state to identify the constraints in adoption of kharif groundnut production technology. 120 respondents were selected from 8 randomly selected villages of Vanthli, Visavadar, Gondal and Jasdan talukas of two districts. The data were collected through interview schedule. Results indicates that lack of well established infrastructure of soil testing laboratory (2.66), high cost of tillage operation (2.87), poor quality of seed (2.75), shortage of F.Y.M (2.70), high cost of fertilizer (2.28), lack of knowledge about micro nutrients (2.77), irregularity of sowing due to uncertainty of rainfall (2.33), difficulty of interculturing at appropriate time (2.35), high wages of labour (3.00), insufficient water for irrigation (2.91), more incidences of insect (2.90), pest and diseases and non availability of adequate labour in time (2.94) were major constraints faces by kharif groundnut grower in scientific kharif groundnut production technology.

Keywords : Groundnut production technology, Constraints, Impediments


44

viz.; books, reference journals, bulletins and other printed materials. The response of the farmers were taken for each constraint whether it is relevant or not by put tick (√ ) mark. Further relevant constraints were again tick marked (√ ) on three point continuum viz. Most important, Important and Less important having the weightage of 3, 2, 1 respectively.

After collect the responses from all the respondents (kharif groundnut grower), the total scores of each constraint were summed up. It was divided by total number of respondents to find out the mean score of each constraint. On the basis of mean score of each constraint, the ranks were assigned to all the constraints accordingly to each subhead.


Table 1: Constraints faced by the respondents in adoption of recommended practices of kharif groundnut n=120

Sr. No

Constraints Mean sore Rank

I Soil testing and characterization of soil1 Lack of knowledge about soil testing / analysis 2.33 II2 Lack of well established infrastructure of soil testing laboratory 2.66 I3 Soil testing report is not receiving in time 2.12 III4 Low water holding capacity of soil 1.87 IV5 Low fertility status of the soil 1.54 VII Tillage1 Lack of knowledge regarding tillage recommendation 2.16 III2 Non – availability of improved tillage equipment 1.83 V3 High cost of tillage operation 2.87 I4 Maintenance of bullocks is costly 2.41 II

III Improved Variety1 Lack of knowledge about improved variety 1.60 V2 Difficulty in getting improved seed 2.41 II3 High cost of seed 2.12 III4 Lack of short duration variety 1.75 IV5 Poor quality of seed 2.75 I

IV Manure1 Lack of knowledge regarding making good quality of F.Y.M 2.50 II2 Shortage of F.Y.M 2.70 I3 Weed infestation due to use of F.Y.M 1.93 IV4 High cost of F.Y.M 2.16 IIIV Chemical fertilizers1 Lack of knowledge about recommended doses of fertilizers 1.62 V2 Non availability of fertilizer in time 1.95 IV3 High cost of fertilizers 2.28 III4 Lack of knowledge about micro nutrients 2.77 I5 Lack of knowledge about bio – fertilizer and its uses 2.55 II

VI Sowing1 Lack of knowledge about recommended sowing distance 1.81 III2 Lack of knowledge about recommended seed rate 2.12 II3 Irregularity of sowing due to uncertainty of rainfall 2.33 I

VII Interculturing1 Lack of knowledge about recommendation of interculturing 1.94 II2 Lack of improved interculturing implement 1.66 III3 Difficulty of interculturing at appropriate time 2.35 I

VIII Weed management1 Problem of heavy and continuous rainfall 1.85 V2 Problem of labour scarcity 2.83 II3 High wages of labour 3.00 I


45

It is observed from Table 1 that lack of well established infrastructure of soil testing laboratory (2.66), lack of knowledge about soil testing analysis (2.33), soil testing report is not received in time (2.12), low water holding capacity of soil (1.87) and fertility status of the soil (1.54) were their major Soil testing and characterization of soil related constraints. High cost of tillage operations (2.87), maintenance of bullock is costly (2.41), lack of knowledge regarding tillage recommendations (2.16) and non availability of improved tillage equipment (1.83) were major constraints of tillage practices.

Poor quality of seed (2.75), difficulty in getting of improved seed (2.41), high cost of seed (2.12), lack of short duration varieties (1.75) and lack of knowledge about improved varieties (1.60) were major variety related constraints as perceived by the groundnut growers.

In case of manure, major constraints were; shortage of FYM (2.70), lack of knowledge regarding making good quality of FYM (2.50), high cost of FYM (2.16) and weed infestation due to use of FYM (1.93). Whereas, major chemical fertilizer related constrains were; lack of knowledge about micro-nutrients (2.77), lack of knowledge about bio-fertilizers and its uses (2.55), high cost of fertilizers (2.28), non availability of fertilizer in time (1.95) and lack of knowledge about recommended doses of fertilizers (1.62).

Irregularity of sowing due to uncertainty of rainfall (2.33), lack of knowledge about recommended seed rate (2.12)

and lack of knowledge about recommended sowing distance (1.81) were major sowing practices related constraints as perceived by the groundnut growers.

The constraints faced by groundnut growers in interculturing practices were difficulty of interculturing at appropriate time (2.35), lack of knowledge about recommended of interculturing (1.94) and lack of improved interculturing implements (1.66). Constraints were observed in weed management practice like high wages of labour (3.00), problem of labour scarcity (2.83), high rate of herbicides (2.66), Lack of knowledge regarding the use of herbicides (2.08) and problem of heavy and continuous rainfall (1.85) as perceived by the groundnut growers. These all constraints secure more than 50 per cent weightage score.

It can be clearly indicated that the insufficient water for irrigation (2.91), non availability of canal water at appropriate time (2.79), lack of knowledge about irrigation at critical stages of crop (2.45), lack of knowledge regarding moisture conservation practices (2.04) and insufficient electric power supply (1.79) were major constraints expressed by the groundnut growers in irrigation practices.

With regards to plant protection, the difficulties faced by the groundnut growers were more incidence of insects, pests and diseases (2.90), lack of knowledge regarding recommended doses of insecticides/pesticides (2.62), high cost of insecticides/pesticides (2.20), lack of knowledge about proper diagnosis of diseases/pests (2.04),

Sr. No

Constraints Mean sore Rank

4 Lack of knowledge about use and rate of herbicides 2.08 IV5 High rate / price of herbicides 2.66 III

IX Irrigation1 Lack of knowledge about irrigation at critical stages of crop 2.45 III2 Lack of knowledge regarding moisture conservation practices 2.04 IV3 Insufficient water for irrigation 2.91 I4 Insufficient electric power supply 1.79 V5 Non – availability of canal water at appropriate time 2.79 IIX Plant protection 1 Lack of knowledge regarding seed treatment 1.70 V2 Lack of knowledge about proper diagnosis of disease / pest 2.04 IV3 Lack of knowledge regarding recommended dose of insecticide /pesticide application 2.62 II4 High cost of insecticide /pesticide 2.20 III5 Lack of effective bio-pesticide 1.50 VI6 More incidence of insects, pest and disease 2.9 I

XI Harvesting and Threshing1 Non availability of adequate labour in time 2.94 I2 Lack of varieties having high peg strength 2.89 II3 Damage to groundnut pod due to use of opener / thresher 2.54 III


46

lack of knowledge regarding seed treatment (1.70) and lack of effective bio-pesticides (1.50) in descending order. Considering the last practice of groundnut cultivation, harvesting and threshing, total number of three constraints faced by the groundnut production were non availability of adequate labour in time (2.94), lack of varieties having high peg strength (2.89) and damage to groundnut crop due to use of opener/thresher (2.54) as perceived by the groundnut growers.

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that major constraints observe by the farmer in kharif groundnut cultivation were lack of well established infrastructure of soil testing laboratory, high cost of tillage operation, poor quality of seed, shortage of F.Y.M, high cost of fertilizer, lack of knowledge about micro nutrients, irregularity of sowing due to uncertainty of rainfall, difficulty of interculturing at appropriate time, high wages of labour, insufficient water for irrigation, more incidences of insect, pest and diseases and non availability of adequate labour in time.

REFERENCES

Anonymous, (2013). District wise area, production and yield per hectare of kharif groundnut crop in Gujarat state for the years (2010 to 2013). SEA (Solvent Extractors’ Association of India) groundnut crop survey.

Chavda, M.G. (2007). Knowledge and adoption of post harvest technology of groundnut crop in south Saurashtra agro climatic zone of Gujarat state. Ph.D. (Agri.) Thesis (Unpublished). Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh.

Hadiya, B. B. (2013). Knowledge and adoption of practices of groundnut recommended by JAU & GAU in south saurashtra agro climatic zone of Gujarat state. M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis (Unpublished). Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh.

Kerlinger, F. N. (1969). Foundation of Behavioral Research. Surjit Pub., New Delhi. : 198-224.

Khodifad, P. B. (2010). Sustainability of groundnut based cropping system of south Saurashtra agro-climatic zone of Gujarat state, Ph.D. Thesis (Unpublished). Junagadh Agricultural Univeristy, Junagadh.

Kumar. (2009). A study on technological gap in adoption of the improved cultivation practices by the soybean growers. M.sc. (Agri.) Thesis (Unpublished). Dharwad University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad.

Verma P. D. (2000). Yield gap and constraints analysis of groundnut production in south saurashtra agro – climatic zone of Gujarat state. Ph.D. (Agri.) Thesis (Unpublished). Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh.

Received : July 2015 : Accepted : October 2015


47

INTRODUCTION

Now a days an Indian-mothers give biscuits to their children as soon as they learn to eat. The protein content of such commercial biscuits is low (Kamaliya and Rema 2006). Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) is the major nutritional deficiency diseases particularly among children in third world countries including India (WHO 2003). Defatted Soya flour contains around 50 % protein with good amino acid pattern (Kamaliya 2005). Therefore, the present study was planned to develop biscuit using DSF to improve the protein quantity and quality of commercial biscuit and evaluate its effect on the growth of the children.

METHODOLOGY

Good quality raw ingredients were procured from the local market of Vallabh Vidhyanagar and Anand except DSF, which was procured from “Sakthi sugars Ltd. (Soya Division)”, Coimbtoore. Two recipes namely vanilla biscuit (Kamaliya and Patel 1997) and glucose biscuit (AACC 1995) were selected through survey of local market. The formula and procedure standardized in the laboratory conditions

through sensory evaluation and considered as control biscuit (CB). To that formula DSF was replaced to RWF and subsequent changes were made and evaluated sensorily to optimized experimental formula. The biscuit showing highest score was considered as THE experimental biscuit (EB).

The CB and EB were analysed for various nutrients as per the standard methods. The production cost of developed products was calculated on the current cost (at the time of experiments) of the raw ingredients in the commercial market and compared with control products.

To assess the growth promoting effect of soya fortified biscuits, 149 children from local pre-schools (balwadies) were selected and divided into 3 groups depending on sex and weight. One group were fed 70 g soya fortified biscuit another one fed control biscuit, and third one continued with their regular snack for 60 days. The enrolled subjects were weighed at the beginning of the feeding trial and were repeated after every 15 days until the end of the experiment. Data for only 128 subjects were analysed for experimental purpose as some subjects dropped out of the

Evaluation of Community Balwadi Children Growth Rate as Effected by Feeding the Protein Rich Biscuit

K. B. Kamaliya1 and R. K. Mishra2

1 Professor (Foods & Nutrition), School of Baking, Polytechnic in Food Science and Home Economics, AAU, Anand - 388110

2 Associate Professor, Poultry Complex, Veterinary College, AAU, Anand - 388 110Email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Protein is an essential nutrient for growth and development of children. Defatted Soya Flour (DSF) contains good quality and quantity (50%) of protein. Biscuits are popular among children and can easily be modified as health food. Therefore, the present study was planned to develop soya fortified biscuit (SFB) to increase the protein content and to check its effect on the growth rate of the children. The formula and procedure was standardized and optimized through sensory evaluation. The developed biscuit were fed to balwadi children. Biscuit prepared 30% DSF replaced biscuit was selected as the experimental biscuit. Protein content was doubled while calcium, phosphorus and iron content increased. Percent weight gain in the group of children fed SFB was 37.80% higher as compared to the group of children fed regular snack. Thus the SFB can be successfully incorporated in community feeding programmes or sold out at retail counter as health food.

Keywords : Biscuit, Soya biscuit, Soya flour, Protein, Bakery product, Health food


48

study.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Product Development:

The mean score of all the sensory characteristics of the DSF replaced and CB (on the day of preparation and after 4 day) is presented in Table 1.

Table 1 : Mean sensory score of control and developed biscuits

Characteristics / Products

Mean Sample Score

Evaluated After 24 hrs of Preparation Evaluated After 4 Days of PreparationControlBiscuit

Developed Biscuit ControlBiscuit

Developed Biscuit

25 % DSF

30 % DSF

35 % DSF ‘F’ Value 25 % DSF

30 % DSF

35 % DSF

‘F’ Value

Volume(10)

8.69b

± 0.108.37b

± 0.147.90a

± 0.187.81a

± 0.19 1.59** 8.65c

± 0.148.13b

± 0.187.81ab

± 0.187.52a± 0.22 7.00**

Crust Character(10)

8.60c

± 0.137.96b

± 0.157.48a

± 0.177.42a± 0.20 10.82** 8.29c

± 0.167.85bc

± 0.157.46ab

± 0.177.21a± 0.19 7.80**

Crumb Colour(10)

8.79c

± 0.087.85b

± 0.147.21a

± 0.167.10a± 0.15 33.11** 8.42c

± 0.187.52b

± 0.147.02a

± 0.156.71a± 0.20 19.73**

Crumb Texture(20)

17.71c

± 0.2415.63b

± 0.3614.79ab

± 0.3714.50a±

0.49 14.92** 17.08c

± 0.3315.33b

± 0.3813.92a

± 0.4213.17a±

0.46 18.43**

Taste and Aroma(30)

26.38c

± 0.4022.81b

± 0.4021.50a

± 0.4120.44a±

0.61 30.83** 25.63c

± 0.4923.00b

± 0.5820.88a

± 0.6319.75a±

0.70 18.43**

Mouth Feel(10)

8.65c

± 0.127.73b

± 0.187.25a

± 0.176.92a± 0.21 19.47** 8.31c

± 0.207.40b

± 0.166.65a

± 0.196.38a± 0.19 21.98**

Over All Quality(10)

8.90c

± 0.097.88b

± 0.127.35a

± 0.147.06a± 0.20 31.52** 8.54c

± 0.167.73b

± 0.147.10a

± 0.106.85a± 0.17 27.98**

DSF = Defatted soya flour# Control = 100% Refined white flour, 25% Margarine, 25% Cotton seed oil and 40% Sugar (Baker’s %)All the replacements are based on baker’s percentageValues are Mean ± SEM scores of a composite scoring test by a panel of 8 judges X 3 replicationsMeans bearing the same superscript within the column do not differ significantly (p ≤ 0.05)** p ≤ 0.01Values in parentheses are the number of maximum scores

The biscuit prepared using 25% replacement of DSF, ranked highest (p ≤ 0.05) in all the sensory characteristics followed by 30% replacement with only a marginal difference for all sensory characteristics. There was slight decrease in the all most all the sensory characteristics when the biscuits were analysed after four days of preparation.Awasthi et al. (1999) found maximum acceptability for 15% while Singh et al. (1996) found for 20% and Gandhi et al (2001) found 40% DSF replacement in biscuit preparation.

Nutrient Composition

The nutrients content of developed biscuits were

compared with CB. The data shown in table 2. The protein content of developed biscuits was more than doubled (i.e. increased to 127.85%) as compared to CB. The quantity of protein supplied by seven biscuits of 3o % DSF can meet ⅓rd RDA of pre school children Gopalan (1999). thus the 30% DSF replaced biscuit was selected as the experimental biscuit (EB) though the sensory score obtained by 25% DSF replaced biscuit was slightly higher. The fiber level was also doubled in EB as compared to CB. That is an additional benefit to preschool children as it helps in the digestion. Calcium, phosphorus and iron was increased from 4.10 to 66.20, 30.19 to 198.07 and 0.25 to 2.82 mg per 100 gm product, respectively. All these nutrients are essential for children for bone and blood development.


49

Table 2 : Nutrient Composition of the Control and Experimental Biscuit

Nutrient/ Product Control # 30 % DSF

Moisture(g % )

9.16c

± 0.108.19a

± 0.01Protein(g % )

5.96a

± 0.0313.58d

± 0.03Fat

(g % )29.42b

± 0.2029.33b

± 0.10Carbohydrate

(g % )70.64e

± 0.3960.38c

± 0.34Energy(K Cal)

609.50e

±2.13596.80cd

±1.81Total Fiber

(g % )0.56a

± 0.021.12bc

± 0.02Soluble Fiber

(g % )0.20

± 0.010.28a

± 0.01Insoluble

Fiber(g % )

0.40± 0.00

0.56a

± 0.01

Ash(g % )

0.37a

± 0.001.43d

± 0.02Calcium(mg % )

4.10a

± 0.0566.20c

± 0.48

Nutrient/ Product Control # 30 % DSF

Phosphorus(mg % )

30.19a

± 0.34198.07d

±1.58Iron

(mg % )0.25a

± 0.012.82d

± 0.02

RWF = Refined white flour, DSF = Defatted soya flour# Control = 100% Refined white flour, 25% Margarine, 25%

Cotton seed oil and 40% Sugar (Baker’s %)Values are Mean ± SEM of 8 replications All the replacements are based on baker’s percentageMeans bearing the same superscript within the column do not differ significantly (p ≤ 0.05)** p ≤ 0.01 $= Except for moisture content all parameters are expressed

on dry weight basis

Production Cost

The cost price of the EB was just higher by ` 4/- than the cost price of the CB because the cost of DSF is double than RWF. Looking to the protein value possessed by EB, the cost difference can easily met in terms of saving lots of national fund spending for the proper growth of children and medical treatment, if PEM occurred.

Table 3 : Gain in Weight of Pre School Children Fed Experimental or Control Biscuit or Regular Snack

Group Boys/ GirlsInitial weight

(kg)Final weight

(kg)Gain in weight

(kg)Percent gain in

weight

Soya biscuit

Boys(25)

13.280± 0.39

13.667± 0.418

0.387± 0.07

2.825± 0.49

Girls (18)

12.735± 0.38

13.10± 0.41

0.362± 0.07

2.762± 0.56

Total(43)

13.050± 0.27

13.431± 0.30

0.376± 0.05

2.798± 0.36

Controlbiscuit

Boys (25)

13.502± 0.40

13.84± 0.40

0.342± 0.10

2.635± 0.74

Girls (19)

12.402± 0.26

12.738± 0.26

0.336 2.741± 0.06 ± 0.47

Total (44)

13.012± 0.26

13.352± 0.26

0.339± 0.06

2.682± 0.46

Regular snack

Boys(23)

13.271± 0.31

13.534± 0.31

0.263± 0.09

2.059± 0.68

Girls(18)

12.677± 0.27

12.950± 0.28

0.273± 0.06

2.144± 0.51

Total (41)

13.000± 0.21

13.269± 0.21

0.268± 0.06

2.097± 0.44

‘F’ Value 1.53NS 1.47 NS 0.30 NS 0.31 NS

NS = Non significantValues are Mean ± SEM Values in parentheses are the number of children


50

Clinical Evaluation

Gain in weight is the main parameter used to asses the effect of protein on the body. Therefore, initial and final weights of children were recorded and from this data gain in weight and percent gain in weight were calculated. The results obtained are presented in Table 3. Subjects fed EB or CB showed an average weight gain of 0.376 or 0.339 kg, respectively. The group which continued on the routine snack of the balwadi showed the lowest average weight gain (0.268 kg). Percent weight gain in the group fed EB and CB was 37.80% and 13.40%, respectively as compared to the group fed regular snack. The beneficial effect of the soya fortified biscuits indicates that it can be successfully incorporated in community feeding programmes like mid day meal programmes and also for individual consumption. Such health food thus would also helpful to provide new avenues of development of the bakery and food processing industry as whole.

CONCLUSION

It may be concluded that the Biscuit prepared by replacing 30% DSF is acceptable and could be useful in the growth and development of the children. That could be utilised in the community feeding programmes like Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) and Midday School Meal (MSM) for promoting health of the children and expecting mother with special reference to rural and poor urban population.

FUTURE SCOPE

Like protein rich biscuit various health bakery products could be developed that would be win-win situation for both food industries as well as community.

REFERENCES

AACC (1995) Approved methods of AACC. 9th edn. American Association of Cereal Chemist.

Awasthi P, Yadav M.C. and Misra A. (1999) Effect of incorporation of defatted soya flour on physical and sensory quality of biscuits. Beverage and Food World 24 (11): 14-16.

Gandhi A.P., Kotwaliwale N., Kawalkar J, Srivastava D.C., Parihar V.S. and Nadh P.R. (2001) Effect of incorporation of defatted soya flour on the quality of sweet biscuits. J Food Sci Technol 38(5): 502-503.

Gopalan C, Ramasastri B.V. and Balalasubramanian revised by Narasinga BS, Deosthale Y.G. and Pant K.C. (1999) Nutritive Value of Indian Foods. Revised edn. National Institute of Nutrition, ICMR, Hyderabad, : 39.

Kamaliya K.B. (2005) Nutritional modification of commercially available bakery products and their evaluation. Ph.D. thesis submitted to Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidhyanagar, : 6-7.

Kamaliya K.B. and Patel D.H. (1997) Bakeryni Vividh Vangio (in vernacular language i.e. Gujarati), 3rd edn. Chief Instructor, School of Baking, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand, India, : 20.

Kamaliya K.B. and Rema S. (2006) Protein fortification of bakery products. The Indian baker 37(1): 28-31

Singh R, Singh G. and Chauhan G.S. (1996). Effect of incorporation of defatted soya flour on the quality of biscuits. J Food Sci Technol 33 (4): 355-357.

WHO (2003) htpp://www.who.int/en



51

INTRODUCTION

Our country has made progress in agriculture but productivity of our major agricultural and horticultural crops is very low in comparison to other countries. Our agriculture is still technology deficit, Yields per hectare of foodgrain, fruits and vegetables in our country are below global averages. India’s population is expected to reach 1.5 billion by 2025, making food security most important social issue and food production will have to be increased considerably, to meet needs of growing population. According to the FAO, India is still home to some 217 million undernourished people, or a quarter of all undernourished people globally (Gautam and Kumar, 2014). Vegetables are so common in human diet that a meal without vegetable is supposed to be incomplete in any part of the world. Vegetables provide proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins and roughages which constitute the essential of balanced diet (Ram et al., 2012). The lower

yields are attributed to infestation of the crops by insect-pests and diseases and non-adoption of plant protection measures by farmers (Bhalekar et al.; 2013). Among the all measures to raise the productivity level, plant protection is in central position. Plant protection is a basic exercise in any crop for control of insect-pests, diseases, weeds etc. to avoid economic losses. Reports indicate these losses ranging from 20-30 percent by each of the insect-pests, diseases and weeds, but on a holistic basis about 30 percent average cumulative loss by them appears a fair estimate. This implies that suitable control measures must be followed to keep these losses to the minimum (Muthuraman and Kumar, 2013). The harmful impact of chemical pesticides and fertilizers may be explained as large scale arbitrary use of chemical pesticides, not only endangers human civilization but also pollutes the environment to a great extent. Only a small amount of the pesticides (less than 1%) applied to a crop reaches to the target

Agro-Chemicals Use Pattern of Pointed Gourd Growers’ in Controlling Insect-Pests and Diseases in Nadia District of West Bengal

Hiralal Jana1; D. Basu2 and R. K. Kole3

1Department of Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture, BCKV, Agricultural Farm Burdwan, West Bengal -713101

2Department of Agricultural Extension & 3Department of Agricultural Chemicals; BCKV, Mohanpur Nadia, West Bengal -741252Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Indiscriminate use of chemicals in agriculture during post green revolution period and their adverse effect on soil health and environment has created an alarming situation. A situation has resulted which urgently demands an environmentally safe, sustainable and simultaneously, economically viable production system. This indeed is essential for optimizing production and at the same time to minimize threat to environment. Considering the importance of the study, the objective, to portray the agro-chemicals use pattern of pointed gourd growers in controlling insect-pests and diseases was undertaken. The study was conducted in Nadia district of West Bengal. For the selection of area and respondents of the present study, multi-stage random sampling technique and universe method were adopted. The study reveals that (1) the most harmful insect-pest of pointed gourd crop was green caterpillar (2) fruit rot disease was the most damaging disease (3) pointed gourd growers were using various brands of various technical grade of agro-chemicals for controlling insect-pests and diseases with several doses (4) infestation of insect-pests and diseases was mainly seen on mature stage of the crop (5) main source of information on agro-chemicals use was agricultural input retailers (6) the pointed gourd growers used 80-100 litres of water per bigha of land (1 acre=3 bighas) for spraying at mature stage of the crop (7) their interval of spraying of chemicals was mainly 4-7 days (8) spraying was most popular method of application of pesticides. Therefore, on the basis of the present investigation, the various extension agencies those are working in the study area should reorient their extension strategies accordingly.

Keywords : Agro-chemicals, Trade name, Use pattern, Pointed gourd growers, Insect-pests, Diseases


52

pests and the remaining more than 99% contaminates soil, air, water, food, feed etc. On the other hand, excessive use of chemical fertilizers steadily deteriorates the soil health. In view of preventing the forthcoming danger for human being and other creatures and restoring environmental balance, it is needed to divert attention towards judicious and need based pesticides and fertilizers application so far as concern of sustainability. Farmers’ use behaviour of agro-chemicals in vegetables is so dynamic which requires regular research.

OBJECTIVE

To portray the agro-chemicals use pattern of pointed gourd growers in controlling insect-pests and diseases

METHODOLOGY

The study was undertaken in the State of West Bengal. For the selection of area and respondents of the present study, multi-stage random sampling technique and universe method were adopted. At the first stage of sampling, Nadia district was selected among the 19 agricultural districts of the State purposively based on its’ higher area coverage in vegetable cultivation. Out of 16 blocks of Nadia district, one block (i.e Chakdah) was randomly selected at the second stage of sampling. In the selected block (Chakdah) a relatively homogenous field cultivated with vegetable crops was chosen on the basis of the opinion of the agricultural input retailers. The farmers who were growing pointed gourd in that field were selected as respondents of the present study through total enumeration. Thus total 100 farmers ultimately considered as respondents of the study. The data were collected by personal interview method by using local language (Bengali) for getting their exact response and simple percentage method was used for analysis of data statistically to reach at meaningful results and conclusion.


Land

At the most 42 percent respondents had upto 10 katha of land under pointed gourd cultivation. Above one-third percent of respondents (34%) had 11-20 kathas of land, 18 percent of respondents had 1.1-2 bighas of land and remaining 6 percent of respondents had 2.1-4 bighas of land under the crop cultivation.

Season

Majority of the respondents (82%) cultivated the crop in kharif season whereas remaining 18 percent of

growers preferred to cultivate the crop in pre-kharif season. In rabi season, there was no cultivation of the crop.

Table 1: Land holding possessed by respondents under pointed gourd cultivation and season of cultivation n=100

Sr.

No.

Land Hold-ing under pointed gourd

cultivation (Kathas/Big-

has)

Percent of Respondents

possessed

Season of Cultiva-

tion

Per-cent of

Respon-dents cul-

tivated

1 Upto10 kathas

42 Prekharif 18

2 11-20 kathas 34 Kharif 823 1.1-2 bighas 18 Rabi 004 2.1-4 bighas 06 – –

Experience in pointed gourd cultivation

Respondents of the study area were cultivating pointed gourd for many years. Eight percent of respondents had upto 5 years of experience about cultivation of pointed gourd, 7 percent had 6-10 years, 20 percent had 11-15 years, 20 percent had 16-20 years, at the most 35 percent had 21-30 years, 5 percent had 31-40 years and remaining 5 percent had above 40 years of experience about pointed gourd cultivation.

Experience in applying agro-chemicals in pointed gourd cultivation

Table 2: Years of engagement with pointed gourd cultivation and years of applying pesticides n=100

Years of engagement with pointed gourd culti-

vation

Percent of respondents

Years of ap-plying agro-

chemicals

Percent of respon-

dents

Upto 5 08 Upto 5 076-10 07 6-10 1811-15 20 11-15 2016-20 20 16-20 2021-30 35 21-25 1531-40 05 26-30 20Above 40 05 Above 30 00

Seven percent of respondents had upto 5 years of experience in applying agro-chemicals in pointed gourd cultivation, 18 percent had 6-10 years, 20 percent had 11-15


53

years, 20 percent had 16-20years, 15 percent had 21-25 years and remaining 20 percent of respondents had 26-30 years of experience in applying agro-chemicals in pointed gourd cultivation. No respondent had experience above 30 years in applying agro-chemicals in pointed gourd cultivation.

Insect-pests

The major insect-pests attacked the crop, their name and percent of respondents reported are the following; Green caterpillar (100%), Mite (61%), fruit fly (42%) and Green fly (37%).

Diseases

Three major diseases were observed generally in the study area. These were; fruit rot, downy mildew and root rot. Nearly three-fourth percent of respondents (72%) had the problem due to fruit rot disease whereas 59 percent of respondents replied in favour of downy mildew disease and 30 percent of respondents reported about the root rot disease.

Table 3: Insect-pests and Diseases of pointed gourdn=100

Insect-pests Percentage of respondents

reported

Diseases Percentage of respondents

reportedGreen cater-pillar

100 Fruit rot 72

Mite 61 Downy mildew

59

Fruit fly 42 Root rot 30Green fly 37

Insect-pests

Table 4: Insect-pests and diseases of pointed gourd and the chemicals used to control n=100

Pest problem Chemicals used % of respondents

usedInsect-pestsGreen caterpillar Ustad 32

Challenger 28Tarjan 26Marshall 21Thiodan 18Rogor 14Monocil 13Superkiller 11Baserthrin 09Sevin 08

Mite Thiovit 20Metacid 17Confidor 16Lannate+Thiodan

14

Chlorocron 13Furadon 10Met505 08

Fruit fly Challenger+Thiodan 32Challenger+ Hostathion

27

Sevin 12Greenfly Challenger+Thiodan 29

Lannate+Thiodan

14

DiseasesFruit rot Dithane-M 45 61

Fytolan 12Blitox 08

Downy mildew Dithane-M 45 42Miraculan 27Blitox 18

Root rot Bavistin 39Indofil M-45 25Blue copper 16

Table 5 : Various pesticides and their doses

Pesticides used Dose: ml or gm/litre of water

InsecticidesThiodan 2.00mlMarshall 2.00mlMonocil 1.50mlSuperkiller 2.00mlSevin 1.00gmRogor 2.00mlTarjan 2.50mlChallenger 1.00mlBaserthrin 1.00mlUstad 1.00mlConfidor 0.50mlChlorocron 2.00mlThiovit 2.00gmFuradon 3.00kg/bighaMet505 1.50mlLannate+Thiodan 1.50mlMetacid 1.00mlChallenger+ Hostathion 2.00mlChallenger+Thiodan 2.00mlSevin 5.00gm


54

FungicidesDithane-M 45 2.00gmFytolan 2.00gmBlitox 5.00gmDithane-M 45 2.50gmBlitox 2.00gmMiraculan 1.00mlBavistin 2.5gm/kg of seedIndofil M-45 2.5gmBlue copper 4.0gm

(a) Green caterpillar (Palpita indica)

It was seen all stages of the crop. The larvae feed on the lower surface of the leaves and they bind them together with the help of silken threads exuding from the mouth of larvae. They also attack the ovaries of flowers and bore the young developing fruits which become unfit for human consumption. The moths have white wings with dark brown marginal patches. Caterpillars are bright green. The pesticides used, their doses and the percentage of respondents reported are the following (Table-4&5)- Ustad @ 1ml/litre of water (32%), Challenger @ 1ml/litre of water (28%), Tarjan @ 2.5 ml/litre of water (26%), Marshall @ 2 ml/litre of water (21%), Thiodan @ 2 ml/litre of water (18%), Rogor @ 2 ml/litre of water (14%), Monocil @ 1.5 ml/litre of water (13%), Superkiller @ 2 ml/litre of water (11%), Baserthrin @ 1 ml/litre of water (9%), and Sevin @ 1 gm/litre of water (8%). The amount of water used for spraying the chemicals was 80-100litres/bigha.

(b) Mite (Tetranychus cucurbitae)

It was seen mainly in mature stage of the crop. These are small insects and appear in large colonies. They feed on the under surface of the leaves by sucking cell sap. They remain protected by fine shinning webs. The affected leaves develop greyish patches and finally curl and dry up. This is a minor pest. The chemicals used for controlling the pest, their doses and percent of respondents reported are the following (table-4&5)- Thiovit @ 2gm /litre of water (20%), Metacid @ 1 ml/litre of water (17%), Confidor @ 0.5 ml/litre of water (16%), Lannate+Thiodan @ 1.5 ml/litre of water (14%), Chlorocron @ 2 ml/litre of water (13%), Furadon @ 3 kg/bigha (10%) and Met-505 @ 1.5 ml/litre of water (8%). The amount of water used for spraying the chemicals was 80-100 litres per bigha of land.

(c) Fruit fly (Dacus cucurbitae)

The insect-pest infestation was seen in mature stage

of the crop. The maggots bore into the fruits and feed on the pulpy tissues inside, forming galleries. The attacked fruits are polluted and destroyed. The affected fruits start rotting. The fly attack is severe after summer rains when the humidity is high. The flies are reddish brown with lemon yellow curved verticle markings on the thorax. The female has conical abdomen ending in a ovipositor while male has spherical abdomen. Wings are transparent with brown bands and grey spots at the apex between the joint of thorax and abdomen. The maggots are legless and appear headless, dirty white wriggling creatures, thicker at one end and tapering to a point at the other. The female fly punctures the fruit and deposits the eggs inside the pulp. The chemicals used by the respondents for controlling the pest, their doses and percent of respondents reported were the following- Challenger +Thiodan @ 2 ml/litre of water (32%); Challenger+ Hostathion @ 2 ml/litre of water (27%) and Sevin @ 5 gm/litre of water (12%). The amount of water used for spraying the chemicals was 80-100 litres per bigha of land.

(d) Green fly

It was seen in mature stage of the crop. Respondents of the study area reported that a very small green coloured fly are there those affected the crop upto a considerable level. For controlling the pest 29 percent of respondents used Challenger +Thiodan @ 2 ml/litre of water whereas 14 percent of them used Lannate +Thiodan @ 1.5 ml/litre of water. The amount of water used for spraying the chemicals was 80-100 litres per bigha of land.

Diseases

(a) Fruit Rot (Pythium aphanidermatum)

The fruits in contact with the soil suffer from the disease. The skin of the fruit shows soft, dark green, water soaked lesions which develop into a watery soft rot. On this rotting portion the cottony mycelia growth develops abundantly during humid atmosphere. The affected fruits look as if wrapped in absorbent cotton. On the margin of the cottony growth the skin of the fruit looks dark green and water soaked. The fungi are present in the soil living in a saprophytic manner on dead organic matter.

It was observed in fruiting stage to whole mature stage of the crop. More than half of respondents (61%) sprayed Dithane M-45 @ 2gm/litre of water (table-4&5) whereas 12 percent of them sprayed Fytolan @ 2gm/litre of water and only 8 percent of respondents sprayed Blitox @


55

5gm/litre of water for controlling the specified disease. All most all the respondents needed 80-100 litres of water for spraying the chemicals per bigha of land.

Downy mildew of cucurbits (Pseudoperenospora cubensis)

The spots are yellow, angular, and often restricted by the veins on the upper surface of the leaves. On the lower surface of these spots, the purplish downy growth appears during periods of high humidity. Sometimes the purplish colour is lacking and the lower side of the spots looks white to almost black. The entire leaf dies quickly. The fruits are few and smaller than the healthy ones with poor tests. The fungus survives as mycelium and spores on some hosts.

It was mainly visible in mature stage of the crop. For effective control of the disease at the most 42 per cent of respondents sprayed Dithane M-45 @2.5 gm/litre of water whereas 27 percent of them used Miraculan @1 ml/litre of water (the agro-chemical is not a pesticide but, a growth regulator. Farmers considered it as pesticide which obviously indicates that farmers have lack of knowledge to distinct between pesticides and growth regulators) and only 18 percent of respondents sprayed Blitox @2 gm/litre of water. Almost all the respondents in the present study reported that they applied 80-100 litres of water for spraying the chemicals per bigha of land.

Root rot : (Fusarium solani)

The infected plants show sudden wilting during the mid season. The disease can be distinguished from the vascular wilt by the dark brown cortical soft decay at the base of the stem. The underground parts are found disintegrated. In humid weather the stem base may be seen covered with fungal growth. The fungus is seed borne and also survives in the form of perithecia. It is clear from the table-4&5 that to control the disease thirty nine percent of respondents applied Bavistin @2.5gm per kg of seed for seed treatment, Indofil-M-45 was used by 25 percent of respondents @ 2.50gm/litre of water whereas 16 percent of respondents used Blue copper @ 4.00gm/litre of water.

Various pesticide brands and their chemical names

Agro-chemicals have two names-one chemical names or technical names and commercial names or trade names. The table indicates that among the several insecticides Cypermethrin was most popular chemical with brand names Challenger, Baserthrin and Ustad whereas among the several fungicides, Copper Oxychloride was most popular chemicals

with brand names Fytolan, Blitox and Blue copper.

Table 6: Various pesticide brands and their chemical names

Pesticide brands Chemical/Technical names InsecticidesThiodan EndosulfanMarshall CarbosulfanMonocil MonocrotophosSuperkiller CypermethrinSevin CarbarylRogor DimethoateTarjan TriazophosChallenger CypermethrinBaserthrin CypermethrinUstad CypermethrinConfidor ImidachlorpridChlorocron ChlorpyriphosThiovit SulphurFuradon CarbofuranMet505 EthionLannate+Thiodan Methomyl + EndosulfanMetacid Methyl ParathionChallenger+ Hostathion Cypermethrin + TriazophosChallenger+Thiodan Cypermethrin + EndosulfanSevin CarbarylChallenger+Thiodan Cypermethrin + EndosulfanLannate+Thiodan Methomyl+ EndosulfanFungicidesDithane-M 45 MancozebFytolan Copper OxychlorideBlitox Copper OxychlorideDithane-M 45 MancozebMiraculan EntriacontanolBlue copper Copper Oxychloride

Insect-pests and diseases, their attacking stage and amount of water used for spraying

Insect-pests and diseases mainly attacked at mature stage of the crop. At matur stage of the crop, the amount of water applied by the respondents for spraying chemicals was 80-100 litre/ bigha of land.


56

Table-8: Interval of applying and method of application of agro-chemicals

Days of Interval

Percentage of respondents

followed

Methods of application of

pesticides

Percentage of respondents

followed (Cumulative)

1-3 21 Spraying 1004-7 53 Dibbling 358-15 17 Dusting 9

Above 15 9Interval of applying agro-chemicals

Respondents in the study area preferred to apply pesticides in the following days’ interval-1-3 days (21%), 4-7 days (53%), 8-15 days (17%) and more than 15 days (9%).

Methods of applying agro-chemicals

All the respondents in the study area (100%) applied pesticides mainly through spraying whereas 35 percent of pointed gourd growers followed dibbling method (digged the soil and the pesticides were inserted and filled the hole by soil again especially application of granular pesticides) and only 9 percent of selected farmers also applied the chemicals by following dusting method.

Source of information in using agro-chemicals

All the respondents (100%) reported that they mainly got information in using agro-chemicals from agricultural input retailers at the time of purchasing. About one-third of respondents (32%) collected information from fellow farmers and it was very traditional way of getting information. In the study area, it was seen that a crop doctor had a frequent contact with the farmers and supplied valuable information pertaining to agricultural problems. Twenty two percent of respondents replied that they got information from crop doctor whereas 16 percent of farmers

collected information from neighbour (farming community) and 20 percent of respondents collected it from big farmers (opinion leaders). Only 7 percent of respondents’ source of information was relatives whereas 11 percent of respondents collected that information from Agricultural Development Officers (ADOs), Krishi Prayukti Sahayaks (KPSs) when any demonstration organized by them, experts of agricultural university (when farmers came to participate any agricultural training programme or personally contacted from experts), company personnel or other agricultural field functionaries. After collecting the information from various sources, each respondent evaluated it in their level best and finally applied the suitable one.

Table-9: Sources of information on agro-chemicals’ use

Sr.No.

Source Percentage of respondents

collected1 Agricultural input retailers 1002 Fellow farmers 323 Crop Doctor 224 Neighbour 165 Big farmers 206 Relatives 77 ADOs, KPSs, Experts of

Agril. University, company personnel, other agricultural field functionaries

11

CONCLUSION

Cultivation of high yielding varieties and hybrids of cereals have put a great pressure on soil and water resources. Vegetable cultivation has aggravated this problem because intensive cultivation of these crops require heavy doses of fertilizers and various kind of chemicals to protect the crops from insect-pests, diseases, weeds, nematodes and other pests. Therefore, to reduce the detrimental effects of these

Table-7: Insect-pests and diseases, their attacking stage and amount of water used for spraying

Pests Attacking stage of crop Water used for spraying/bigha of landInsect-pests Mature stage

Green caterpillar All stages 80-100 litreMite Mature stage 80-100 litreFruit fly Mature stage 80-100 litreGreenfly Mature stage 80-100 litreDiseasesFruit rot Fruiting to whole mature stage 80-100 litreDowny mildew Mainly mature stage 80-100 litreRoot rot Seedling to mature stage 80-100 litre


57

chemicals on environment, it is urgent to know the pesticides use pattern of farmers for each crop. Considering these the present investigation was carried out. It can be concluded from the study that pointed gourd growers should give more emphasis on controlling insect-pest of green caterpillar and fruit rot disease, those damage the crop mostly. pointed gourd growers were using various brands of various technical grades of agro-chemicals for controlling insect-pests and diseases with several doses where it is generally seen that the farmers used chemicals and their doses varied from recommendations. Therefore, they must try to follow recommendations those are well tested for various situations as well as provide optimum results. Farmers must also follow various precautions in using agro-chemicals. Precautions are so integratedly related with agro-chemicals application that we can say, agro-chemicals application and following various precautions are two sides of a coin. Following precautions are essential in respect of sustainability concern.

The pointed gourd growers main source of information in using pesticides were agricultural input retailers, because the growers purchase the chemicals from them, at the time of purchasing, growers get advice and instructions to use the purchased chemicals as well as retailers are mainly local people in rural areas, therefore, they are believable to them. On the other hand, agricultural input retailers consider the farmers who purchase chemicals from them as customers of their business; therefore, survival of customers (farmers) means survival of their business means their betterment. Therefore, agricultural input retailers always try to co-operate the farmers in farming upto a maximum extent though they are business minded. Since, time has come to consider agricultural input retailers as one of stakeholders of agricultural development of our country. Therefore the Govt. extension agencies should have a special attention on

this section of society. In the study area, spraying was the mostly followed method of application of agro-chemicals compare to dibbling method and dusting method, therefore pesticides manufacturers should have more emphasis on liquid chemicals production. The growers interval of applying agro-chemicals was mainly 4-7 days. More than half of respondents (53%) applied chemicals following the 4-7 days interval as a routine work. Farmers should refrain from this use behaviour and pesticides only be applied to the crop when insect-pests attack crosses the economic threshold level (ETL), otherwise it is harmful to sustainability concern as well as reduces the profit margin.

Therefore, on the basis of the findings of the present investigation, the govt. extension agencies, pesticides companies and private extension agencies should reorient their extension programmes accordingly.

REFERENCES

Bhalekar, M.D.; Sidam, V.N.; Bondarwad, S.P. and Lad, A.S. (2013); Constraints in Adoption of Biological Pest Management Practices in Cotton in Vidarbha Region; Agriculture Update: 8 (1&2):70-72.

Gautam, H.R. and Kumar, R (2014) Agricultural Development-The Road Ahead; Kurukshetra: 62(8): 3-6

Muthuraman, P. and Kumar, S. A. (2013); Crop Growth Stage-wise IPM Practices in Rice; Kisan World; 40 (4): 57-59.

Ram, D.; Prasad, A.; Sahu, R.P. and Chanu, T. M. (2012) Comparative Profile of Entrepreneurial Behaviour of Vegetable Growers in Manipur: Journal of Interacademicia: 16 (4a): 1015-1022.



58

INTRODUCTION

The transfer of modern agricultural practices to the farmers with pre- conceived thought of traditional farming calls for a well developed and organized training programmes for the farmers. Training is a critical input for quick transfer of technology and a way to improve their agriculture and to uplift their socio economic condition. With a view to implement the new agricultural strategy successfully, it is essential to provide production oriented training and education to farm women. The farm women’s training fits in very well in the present context of agricultural extension strategy in India and has become significant to influence the agricultural production and development.

Training helps an individual to development appropriate habits of thought, action, skill, knowledge and attitude to work more effectively (Patel, 1967).

Realizing the importance of training and education, Government is putting more stress on it and a multipurpose approach has been adopted in the country for the training and education to the farmers and farm women. A number of agencies have been engaged in organizing training and educational programmes for the farmers and farm women. The Sardar Smruti Kendra, JAU, Junagadh has been organized short term training programme on the improved farm practices, animal husbandry, home science and allied subjects as a part of their extension activities. So, it is worthwhile necessary to investigate on “Farm Women Perception Regarding Training Programme And Opinion About Training Institute”.

OBJECTIVES

(i) To determine the appropriateness of methods and techniques used for training

Farm Women’s Perception Regarding Training Programme and Opinion about Training Institute

B. N. Kalsariya1, N. D. Bharad2 and H. B. Gardharia3

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture, JAU, Junagadh - 3620012 & 3 Training Organizer, Office of Dir. of Extn. Education, JAU, Junagadh - 362001


ABSTRACT

Extension teaching methods are the devices used to create situation in which communication can take place between trainees and trainers. Teaching methods are the effective tools to impart knowledge and skill. The present research effort was made to study the farm women’s perception regarding training methods and opinion about institutional training at Sardar Smruti Kendra, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh. The study was undertaken to participate in training programme, whose were selected 120 farm women who receiving the training at Sardar Smruti Kendra, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh. The result of the study indicated that the regarding opinion of the trained farm women, the most appropriate method were lecture with discussion and demonstration (2.73 mean score) secured first rank followed by lecture with discussion and audio visual aids and lecture with audio visual aids obtained second and third rank to make training more effective and beneficial, respectively. Opinion about training environment, curriculum, good interaction and group discussion were expressed by more than 66.00 per cent of trained respondents. More than 90.00 per cent of the farm women have got full satisfaction about hostel and boarding facilities. Trained farm women were suggested their opinions to make training programme more effective that the venue should be at training centre (SSK) (67.50 per cent), duration of training should be of three days (56.66 per cent), time should be during slack season (64.16 per cent), trainees group should be of 25 members (60.83 per cent), training method should be lecturing with discussion and demonstration (86.66 per cent), stipend should be increased (75.83 per cent) and preferred female teacher trainer (81.66 per cent).

Keywords : Training programme, Preception, Opinion, Farm women


59

(ii) To know the opinion of the trained farm women regarding training facilities provided to them

(iii) To seek suggestion to make training programme more effective

METHODOLOGY

The Sardar Smruti Kendra (SSK), Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh is organizing institutional and non- institutional training programme for farmers, farm women and youth of the Saurashtra region. In collaboration with Indian farmers Fertilizers Co-operative Ltd. (IFFCO) area office, Junagadh and SSK, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh organized one-day farm women training programme during September 18th, 2015. In which, 35 farm women were participate from Junagadh, Mendrada and Bhesan talukas of Junagadh district. SSK, JAU, Junagadh also organized one day farm women training programme during September 24th, 2015. In which, 85 farm women were participate from Nana Kotda, and Visavad village of Visavadar taluka of Junagadh district. These two training programme were organized at SSK, JAU, Junagadh. In these programmes, total 120 farm women from various villages of Junagadh district had participated. All the 120 farm women were included in the present investigation.

To measure the appropriateness of methods and techniques used for training an inventory was developed. The total number of extension methods used for training was nine. The respondents were asked to opine about appropriateness of methods and techniques. They were asked to reply on four

point continuum viz., highly appropriate, appropriate, less appropriate and not appropriate. These response were assigned the score value of 3, 2, 1 and 0, respectively. Considering the reply of all the respondents for each methods, total score value for each method ranges between 0 to 360 score. The ranks were assigned to each method on the basis of total score and mean obtained by them.

Training farm women were asked to mention their opinion regarding training and facilities provided to them during training programme. A list of opinion of the trained farm women mentioned by them were prepared and number of trained farm women i.e. frequency was calculated for each opinion. Later on this frequency was converted into percentage and each opinion was assigned the rank on the basis of percentage response for that opinion.

The suggestions were invited from the trained farm women for making training more effective. The interpretation was made on the basis of frequency and percentage secured by each suggestion. The results were interpreted in term of number and percentage.


In the present study, an attempt has been made to learn from the farm women who had already undergone training conducted at Sardar Smruti Kendra, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh. To assess the appropriateness of methods and techniques used by the training course for teaching purpose.

Table 1: Distribution of the trained farm women expressing the effectiveness of various methods and techniques used for training n = 120

Sr. No.

Methods Highly approp-

riate

Approp- riate

Less approp-

riate

Not approp-

riate

Total score

Mean score

Rank

1 Lecture with discussion and demonstration

97 (80.84)

291

16(13.34)

32

5(4.16)

5

2(1.66)

0328 2.73 I

2 Lecture with discussion and audio visual aids

84 (70.00)

252

28(23.33)

56

7(5.83)

7

1(0.84)

0315 2.63 II

3 Lecture with audio visual aids 77 (64.16)

231

40(33.34)

80

3(2.50)

3

0(0.00)

0314 2.62 III

4 Method demonstration 58 (48.33)

174

52(43.33)

104

7(5.34)

7

3(2.50)

0285 2.37 IV


60

It is apparently clear from the data presented in Table- 1 that out of nine, five extensions training methods secure 70.33 per cent and above score. According to the score, the ranks are assigned to all the nine methods. The lecture with discussion and demonstration got ranked-I, lecture with discussion and audio visual aids ranked-II, lecture with audio visual aids ranked-III, method demonstration rank-IV and lecture with field trips rank-V were secured 70.33 per cent or above score.

Thus, it can be concluded that majority of the respondents suggested to use the lecture with discussion and demonstration or audio visual aids, to make training more

effective and beneficial.

The perusals of the data collected from trained farm women about training programme are presented in Table-2. The data show that majority of the farm women (88.33 per cent) had given their opinion about the training environment as appropriate followed by 80.83 per cent, 71.83 per cent and 66.66 per cent of respondents had given their opinion on the part of suitable practical oriented curriculum, good interaction between trainees and trainer and adequate problem oriented group discussion, respectively. While opinion about the duration of training and the training groups were said by 55.83 per cent and 48.33 per cent of respondents, respectively.

Sr. No.

Methods Highly approp-

riate

Approp- riate

Less approp-

riate

Not approp-

riate

Total score

Mean score

Rank

5 Lecture with field trips 27(22.50)

81

83(69.16)

166

6(5.00)

6

4(3.34)

0253 2.11 V

6 Lecture with discussion 24 (20.00)

72

71(59.16)

142

21(17.50)

21

4(3.34)

0235 1.96 VI

7 Group discussion 20 (16.66)

60

63(52.50)

126

31(25.84)

31

6(5.00)

0217 1.81 VII

8 Question answer method 16 (13.33)

48

49(40.83)

98

46(38.34)

46

9(7.50)

0192 1.60 VII

9 Only lecture method 7(6.66)

21

32(26.66)

64

73(60.82)

73

8(6.66)

0158 1.32 IX

70.33 Per cent 253 Score

Table 2: Opinion expressed by the trained farm women regarding training and facilities provided to them n = 120

Sr. No. Opinion Frequency Percentage Rank(A) Opinion regarding training programme1 Duration of training was sufficient 67 55.83 V2 Good interaction between trainees and trainer 85 70.83 III3 Training environment was good 106 88.33 I4 Trainees group was appropriate 58 48.33 VI5 Practical oriented curriculum 97 80.83 II6 Problem oriented group discussion 74 66.66 IV

(B) Opinion regarding facilities in institute1 Hostel facilities was good 113 94.16 I2 Proper boarding facility 109 90.83 II

It can be concluded that opinion about training environment, curriculum, good interaction and group discussion were expressed by more than two third (> 66.00 per cent) of trained respondents.

Another opinion regarding hostel facility and

boarding facility were expressed by more than 90.00 per cent of trained farm women i.e. 94.16 per cent and 90.83 per cent of farm women, respectively. It means only 6.00 per cent and 9.00 per cent of farm women have problems regarding hostel and boarding facilities while more than 90.00 per cent of the farm women have got full satisfaction about hostel and


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Table 3: Distribution of the trained farm women expressing suggestion for making training programme more effective. n = 120

Sr. No. Suggestions Frequency PercentageA Venue of training 1 Sardar Smruti Kendra 81 67.502 At the farm site 05 05.833 In the village 23 19.16B Time of training1 During slack season 77 64.162 During crop season 29 24.163 After harvesting the crop 07 05.834 Prior to monsoon 42 35.00C Duration of training1 Three days 68 56.662 Five days 21 17.503 Ten days 11 09.164 Twenty one days 04 03.33D Training group1 Up to 25 farm women 72 60.832 26 to 50 farm women 39 32.503 More than 50 farm women 05 4.16E Training methods1 Lecture 19 15.832 Lecture with discussion 81 67.503 Lecture with discussion and demonstration 104 86.664 Discussion method 57 47.505 Demonstration method 64 53.336 Field trip 87 72.507 Lecture with audio- visual 89 74.168 Question answer method 58 48.33F Any other aspects1 Increase in stipend amount 91 75.832 Farm for demonstration 56 46.663 Female trainer 98 81.66

The data revealed that 67.50 per cent of respondents were suggested the venue should be at training centre (SSK) and 19.16 per cent of them at village. Time of training should be during slack season (64.16 per cent) followed by prior to season (35.00 per cent). 56.66 per cent of farm women said that the duration of training should be of three days. More than three- fifth of respondents (60.83 per cent) should be selected 25 members of training group. In case of training method, 86.66 per cent trained farm women should be lecture with discussion and demonstration followed by lecture with audio visual aids (74.16 per cent). Other suggestions offered by trained farm women viz., stipend should be increased (75.83 per cent) and preferred female teacher trainer (81.66

per cent).

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that majority of the respondents expressing that lecture with discussion and demonstration or audio visual aids to make training more effective and beneficial. Opinion about training environment, curriculum, good interaction and group discussion were expressed by more than 66.00 per cent of trained respondents. More than 90.00 per cent of the farm women have got full satisfaction about hostel and boarding facilities.

Trained farm women were suggested their opinion

boarding facilities. It means S.S.K., Junagadh has got success to provide complete satisfaction to the trained respondents regarding hostel and boarding facilities provided to them.

The suggestions expressed by the majority trained farm women to raise the training effective are presented in Table 3.


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that the venue should be at training centre (SSK), time of training should be during slack season, duration of training should be of three days. More than three- fifth of respondents should be select 25 members of training group. Incase of training method, lecture with discussion and demonstration. Other suggestions offered by trained farm women viz., stipend should be increased and preferred female teacher trainer.

IMPLICATIONS

(i) Young farmers and farm women who are directly engaged in farming should selected for training.

(ii) More emphasis should be given on practical oriented training programme. This will be helpful to create interest among respondents and to convince them to adopt new practices.

(iii) Concentration effort should be made for effective use of audio visual aids in the training programme as well as to organize extension activities such as demonstration, farmers’ days/ farm women’s days and 3 days training programme with adequate facilities at training centre and persuade them to participate actively in this activities.

(iv) System follow- up programme should be undertaken to sustain of respondents to continue the latest technology practical.

(v) More number of farm women should be covered under training programme during slack season.

REFERENCES

Gosai, H.V. (1997). Impact and usefulness of institution training programme for farm women under TWA project at FTC, Junagadh. M.Sc. (Agri) Thesis, G.A.U., S.K. Nagar.

Patel, C.P. (1967). Training need of gram sevak in the subject of (a) agricultural management and (b) crop husbandry and farm management in relation to the formation of syllabus for their preservice training in Gujarat. M.Sc. (Agri) Thesis, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh VidyaNagar.

Parmar, J.N. (1998). An analysis of institutional training imparted to the farmers at Sardar Krushi Kendra, Unpublished. M.Sc. (Agri) Thesis, G.A.U., S.K. Nagar.

Satyanarayana, M.; Husin, S.M. and Reddy, R.P. (1994). Effectiveness of institutional training programme for tribal farmers. Maharashtra journal of Extension Education, 13 : 281-282.

Sharma Ashima (1990). Modern household technologies boon for rural women. Kurushetra, 37 (10) : 39-40.

Yadav, B. and Verma, T. (1998). Assessing trainer’s views about various aspects of training. Maharashtra journal of Extension Education, XVII : 248-255.

Received : May 2015 : Accepted : August 2015


63

INTRODUCTION

Management is an important factor to utilize these available resources and accumulate capital in effective manner in horticultural sector. Gradual but steady development of farming community required the development by means of management. Today, we find management is playing an immense role at every place. In future the growth of different sectors including agriculture depends upon the efficiency of management. That is why; we find that the pace of management development is faster than the other factors.

OBJECTIVE

To study the management efficiency of small scale horticultural nursery growers

METHODOLOGY

The present study was conducted in South Gujarat region. Out of seven districts of South Gujarat, Navsari and Valsad districts were purposively selected for the study because these two districts are the leading horticulture nursery crops growing districts of South Gujarat. Vansda taluka and Valsad taluka were selected purposively from Navsari and

Valsad district, respectively because in these talukas, villages farmers were engaged in small scale horticultural nursery business. Doldha and Kamboya villages from Vansda taluka while Bhomapardi and Ronvel villages from Valsad taluka were purposively selected for the study because in these villages of Vansda and Valsad taluka most of the farmers doing small scale horticultural nursery business. A random sampling technique was followed for selection of respondents from selected village. Thereafter, 25 farmers from each village were selected randomly. Thus, total 100 small scale horticultural nursery growers were selected as respondents from four selected villages. An Ex-post-facto research design was used for the study. In light of the objective, the interview schedules were prepared and respondents were interviewed at their home and field. The collected data were analyzed by using percentage, mean and standard deviation.


Management efficiency is the degree to which horticultural nursery growers acquires and adopts effectiveness of different factors in horticultural nursery cultivation to reach higher level of performance. In this study it was measured with the help of scale developed by

Management Efficiency of Small Scale Horticultural Nursery Growers of South Gujarat

A.G.Patel1 and H.U.Vyas2

1 P.G. Student, N. M. College of Agriculture, NAU, Navsari - 3964502 Associate Professor, DEE, NAU, Navsari - 396450


ABSTRACT

Management play vital role for skill based work like horticultural nursery.Looking to the management factor performance ,the present investigation was carried out in the Navsari and Valsad districts of south Gujarat. Vansda taluka and Valsad taluka were selected purposively from Navsari and Valsad district, respectively. Doldha and Kamboya villages from Vansda taluka while Bhomapardi and Ronvel villages from Valsad taluka were purposively selected for the study. A random sampling technique was followed for selection of respondents from selected village. Thereafter, 25 farmers from each village were selected randomly. Thus, total 100 small scale horticultural nursery growers were selected as respondents from four selected villages. From these selected respondents, majority (77.00 per cent) of the small scale horticultural nursery growers had medium level of management efficiency, followed by 18.00 and 5.00 per cent of the respondents had high and low level of management efficiency regarding improved small scale horticultural nursery cultivation practices, respectively.

Keywords: Management efficiency, Small scale horticultural nursery growers


64

Patel (2005) with due modifications. The data regarding management efficiency of small scale horticultural nursery growers are given in Table 1.

Table 1 : Distribution of respondents according to their level of management efficiency in small scale horticultural nursery cultivation

n=100

Sr. No.

Level of management efficiency Number Per cent

1 Low level of management efficiency 5 5.00

2 Medium level of management efficiency 77 77.00

3 High level of management efficiency 18 18.00

Mean=62.90 S.D. 10.23

The data in Table 1 revealed that majority (77.00 per cent) of the small scale horticultural nursery growers had medium level of management efficiency, followed by 18.00 and 5.00 per cent of the respondents had high and low level of management efficiency regarding improved small scale horticultural nursery cultivation practices, respectively. The result presented here is in conformity with the previous results of Sonawane (2010) and Patel et al. (2012).

CONCLUSION

Majority (77.00 per cent) of the small scale horticultural nursery growers had medium level of management efficiency, followed by 18.00 and 5.00 per cent of the respondents had high and low level of management efficiency regarding improved small scale horticultural nursery cultivation practices, respectively. Thus, in general, it was found that majority (95.00 per cent) of the small scale horticultural nursery growers had medium to high level of management efficiency.

REFERENCES

Patel, D. D., Joshi, P. J. and Patel P. P. (2012). Management efficiency of rose growers towards improved rose cultivation. Guj. J. Ext. Edu., 23: 139-140.

Patel, H. B. (2005). Management efficiency and economic performance of banana growers in Anand district of Gujarat state. Ph.D. (Agri.) thesis (unpublished), A.A.U., Anand.

Sonawane, A. D. (2010). Management ability of banana growers regarding drip system in Anand and Vadodara districts of Gujarat state. M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis (unpublished) submitted to A.A.U., Anand.



65

INTRODUCTION

Vermicomposting is a modified and specialized method of composting - the process uses earthworms to eat and digest farm wastes and turn out high quality compost in two months or less. Vermicompost is not a bio-fertilizer as is treated by some earth worms, merely improved compost. Organic wastes can be broken down and fragmented rapidly by earthworms, resulting in a stable nontoxic material with good structure, which has a potentially high economic value and also act as soil conditioner for plant growth. Vermicompost supplies a suitable mineral balance, improves nutrient availability and could act as complex-fertilizer granules. It should be realized that vermin-composting can be a useful cottage industry for the underprivileged and the economically weak as it may provide supplementary income to tribal farmers. Main objective of the study is to promote the vermin-composting technology in tribal area. Small and marginal farmers of tribal area can use this technology for manuring their small fields and can increase the production and productivity hence it is felt necessary to know the adoption of the technology among the farmers and constraint, they face in the technology. The present study was conducted

with the following objectives.

OBJECTIVES

(i) To study the adoption level of the Tribal farmers regarding vermicompost technologies

(ii) To study the relationship between selected independent variables and the extent of adoption of vermicompost technology.

METHODOLOGY

The study was under taken in Banaskantha district. The talukas selected were Amirgadh and Danta. All the six villages of two clusters Vagdadi in Amirgadh and Sanali in Danta taluka under NAIP project were selected purposively. The list of beneficiaries under NAIP for vermi-composting was obtained from NAIP Office, Sardarkrushinagar. Fifty percent of the beneficiaries from each of the village were selected randomly from the list. Thus final sample constituted 48 farmers. The data were collected through interview schedule constructed for this purpose. The data were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted in light of the objectives.

Adoption Behaviour of Tribal Farmers for Vermicompost Technology

R. N. Patel1, M. R. Prajapati2 and V. T. Patel3

1 Agriculture Officer, Department of Extension Education, CPCA, Sardarkrushinagar - 3855062 Principal & Head, C.P. College of Agriculture, Sardarkrushinagar - 385506

3 Associate Professor, Department of Extension Education, CPCA, Sardarkrushinagar - 385506Email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The present study was undertaken in Banaskantha district of Gujarat state to know the adoption behavior of tribal farmers about vermicompost technology. The finding reveals that majotiry of the tribal farmers had medium level of adoption about vermicompost technology. All the independent variables were selected for the study. During this study education, annual income, herd size, extension participation and knowledge were positively and significantly associated with adoption of vermicompost technology. Though, age was significant but negatively associated with the adoption of vermicompost technology.

Keywords: Vermicomposting, Knowledge, Adoption, Association


66

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Adoption level of the Tribal farmers regarding vermicompost technologies

The data in Table 1 reveal that majority (58.33%) percent of the farmers had medium level adoption of vermicompost on their farms. Further it is apparent from the data that 27.09 percent of them fall under low adoption category followed by 14.58 percent of them in high level adoption category.

Table 1 : Distributions of the respondents according to their level of adoption regarding vermicompost technology n = 48

Sr. No. Category Number Percent

1 Low (below 11score) 13 27.092 Medium (11-17score) 28 58.333 High (above 17 score) 07 14.58

Mean=13.40 S.D. = 3.28

Therefore it can be concluded that majority of the farmers had medium level adoption regarding vermicompost technology.

Relationaship between independent variables and adoption of vermicompost technology.

Table 2 : Association of selected characteristic of farmers with knowledge and adoption of vermicompost technology n-48

Sr. No.

Characteristic Adoption

X1 Age -0.2580**X2 Education 0.2340**X3 Farming experience 0.1570NS

X4 Land holding 0.1349NS

X5 Annual income 0.2960**X6 Herd size 0.2020**X7 Irrigation method 0.0190NS

X8 Social participation 0.0510NS

X9 Extension participation 0.3310**X10 Knowledge 0.6584**

** Significant at the level of o.o1 level NS - Non Significant

The result presented in Table 2 revealed that out of ten variables, only four variable i.e. farming experience, land holding, irrigation method and social participation were found non-significant with adoption of vermicompost technology.

From remaining ten independent variables, only one variable age was found significantly but negatively correlated with the adoption of vermicompost technology.

Whereas, other five independent variables namely, education, annual income, herd size, extension participation and knowledge were found significantly and positively related with the adoption of vermicompost technology. Hence, it can be concluded that the education, extension participation and knowledge regarding the vermicomposting were the important variables for adoption of vermicompost technology.

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded from the above results that majority of the tribal farmers had medium level of adoption about vermicompost technology. Education, extension participation and knowledge were the important variables for adoption of vermicompost technology. The study indicated that the farmers have medium level of adoption about vermicompost technology. Hence, still there is gap in adoption of vermicompost technology. Therefore there is need to organize training for the tribal farmers regarding vermicompost technology by the extension agency working in the area.

REFERENCES

Bhimawat B S, Punjabi N K and Singh Karan (2008). Adoption of vermiculture technology by tribal farmers in Udaipur district of Rajasthan, International Journal of Rural Studies (IJRS), vol. 15 (1): 1-3

Kaur, P (2002). Evaluation of vermiculture technology transfer programme among rural women in terms of knowledge and adoption.M.Sc. Thesis MPUAT, Udaipur Campus H.Sc., Udaipur

Saxena, K.K. Singh, R. (1997). Adoption of organic farming practices by farmers of Malwa Region, Maharashtra Journal of Extension Education, Vol. XIX :53-55.

Thyagarajan, S. and Ramanath, N. (2001) Adoption of bio-fertilizers in rice cultivation. Indian Journal of Extension Education. Vol.XXXVII (3 & 4): 179-1

Received : August 2015 : Accepted : Novmeber 2015


67

INTRODUCTION

Horticulture sector covering only 8.00 percent of total cropped area in the country and it contributes 24.50 percent to GDP and 54.55 percent to export earning in agriculture sector. The Tomato is having substantial contribution in agriculture economy of Kheda district of Gujarat state. Tomato is cultivated in 3295 hectares of land, production is 105440 metric tones and productivity is 32.00 metric tones. Tomato cultivation is sophisticated and location specific. It is require enough care right from sowing to post harvesting operations. Necessary package of practice must be followed to better yield. It is demands; complete knowledge of production and post harvest technology and it is must be adopted by farmers in right manner and at right time.

OBJECTIVE

To study the knowledge level of Tomato growers about Tomato production technology.

METHODOLOGY

The present study was conducted in Matar taluka of Kheda district. Ten villages (Nandoli, Khandhali, Dethali,

Heranj, Alindra, Limbasi, Machhiyel, Traj, Tranja and Khadiyarapura) were selected randomly. From each village 10 Tomato growers were selected randomly. Thus, total 100 Tomato growers were selected for the study. Appropriate statistical procedures like frequency distribution and percentage was used for the analysis of the data.

From the various component of knowledge regarding tomato production technology taken in Table -1 it could be revealed that in case of knowledge regarding land preparation, variety and planting, three component like land preparation (100 per cent), spacing in accordance with farmers practices (100 per cent) and gap filling (100 per cent) all together ranked first, followed by time of sowing (93.00 per cent), seed rate (90.00 per cent), hybrid varieties (85.00 per cent) ranked 2nd, 3rd and 4th,respectively. Whereas improved variety ranks 5th and seed treatment, name of fungicide and dose of fungicide all together ranked 6th.

While knowledge regarding fertilizer management in case of basal application, organic manure ranked 1st (78.00 per cent) followed by nitrogen (69.00 per cent), method of application (65.00per cent) and phosphorous (62.00 per cent) ranked 2nd, 3rd and 4th, respectively. While in case of

Knowledge of Tomato Growers About Tomato Production Technology

P. K. Sharma1 , M. K. Choudhary 2 and P. C. Patel3

1 Senior Scientist, KVK, Dethali, Kheda 2 SMS- Horticulture , KVK, Dethali, Kheda

3 Agri. Officer, Deptt. of Horti., BACA, AAU, Anand - 388110Email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Knowledge of farmers plays an important role in adoption of any new improved agricultural technologies, without appropriate knowledge regarding particular technology knowledge directly affects the adoption rate. The present study was conducted in Matar taluka of Kheda district. Ten villages (Nandoli, Khandhali, Dethali, Heranj, Alindra, Limbasi, Machhiyel, Traj, Tranja and Khadiyarapura) were selected randomly. From each village 10 Tomato growers will be selected randomly. Thus, total 100 Tomato growers were selected for the study. The questionnaire was prepared in accordance with the objectives of the study. The data were collected by personal interview method. The study concluded that Tomato growers possess complete knowledge or high knowledge about land preparation, gap filling, time of sowing, and nature of damage of certain insect pest. Whereas tomato growers possess no knowledge or had very low knowledge about seed treatment, name and dose of fungicide and chemical weed management, name of herbicide and quantity of herbicide

Keywords: Knowledge level, Tomato Growers


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Aspect wise Knowledge level of farmers regarding tomato production technology

Table 1: Knowledge of the farmers about Tomato production technology n=100

No. Tomato production technology Frequency Percentage RankI-Knowledge Regarding Variety, Land Preparation and Planting

1 Land preparation 100 100.00 I2 Improved 15 15.00 V3 Hybrid verities 85 85.00 IV4 Seed rate (20-30 gm/Beegha) 90 90.00 III5 Seed treatment 0 0.00 VI

5.1 Name of fungicide 0 0.00 VI 5.2 Dose of fungicide 0 0.00 VI

6 Time of sowing/TP (Sept-Oct-Nov) 93 93.00 II7 Spacing (Recommended) 0 0.00 VI8 Spacing (Farmer Practices) 100 100.00 I9 Gap filling 100 100.00 I

II-Knowledge Regarding Fertilizer ManagementA Basal application 1 -Organic manures 78 78.00 I

2 Nitrogen (33 kg/Beegha) 69 69.00 II

3 Phosphorus (23 kg/Beegha) 62 62.00 IV

4 -Method of application 65 65.00 IIIB Top dressing 1 Urea/AS/MOP 66 66.00 II

2 Quantity of fertilizer (30 N+30 K/Beegha) 54 54.00 III

3 Time of application 70 70.00 IIII-Knowledge Regarding Weed management

1 Manual 91 91.00 I

2 Chemical 9 9.00 II

3 Name of herbicide (Metribuzin) 9 9.00 II

4 Quantity of herbicide ( 200 gm/ beegha) 8 8.00 IIIIV-Knowledge Regarding Insect control

1 Tomato fruit borer 1.1 Nature of damage 77 77.00 I

1.2 Control measure 62 62.00 II

1.3 Name of pesticide 57 57.00 III

1.4 -Dose of pesticide 51 51.00 IV

2 Aphid/white fly 2.1 Nature of damage 87 87.00 I

2.2 Control measure 73 73.00 II

2.3 Name of pesticide 55 55.00 III

2.4 Dose of pesticide 50 50.00 IV

top dressing time of application (70.00 per cent) ranked 1st followed by Urea/AS/MOP (66.00 per cent), quantity of

fertilizer (54.00 per cent) ranked 2nd and 3rd, respectively.


69

3 Termite

3.1 -Nature of damage 83 83.00 I

3.2 -Control measure 53 53.00 II

3.3 -Name of pesticide 31 31.00 III

3.4 -Dose of pesticide 31 31.00 III

V-Knowledge Regarding Disease control A Virus Disease

1 Leaf curl

1.1 -Symptoms 83 83.00 I


1.3 -Name of fungicide/insecticide 44 44.00 III

1.4 Dose of fungicide/insecticide 35 35.00 IV2 Tobacco Mosaic Virus

2.1 -Symptoms 45 45.00 I


2.3 -Name of fungicide/ insecticide 25 25.00 III

2.4 -Dose of fungicide/ insecticide 23 23.00 IV

B Fungal Disease1 Late Blight

1.1 -Symptoms 82 82.00 I


1.3 -Name of fungicide 46 46.00 III

1.4 -Dose of fungicide 45 45.00 IV

2 Early Blight 2.1 -Symptoms 53 53.00 I




C Bacterial Disease 1 Bacterial Wilt

1.1 -Symptoms 69 69.00 I




VI-Knowledge Regarding Irrigation1 Irrigation1 No. of irrigation (8-10) 80 80.00 I

2 Critical stage of irrigation 62 62.00 II

Whereas knowledge regarding weed management, manual weed management ranked 1st, chemical (9.00 per cent) and name of herbicide (9.00 per cent) both together ranked 2nd and quantity of herbicide (8.00 per cent) ranked 3rd.

In case of insect control for tomato fruit borer, nature of damage (77.00 per cent) ranked 1st followed by control measure (62.00 per cent), name of pesticide (57.00 per cent) and dose of pesticide (51.00 per cent) ranked 2nd, 3rd and 4th, respectively. Whereas in case of aphid/white fly nature


70

of damage (87.00 per cent) ranked 1st followed by control measure (73.00 per cent), name of pesticide (55.00 per cent) and dose of pesticide (50.00 per cent) ranked 2nd, 3rd and 4th, respectively. While for termite, nature of damage (83.00 per cent) ranked 1st followed by control measure (53.00 per cent), name of pesticide (31.00 per cent) and dose of pesticide (31.00 per cent) ranked 2nd and 3rd, respectively.

For the disease control, in case of viral diseases like leaf curl, symptoms (83.00 per cent) ranked 1st followed by control measure (64.00 per cent), name of fungicide (44.00 per cent) and dose of fungicide (35.00 per cent) ranked 2nd, 3rd and 4th, respectively. For tobacco mosaic virus, symptoms (45.00 per cent) ranked 1st followed by control measure (33.00 per cent), name of fungicide (25.00 per cent) and dose of fungicide (23.00 per cent) ranked 2nd, 3rd and 4th, respectively. While for fungal disease like late blight, symptoms (82.00 per cent) ranked 1st followed by control measure (65.00 per cent), name of fungicide/insecticide (46.00 per cent) and dose of fungicide (45.00 per cent) ranked 2nd, 3rd and 4th, respectively. For early blight, symptoms (53.00 per cent) ranked 1st followed by control measure (37.00 per cent), name of fungicide/insecticide (25.00 per cent) and dose of fungicide (24.00 per cent) ranked 2nd, 3rd and 4th, respectively. In case of bacterial disease like bacterial wilt, symptoms (69.00 per cent) ranked 1st followed by control measure (57.00 per cent), name of fungicide (30.00 per cent) and dose of fungicide (28.00 per cent) ranked 2nd, 3rd and 4th, respectively.

In case of irrigation component no. of irrigation (80.00 per cent) ranked 1st and critical stage of irrigation (62.00 per cent) ranked 2nd.

CONCLUSION

From the above discussion it can be concluded that still there is a need of creating proper awareness regarding improved tomato production practices in some area for fetching higher production per unit area which leads to better economic gain and also in improvement of social and economical status of the farmers and subsequently countries economic condition. Tomato growers possess complete knowledge or high knowledge about land preparation, gap filling, time of sowing, and nature of damage of certain insect

pest. Whereas tomato growers possess no knowledge or had very low knowledge about seed treatment, name and dose of fungicide and chemical weed management, name of herbicide and quantity of herbicide

REFERENCES

Arneja, C.S. and Khangura, R.S. (2003). A study of the knowledge of pea growers and its association with their selected socio personal characteristics. Rural India, Vol. 66: 166-168.

Kumar, Shailesh and Sharma, Gyanendra. (2009). Constraints in vegetable production in Uttarakhand, Indian Journal of Ext. Edu., Vol. 45: N 1&2, 2009 (84-87).

Parewa, B.L. (1992). Analysis of constraints in the adoption of vegetable crops by the farmers of panchayat samiti Sambhar lake, district Jaipur (Raj.). M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis (Unpub.) RAU, Bikaner, campusJobner

Waman, G.K.; Patil, P.S. and Kokate, K.D. (1996). Factors associated with knowledge about onion production technology. Maharastra Journal of Extension Education, Vol. XV: 21-24.

Yadav, B.S. (2004). Knowledge and adoption of improved cultivation practices of cauliflower by the farmers of Govindgarh panchayat samiti of Jaipur district of Rajasthan. M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis (Unpub.) RAU, Bikaner, campus- Jobner.

Singh, A.K.; Singh , G.P. and Singh, Baldeo (2002). Correlates of Farmers’ Knowledge of Improved Chickpea Production Technology. Indian J. of Extn. Edu., 38 (3&4) : 162-167

Shaky, M.S. Patel, M.M. And, Singh, V.B. (2008). Knowledge level of chickpea growers about chickpea production technology. Indian Res.J.Ext. Edu., 8 (2&3): 65–68.

Tripathi, S. K.; Mishra, B. and Singh, P. (2006). Knowledge extent of farmers about chickpea production technology. Indian Res.J.Ext. Edu., 6 (3): 1–3.



71

INTRODUCTION

Krishi Vigyan Kendra has been functioning in the Sabarkantha district since February 2005. The main aim of Krishi Vigyan Kendra is transfer of technology through on and off campus training programmes for farmers and extension functionaries, front line demonstrations, on farm trials and other extension activities. Front line demonstration on different crops grown in the district is the mandatory activity of Krishi Vigyan Kendra. Tribal farmers are growing pulse crops since couple of decades. Green gram is important pulse crop grown by tribal farmers. Thus, Krishi Vigyan Kendra had given front line demonstrations on green gram crop to tribal farmers. Thus, study on knowledge and adoption of recommended green gram cultivation technology by tribal FLD beneficiary farmers of Sabarkantha district was felt necessary. The study was conducted with following objectives.

OBJECTIVES

(i) To study selected personal and socio-economic attributes of respondents

(ii) To study adoption level of respondents regarding recommended green gram cultivation technology

(iii) To determine the association between selected personal and socio-economic attributes of respondents with their level of adoption

METHODOLOGY

The present study was conducted in Sabarkantha district. The all the tribal villages in which green gram FLDs had been given by KVK, Khedbrahma were selected purposively from Khedbrahma, Bhiloda and Vijaynagar talukas. Total 200 FLDs on green gram were given by KVK, Khedbrahma. The sample was selected by proportionate random sampling method. The detail is as under.

Name of takuka

No. of green gram FLD beneficiaries

Random selection of farmers in

proportion to 50 per cent

Khedbrahma 130 65Vijaynagar 30 15Bhiloda 40 20Total 200 100

Thus, total 100 tribal farmers were selected for present study. The data were collected by personal interview. The interview schedule was developed through discussion with experts, scientist and extension officers working in the district. The percentage, arithmetic mean and standard deviation were used for classification of respondents into different categories. The coefficient of correlation test was used to find out association between dependent and independent variables.

Adoption of Recommended Green Gram Cultivation Technology by Tribal FLD Farmers

J. J. Mistry1, K. J. Vihol2 and G. J. Patel3

1 SMS (Ext. Edu.), KVK, SDAU, Khedbrahma - 3832552 SMS (Agron.), KVK, SDAU, Khedbrahma - 383255

3 Programme Coordinator, KVK, SDAU, Khedbrahma - 383255Email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The present study was conducted in Sabarkantha district. Total 100 tribal FLD green gram farmers were selected by proportionate random sampling method for present study. The majority of the respondents were illiterate, had big family, possessed membership in one organization, medium extension participation, medium annual income, doing farming as well as animal husbandry, medium herd size and had 10 to 20 years of farming experience. The respondents were having over all medium level of adoption regarding green gram cultivation technology. The positive and significant relationship was exhibited by education, social participation, land holding, annual income, occupation and heard size with adoption of green gram cultivation technology.

Keywords: Tribal FLD farmers, Green gram cultivation technology


72


Personal and socio-economic attributes of respondents

Table 1: Distribution of the respondents according to their profile n=100

Sr. No. Attributes Classification Frequency Percent1 Age Young (Up to 35 years ) 30 30.00

Middle (35 to 50 years) 34 34.00Old (above 50 years) 36 36.00

2 Education Illiterate 38 38.00Primary education (1-7 Std.) 30 30.00Secondary education (8-10 Std.) 18 18.00Higher secondary education (11-12 Std.) 14 14.00

3 Family size Small family (Up to 5 members ) 24 24.00Big family (Above 5 members ) 76 76.00

4 Land holding Marginal (Up to 1.00 ha) 46 46.00Small (1.10 to 2.00 ha) 50 50.00Medium (2.10 to 4.00 ha) 04 04.00

5 Membership in organization No membership 22 22.00Membership in one organization 46 46.00Membership in more than one organization 28 28.00Membership with holding position 04 04.00

6 Extension participation Mean=4.76 S. D.=2.40

Low 15 15.00Medium 69 69.00High 16 16.00

7 Annual IncomeMean=0.60S. D.=0.42

Low (below 0.18 lacs) 10 10.00Medium (O.18 – 1.02 lacs) 69 69.00High (above 1.02 lacs) 21 21.00

8 Occupation Farming only 04 04.00Farming + labour 06 06.00Farming + Animal husbandry 86 86.00Farming + Service 04 04.00

9 Herd sizeMean=5.65 S. D.=2.29

Low (Up to 3) 18 18.00Medium (4 to 7) 66 66.00High (Above 7) 16 16.00

10 Farming experience Below 10 years 04 04.0010 – 20 years 42 42.0021 – 30 years 23 23.00More than 30 years 31 31.00

The data presented in Table 1 show that 36.00 per cent of respondents belonged to old age group and 34.00 per cent belonged to middle age group followed by young age group (30.00%). The results revealed that 38.00 per cent of respondents were illiterate, followed by primary education (30.00%), secondary education (18.00%) and higher secondary education (14.00%). The majority of respondents had big family (76.00%) while 24.00 per cent respondents had small family. The data shows that majority of respondents were small farmers (50.00 %), followed by marginal farmers (46.00%) and medium farmers (4.00%).

The 46.00 per cent of the respondents had membership in one organization followed by membership in more than one organization (28.00%) and no membership (22.00%). Only 4.00 per cent respondents were holding position in social organization. The data indicated that majority of the respondents fall under medium level of extension participation category (69.00 %) where as 16.00 per cent and 15.00 per cent of them possessed high and low level of extension participation categories, respectively. The majority (69.00%) of the respondents fall under medium group of annual income followed by 21.00 percent in high income


73

group and 10.00 per cent in low income group. The data in Table 1 indicated that majority (86.00%) of the respondents had occupation of farming + animal husbandry where as 6.00 percent of respondents had occupation of Farming + labour. An equal number of respondents (4.00%) had occupation of farming and Farming + Service. The majority (66.00%) of the respondents possessed medium herd size followed by small herd size (18.00%) and big herd size (16.00%). The 42.00 per cent of the respondents possessed 10 to 20 years of experience in farming followed by 31.00 percent and 23.00 per cent of them had more than 30 years and 21 to 30 years experience in farming, respectively. Only 4.00 per cent respondents had below 10 years farming experience.

Level of adoption regarding green gram cultivation technology

Table 2 : Distribution of the respondents according to their level of adoption regarding green gram cultivation technology n=100

Sr. No

Level of adoption Frequency Per cent

1 Low (Up to 7 score ) 12 12.002 Medium (8 – 10 score) 71 71.003 High (above 10 score) 17 17.00

Mean=8.93 SD=1.50

The data in Table 2 revealed that majority (71.00%) of the respondents possessed medium level of adoption. Whereas 17.00 per cent and 12.00 per cent of them possessed high and low level of adoption regarding green gram cultivation technology, respectively.

Association of selected attributes of respondents with their adoption of green gram cultivation technology

The data in Table 3 shows the correlation coefficient of the adoption with the different attributes of respondents. It clearly indicates that the variables viz; education, social participation, annual income, occupation, land holding and heard size had shown positive and significant association with adoption of respondents regarding green gram cultivation technology. Family size of the respondents had sown negative and non significant association with adoption. Extension participation of the respondents had no association with level of adoption.Age and farming experience had established negative and significant association with level of adoption of respondents regarding green gram cultivation technology.

Table : 3 Association of selected attributes of respondents with their adoption of green gram cultivation technology n=100

Sr. No. Attributes Adoption

X1 Age -0.401**

X2 Education 0.411**

X3 Family size -0.085 NS

X4 Land holding 0.280**

X5 Social participation 0.338**

X6 Extension participation

0.158

X7 Annual income 0.282**

X8 Occupation 0.263**

X9 Herd size 0.339**

X10 Farming experience -0.338**

** Sginificant at one per and level of significant NS Non Significant

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that majority of the respondents had big family, possessed membership in one organization, medium extension participation, medium annual income, doing farming as well as animal husbandry, medium herd size and had 10 to 20 years of farming experience. Nearly equal numbers of respondents were observed in young, middle and old aged group. Majority of the respondents were illiterate. The respondents were having over all medium level of adoption regarding green gram cultivation technology. Education, social participation, land holding, annual income, occupation and heard size exhibited positive and significant relationship with adoption of respondents regarding green gram cultivation technology.

REFERENCES

Thakarar D. M. and Kher A. O. (1999-2000). A scale to measure attitude of farmers towards well recharging. Guj. J. Ext. Edu. 10 & 11: 45-48.

Darandale A. D. (2010). A study on attitude of tribal farmers towards organic farming practices in maize crop. M. Sc. (Agri.) Unpublished thesis, AAU, Anand.



74

INTRODUCTION

Land and water are most important resource in agriculture. Due to vagaries of monsoon water is becoming a limiting factor in agriculture. Well recharge is an important practices to be followed for water conservation. Tribal farmers are irrigating their field through open wells since old generations. The main source of irrigation of tribal farmers is open well. Tribal farmers are living in hilly area. There is a scope of well recharging in this area. But it was observed that tribal farmers are not adopting well recharging practices. Thus it was felt necessary to know the attitude of tribal farmers towards well recharging. Thus present study ‘ Attitude of tribal farmer towards well recharging ‘ was conducted with following objectives.

OBJECTIVES

(i) To study the profile of the tribal farmers

(ii) To study the attitude of tribal farmers towards well recharging

METHODOLOGY

The present study was conducted purposively in

Khedbrahma taluka of Sabarkantha district. Ten villages were selected randomly from Khedbrahma taluka. Ten respondents who had open well for irrigation were selected from each village at random. In all total 100 respondents were selected. Keeping in view the objectives of the study the interview schedule was developed with the help of experts. To measure the attitude of farmers towards well recharging scale developed by Thakkar and A. O. Ker (2000) was used with due modifications. Total 22 statements were selected to measure attitude of the tribal farmers. Against each of 22 statements there were five columns’ representing a five point continuum of agreement and disagreement to the statements. The point on the continuum were strongly agree, agree, undecided, disagree and strongly disagree with weights of 5,4,3,2, and 1 for positive statements and 1,2,3,4 and 5 for negative statements, respectively. After calculating the total score and mean score of each item of index, the rank values were assigned. The attitude was categorized based on range of mean scores; 3.97 to 4.69 for ‘high level’, 3.25 to 3.96 for medium level and 2.53 to 3.24 for ‘low level’. The data regarding the profile of the farmers were analyzed in terms of frequency and percentage.

Attitude of Tribal Farmers Towards Well Recharging

V. M. Patel1, J. J. Mistry2 and Bipin A. Sutariya3

1 Assistant Professor, Polytechnic in Agriculture, SDAU, Khedbrahma - 3832552 SMS (Extension Education), KVK, SDAU, Khedbrahma - 383255

3 Block Technology Manager, Khedbrahma, ATMA, Sabarkantha - 383255Email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Agriculture along with animal husbandry is a main occupation of tribal farmers. Well recharging in hilly rain fed area is most important for water conservation. Thus, the study on attitude of tribal farmers towards well recharging was conducted in Khedbrahma taluka of Sabarkantha district with 100 respondents. The majority of the respondents were middle aged, educated up to secondary level, agriculture and animal husbandry as a main occupation and earning more than one lac rupees per annum. The attitude of tribal farmers towards well recharging showed that the well recharging is a boon to farmers, well recharging is relevant to farmers need, well recharging programme is for the benefit of big farmers only and special programme on well recharging will not make any difference.

Keywords: Attitude, Well recharging, Tribal farmers


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Profile of the tribal farmers

Table 1: Distribution of the respondents according to their profile (n=100)

Sr. No. Attribute Classification Frequency Percent1 Age Young (Up to 35 years ) 28 28.00

Middle (35 to 50 years) 52 52.00Old (above 50 years) 20 20.00

2 Education Illiterate 34 34.00Primary education (Up to VIIth standard) 29 29.00Secondary education(VIIIth to XIIth standard) 33 33.00College education 04 04.00

3 Land holding Marginal farmers (Up to 1.0 ha.) 49 49.00Small farmers (1.1 to 2.0 ha.) 41 41.00Medium farmers (2.1 to 3.0 ha.) 06 06.00Big farmers (above 3.0 ha.) 04 04.00

4 Animal possession Bullock 72 72.00Buffalo 51 5100Cow 59 59.00Goat 62 62.00

5 Occupation Farming alone 08 08.00Farming + Animal husbandry 76 76.00Farming + Service 09 14.00Farming + Business 02 02.00Farming + Animal husbandry + Business 05 05.00

6 Annual Income Low (Up to ` 50000) 14 14.00Medium (` 50001 to ` 100000 ) 32 32.00High (above ` 100001 and above) 54 54.00

From Table 1 it is revealed that 52.00 per cent of respondents were from middle age group. The 34.00 per cent of the respondents were illiterate and 33.00 per cent had education of secondary level. The 49.00 per cent respondents were marginal farmers having 0.1 to 1.0 ha land while 41.00 per cent respondents were small farmers having 1.01 to 2.0 ha land holding. In case of animal possess they had bullock (72.00 per cent), Buffalo (51.00 per cent), cow (59.00 per cent) and goat (62.00 per cent ). The main occupation of tribal farmers was agriculture with animal husbandry. More than half number of respondents (54.00 per cent) had their annual income above ` one lakh.

Attitude of tribal farmers towards well recharging is presented in Table 2. The mean score in the range of 3.97 to 4.69 indicates high level of attitude. The findings revealed that the high level of attitude of tribal farmers towards well recharging includes well recharging is a boon to farmers (4.69), followed by well recharging is relevant to farmers need (4.58), well recharging programme is for the

benefit of big farmers only (4.47), special programme on well recharging will not make any difference (4.36), due to recharging well become dead (4.35), well recharging practice does not provide good return every year (4.26), money spent on well recharging is sheer waste (4.17), well recharging create conflicts among neighboring farmers (4.16) and after all well recharging practices is profitable (4.07).

The mean score in the range of 3.25 to 3.96 indicates medium level of attitude. It includes the well recharging has established greater rapport between farmers and officials and after recharging well natural flow of water is disturbed or ceased due to silting (3.94), well recharging helps to improve socio-economic condition of farmer (3.88), well recharging increases the employment opportunities to people in rural areas (3.69), well recharging develops self reliance among farmer for irrigation water and well recharging conserves rain water and check drought condition (3.68) and well recharging increases the knowledge of farmers about efficient use of water (3.63).


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Table 2 : Mean scores and their relative ranks on various statements of attitude of tribal farmers n=100

Sr. No.

Attitude statements Mean score Per cent

1 Well recharging is a real boon to farmers 4.69 12 Well recharging is relevant to the need of the farmers 4.58 23 *Well recharging programme is only for the benefits of big farmers 4.47 34 *Special training programme on well recharging will not make any difference 4.36 45 *Due to recharging well become dead 4.35 56 * Well recharging practice does not provide good return every year 4.26 67 *Money spent on well recharging is sheer waste 4.17 78 *Well recharging create conflicts among neighboring farmers 4.16 89 After all well recharging practices is profitable 4.07 910 The well recharging has established greater rapport between farmers and officials 3.94 1011 *After recharging well natural flow of water is disturbed or ceased due to silting 3.94 1012 Well recharging helps to improve socio-economic condition of farmer 3.88 1113 Well recharging increases the employment opportunities to people in rural areas 3.69 1214 Well recharging develops self reliance among farmer for irrigation water 3.68 1315 Well recharging conserves rain water and check drought condition 3.68 1316 Well recharging increases the knowledge of farmers about efficient use of water 3.63 1417 *Subsidy is not motivating force for well recharging 3.18 1518 *There is no proved well recharging practice 3.13 1619 Well recharging decreases the water salinity in well 2.89 1720 *Only educated farmers can adopt well recharging practice 2.65 1821 Well recharging is self inspiring activity 2.53 1922 Well recharging is practicable to adopt 2.53 19

* Negative statementThe mean score in the range of 2.53 to 3.24 indicates

low level of attitude. It includes subsidy is not motivating force for well recharging, there is no proved well recharging practice, well recharging decreases the water salinity in well, only educated farmers can adopt well recharging practice, well recharging is self inspiring activity and well recharging is practicable to adopt.

CONCLUSION

From the above study it can be concluded that majority (52.00 %) of respondents belonged to middle age group and 62.00 per cent educated up to secondary level. Majority (49.00 %) of the respondents were marginal farmers and dealing with farming and animal husbandry (79.00%). The high level attitude of tribal farmer towards well recharging includes well recharge is areal boon to farmer, well recharging is relevant to the need of the farmers, well recharging programme is only for the benefits of big farmers, due to

recharging well become dead and well recharging practice does not provide good return every year. The medium level attitude of tribal farmer towards well recharging includes well recharging has established greater rapport between farmers and officials and after recharging well natural flow of water is disturbed or ceased due to silting, well recharging helps to improve socio-economic condition of farmer and well recharging increases the employment opportunities to people in rural areas. The low level attitude of tribal farmer towards well recharging includes subsidy is not motivating force for well recharging, there is no proved well recharging practice and well recharging decreases the water salinity in well, only educated farmers can adopt well recharging practice.

REFERENCE

Thakarar D. M. and Kher A. O. (1999-2000). A scale to measure attitude of farmers towards well recharging. Guj. J. Ext. Edu. 10 & 11: 45-48.



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INTRODUCTION

Animal husbandry is the most important economic activity in rural areas of India next to agriculture contributing significantly towards employment and income generation for rural household, particularly the landless labourers, small and marginal farmers. In spite of the fact that our country has largest milch animal population in the world, productivity of Indian dairy animal remains substantially low compared to potential and world average. Besides the poor genetic potential and poor economic status, this low productivity could largely be attributed to low level of adoption of scientific technologies regarding four important pillars of dairy farming- i.e. breeding, feeding, health care & management. Many of these technologies are mostly cost effective, either no-cost technologies or low-cost technologies. The adoption of such no-cost and low-cost animal husbandry technologies by dairy farmer have great scope for improving productivity, profitability and sustainability of dairy farming enterprise, especially for resource poor and socio-economically deprived

farmer and it is therefore necessary to understand the actual situation at grass-root level, to draw out certain inferences about adoption of no-cost and low-cost technologies of animal husbandry by dairy farmer and hence a study on “Adoption of no-cost and low-cost technologies of animal husbandry by dairy farmers in operational area of PVK” was undertaken.

METHODOLOGY

The present study was conducted in operational area of Pashu Vigyan Kendra, Limkheda. The entire eight Talukas of Dahod district were selected for the study. Two villages were selected randomly from each Taluka and 20 dairy farmers were randomly selected from each village, thus making the total sample of 320 dairy farmers. A well structured pre tested Gujarati version Interview schedule was prepared in light of the objectives in consultation with extension experts. The data were collected through personal interview method. The data were tabulated, classified, presented and interpreted in systematic manner as per objectives of the study.

Adoption of No Cost and Low Cost Animal Husbandry Practices by Dairy Farmers

S. G. Vahora1, G. N. Thorat2 and Dweep B. Ramjiyani3

1 Associate Professor, Pashu Vigyan Kendra , TRTC, AAU, Devgadh Baria - 3894302 Assistant Professor, , Pashu Vigyan Kendra , TRTC, AAU, Devgadh Baria - 389430

3 Senior Research Associate TRTC, AAU, Devgadh Baria - 389430E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The Study was carried out to determine the dairy farmer’s adoption behaviour on no-cost and low cost technologies of animal Husbandry. The farmer were selected from eight talukas of Dahod district which is operational area of Pashu Vigyan Kendra (Limkheda) of Gujarat. Findings of the study revealed that majority of dairy farmers adopted no cost in provision of dry fodder on roof (Rank I), cleaning of calf nostrils & mouth immediately after birth (Rank II) while and low cost technology in provide proper ventilation & sufficient light in cattle shed (Rank I), Artificial Insemination (AI) /Natural service at proper time of heat (Rank II). Low producing animals was the major constraints faced by the dairy farmer in adop-tion of no cost and low cost technologies and rank first with mean score of 1.90 and loan and subsidy should be made for purchase of high producing milch animals is the main suggestion.

Keywords: Adoption; No cost and Low cost technology


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Adoption of no-cost animal husbandry technology

Table 1 : Adoption of no-cost animal husbandry technologies by dairy farmer

Sr No

Practices Fully adopted

Partially adopted

Not adopted

Total scores

Mean score Rank

1 Provision of dry fodder on roof. 280 (87.50)

32 (10.00)

8(2.50) 592 1.85 I

2 Cleaning of calf nostrils & mouth immediately after birth.

275(85.93)

38(11.88)

7(2.19) 588 1.84 II

3 Washing & drying of milker’s hands before milking.

278(86.87)

30(9.38)

12(2.75) 586 1.83 III

4 Accurate and timely heat detection. 272(85.00)

35(10.94)

13(4.06) 579 1.81 IV

5 Hygienically disposal of placenta & dead body.

270(84.37)

36(11.25)

14(4.38) 576 1.80 V

6 Quick disposal/delivery of milk to the village co-operative immediately after milking.

264(82.50)

35(10.94)

21(6.56) 563 1.76 VI

7 Cleanliness of milking utensils. 265(82.81)

19(5.94)

36(11.25) 549 1.72 VII

8 Filtering fresh milk with clean, dry cloth & covering the milk container with lid.

245(76.56)

42(13.13)

33(10.31) 532 1.66 VIII

9 Regular cleaning of cattle shed 231(72.18)

67(20.94)

22(6.88) 529 1.65 IX

10 Provision of tree shade around the shed 226(70.62)

42(13.13)

52(16.25) 494 1.54 X

11 Feeding of roughages after milking 215(67.19)

56(17.50)

49(15.31) 486 1.52 XI

12 Pregnancy diagnosis at 60- 90 days after service

230(71.87)

18(5.63)

72(22.50) 478 1.49 XII

13 Providing adequate fresh & clean drinking water.

188(58.75)

88(27.50)

44(13.75) 464 1.45 XIII

14 Feeding adequate quantity of colostrums to the calf at proper time.

202(63.12)

50(15.63)

68(21.25) 454 1.42 XIV

15 Washing and drying of udder, teat and hind quarter before milking.

195(60.94)

60(18.75)

65(20.31) 450 1.41 XV

16 Quick, regular and accurate milking with full and dry hand.

183(57.18)

83(25.94)

54(16.88) 449 1.40 XVI

17 Vaccination of animals for common contagious diseases like FMD and HS

152(47.50)

142(44.37)

26(8.13) 446 1.39 XVII

18 Feeding of uncoventional feeds 200(62.50)

34(10.63)

86(26.87) 434 1.36 XVIII

19 Feeding of roughages during night time 190(59.37)

48(15.00)

82(25.63) 428 1.34 XIX

20 Milking sick & treated animal at last and keep their milk separate.

172(53.74)

82(25.63)

66(20.63) 426 1.33 XX

21 Personal hygiene of milker 181(56.56)

50(15.63)

89(27.81) 412 1.29 XXI

22 Remove two strips of milk from each teat before milking.

136(42.50)

74(23.13)

110(34.37) 346 1.08 XXII


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Sr No

Practices Fully adopted

Partially adopted

Not adopted

Total scores

Mean score Rank

23 Cleaning & washing of floor before milking. 132(41.25)

68(21.25)

120(37.50) 332 1.04 XXIII

24 Feeding of salt to livestock 121(37.81)

74(23.13)

125(39.06) 316 0.99 XXIV

25 Bathing the dairy animals twice daily in summer.

110(34.37)

64(20.00)

146(45.63) 284 0.89 XXV

26 Complete milking and stripping at the end of milking.

92(28.75)

80(25.00)

148(46.25) 264 0.83 XXVI

27 Castration by scientific method 70(21.87)

96(30.00)

154(48.13) 236 0.74 XXVII

28 Regular Grooming. 54(16.88)

86(26.88)

180(56.24) 194 0.61 XXVIII

29 Early identification and Isolation of sick animals.

32(10.00)

126(39.38)

162(50.62) 190 0.59 XXIX

30 Maintaining breeding, feeding, health care and production records.

21(6.56)

115(35.94)

184(57.50) 157 0.49 XXX

31 Provision of bedding materials & its regular replacement.

18(5.63)

102(31.87)

200(62.50) 138 0.43 XXXI

32 Prompt reporting of contagious diseases to nearby veterinary dispensary

15(4.69)

90(28.13)

215(67.18) 120 0.38 XXXII

Note: Data in ( ) indicate the percentage

It was observed from data in Table 1 that overwhelming majority (87.50 per cent) of the dairy farmer were grouped in “fully adopted “categories while 10.00 per cent of the dairy farmers were categorized under “partially adopted and only 2.50 per cent under “Not adopted” group with regards to provision of dry fodder on roof.

As far as cleaning of calf nostrils & mouth immediately after birth is concern overwhelming majority (85.93 per cent) of the dairy farmer had fully adopted the practice while 11.88 per cent of them had partially adopted and rest 2.19 per cent had not adopted.

As far as adoption with respect to washing & drying of milker’s hands before milking, the same Table 1 also revealed that vast majority of dairy farmers (86.87 per cent) had full extent of adoption and rest 30.00 per cent of them had adopted such practice partially and 12 per cent not.

The data presented in Table 1 regarding accurate and timely heat detection revealed that more than four-fifth (85.00per cent) of the dairy farmers belonged to ‘fully adopted’ group while 10.94 per cent were categories under partially adopted group and 4.06 per cent under not adopted.

As far as hygienically disposal of placenta & dead body is concerned, more than four-fifth (84.37 per cent) of

the dairy farmers had adopted this practice at fuller extent, while 11.25 per cent had partially adopted and 4.38 per cent had not adopted.

The data depicted in Table 1 showed that more than four-fifth (82.50 Per cent) of the dairy farmers had fully adopted Quick disposal/delivery of milk to the village co-operative immediately after milking followed by 10.94 percent had partially adopted and 6.56 per cent had not adopted.

The data presented in Table revealed that vast majority (82.14 Per cent) of dairy farmers had provided adequate fresh & clean drinking water to their animal at fuller extent followed by 10.71 per cent and 7.14 per cent at partial extent and not at all.

With regards to practice “Filtering fresh milk with clean, dry cloth & covering the milk container with lid” more than three-fourth (76.56) of the dairy farmers had fully adopted such practice followed by partially adopted and not adopted with 13.13 per cent and 10.31 per cent respectively.

Data pertaining to provision of tree shade around the shed revealed that 70.62 per cent dairy farmers were grouped into ‘fully adopted ’ category while 13.13 per cent and 16.25 per cent were grouped under ‘partially adopted ’ and ‘not


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adopted ’ category respectively.

The data presented in Table 1 revealed that more than one half of the dairy farmers had fully adopted the practice regarding feeding of roughages after milking (67.19 per cent), pregnancy diagnosis at 60- 90 days after service (71.87 per cent), feeding adequate quantity of colostrums to the calf at proper time (63.12 per cent), washing and drying of udder, teat and hind quarter before milking (60.94 per cent), providing adequate fresh & clean drinking water (58.75 per cent), feeding roughages during night time (59.37 per cent),

personal hygiene of milker (56.56 per cent) and milking sick & treated animal at last and keep their milk separate (53.74 percent).

Data with respect to early identification and isolation of sick animals (50.62 per cent), regular grooming (56.24 per cent), Provision of bedding materials & its regular replacement (62.50 per cent) and prompt reporting of contagious diseases to veterinary dispensary (67.18 per cent) more than half of the dairy farmers had not adopted such practices.

Adoption of low-cost animal husbandry technology

Table 2 : Adoption of low-cost animal husbandry technologies by dairy farmers

Sr No Practices Fully

adoptedPartially adopted

Not dopted

Total score

Mean score Rank

1 Provide proper ventilation & sufficient light in cattle shed.

278(86.87)

34(10.63)

8(2.50) 590 1.84 I

2 Artificial Insemination (AI) /Natural service at proper time of heat.

272(85.00)

35(10.94)

13(4.06) 579 1.81 II

3 Feeding of concentrate mixture 260(81.24)

46(14.38)

14(4.38) 566 1.77 III

4 Regular deworming of dairy animals at least once in a year.

264(82.50)

35(10.94)

21(6.56) 563 1.76 IV

5 Breeding after 60-90 days of calving. 265(82.81)

19(5.94)

36(11.25) 549 1.72 V

6 Cutting & disinfections of naval cord with tincture iodine.

245(76.56)

42(13.13)

33(10.31) 532 1.66 VI

7 Control of external parasite by proper & regular disinfestations

231(72.19)

67(20.94)

22(6.88) 529 1.65 VII

8 Following regular deworming schedule of calf. 226(70.63)

42(13.12)

52(16.25) 494 1.54 VIII

9 Provision of well slopped pakka floor in cattle shed

215(67.19)

56(17.50)

49(15.31) 486 1.52 IX

10 Regular feeding of mineral mixture 230(71.87)

18(5.63)

72(22.50) 478 1.49 X

11 Provision of manger in cattle shed. 188(58.75)

88(27.50)

44(13.75) 464 1.45 XI

12 Feeding of chaffed green & dry fodder. 202(63.12)

50(15.63)

68(21.25) 454 1.42 XII

13 Cultivation of green fodder 186(58.12)

46(14.38)

88(27.50) 418 1.31 XIII

14 Proper care & post bite vaccination in case of dog bite.

173(54.06)

44(13.75)

103(32.19) 390 1.22 XIV

15 Treatment of poor quality roughages by urea treatment.

133(41.56)

103(32.19)

84(26.25) 369 1.15 XV

16 Purchasing animals after veterinary check up only.

74(23.13)

125(39.06)

121(37.81) 273 0.85 XVI

17 Dehorning of calf. 56(17.50)

131(40.94)

133(41.56) 243 0.76 XVII

Note: Data in ( ) indicate the percentage


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Table 2 revealed that overwhelming majority of the animal keeper had provide proper ventilation & sufficient light in cattle shed (86.87 per cent), artificial insemination (AI) /Natural service at proper time of heat (85.00 per cent), feeding of concentrate mixture (81.24 per cent), regular deworming of dairy animals at least once in a year (82.50 per cent), breeding after 60-90 days of calving (82.81 per cent), cutting & disinfections of naval cord with tincture iodine (76.56 per cent), control of external parasite by proper & regular disinfestations (72.19 per cent), following regular deworming schedule of calf (70.63 per cent), provision of well slopped pakka floor in cattle shed (67.19 per cent), regular feeding of mineral mixture (71.87 per cent), provision of manger in cattle shed (58.75 per cent), feeding of chaffed green & dry fodder (63.12 per cent), cultivation of green fodder (58.12 per cent) and proper care & post bite vaccination in case of dog bite (54.06 per cent), where as 41.56 per cent had not adopted the dehorning of calf.

CONCLUSION

The majority of dairy farmers adopted No-cost technologies like Provision of dry fodder on roof (Rank I), cleaning of calf nostrils & mouth immediately after birth (Rank II), washing & drying of milker’s hands before milking (Rank III), accurate and timely heat detection (Rank IV) and

hygienically disposal of placenta & dead body (Rank V). The dairy farmers adopted low-cost technologies like provide proper ventilation & sufficient light in cattle shed (Rank I), artificial insemination (AI) /Natural service at proper time of heat (Rank II), feeding of concentrate mixture (Rank III), regular deworming of dairy animals at least once in a year (Rank IV) and breeding after 60-90 days of calving (Rank V). The dairy farmers had high level of adoption pertaining to low cost and no cost technologies combined together (90.94%) followed low cost technologies (70.31%) and no cost technologies (62.81).

REFERENCES

Parmar, V., & Sharma, O. (2014),. Socio-Personal Characteristics of Farm Women in Dairy Occupation. Guj.J.Ext.Edu., Vol. 25(1):44-46.

Patel, R. N., Patel, V. T., & Prajapati, M. M. (2013),. Training Need of Dairy Farm Women in Dairy Farming Practices. Guj.J.Ext.Edu., Vol. 24:39-41.

Patel, R.N., Patel, V.T., and Prajapati, M. R., Attitude, Knowledge and Adoption Level of Dairy Farm Women Towards Dairy Farming. Guj.J.Ext.Edu., Vol.25(2)138-139



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INTRODUCTION

Women form the backbone of agriculture compris-ing the majority of agricultural labourer in India. Gender di-visions in agriculture are stark, with all activities involving manual labour assigned to women. There is strong relation-ship between gender and agriculture in developing countries. Women are twice as likely as men to be involved in agricul-ture-related activity, according to the 2000 United Nations report on the status of women. National averages of female workers in the agricultural labour force vary, but globally women have a principal role in agribusiness, food process-ing, and consumer-related activities (http://unstats,un.org/unsd,2006). There is an intense need to free women from gen-der related shackles, build up their capacity, empower them with information and knowledge and allow them to emerge as leaders with confidence to guide their own destinies. This is relevant all the more in agriculture and allied sectors. Ac-cording to official estimates, one-third of agriculture labour force and nearly half of self employed farmers are women. Of the total; female work force in rural areas 90 per cent are employed in agriculture and allied industrial sectors.

Women community though equal men in popula-tion, it is really unfortunate to note that, yet in this modern sophisticated world, many a times she is treated as the second class citizen or subordinate to men. Many development ef-forts fail women in particular because planners have a poor understanding of the role women play in farming and house-hold food security(htpp://www.fao.org/Gender/en/educ-e.htm,2006). Women constitute at least one third of country’s economically active population, particularly in the unor-ganized sector and specifically in the agrarian sector. Low literacy levels (40%), skill based and knowledge grounded technologies along with patriarchal social control, lack of ac-cess to and control over resources like land, credit, market-ing and management; gender biased extension services and limited access to training, lack of support services to play the multiple roles expected of them, gender biased wage differ-entials, occupational hazard to health; social restrain which might not enable them to equip themselves to meet the chal-lenges and take advantage of the opportunities provided by the new economic policy ( Sobha,2001). In India only 8 to 10 per cent of the small scale manufacturing units are run exclusively by women entrepreneur that is proportionately

Women in Agriculture and Post Harvest Management- Approaches and Strategy for Women Development

Mandavkar, P. M1., Manjarekar, R.G.2 and M. S. Talathi3

1 Research Editor, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli (MS) 2 Assistant Professor(Horticulture), College of Agriculture, DBSKKV, Dapoli (MS)

3 Programme Coordinator, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Roha-Raigad,(MS)Email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

National averages of female workers in the agricultural labour force vary, but globally women have a principal role in agribusiness, food processing, and consumer-related activities. In India only 8 to 10 per cent of the small scale manufacturing units are run exclusively by women entrepreneur that is proportionately very small as compared to other developed or developing countries. Although good amount of work is being carried out on the overall research strategies by various Agricultural Universities in India, relatively little attention has been given to women’s post harvest activities. Rural and small scale cottage industries have potentialities to absorb women on several jobs. Women’s participation in post harvest management is a common practice. It starts from harvesting/picking, threshing, winnowing, curing etc. and continues till its storage and preservation. Strategies should be evolved to disseminate to farm women the ideas, information and appropriate technologies developed for reduction of drudgeries on the farm and in the home. A sound feed back mechanism based on systematic monitoring and evaluation of such dissemination and implementation needs to be established.

Keywords: Women, Post harvest management, Approaches, strategies


83

very small as compared to other developed or developing countries. In USA alone, about 50 per cent of the business is owned by women (Naik, 2003).

Still it is fact that throughout the world, women’s participation in economic activities is increasing. The role of women entrepreneur is also spreading its dimension. In India too, women are participating in almost all the spheres of eco-nomic activities. From village to city, we can see large num-ber of women entrepreneur contributing towards the national income of the country.

In India traditionally women have been mentioned as the provider of food. But, socially, women’s role has most-ly perceived as the one who serves, rather than one who grows the food, as business of growing food has been recognized as a male domain for centuries but women play a crucial role in all farm related activities from land preparation to post harvest management and In marketing also. They contribute higher proportion of labour in agricultural and horticultural sectors than men. However, they are not active in decision making. (Nitu Sindhu and Joginder Malik 2014) But, the shift in cultural attitudes towards women is yet to happen. It also comes up with future strategies to make women a more active part of important farm decisions both at the household and legislature level. This study includes following objectives.

OBJECTIVES

(i) Role and participation of women in agriculture and post harvest management

(ii) Women Employment generation through value addition techniques

(iii) Priorities and challenges for women empowerment

Role and participation of women in agriculture and post harvest management

Agriculture plays an important role in the economic development of the country by creating rural employment and on farm income generation. There is commonly held be-lief that women play a marginal role in agriculture. It was found, for instance, that women produced most of the food in Africa. Official statistics recognize that women now make up about 40 per cent of the agricultural labour force worldwide, and about 67 per cent in developing countries.

Women as custodian of food grain and other agricultural produce have following basic role to play:

• Minimisation of harvest and post harvest losses.

• Value addition to agricultural produce and by-products for increasing family income.

• Meeting family requirement of food, feed, fibre and fuel through economical options.

• Within economic resources provide nutritional security to the family.

Although good amount of work is being carried out on the overall research strategies by various Agricultural Universities in India, relatively little attention has been given to women’s post harvest activities. Low cost improved tech-niques which uses local material, renewable energy sources and easy to construct and maintain structures are needed for on farm crop drying, winnowing, parboiling, husking, stor-age, handling, processing and preservation of grains, veg-etables, fruits and fish.

Fruit and vegetables are important ingredients of the human diet as they contain much needed vitamins and micronutrients. Export of horticultural produce and products bring valuable foreign exchange to the country. India with its varied agroclimatic conditions produces a large number of diversified horticultural crops. But unfortunately a consider-able amount of the produce is just wasted as a result of poor post harvest management. Most of the horticultural produces are highly perishable in nature because of high moisture con-tent(70 to 95 per cent), soft texture and due to their richness in constituents like carbohydrates, fats, proteins and vitamins, etc., micro-organisms survive on them and may easily extract their requisite nutrition. Most of them are valuable crops hav-ing great potential for generating income and employment in rural areas and also high export values provided proper and scientific tools of efficient post harvest managements are taken care of. Considerable degradation in their quality starts immediately after harvest, which tends to increase cumula-tively as the produce moves downwards from production to post harvest. Losses of perishables vary widely from product to product and from place to place and it become more com-plex due to lack of storage facility and marketing problems.

Women’s participation in post harvest manage-ment is a common practice. It starts from harvesting/picking, threshing, winnowing, curing etc. and continues till its stor-age and preservation. For post harvest management of flori-cultural crops also, they play significant roles. Although some of the post harvest operations like harvesting of crops from


84

tall trees, most of the machines operated activities, transpor-tation, marketing etc are generally predominated by men. However, harvesting and post harvest operations carried out by women varies from country as well as region. In Bangla-desh women are relatively restricted to do food processing and homeland but hand pounding of paddy was socially ac-cepted form of employment, while harvesting in West Ben-gal and Bangladesh is mainly men’s work. In Indonesia, it is traditionally women’s work. In Philippines, harvesting is done mostly by women. Threshing varies from region to re-gion in terms of women’s participation. But winnowing, dry-ing, storing, milling and food preservation is mostly done by women. Thus in most Asian countries, the rural women are largely responsible for harvesting, on farm handling, storage and processing of food grains.

Women Employment generation through value addition techniques

India has a rich biodiversity of horticultural crops growing in its varied agro-climatic regions, fruits, vegetables, flowers, ornamentals and spices are perishable in nature and their shelf life is limited, depending upon environmental and handling conditions. Due to poor post-harvest management practices, and lack of infrastructure facilities, huge losses (20 to 40 %) occur which cause an annual estimated loss of ` 23,000 crores and more.

Rural and small scale cottage industries have poten-tialities to absorb women on several jobs. Development in the agricultural and processing sector, especially the growth of agro based industries employment opportunities are there in the following field :

• Post Harvest Management of perishables for extending shelf life.

• Cut flower preservation and preparing flower decora-tions, ornaments, and floral arrangements.

• Food preservation and packaging of prepared products.

• Dehydration of flower and preparation of floral arrange-ments with dry flowers.

• Utilization of agricultural wastes.

• Marketing of fresh as well as prepared products.

Food processing and preservation is an area offering immense scope for income generation and prevention of post harvest losses to farm families. The seasonal availability of

perishable foods especially fruits and vegetables need to be given utmost attention. During peak harvest season, the farm-ers sell their perishables at very low cost which are not com-mensurate with the cost of their inputs and labour. If small scale preservation units of fruits and vegetables could be es-tablished on a cooperative basis including village or blocks, this would go in a long way in agricultural marketing and nutritional balance throughout the year. Pickles, juices, jams, jellies, ketchup and sauces can be prepared and sold through the net work of Government stores and Institutions. These net works of preservation projects can easily be managed by farm women provided they are given the technical and mana-gerial expertise.

However, success of any value adding activity de-pends upon the capacity building for its appropriate manu-facturing and marketing the products at remunerative prices. Since agricultural produce and products are usually perish-able and semi-perishable in nature, ability to retain without excessive quantitative and qualitative losses is pre-requisite for successful marketing operations. Marketing is a competi-tive job. Laws of demand and supply, compatibility between the product and consumer’s preference, purchasing power, packaging, handling, distribution, motivation and sales pro-motion etc. govern it. Talents required for marketing are not the same as required for production and processing. Women power sometimes superseded men successfully in this field.

Priorities and challenges for women empowerment

Efforts to enable women to contribute more effec-tively to agricultural development, we must recognize wom-en as farmers and agents of economic change. Following are the priorities and challenges are required to state for women empowerment.

(1) Access to resources – finance(micro-credit), irrigation, integrated crop management suitable for smallholders, indigenous seed of fruits and vegetable crops

Challenges

• Access to finance- women have no collateral• Limited knowledge of nutritive food• No access to land strategies• Support or create women cooperatives• Provide more information and dissemination of nutritive

foods

• Develop appropriate policies

(2) Go local and think globally- maintaining nutritional


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food security of local food resources, acquisition and dissemination of indigenous knowledge

Challenges

• Lack of intergenerational transfer of knowledge

• Profitable or marketable activities strategies

a Community level training in local language- com-munity asset mapping, tapping information from elders, blend traditional and new practices

b To blend scientific and local knowledge to ensure integrated cropping systems are profitable and en-vironmentally sustainable and high nutrition value

(3) Equitable opportunities for women (empowerment) – increased participation in extension (providing and receiving), women leadership positions at community level/cooperatives, horticultural capacity building of women

Challenges

• Few role models in agricultural research and extension• Limited knowledge of business plan formulation• Few women in leadership position

Farm women must be trained to continue them-selves in farm operations using the technologies to their best advantages. Strategies need to be evolved for generating newer appropriate technologies to forecast and realistically assess the implications of the technologies and suitably train the farm women in other alternative pursuits for economic independence.

Farm women are confronted with the triple burden of work, household duties and child rearing. Considering this and keeping in mind the potential areas as well as limitations of farm women, the technologies will have to be;

• Simple without involving highly complicated proce-dures

• Introducing the machinaries with the ease of handling, operating and maintaining which encourages the users to get experience and realize its utility and potency.

• Low cost

• Inland/internally generated technologies have added advantages over those imported

• User friendly

• Interesting to the users

Strategies should be evolved to disseminate to farm women the ideas, information and appropriate technologies developed for reduction of drudgeries on the farm and in the home. A sound feed back mechanism based on systematic monitoring and evaluation of such dissemination and imple-mentation needs to be established.

Extension professionals will need to exercise more proactive and participatory role serve as knowledge informa-tion agents, initiating and facilitating mutually meaningful and equitable knowledge based transaction among the agri-cultural researchers, extension workers and farm women.

CONCLUSION

Women’s face significant barriers in agriculture, especially inequalities in access to and control over crucial resources and inputs such as land, labour, fertilizers and fi-nance. If women’s had better access over the barriers along with agricultural training, technology, education and market access women could increase agricultural production and re-duce the number of hungry people worldwide.

Women farmers’ access to extension services must lead to concrete improvements for rural women themselves, as well as enhance the productivity of the agricultural sector and national food security through increasing marketed out-puts.

REFERENCES

Naik,S.(2003). The need for developing women entrepre-neurs. Yojana 47 (7) : 36-39.

Nitu Sindhu and Joginder Malik (2014). Womens as future farmers. Guj. J. Extn. Edn. Vol.-25(2): 70-73.

Patel, R.N., Patel, V.T., and Prajapati, M. R., Attitude, Knowledge and Adoption Level of Dairy Farm Women Towards Dairy Farming. Guj.J.Ext.Edu., Vol.25(2)138-139

Sobha,I. (2001) Women in agriculture: A case study.Yojana 45 (7) :40-43.

http://unstats,un.org/unsd,2006

htpp://www.fao.org/Gender/en/educ-e.htm,2006Received : May 2015 : Accepted : October 2015


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INTRODUCTION

If the available irrigation potential is developed to its full extent, nearly 50 per cent of cultivated land will still remain under rainfed farming for the foreseeable future. The total agriculture production of rainfed area is of the order 46 per cent of the national agricultural production. Realizing the importance of dry land agriculture and in order to meet the challenge before the country to support higher level of population and better standard of living, the Government of India have accorded the highest priority to the logistic and sustainable development of rainfed areas, through adoption of holistic approach of watershed. As far as Gujarat is concerned it is predominantly the state for dry land agriculture. At present, out of 95.83 lakh hectares of total net area, about 77 per cent area is rainfed. Tribal area is potential for agriculture in the state. In Gujarat, tribal population constitutes 14.92 per cent of the total population in the state. Gujarat is fourth among the states with a sizable tribal population. Tribal largely inhibit the border and hilly tracts of Gujarat. Keeping above fact in mind it was considered worthwhile to study

knowledge of Tribal Farmers Regarding No-Cost and Low-Cost Technologies of Watershed Management. The total agriculture production of rainfed area is of the order 46 per cent of the national agricultural production.

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the level of adoption of tribal farmers regarding no-cost and low-cost technologies of watershed management.

METHODOLOGY

The study was conducted on a random sample of 120 tribal farmers of four purposively selected villages of three purposively selected talukas of Panchmahals district of Gujarat state. The data were collected by personal interview technique. The data thus, collected were classified, tabulated and analyzed in order to make the finding meaningful. The statistical measures, such as percentage, mean score, correlation and arbitrary method were used in analysis of data.

Adoption of No-Cost and Low-Cost Technologies of Watershed Management by Tribal Farmer

N. G. Patel1, P. C. Patel2 and J. B. Patel3

1 & 2 Ex. M. Sc scholar, Department of Extension Education, BACA, AAU, Anand - 388 1103 Associate Professor, Deptt. of Ext. Edu., BACA, AAU, Anand - 388 110

e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Adoption is not an instant decision. An individual passes through several mental stages in adopting certain idea. Adoption is a process through which an individual passes from first hearing of an innovation to its final adoption. The present investigation was carried out in Panchmahals district of Gujarat state with a view to find out the level of adoption of no-cost and low-cost technologies of watershed management by tribal farmers, the respondent were asked to indicate at what extent they adopted no-cost and low-cost technologies of watershed management. The findings revealed that nearly half (49.17 per cent) of tribal farmers found with high level of adoption, followed by 26.67 per cent, 23.33 per cent and 0.83 per cent of tribal farmers found with medium, high and low level of adoption regarding soil and water conservation technology whereas, 33.33 per cent of tribal farmers found with high level of adoption, followed by 30.84 per cent, 24.17 per cent, 8.33 per cent and 3.33 per cent of tribal farmers found with medium, low, very high and very low level of adoption regarding crop production technology, respectively.

Keywords: Adoption level; Tribal farmers; No-cost and low-cost technologies of watershed management.


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Adoption level of no-cost and low-cost technologies of watershed management by the tribal farmers

Table1 : Aspect wise adoption of tribal farmers about no-cost and low-cost technologies of watershed management. n=120

Sr No Practices Frequency % Rank

I Soil and water conservation technologies

1 Sowing across the slops 112 93.33 II

2 Sowing as per recom-mended spacing 68 56.66 XIII

3 Summer ploughing 118 98.33 I4 Contour sowing 91 75.83 V5 Vegetative bunds 70 58.33 XI6 Dividing field with

small bunds 82 68.33 VIII

7 Small earthen bunds 80 66.67 IX8 Land leveling 100 83.33 IV9 Tillage across the slops 109 90.83 III10 Stubble and agro waste

plucking 85 70.83 VII

11 Natural grasses on boundaries and water-ways.

73 60.83 X

12 Afforestation 69 57.5 XII13 Recharge trench 89 74.17 VI14 Irrigation in alternative

row and furrow-- -- --

II Crop production technologies

1 Selection of short dura-tional variety 91 75.83 I

2 Timely sowing 80 66.66 V3 Intercropping 58 48.33 VII4 Mid season correction 53 44.16 VIII5 Use of organic manures 82 68.33 IV6 Use of neem coated

chemical fertilizer as urea

60 50.00 VI

7 Interculturing 86 71.67 II8 Weed management

(i) Hand weeding 85 70.83 III(ii) Use of herbicides 21 17.50 XI

9 Supplementary irriga-tion 47 39.16 IX

10 Planting of tree on farm boundary / in waste land

41 34.16 X

The result in Table-1 indicates that from various soil and water conservation technologies viz., summer ploughing was adopted by 98.33 per cent tribal farmers and was ranked first, followed by sowing a across (93.33 per cent) and tillage across slope (90.83 per cent) were ranked second and third, respectively. The technologies viz., land leveling (83.33 per cent) and contour sowing (75.83 per cent) were assigned fourth and fifth rank, respectively. Sixth rank was assigned to recharge trench (74.17 per cent). Seventh rank was assigned to stubble and agro waste plugging (70.83 per cent), while dividing field with small bonds (68.33 per cent), small earthen bunds (66.67 per cent), natural grasses on boundaries (60.83 per cent), vegetative bunds (58.33 per cent), afforastation (57.50 per cent) and sowing as per recommended spacing (56.66 per cent), were ranked 8th,9th,10th,11th ,12th and 13th , respectively. While irrigation in alternative row and furrow was not adopted by any respondent, the probable reason might be that lack of information and skill oriented farmer about irrigation in alternative row and furrow.

So, far as crop production technology is concerned the technologies viz., use of improved / hybrid /short duration varieties was adopted by majority (75.83 per cent) of tribal farmers ranked first, followed by inter-culturing (71.67 per cent) and hand weeding (70.83 per cent) and were ranked second and third respectively. The technologies viz., use of organic measure (68.33 per cent), timely sowing (66.66 per cent) and use of neem coated urea as chemical fertilizer (50.00 per cent) were found in fourth, fifth and sixth rank respectively. Seven and eight rank was assigned to intercropping (48.33 per cent) and mid season correction (44.16 per cent), respectively. The practices viz., supplementary irrigation (39.16 per cent) and planting tree on fellow land / boundary (34.16 per cent) were ranked 9th, 10th, respectively and chemical method of weed control (17.50 per cent) viz., ranked last.

Overall adoption level

Table 2: Distribution of tribal farmers according to their overall adoption level of no-cost and low-cost technologies of watershed management n=120

Sr. No.

Overall adoption level categories Frequency Per cent

1 Very low (Up to 20 score) 00 0.00

2 Low (21 – 40 score) 01 0.833 Medium (41 – 60 score) 44 36.674 High (61 – 80 score) 63 52.505 Very high (Above 80 score) 12 10.00


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Table-2 indicated that majority (52.50 per cent) of the tribal farmers had high level of overall adoption followed by 36.67 per cent, 10.00 per cent and 0.83 per cent had medium, very high and low level of overall adoption. None of the tribal farmers fall under the categories of very low level of overall adoption about no-cost and low-cost technologies of watershed management.

CONCLUSION

From the above results we can conclude that nearly cent per cent of tribal farmers had medium to very high level of overall adoption about no-cost and low-cost technologies of watershed management. The probable reason behind high to medium level of adoption of tribal farmers might be due to their very high level of extension contact and medium to high level of mass media exposure, besides their primary to secondary level of formal education might have encouraged them to take interest in various awareness programmes run by State Agricultural Department, SAUs., Watershed Management Agencies, K.V.K., NGO’s and Vanbandhu Welfare Programmes of Tribal Development Department. Here, none per cent of tribal farmers had very low level of overall adoption which is mainly attributed to literacy, means understandable educational status. The use of improved/ hybrid /short duration varieties was the most adopted practices followed by inter culturing, hand weeding and use of organic manures, respectively. The probable reason might be that the farmers have increased their crop production per unit area by adopting improved / hybrid variety without bearing more expenses. Another reason might be that the improved varieties are being easily available at everywhere.

REFERENCES

Anonymous, (2010). Tribal development department of Gujarat, Govt. of Gujarat.

Anonymous, (2011). Agricultural data of Gujarat.

Anonymous, (2012). Indian Agricultural Census report.

Christian, B.M. (2001). A study on Extent of adoption of IPM strategy by cotton growers of vadodara district of Gujarat state, M.sc.(agri) Thesis (Unpublished) GAU,Anand.

Desai and Thakkar (1995-96). A study on knowledge level of the tribal farmers about maize production technology. Guj. J. Ext. Edu.11:24-28.

Gosh, R.N. (2004). “Indigenous knowledge of Tribal farmers about medicinal use of the plants in Chhotaudepur taluka of Gujarat ’’ (unpublished) Thesis M.sc.(Agril.).A.A.U.,Anand.

Joshi, P.I. (1994). Extent of knowledge and adoption of cotton growers about modern practices of cotton in Bhal area. M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis, GAU, Anand Campus, Anand.

Jondhale, S.C. Jadhav S.R.. and.Fatak. U.N. Reason for no-cost and low-cost technology in watershed development programme. Maharastra.J.Ext.Edu., XIX, 2000.

Laxmaiah, T. (2001). Tribal development Need to evolve oriented approach. Kurukshetra, 50(2);

Padmiah, H.;Rao, M.S.R.M.,Chitranjan s.and Solvaranjan, S. (1992). Impact of watershed management programme on knowledge, attitude and adoption behavior of farmers in Jaldarshi watershed Belary District, Karnataka State; Ind.j. soil. Conservation ; 20 (1-2); 37-43.

Pawar, K. P. (2004) Indigenous resources management by tribal farmwomen in Dangs District of Gujarat state.

Nayak, R.K. (1993). A study on extent of adoption of recommended paddy cultivation technology by tribal farmers of Dahod taluka in Panchmahal district of Gujarat state, M.sc.(agri) Thesis (Unpublished) GAU, Anand.



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INTRODUCTION

Community Radio as the third type of radio, an alternative to the State radio and commercial radio is now a reality in India. In short, it has been seen as the voice of the marginalized groups, an instrument of their empowerment and a non-profit mechanism managed by them. The last two decades have seen a rapid expansion in the number and popularity of community radio stations. Among the reasons for this are: the democratization and decentralization processes in many parts of the world; deregulation of the media and the relaxing of broadcasting monopolies by state institutions; and disaffection with commercial radio channels. Furthermore, awareness is growing of the social and economic benefits that can result when ordinary people have access to appropriate information. And it is also evident that when

people, especially the poor, can participate in communication processes and consensus building about issues that affect their lives, it helps them to cast off their traditional state of apathy and stimulates them to mobilize and organize to help themselves. As people are illiterate in rural areas, community radio is the most commonly used medium of the rural people in India to receive information, with almost every family in the provinces owning a radio set or having mobile phone with FM. Community capacity building (CCB), also referred to as capacity building, is a conceptual approach to development that focuses on understanding the obstacles that inhibit people, governments, international organizations and non-governmental organizations from realizing their development goals while enhancing the abilities that will allow them to achieve measurable and sustainable results. Community capacity building often refers to strengthening the skills,

Community Radio: An Innovative Medium for Capacity Building of Rural People

Arpita Sharma1 and P. P. Patel2

1 Assistant Professor, Directorate of Extension EducationAnand Agricultural University, Anand -388110

2 Director of Extension Education, Directorate of Extension EducationAnand Agricultural University, Anand -388110


ABSTRACT

Community radio is a radio service offering a third model of radio broadcasting in addition to commercial and public broadcasting. Community radio stations serve geographic communities and communities of interest. They broadcast content that is popular and relevant to a local, specific audience but is often overlooked by commercial or mass-media broadcasters. Community radio stations are operated, owned, and influenced by the communities they serve. They are generally nonprofit and provide a mechanism for enabling individuals, groups, and communities to tell their own stories, to share experiences and, in a media-rich world, to become creators and contributors of media. Community Radio as a medium is continuously playing a significant role not only in dissemination of information but also in the propagation of culture and nation building, providing various minorities and remote and disenfranchised areas with a low-cost public domain. Community participation has played a crucial role in the success of Community Radio Eminent. The collective and interactive participation of the community is the mainstay of all the program. Previous researches showed that community radio is a powerful Information communication tool for capacity building of rural people. It can empower the rural community through community participation. This medium provides a plate form to the rural people to come forward and share their views. Community Radio broadcast is free to the listener, and access does not depend on having electricity or individual radio ownership. People listen together in public places and at home. Running costs are generally low, making the radio the most affordable ICT in rural areas, particularly where wind-up radios are available. Some successful cases of Radio Ujjas (Gujarat), Radio Mewat (Haryana), Radio Mattoli (Kerala), Jnan Tarang (Guwahati) showed that community radio is a powerful medium of empowering rural people. Thus, this type of local and development medium can be useful for the rural development. This paper aimed at assessing the role of community radio stations in context of capacity building of rural people though community radio station.

Keywords: Community radio, Participation, Capacity Building, Rural people


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competencies and abilities of people and communities in developing societies so they can overcome the causes of their exclusion and suffering. Thus, Community radio is a powerful medium for capacity building of rural people.

METHODOLOGY

Community radio is local and participatory communication medium for disseminating the information among the rural people. It is a powerful medium for giving information, education and knowledge to illiterate, small and marginalized group of society. Present paper aim is to assess the role of community radio in context of capacity building of rural people through community radio.

RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION

Concept of community radio

Government is spending million of rupees in the name of rural development, but still it’s not getting the desired results. Among many reasons, one of the foremost reason is the communication gap between government devised policies and common masses as people largely remain ignorant regarding them. In order to bridge this gap, a firm communication policy will prove crucial. According to this policy, local community media should be promoted in order to enhance community development, at least at grass root level. Among various existing genres of local community media, Community Radio will prove most effective as it can easily cover a wider range of area as well as diversified audience. Besides, experiments with community radio in many parts of India have proved it to be the cheapest and the strongest medium for fulfilling communication gap between the community and the Government. It has proved to be a vital tool in strengthening the ‘Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression’ As, the community radio is still evolving it might be possible that in the near future, we will witness its various new forms which will be more superior as well as user-friendly. On the basis of past researches we can say that community radio has proved to be one of the best medium of communication at the grass-root level.

Community radio, as distinct from public service broadcasting, serves to bring small communities together, focuses on common man’s day-to-day concerns and helps in realizing local aspirations. In this sense, it aims to contribute to the lives of the local community, through the content that is created by the people and for the people of the community. Community radio reflects the interests and needs of the community it serves. It challenges the traditional division

between the broadcasters on one side and the listeners on the other. Non-profit organisation and communities stand to benefit from this inexpensive yet effective means of communication. Community radio can be defined as having three aspects: non-profit making; community ownership and control; and community participation. It is not about doing something for the community but about the community doing something for itself, which means the community is owning and controlling its own means of communication (AMARC, 2014 ). Community radio is also defined as non-profit distributing which is designed to serve specific communities of location and interest, thereby providing programming that is relevant to the community, and with management structures that represent the community the station serves.

Community radio as a medium of participatory communication

The power of community radio lies in its participatory nature, as both its content and technology are people-oriented. Community broadcasting provides news, information, cultural content and entertainment to communities defined by geographical location or common interest. The diversity of programme content available through community broadcasting, broadens the media choices available to listeners and customers. One of the basic factors of Community Radio is that it has to be participatory. As said by the UNESCO, A Community Radio Station is one that is operated in the community, for the community, about the community and by the community. It is now recognized that participatory communication approaches are powerful tools to bring in change and empower people at the grassroots to decide their own future. In the context of the information society and its transformation into a knowledge society, participatory communication plays a vital role as it is the marginalized people whose access to information needs to be increased for transforming the entire society to a knowledge based society and this can effectively be done through a proper and planned participatory communication method. In fact, efforts should be taken to find out possibilities to make at least some CR programmes interactive and two way. MacBride (1980). The main advantage of Community Radio is that the selected representatives of the community can easily be called to the studio/ station due to the location advantage to share with and debate their views. In some cases there can also be telephonic participation of the people from and among the community.


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Principles of Community Radio Operation

UNESCO described five major principle of community radio: (a) Access (b) Participation (c) Self Management (d) Community mandate and (e) Accountability

There are three key aspects that define community sound broadcasting, namely: (i) Community participation (ii) Non-profit Making(iii) Community Ownership and Control (CEMCA, 2011). Tabing (2002) adds the following as unique characteristics of a community radio station: (i) It uses technology appropriate to the economic capability of people, not that which leads to dependence on external sources. (ii) It promotes and improves community problem solving.

Community radio and rural development

The modern concept of development gives emphasis to human and social development and does not end with economic development only. It has also been accepted that there cannot be any sustainable development unless people can become the agents of their own development and do not remain just a beneficiary. They are required to participate in every stage of the development process and in its decision-making. Empowering the people at the grassroots and their capacity building are the major concerns for modern development. Community Radio can emerge as a major tool for doing both. Community radio can play a significant and effective role in modern concepts of development like the Human Development Index and Human Security. Community Radio can come forward to give development a human face. It can also be a platform for bringing accountability of the development process, ultimately making the system more transparent and ensuring good governance.

Some instances of community radio station

The instances of Namma Dhwani, SEWA Radio, Helwel Vani and many others reveal an inherent trend of the community to come together and make their voices heard. The Kutch Mahila Vikas Sangathan was an initiative in Bhuj, Gujarat that used the medium-wave broadcast channel of All India Radio (AIR). Anonymous (2013). As far as the ongoing initiatives are concerened, the Pastapur initiative of the Deccan Development Society of Andhra Pradesh is one that uses the rich oral tradition of the community, and is managed entirely by Dalit women. Alternative for India Development (AID), Bihar, which has a radio initiative in Daltonganj, in the Palamau District of Jharkhand, uses purchased air-time from a local AIR channel. Namma Dhwani, the VOICES

initiative in Budikote, Karnataka, cablecasts programmes, made by the community members themselves, right into their homes. Some of the most recent community radio initiatives include, Charkha’s Pechuwali Man Ker Swar in Ranchi, SEWA’s ‘Rudi no Radio’ in Gujarat and Agragamee’s ‘Ujjala’ in Jeypore, Orissa. Institutions like One World South Asia, The Population Foundation of India are also involved in establishing several community radio networks in India, especially in states like Orissa, Bihar and Rajasthan.

Significance of community radio

Mainstream media is unable to cater to the basic information needs of the community, as it mainly runs with profit-making motives and is market driven, so here comes the need for the community radio. According to Sharma and Kashyap (2013) following are the characteristics of community radio: (i) Community radio narrows down the differences between the broadcaster and the audience. (ii)Its approach is towards empowerment at the grassroots, which automatically strengthen the democracy. (iii) The chief characteristic of community radio is that it is non-profit making and whatever profits are gained, are put back into the running of the station. (iv) The success of this kind of local radio station is that it complements the oral tradition of communication, and it is built on the tradition of participatory development. (v) Decentralized community radio maintains close ties with the local community and provides local people the opportunities to voice their opinions and ideas, share their knowledge which enables them to solve their own problems. (vi) Community radio is also important as a training ground for new entrants to radio and as a place where new ideas can be tried. (vii) The historical philosophy of community radio is to use this medium as the voice of the voiceless, the mouth-piece of the oppressed and generally as a tool of development. Community radio became popular as an alternative media to public and commercial radio in the late 70s. (viii) Community radio is an essential partner in community development. It can be characterized by its access, public participation in production and decision-making, management by listeners, and its operations rely mainly on the community’s very own resources. (ix) CR incorporates new languages, inventive formats, novel music and innovative ways of pressuring the authorities. It works as a cultural broadcast mechanism that adapts perfectly to reflect the interests and needs of the community it serves. (x) CR Forum states that community radio stations “should be designed to serve a specific well-defined local community.” It also states that community radio programming “should be relevant to the educational,


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developmental, social and cultural needs of the community.” With the introduction of community radio broadcasting, the world of radio listening has changed, especially in the remote areas where radio listening revolves around community centers. The listeners generally assemble at a place when they listen to community radios. They get a scope to discuss and react, thus there is a collective response. Also the programmes are such that people can easily identify themselves with them. (xi) Community radio is an integral part of the life of a community, and it is involved with the problems, challenges, and joys of the community.

According to Singh (2011) the community people use the radio as a tool to understand and look for solutions of their problems, as well as celebrate their local culture and tradition. It can be easily predicted that in future community radio will strive to bring people together through interaction, just like teleconferencing, where listeners will be able to talk through radio network using small wireless sets. As we know, community radio possesses great potential but it needs to be further examined, experimented, analyzed and implemented. Community radio serves valuable purposes for both the broadcasters and the audiences, and so it deserves to be given enough chances and right conditions to succeed, so that it can enjoy the confidence of the masses.

Functions of community radio

Main Functions of Community Radio as Formulated in South Africa Community radio stations should: (i) Promote and reflect local culture, character and identity (ii) Assist in creating a diversity of voices and opinions and encourage individual expression (iii) Increase access to a diversity of voices on air (iv) Assist in creating a diversity in broadcasting ownership (v) Be responsive to the needs of their community (vi) Contribute to human resources development for broadcasting and where appropriate to job creation (vii) Encourage members of the relevant community to participate in programming and production matters (vii) Encourage innovation and experimentation in programming.

According to Colin and Sonia (2001) Community radio aims to fulfill the following functions: (i) Reflect and Promote Local Identity, Character, and Culture (ii) Culture is also Language (iii) Create a Diversity of Voices and Opinions on the Air (iv) Provide a Diversity of Programmes and Content (v) Encourage Open Dialogue and Democratic Process (vi)Promote Development and Social Change

Case studies of successful community radio stations

Case 1: Radio Ujjas, Gujarat

Radio Ujjas is a successful community radio initiative that works to sensitize the people of Kutch on local issues, particularly on matters related to women. Started by the Kutch Mahila Vikas Sangathan (KMVS) in 1999, Radio Ujjas arose out of the need to overcome the barrier that illiteracy poses to people’s access to information. Moreover, Kutch is a large and disaster prone area that makes it difficult for any constant and reliable source of information and entertainment to be available to the people. Combined with the fact that approximately 90 per cent of households in Kutch own a radio set, KMVS’s idea of using the medium of radio for development holds immense potential. Radio Ujjas works at the grassroots to identify concerns specific to the people of Kutch and involves the community members extensively in mobilizing resources and in program production. The program themes are very diverse and include education, handicrafts, fishing, panchayat, girls’ rights, environment, natural resource management and such. The overarching aim of all these program is to give a space to women to voice their concerns related to these issues. For its first radio show aired in 1999, titled ‘Kunjal Paanje Kutchi’, Radio Ujjas was awarded the Chameli Devi Jain Award in 2000. Currently, Radio Ujjas operates from the Bhuj and Rajkot AIR stations and enjoys a listenership of over 75 per cent. It has acquired government clearance for a radio station of its own. The proposed radio station will reach over 7000 people within a 10 km radius. This was a landmark achievement for all groups associated with this movement. Ujjas Radio has produced 7 more radio series- “Tu Jiyaro Aiye, “Kutch Lok ji Vani, “Bandhni Ji Gal,“Kutch ji Musafari, “Dariya Gher, “ Sajiv no Sad,” Pani Thiye Panjo, “Tipe Jo Sad” with more than 500 episodes. The first series after Kunjal, was on towards providing glimpses of rehabilitation and relief efforts, tales of bravery and inspirational messages after the devastating earthquake of 2001. The next series were more cantered to showcase art and cultural heritage of Kutch in the present context. All of these program voiced community issues like drip irrigation, right based issues of fishermen community in the wake of rapid industrialization, derogatory idioms and phrases for women and how they can be rephrased, Traditional livelihood and Natural resource management from perspective of gender and local governance. All of these series were mainly aimed to addressing issues for holistic empowerment of women and it’s context. The journey though spanned over a decade, has been extremely interesting and full of incidents


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that showcased the true Kutchi “Khamir (dignity)”.

Case 2: Radio Mewat, Haryana

Radio Mewat, a community radio station, has contributed in promoting this dying art form and has given broadcast space to the Mirasis in several program. In fact, they have written lyrics for songs of education, health, hygiene and sanitation etc. which indeed is an indication of the success story of the radio. Radio Mewat was launched on September 1, 2010, in Nuh, Haryana, by an NGO-Seeking Modern Applications for Real Transmission (SMART). It broadcasts four hours a day and reaches out to over five lakh people in a radius of 25 kilometres. Mewat is a backward area, faring very low on all social indicators, with the literacy rate at an abysmal low of 24 per cent. Only 5 per cent households have a television set. Educating people about the very concept of a Community Radio was a Herculean task. Station has a tough job popularizing the radio station in a district where elders are suspicious of any new idea and are very protective towards their women folk. Also, there are power outages for days together. Moreover being in the interiors, it is difficult to get experienced people to work on a regular basis. However, Mewat has the highest penetration of mobile phones. This has served as an advantage for Radio Mewat, as most of mobile phones these days have FM Radio. Radio Mewat, according to annual report of the Union Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, has been very active in interacting with the local community. Field workers regularly visit the villages for stories and also to engage with the communities. About 40 locals are actively engaged in creating a buzz about the radio station. The program on Radio Mewat are need based. Besides regular program on education, health, women empowerment, safe drinking water and small family norms, Radio Mewat also broadcasts information about various schemes of development viz. MNREGA, microfinance, Public Distribution System (PDS) etc. An exclusive programme called “Gaon Gaon ki Baat”, gives an opportunity to every village to talk about their problems, achievements, unique heritage and their leaders. Radio Mewat uses all formats including jingles, songs, interviews, anchors and narrations depending on the subject.

Case 3: Radio Mattoli, Kerala

Radio Mattoli, Wayanad (Kerala) is another success story. It is supported by Wayanad Social Services Society. The management of Mattoli vests with the committee consisting of people representing different sections of society. It broadcasts for 16 hours and covers a population of about 8.16 lakh in

Wayanad district. Around 2.5 lakh people listen to Mattoli CRS at a given point of time, especially in the morning hours. Mattoli focuses on different communities living in Wayanad. Programmes are aired in the local language and in indigenous dialects. ‘Mattoli School Clubs’ open up avenues for school children to express their concerns, hopes, aspirations and talents. Programme ‘Jan Vani’ help people to air their concerns and compel the duty bearers for interventions. The impact of programmes broadcast by Mattoli Radio are described below: (a) Reshma, a living testimony to Radio Mattoli: Wayanad district faced unabated farmer’s suicide in the last decade, mainly due to unprecedented depression in the farm sector due to crops failure and price crash. A radio drama broadcast on Mattoli instilled a new hope and motivation for a young lady Reshma to hold on to life despite heavy odds. In a letter to the Station Director she said: “The very day I planned my suicide, Mattoli broadcast a radio drama, and it is only because of Mattoli I am alive today”. A year later she wrote that she is happily married and is employed as a teacher. (b) Greater visibility to tribal identity: It has given greater visibility, recognition and respect to tribal dialects, culture and identity. As a result, for the first time in the state’s history, electioneering was done in Adivasi dialects in Wayanad district also during the panchayat elections of 2010. (c) Small farmers get Rubber Board subsidy: Eight revenue villages in Wayanad district were denied Rubber Board subsidy for re-plantation of rubber, for reasons best known to the concerned officials themselves. Rubber Board responded quickly when ‘Jan Vani’ took up the matter and extended the scheme to the deprived villages. Station members had a pleasant surprise when a farmer having received a grant of Rs. 25,000 came to Mattoli to thank the radio station.

Case 4: Jnan Tarang, Guwahati

Jnan Taranga, the first community radio of the North-East has been launched by Krishna Kanta Handique State Open University, Guwahati. Though it is run by the University, it has been actively engaged with community to draw talent, design content and reach out to the audiences. Jnan Taranga broadcasts 20 hours a day. The studio has been set up at a cost of Rs.60 lakh. Expenditure includes cost on various equipment for the studio, transmission equipment, training (including in-house and on community), human resource, production and contingency. An amount of Rs.40,000 per month is being spent for running the CRS presently. Though the University is committed to bear the expenditure, generation of revenue in the form of advertisement is necessary to sustain the


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expenditure. Program are based on community development on the issues like health and hygiene, women empowerment, rights of the children, environment and bio-diversity, career counseling, governance, agriculture and entrepreneurship etc. Community based program constitute over 70 per cent of the total broadcast of the ‘Jnan Taranga’. Educational program including awareness on the RTE Act and RTI Act are broadcast most regularly in between the community program. Over 500 program of various durations have been recorded and around 1000 CDs of songs and feature program have been collected with the right to broadcast the same from the respective authorities. Hence, dissemination of knowledge, preserving culture, its diversity, is a key role radio station can play to ensure that this is truly a community radio serving people. Archiving and documenting the people’s knowledge will build a valuable repository for academic learning.

CONCLUSION

Community radio is not just about broadcast content; it is mostly about the process of community engagement. One should note, however, that a “community” is no longer determined by the primary occupation of its members, such as farming or fishing, as was the case in traditional communities. Even in rural societies, the home is losing its role as a cradle of education. Many people now work outside of their homes and immediate surroundings, and thus their mobility has increased. Communities are more and more exposed to media proliferation, which influences the way in which people think of lifestyles and media functions. The tension between social transformation influenced by the larger society and the mass media, on the one hand, and attempts to retain traditional hierarchical relationships and individual strategies in immediate communities, on the other, increases the uncertainty of a particular form of coherent “community.” Therefore, in the present context, one could say that “community” is a fluid concept.

REFERENCES

Anonymous (2013). Serving Communities: The Holy Way. Radio Duniya www.communityradio.in/.../make-a-successful-community-radio-in-india.

Association of community radio broadcasters (2014). Help rebuild the community radio network of Nepal.www.amrc.com.

CEMCA (2011). Understanding planet earth for women and children/science for women’s health and nutrition. Baseline study report for G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology Community Radio Pant Nagar, Uttarakhand.

Chakraborty A. (2010). Community radio – a stimulant for enhancing development through communication. Global Media Journal. www.caluniv.ac.in/global-mdia-journal/student...june.../ankita-bu.pdf.

Chandrasekhar P. (2010). A Study of Community Radio in Andhra Pradesh. www.caluniv.ac.in/global-mdia.../p%20chandrasekhar%20-air.pdf .

Colin F. and Sonia R. E. (2001). Community Radio Handbook. Published by: UNESCO.:106.

Khan S. U. (2012). Role of community radio in rural Development .www.caluniv.ac.in/global-mdia...june ... /s% 20u%20khan%20-amu.pdf.

MacBride, S. (1980). Many voices, one world: Towards a new more just and more efficient world information and communication order. New York: Unpublished; Paris: UNESCO.

Prabhakar V.P. (2012). Community Radio Stations – Success stories. Journal of Media. http://mediamagazine.in/content/community-radio-stations-%E2%80%93-success-stories.

Sharma A. And Kashyap S. K. (2013). Information Need Assessment for Empowering Rural Women through Community Radio Programmes: A Study in Tarai Region of Uttarakhand. Journal of Community Mobilization and Sustainable Development. Vol. 8, No. 2 :170-173.

Singh, C. (2011). Community Radio Voices in Asia. Media Watch. Vol. 2, No. 1, : 44-46.

Snehasis S. (2010). Make A Successful Community Radio In India. Global Media. www.caluniv.ac.in/global-mdia...june.../s%20u%20khan%20-amu.pdf.

Tabing, L. (2002). Primer for Community Radio Operators. The Journal of Development Communication. Vol. 14, No.1 :12-14.



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INTRODUCTION

As the natural resources of any country are the national treasure, we need proper planning to make best use of them. Therefore, suitable management practices are urgently needed to preserve the production potential of agricultural lands. Efficient management and maintenance of soil health/quality is the key to accomplish sustained high productivity, food security and environmental safety. So, a renewed attention is being given to soil due to rapidly declined land area for agriculture, declining soil fertility and increasing soil degradation, improper land use policies and irrational and imbalance use of input. All these factors call for a shift in research away from maximum crop production to the “sustainable crop production system” without degradation of soil health and environmental quality. Developing and adopting an ideal management system can intact or improves the quality of natural resources is the urgent need of the era. Organic management system is one of the options to improve in natural resource or even improve the degraded land. The Gujarat State has total 48518.91 hectares area under certified organic cultivation. Many farmers of the State are practicing organic farming and as a result about 0.5 per cent of land has been recorded under organic farming. (Yadav, 2012). It is important to know the awareness of the organic farming followers. Considering the above view in mind, study was carried out to know the “Awareness level of organic farming

followers about organic farming of South Gujarat”.

OBJECTIVE

To know the awareness level of organic farming followers about organic farming

METHODOLOGY

An Ex-post-facto research design was used in the present investigation. The study was conducted during March-April 2015 in purposively selected Navsari district of South Gujarat. The present study was carried out in Navsari district of South Gujarat region. This district was selected purposively. The total list of organic farming followers in South Gujarat were prepared purposively from the different sources like Research Centre on Organic Farming (NAU, Navsari),KrishiVigyan Kendra (NAU, Navsari), Gujarat Organic Products Certification Agency (GOPCA, Ahmedabad) and JATAN (NGO,Vadodara) and other sources. More number of organic farming followers were in Navsari district. i.e. 140.To justify the main objective of the study, 120 organic farming followers were selected from the complete list by using simple random sampling method.

The structured schedule was developed to measure the awareness of organic farming followers towards organic farming.

Awareness Level of Organic Farming Followers About Organic Farming of South Gujarat

C.D.Patel1, R.M.Naik2 and V.P.Vejpara3

1 PGStudent, NMCA, NAU, Navsari - 3964502 Assistant Extension Educationist, DEE Office, NAU, Navsari -396450

3 Programme Organizer, SSK, NAU, Navsari -396450Email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Organic management system is one of the options to improve in natural resource or even improve the degraded land. The Gujarat State has total 48518.91 hectare area under certified organic cultivation. An Ex-post-facto research design was under in the present investigation. All six talukas of Navsari district were purposively selected. 120 organic farming followers were selected. The structured shedule ws used to measure the awarness of organic farming followers towards organic farming. Majority of the organic farming followers had medium level of awarness about organic farming.

Keywords: Organic farming, Awarness level


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Awareness referred as an individual is exposed to the idea but lacks complete information about organic farming. The response of the organic farming followers about their awareness level were collected by asking the 80 questions related to organic farming practices which were developed with the consultation of research scientist (organic farming), NAU, Navsari and other experts. The responses from the respondents on all practices were collected, summed up and on the basis of total score obtained by them they were categories by using mean and standard deviation as (i) low level of awareness(up to 44 score), (ii) medium level of awareness (46 to 76 score)and (iii) high level of awareness(above 76 score). The results on this aspect are presented in Table 1.

Table 1: Distribution of the respondents according to their level of awareness about organic farming n=120

Sr.No.

Level of awareness Frequency Percentage

1 Low level of awareness 14 11.66

2Mediumlevel of aware-ness

80 67.34

3 Highlevel of awareness 26 21.00Mean= 60.78 S.D=15.81

It is observed from the Table 1 that the majority (67.34per cent) of the organic farming followers had medium level of awareness about organic farming, followed by 21.00

and 11.66 per cent of respondents had highand low level of awareness, respectively.

Thus, it is clear from the data that the majority of the organic farming followers (88.34 per cent) had medium to high level of awareness about organic farming. This finding is in line with the results reported by Shashidahra (2012), Slathia et al. (2013) and Parmar (2015).

CONCLUSION

Majority of the organic farming followers had medium level of awareness about organic farming.

REFERENCES

Parmar, N. R. (2015). Comprehensive awareness among the farmers about the application of bio-fertilizers in Anand district.M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis (Unpublished), AAU, Anand.

Shashidahra, K. K. (2012). Consumers awareness regarding utilization of eco-friendly grown vegetables. Indian Res. J. Extn.Edu.Vol.I: 229-231.

Slathia, P. S.; Kumar, P.; Paul, N. and Ali, L. (2013). Problems faced by organic farmers in hilly areas of Udampur district in Jammu Region. Indian Res. J. Extn.Edu.& R.D.21: 55-59.

Yadav A. K. (2012). Status of organic agriculture in India 2010-11.Organic Farming Newsletter.8(2): 10-14.



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INTRODUCTION

Agriculture in India principally depends upon vagaries of monsoon causing dwindling in the production. Now a day’s Watershed Management is a new avenue for developing the rain fed areas. Government has launched ambitious watershed management activities for development of rain fed areas started science from July 1986, covering 16 states of India and 99 districts of Gujarat state as a new trust to improve village economy with an objective to promote holistic growth of the agricultural and allied sector through area based regionally different strategies; to increase and stabilize the agricultural production and narrowing down regional socio-economic imbalance in rain fed areas through development of natural resource base, diversify the rain fed farming system, tapping the local resource potential to attain higher productivity and services for improving standard of living of rural poor and tribal ,Anonymous, (2014). The present study is carried out to find up to what extent tribal

farmers had adoption of low-cost and no-cost technologies of watershed management. For generating information on this dimension, this study is the modest attempt in developing sound and systematic knowledge.

METHODOLOGY

The present study was conducted in four tribal talukas of Navsari district in South Gujarat. Important and relevant low-cost and no-cost technologies of watershed management in two major areas of technologies (I) Soil and water conservation technologies, and (II) Crop production technologies were selected under study through expert opinion. With the help of random sampling method four villages were selected from each of selected tribal taluka. From each selected village, ten tribal farmers were randomly selected which constituted a total sample size of 120 tribal respondents.

Constraints Faced by Tribal Farmers of South Gujarat in Low Cost Watershed Management

Niraj . G. Patel1 and N. M. Chauhan2

1 P.G. Student College of Polytechnic in Agriculture, NAU, Vyara-394 650.2. Principal College of Polytechnic in Agriculture, NAU, Vyara-394 650.


ABSTRACT

The current study is carried out to find out, to know up to what extent tribal farmers had adopted the low-cost and no-cost technologies of watershed management as well as which are the constraints faced by them and the possible remedies to overcome the same. For generating information on this dimension, this study is the modest attempt in developing sound and systematic knowledge. Keeping in view above facts present study entitled Constraints faced by Tribal Farmers of South Gujarat in Low Cost Watershed Management” was planned with specific objectives: To study the constraints faced by tribal farmers in adoption of no-cost and low-cost watershed management technologies and to seek their suggestions from tribal farmers to overcome the constraints faced by them. The important findings of the study are : Less subsidy, lack of knowledge about soil and water conservation technology, construction of field bund is costly, lack of technical guidance and lack of finance were the major problems faced by tribal farmers in case of soil and water conservation technology. While, in case of crop production technology lack of knowledge about recommended crop production technology, low market price of agricultural products, lack of technical guidance, lack of finance to purchase inputs and high cost of farm inputs were the major problems expressed by tribal farmers in adoption of no-cost and low-cost technologies of watershed management. Tribal farmers of study area suggested that; field demonstrations should be organized, loan and subsidy should be easily available, remunerative market prices of agricultural products should be provided to the farmers, farmers should be protected by crop insurance in case of failure of season and more training should be imparted to the farmers.

Keywords: Community radio, Participation, Capacity building, Rural people


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The data were collected with the help of well structured pre-tested interview schedule incorporating all items pertaining to specific objectives of the study. The collected data were complied, tabulated and analyzed to get proper answer for specific objectives of the study with the help of various statistical tools to test the hypothesis under study. The statistical tools such as arbitrary method, percentage, and mean, ranking and co-efficient of correlation were used.


The information related to this study was collected from beneficiary farmers of selected watershed area, by

means of structured interview schedule. The collected information was classified, tabulated and analyzed in light of the objectives of the study. The facts and findings derived after analyzing the information have been presented under following heads:

Constraints faced by tribal farmers in adoption of no-cost and low-cost technologies of watershed management

The constraints were two fold viz., related to soil and water conservation technology and related to crop production technology. The result regarding constraints are summarized in Table1.

Table 1: Constraints faced by the tribal farmers in adoption of no-cost and low-cost technology watershed management n=120

Sr No Constraints Frequency

(Per cent) Rank

I Soil & Water Conservation Technology 1 Lack of knowledge about soil and water conservation technology 82 (68.33) II2 Lack of technical guidance 70 (58.33) IV3 Construction of field bund is costly 80 (66.66) III4 Land wasted in bunds and channels 20 (16.16) X5 Timely sowing is not possible 62 (51.16) VI6 Land leveling is costly 55 (45.83) VII7 Less subsidy 87 (72.50) I8 Lack of co-ordination between field staff and farmers 62 (51.66) VI9 Sowing with / without recommended spacing 33 (27.55) IX10 Lack of finance 64 (53.33) V11 Lack of co-operation of neighbors 19 (15.83) XI12 Lack of timely and appropriate extension services 35 (29.16) VIIIII Crop production technologies1 Lack of knowledge about recommended crop production technology 102 (85.00) I2 Lack of technical guidance 92 (76.00) III3 High cost of farm inputs 88 (73.33) V4 Low market price of agricultural products 100 (83.33) II5 Risk in adoption of new technology 69 (57.50) VIII6 Lack of transport facilities 35 (29.16) XII7 Irregular supply of electricity 55 (45.83) XI8 High rate of electricity 56 (46.66) X9 Lack of finance to purchase input 89 (74.16) IV10 Unavailability of sufficient labor in time 60 (50.00) IX11 High rate of labor 60 (50.00) IX12 Lack of communication facilities 85 (70.83) VI13 Lack of timely and appropriate extension services 70 (58.33) VII

Among soil and water conservation technology, the constraints viz., less subsidy (72.50 per cent) was the main constraint expressed by the beneficiary farmers followed by lack of knowledge about soil and water conservation technology (68.33 per cent), construction of field bund is costly (66.66 per cent), lack of technical guidance (58.33 per cent), lack of finance (53.33 per cent), timely sowing is not

possible (51.66 %), land levelling is costly (45.83 per cent), lack of timely and appropriate extension services (29.16 per cent), stone are not locally available for gully plugging (27.55 per cent), land wasted in bunds and channels (16.16 per cent) and lack of cooperation of neighbours (15.83 per cent) were the important constraints expressed by the tribal farmers.


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The constraints related to crop production technologies were concerned, it is clearly observed that, lack of knowledge about recommended crop production technology (85.00 per cent) was the main constraint expressed by the beneficiary farmers, followed by low market price of agricultural products (83.33 per cent), lack of technical guidance (76.66 per cent), lack of finance to purchase inputs (74.16 per cent), high cost of farm inputs (73.33 per cent), lack of communication facilities (70.83 per cent), lack of timely and appropriate extension services (58.33 per cent), risk in adoption of new technology (57.50 %), high rate of labour and unavailability of sufficient labour in time (50.00 %), high rate of electricity (46.66 per cent), irregular supply of electricity (45.83 %) and lack of transport facility (29.16 %) were the important constraints expressed by the beneficiary farmers. It can be thus concluded that, the major soil and water conservation technology related constraints were less subsidy, lack of knowledge about soil and water conservation technology and construction of field bund is costly. While, in case of crop production technology, the important constraints were: lack of knowledge about recommended crop production technology, low market price of agricultural products and lack of technical guidance. Jondhale et al, (2000), Kumar et al (2014) and Patel .(2005) also reported the same.

Suggestion made by the tribal farmers to overcome the constraints in adoption of no-cost and low-cost technology of watershed management

The tribal farmers were requested to offer their valuable suggestions for solving the problems faced by them in adoption of no-cost and low-cost technology of watershed management.

The Table-2 shows that, very high majority (91.67 per cent) of tribal farmers suggested that field demonstrations should be organized, followed by loan and subsidy should be easily available (85.00 per cent), remunerative market prices of agricultural products should be provided to the farmers (83.33 per cent), farmers should be protected by crop insurance in case of failure of season (76.66 per cent), more training should be imparted to the farmers (73.33 per cent), proper technical guidance should be given to the farmers as and when they need (72.50 per cent), farm inputs should be subsidized (68.33 per cent) and more subsidy should be granted for soil and water conservation works (66.66 per cent) were offered as important suggestion by tribal farmers. Patel,(2000), Pawar,(2004) and Rabari (2006) also reported the same.

From the above discussion, it can be concluded that the important suggestions made by the tribal farmers to overcome the constraints were field demonstrations should be organized, loan and subsidy should easily available, remunerative market prices of agricultural products should be provided to the farmers and farmers should be protected by crop insurance in case of failure of season. Soleiman and Saeid , (2015).

Table 2 : Suggestion made by the tribal farmers to overcome the constraints in adoption of no-cost and low-cost technology of watershed management.

Sr. No. Suggestions Frequency Percentage

1

Farmer should be protected by crop insurance in case of failure of season

92 76.66

2 Field demonstration should be organized 110 91.67

3 More training should be imparted to the farmers 88 73.33

4

Proper technical guidance should be given to the farmers as and when they need

87 72.50

5 Loan and subsidy should be easily available 102 85.00

6 Farm input should be subsidized 82 68.33

7More subsidy should be granted for soil and water conservation work

80 66.66

8

Remunerative market prices of agricultural products should be provided to the farmers

100 83.33

CONCLUSION

Less subsidy and lack of knowledge about recommended crop production technology were the major constraints faced by the tribal farmer in rain fed farming. Field demonstration of various innovative no-cost and low-cost technologies of watershed management and loan & subsidy should be easily available for rainfed farming were the major suggestions offered by the tribal farmers.


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REFERENCES

Anonymous, (2014). Tribal development department of Gujarat, Govt. of Gujarat., Agricultural data of Gujarat, Indian Agricultural Census report and World Statistical Data.

Bhagat, P.R. (2004).Indigenous and scientific knowledge and adoption level of women for various use of neem in Vadodara taluka of Gujarat state. Thesis, (unpublished.) M.Sc.(Agril.) special problem A.A.U.,Anand.

Bhutia, khorla (1993). A study on adopted and non adopted farmers toward watershed development programme in Sikkim. M.Sc. (Agri.) thesis (unpublished.), Guj.Agri.Uni., Anand campus.

Chauhan,V.P. (2008). A study on adoption of watershed crop production technology by beneficiaries under National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed area in Ahmedabad district of Gujarat state,M.Sc.thesis.(unpublished) AAU, Anand

Jondhale, S.C.;Jadhav, S.R. and Fatak U.N. (2000) Reason for no-cost and low-cost technology in watershed development programme. Maharastra.J.Ext.Edu., XIX : 20.

Kumar R; Sheoran, D. K. and Singh, J. (2014). People’s participation in integrated watershed management programme in Haryana. Annals of Biology. 30(4): 754-757.

Patel, B.S. (2005). A study of peasantry modernization in integrated tribal development project area of Dahod District of Gujarat State, Ph.D. thesis (unpublished) AAU, Anand.

Patel, R.C. (2000). A study on consequences of adoption of watershed management technology by beneficiary farmers in watershed area of kheda district of Gujarat state,Ph.d. thesis

Pawar, K.P. (2004).Indigenous resources management by tribal farmwomen in Dangs District of Gujarat state Unpublished Ph.D. (Agri.) thesis, AAU, Anand..

Rabari, S.N. (2006). A study on adoption of tomato recomonded technology of tomato growers in Anand District of Gujarat State.M.sc.(Agri.) Thesis (Unpub.)AAU, Anand.

Shinde, M.G. (2011). A Study on extent of adoption of improved cotton cultivation practices in Bellary district of A.P. M.sc.(Agri.) Thesis (Unpub.) UAS, Dharwad.

Soleiman R. and Saeid F. (2015). Effective Factors on Rural People’s Non-Participation of Mahabad’s Dam Catchment in Watershed Management Projects. International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development 5(1): 19-26.

Yadav, M.; Singh K. C.;Chouhan A.S. and Singh C.J. (2013). Techno-Economic Changes among the Farmers in Relation to Watershed Development Programme. Indian Res. J. Ext. Edu.13 (1): 31-34.



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Managerial Ability of Farmers, Committee Members and Office Bearers of APMCs of Tribal and Non Tribal Area of South Gujarat in Market Led Extension

Kavad S. D.1 and Pandya R. D.2

1 Assistant Extension Educationist, Directorate of Extension Education, NAU, Navsari-3964502 Professor and Head, Department of Extension Education, NMCA, NAU, Navsari. - 396450


ABSTRACT

Managerial ability is the ability of farmer or person or manager to use the techniques and skills in planning, scheduling, guiding, supervising and organizing the resources (man, material and money). In the present study, it is been operationalised as the ability of farmers, committee members and office bearers who apply the basic principles of management in farming and marketing. The study was carried out in 7 districts of South Gujarat to identify the managerial ability of the APMC farmers, committee members and office bearers. Total 160 farmers were randomly selected from 16 villages, 2 villages from each 4 APMCs from Tribal and 4 APMCs from non-tribal area of South Gujarat. Six committee members and three office bearers from each APMC making total 48 committee members and 24 office bearers selected randomly. It was found that majority of the APMC farmers from both the area had good managerial ability in market-led-extension. In case of APMC committee members about half (45.85 per cent) of them from non-tribal area had good managerial ability, while half (50.00 per cent) of APMC committee members of tribal area had fair managerial ability in market-led-extension. Regarding office bearers from non-tribal area about three-fifth (58.33 per cent) had better managerial ability, whereas majority (91.67 per cent) from tribal area had good managerial ability in market-led-extension. Regarding association, it was observed that out of nineteen independent variables of farmers, eight variables were positive and highly significantly associated with managerial ability in market-led-extension in non-tribal area viz., education, extension contact, source of information on marketing, training received, knowledge about the statutory activities of APMC, economic orientation, scientific orientation and risk orientation whereas age and farming experience were negative but highly significantly associated. Regarding farmers from tribal area twelve variables were positive and highly significantly associated with managerial ability viz., education, annual income, extension contact, source of information on marketing, training received, cropping pattern, marketable surplus, marketed surplus, knowledge about the statutory activities of APMC, economic orientation, scientific orientation and risk orientation while cropping intensity and group cohesiveness were significantly associated. Among the APMC committee members and office bearers from non-tribal area education and group cohesiveness were positively and highly significantly associated with managerial ability in market-led-extension whereas experience was significantly associated with managerial ability. In case of APMC committee members and office bearers from tribal area education was positively and highly significantly associated while training was significantly associated with managerial ability.

Keywords: Managerial ability, market-led-extension, APMC, association

INTRODUCTION

Managerial ability is the ability of farmer or person or manager to use the techniques and skills in planning, scheduling, guiding, supervising and organizing the resources (man, material and money). In the present study, it is been operationalised as the ability of farmers, committee members and office bearers who apply the basic principles of management in farming and marketing. In the present context of globalization and liberalization, agricultural

marketing plays an important role hence, the farmers should aware and required abilities about what to produce, when to produce, how much to produce when and where to sell, at what price and in which form to sell their produce the accessible structures, ways of good returns on their produce and facilities at different markets.

Markets are the primary drivers for agricultural development. Agricultural markets are as important as the actual farming itself. The new Agricultural Policy emphasizes


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on commercialization, diversification, value addition and export orientation, which emphasizes the importance of market-led-extension. Market-led-extension is comparatively new approach which includes new methods / techniques of farming, importance of proper post harvest handling and marketing. This can helps the farmers to realize high returns for their produce, minimize the production costs and improve the product value and marketability.

METHODOLOGY

The ex-post-facto as well as exploratory research designs were adopted in the present investigation. Eight APMCs (4 from non-tribal and 4 from tribal area) were randomly selected from the area of seven districts of South Gujarat. One village each from within the distances of 5 km from APMC and 5 to 10 km per APMC were selected randomly. Ten farmers as respondents were randomly selected from each villages which made the total of 160 farmers. Six committee members and three office bearers from each APMC making total 48 committee members and 24 office bearers selected randomly.

In the present study, managerial ability of respondents was considered as one’s knowledge and ability to use basic principle of management in the activities of farming and marketing. This was conceptualized on the bases of functions performed by the respondents while farming and marketing. Moreover, certain outline was resorted from the scale developed by the Chari (1985). Finally, a teacher made scale was specially developed for the present study with 28 components which were classified under 7 heads (planning, organizing, human relationship, supervision,

communication, coordination and control). Every component has three options and was weighted on their importance as 3, 2 and 1. The responses of the respondents against each of them were summed up and grouped in to three categories by using mean and standard deviation. Later on, same scores were used to find out the correlation with independent variables. The data were collected with the help of well-structured, pre-tested interview schedule through personal contact. The data were compiled, tabulated and analysed by using appropriate method of analysis.


One’s efficiency to manage the enterprise plays significant role in managerial ability. It is considered as inbuilt power of an individual. Under the managerial ability for market-led-extension, the planning, organizing, human relationship, supervision, communication, coordination and control were considered as components while developing the schedule. The structured schedule was used to collect the data and was analyzed by using suitable statistical tools.

Managerial ability of respondents for market-led-extension

(a) APMC farmers

The data regarding managerial ability of APMC farmers for market-led-extension were collected and grouped into three categories viz., (i) fair level of managerial ability (up to 51 score), (ii) good level of managerial ability (52 to 65 score) and (iii) better level of managerial ability (above 65 score). The data in regards are presented in Table 1.

Table 1: Distribution of respondents according to their managerial ability for market-led-extensionn=232

Managerial ability APMC of Non-Tribal area APMC of Tribal area PooledFarmers CMs OBs Farmers CMs OBs

Fair 10(12.50)

10(41.67)

0(0.00)

19(23.75)

12(50.00)

0(0.00)

51(21.98)

Good 57(71.25)

11(45.83)

5(41.67)

46(57.50)

11(45.83)

11(91.67)

141(60.78)

Better 13(16.25)

3(12.50)

7(58.33)

15(18.75)

1(4.17)

1(8.33)

40(17.24)

Total 80(100.00)

24(100.00)

12(100.00)

80(100.00)

24(100.00)

12(100.00)

232(100.00)

Mean 58.44 73.75 57.96 70.97‘t’ value 0.4270 1.8549

The data shown in table 1 revealed that majority (71.25 per cent) of the APMC farmer of non-tribal area had good level of managerial ability for market-led-extension

followed by 16.25 and 12.50 per cent had better and fair managerial ability respectively. While in case of APMC farmer of tribal area, majority (57.50 per cent) of them had


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good level of managerial ability for market-led-extension followed by 23.75 and 18.75 per cent had fair and better managerial ability respectively.

The mean score of managerial ability for market-led-extension of non-tribal and tribal areas were 58.44 and 57.96 respectively. The calculated ‘t’ value (0.4270) among the APMC farmer of non-tribal and tribal areas about managerial ability for market-led-extension was non- significant.

(b) APMC Committee members and office bearers

As compare to APMC farmers, the committee members and office bearers has to work with some other type of managerial abilities for market-led-extension therefore, the data in regards collected separately and categorized according to score obtained as; (i) fair level of managerial ability (up to 66 score), (ii) good level of managerial ability (67 to 79 score) and (iii) better level of managerial ability (above 79 score). The data in regards are presented in Table 1. The same table shows that the two-fifth (45.83 per cent) of the APMCs committee members of non-tribal area had good level of managerial ability for market-led-extension followed by 41.67 and 12.50 per cent had fair and better level of managerial ability respectively. Whereas, half (50.00 per cent) of them of tribal area had fair level of managerial ability for market-led-extension followed by 45.83 and 04.17 per cent of them had good and better level of managerial ability respectively.

Same way in the case of APMC office bearers of non-tribal area, majority (58.33 per cent) of them had better level of managerial ability for market-led-extension followed by 41.67 per cent had good level of managerial ability. Whereas, majority (91.67 per cent) of the APMCs office bearers of tribal area had good level of managerial ability for market-led-extension followed by 8.33 per cent had better level of managerial ability. The average score of managerial ability for market-led-extension of committee members and office bearers of non-tribal and tribal areas were 73.75 and 70.97 respectively. The calculated ‘t’ value (1.8549) among the committee members and office bearers of APMCs located in non-tribal and tribal area about managerial ability for market-led-extension was non- significant.

The pooled data shows that majority (60.78 per cent) of the respondents of APMCs of both the areas possessed good managerial ability for market-led-extension followed by 21.98 per cent of them possessed fair level of managerial ability and 17.24 per cent of them had better level

of managerial ability. This finding is in conformity with the Patel and Borate (2014), Baria et al. (2012), Prajapati (2011) and Jadav (2004).

Association between profiles and managerial ability for market-led-extension

(a) APMC farmers

Management is a challenging job. It requires certain abilities to accomplish such a challenge. Thus, essential abilities which every manager needs for doing a better management are called as managerial ability for market-led-extension. Managerial ability is always based on managers’ efficiency. A farmer always used his ability while planning, scheduling, guiding, supervising and organizing their resources.

Several researchers noted that the socio-economic factors have had significant influence on the individual’s ability to work as a manager with farming and marketing. Considering as important aspect of the study the association between the independent variables with managerial ability for market-led-extension of APMC farmers were worked out by using coefficient of correlation. The findings are presented in Table 2.

The data presented in Table 2 shows that the age (-0.33768**), education (0.40329**), farming experience (-0.31842**), extension contact (0.41899**), source of information on marketing (0.34804**), training received (0.38696**), knowledge about the statutory activities of APMC (0.47043**), economic orientation (0.58402**), scientific orientation (0.63661**) and risk orientation (0.69580**) among the APMC farmers of non-tribal area were found highly significantly associated and group cohesiveness (0.28351*) was found significantly associated with their managerial ability for market-led-extension of APMC farmers of non-tribal area.

In the case of APMC farmers of tribal area, the education (0.64615**), annual income (0.39488**), extension contact (0.48420**), source of information on marketing (0.37600**), training received (0.61130**), cropping pattern (0.30130**), marketable surplus (0.42152**), marketed surplus (0.42748**), knowledge about the statutory activities of APMC (0.35027**), economic orientation (0.70844**), scientific orientation (0.71580**) and risk orientation (0.62093**) found highly significantly associated with managerial ability and social participation (0.22366*),


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cropping intensity (0.27687*) and group cohesiveness (0.24157*) were significantly associated.

Table 2: Relationship between profile of the APMC farmers and managerial ability for market-led-extensionn=160

Sr.No. Profile of the farmers

Coefficient of correlation (‘r’ value)Non Tribal area Tribal area Overall

X1 Age -0.33768** -0.13366 -0.20495**X2 Education 0.40329** 0.64615** 0.54138**X3 Land holding 0.13885 0.15101 0.1394X4 Farming experience -0.31842** -0.14262 -0.21510**X5 Distance from market 0.01076 0.21368 0.13108X6 Annual income -0.01494 0.39488** 0.21258**X7 Social participation 0.17303 0.22366* 0.20379**X8 Extension contact 0.41899** 0.48420** 0.43497**X9 Source of information on marketing 0.34804** 0.37600** 0.34856**X10 Training received 0.38696** 0.61130** 0.42848**X11 Cropping pattern -0.02938 0.30130** 0.16563*X12 Cropping intensity 0.20571 0.27687* 0.19164*X13 Marketable surplus -0.10957 0.42152** 0.08229X14 Marketed surplus -0.11562 0.42748** 0.08112

X15Knowledge about the statutory activities of APMC 0.47043** 0.35027** 0.39498**

X16 Economic orientation 0.58402** 0.70844** 0.65723**X17 Scientific orientation 0.63661** 0.71580** 0.68360**X18 Risk orientation 0.69580** 0.62093** 0.63911**X19 Group cohesiveness 0.28351* 0.24157* 0.17275*

** Significant at 1 percent level * Significant at 5. percent level The overall data indicate that the age (-0.20495**), education (0.54138**), farming experience (-0.21510**), annual income (0.21258**), social participation (0.20379**), extension contact (0.43497**), source of information on marketing (0.34856**), training received (0.42848**), knowledge about the statutory activities of APMC (0.39498**), economic orientation (0.65723**), scientific orientation (0.68360**) and risk orientation (0.63911**) of the APMC farmers had highly significant association and cropping pattern (0.16563*), cropping intensity (0.19164*) and group cohesiveness (0.17275*) were significantly associated with managerial ability.

(b) APMC committee members and office bearers

The association between the profile with managerial ability for market-led-extension of APMC committee members and office bearers of both the areas were worked out by using coefficient of correlation and findings are presented in table 3.

The data given in table 3 revealed that the education

(0.59756**) and group cohesiveness (0.47805**) found highly significant and working experience (0.41023*) found significantly associated with managerial ability for market-led-extension of the committee members and office bearers of APMCs of non-tribal area.

Further, the education (0.73304**) of committee members and office bearers of APMCs of tribal area found highly significantly associated with their managerial ability for market-led-extension and training received (0.41983*) found significantly with their managerial ability for market-led-extension.

In case of overall, education (0.67825**), experience (0.36955**), training received (0.34921**) and group cohesiveness (0.36257**) found highly significant with their managerial ability for market-led-extension and age (-0.14546) was non-significantly associated with managerial ability for market-led-extension of committee members and office bearers of APMCs. The similar results were observed by Aruna Shantha et al. (2012) and Balogan (2011).


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Table 3: Relationship between profile of the APMC committee members and office bearer and managerial ability for market-led-extension

n=72 Sr.No.

Profile of committee members and office bearers

Coefficient of correlation (‘r’ value)Non Tribal area Tribal area Overall

X1 Age -0.17566 -0.09755 -0.14546X2 Education 0.59756** 0.73304** 0.67825**X3 Experience 0.41023* 0.32095 0.36955**X4 Training received 0.30454 0.41983* 0.34921**X5 Group cohesiveness 0.47805** 0.28559 0.36257**

** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level

CONCLUSION

From the above discussion, it can be concluded that majority of the APMC farmers from both the area had good managerial ability in market-led-extension. In case of APMC committee members about half of them from non-tribal area had good managerial ability, while half of APMC committee members of tribal area had fair managerial ability in market-led-extension. Regarding office bearers from non-tribal area, majority had better managerial ability, whereas majority from tribal area had good managerial ability in market-led-extension. It was observed that out of nineteen independent variables of farmers, eight variables were positive and highly significantly associated with managerial ability in market-led-extension in non-tribal area viz., education, extension contact, source of information on marketing, training received, knowledge about the statutory activities of APMC, economic orientation, scientific orientation and risk orientation whereas age and farming experience were negative but highly significantly associated. Regarding farmers from tribal area twelve variables were positive and highly significantly associated with managerial ability viz., education, annual income, extension contact, source of information on marketing, training received, cropping pattern, marketable surplus, marketed surplus, knowledge about the statutory activities of APMC, economic orientation, scientific orientation and risk orientation while cropping intensity and group cohesiveness were significantly associated. Among the APMC committee members and office bearers from non-tribal area education and group cohesiveness were positively and highly significantly associated with managerial ability in market-led-extension whereas experience was significantly associated with managerial ability. In case of APMC committee members and office bearers from tribal area, education was positively and highly significantly associated while, training was significantly associated with managerial ability.

Thus it can be concluded that farmers, marketing personnel and the field level agricultural extension functionaries need to be trained on the most important aspects like planning for market oriented production, preparation of produce for marketing, storage techniques, infrastructure and transport facilities, market information and use of information technology and integration of marketing network for better managerial ability in market-led-extension.

REFERENCES

Aruna Shantha, A., Asan Ali, B.G.H. and Bandara, R.A.G. (2012). Efficiency and managerial ability of paddy farming under minor irrigation conditions: a frontior production function approach. The Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2012, 7(3):145-58.

Balogun, Olubunmi Lawrence. (2011). Determinants of managerial abilities of small scale cocoa farmers: Akinyele LGA of Oyo state of Nigeria. ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science 6(10) : 17-25.

Baria, P. A., Soni, N. V. and Patel, D. D. (2012). Managerial ability of mango growers towards scientific cultivation in mango orchard. Guj. J. Exnt. Edu., 23: 78-80.

Jadav, N. B. (2004). Managerial ability of mango growers about scientific cultivation of mango orchard. Ph. D. Thesis (Unpublished), GAU, Junagadh.

Patel, A. and Borate, H. (2014). Management ability of banana growers regarding drip irrigation system. Trends in Bioscience, 7(24): 4356-4357.

Prajapati, A. C. (2011). Managerial ability of potato growers of Banaskantha district. M.Sc.(Agri.) Thesis (unpublished), SDAU, Sardarkrushinagar.



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INTRODUCTION

Castor is an important industrial non-edible oilseed crop. It is grown under varied conditions of climate including tropical, sub-tropical and temperate. India ranks first in respect of area (7.1 lakh ha).Production (8.5 lakh tones) and productivity (1197 kg/ha) in the world. Gujarat state ranks first position in the country with respect to area (458800 ha) among all major Castor growing stats in the country. However, the average yield of Banaskatha district is low (1291 kg/ha) has compared to the yield potentiality of Research station (3000 kg/ha) the present study Training need Assessment of Castor growers of Palanpur taluka of Banaskantha District. Gujarat was therefore planned. The present study was conducted with the following objectives.

OBJECTIVE

To Assess the training needs of the Castor growers

METHODOLOGY

The present study was conducted in palanpur taluka having highest area under cultivation of Banaskantha District of Gujarat State. Eighty villages having higher area under castor cultivation were selected from palanpur taluka and ten castor growers from each village were selected randomly. Thus final sample constituted 80 respondents. Well structured and pre-tested interview schedule was developed including

all the items on which information was required for the study. The independent and dependent variables were measured by utilizing appropriate scale and procedure adopted by other research workers. The statistical tools used to analyses the data were percentage, mean and ranking.


Assess the training needs of the castor growers

The data depicted in Table-1 reveal that according to the need hierarchy, the highest mean score for training as desired by castor growers was training on control measures of diseases and pests (2.69 mean score) and ranked first followed by diagnosis of diseases and pests and organic manures (2.51 mean score) with rank second and third respectively.

The mean score for the sub- items compounded application of manures and fertilizers-basal dose and export procedure & opportunities was 2.45 and 2.33 and were ranked fourth and fifth, respectively. Remaining sub - items of the training, viz., Selection of Seed (2.29 mean score), Sowing time (2.25 mean score) and Seed treatment (2.24 mean score) were ranked sixth seven and eight, respectively. The training namely harvesting time and method and Method of Sowing (Spacing: row to row plant to plant) were reported by 1.81 and 1.60 mean score castor growers and ranked 14th and 15th, respectively. It can be concluded that Castor growers

Training Need Assessment of Castor Growers

R. N. Patel1, M. R. Prajapati2 and V. T. Patel3

1 Agriculture Officer, Dept. of Extension Education, CPCA, SDAU, Sardarkrushinagar – 3855062 Principal & Head, Dept. of Extension Education, CPCA, SDAU, Sardarkrushinagar – 385506

3 Associate Professor, Dept. of Extension Education, CPCA, SDAU, Sardarkrushinagar – 385506Email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The present study was undertaken in palanpur taluka of Banaskantha district in Gujarat state to know the training need assessment of castor growers. Highest castor crop cultivation in palanpur taluka so this taluka was selected for the study. The finding reveal that majority of Castor growers prefer to receive training on control measures of diseases and pests and diagnosis of diseases and pests (Rank I and II) followed by organic manures and application of manures and fertilizer. It can be concluded that Castor growers of selected villages don’t have knowledge and skill about the method of sowing.

Keywords: Training Need, Assessment, Association, Castor growers


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of selected villages don’t have knowledge and skill about the method of sowing.

Table 1: Distribution of the respondents according to their training need n=80

Sr.No.

Training need Mean Score Rank

1 Selection of Seed 2.29 VI2 Seed treatment 2.24 VIII3 Land preparation 2.18 IX4 Sowing time 2.25 VII5 Method of

Sowing(Spacing: row to row plant to plant)

1.60 XV

6 Organic manures 2.51 III7 Application of

manures and fertilizers-basal dose

2.45 IV

8 Application of manures and fertilizers-Topdressing

2.14 X

9 Method of Irrigation

1.91 XII

10 Diagnosis of diseases and pests.

2.55 II

11 Control measures of diseases and pests

2.69 I

12 Harvesting time and method

1.81 XIV

13 Marketing 1.89 XIII14 Value Addition,

Grading, Packing etc.

1.96 XI

15 Export Procedure & Opportunities

2.33 V

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that Castor growers of selected villages don’t have knowledge and skill about the method of sowing. Majority of the Castor growers preferred to receive training on control measures of diseases and pests (Rank I and II) and followed by organic manures and application of manures and fertilizers were ranked III, IV respectively.

REFERENCES

Antwal, P. N., Bharaswadkar, R. B. and Ekale, J. V. (1991). Training needs of the rural women. Seminar papers volume complied by MSEE and KONKAN Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli (M.S.): 125-129.

Durgga Rani V. and Subhadra M.R. (2009) Training needs of farm women in dairy farming, Veterinary World, Vol.2 (6): 221-223.

Jondhale, S. G. and Chole, R. R. (1989). Training needs of dairy farmers. Maha. J. of Extn. Edu,. 8: 157-160.

Nimbalkar, S. D., Patil, P. S. and Tambe, S. D. (1991). Training needs of young farmers with special reference to the management of sugarcane crop production technology. Seminar papers volume complied by MSEE and Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli (M.S.): 62-66.

Patel, B. P., and Patel, U. M. (2012),. Impact of Frontline Demonstration on Castor Growers. Guj.J.Ext.Edu., Vol.23:49-52.

Patil, A. P., Gawande, S.H., Nande, M.P. and Gobade, M.R. (2009). Assessment of knowledge level of dairy farmers in Nagpur district and the co-relation between socio-economic variables with their training needs. Veterinary World, Vol.2 (5): 199-201

Rai, B.D. and Rai, A.K. (1991). Training needs of soybean growing farmers. Seminar papers volume complied by MSEE and Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli (M.S.): 47-52.



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INTRODUCTION

Agriculture is the largest industry in India contributing to the source of livelihood for over 70 per cent of population. Agricultural production plays a significant role in the Indian economy. Agricultural production in India is generally carried out on millions of tiny farms managed by individual farmer and his family as the farm and home are inseparable in India. In India, women and agriculture seem synonymous terms. One can not think of agriculture without women. There is hardly any activity in agriculture except ploughing, where women are not involved. In some of the activities, she is relatively more efficient than man (Sandhya et al., 1998).

The Integrated Tribal Development Project, Dahod (ITDP Dahod) came in to existence on 17th June 1976 as a

consequence of a planning process and the evolution of a new strategy and approach of integrated development tribal areas and population in the country with the objectives to narrow the gap between the level of development of tribal and other areas of the State and to increase the income from agriculture and thereby improve the quality of life of the tribal farmers.

In most part of the areas of ITDP Dahod the agricultural and animal husbandry related activities such as transplanting, sowing, weeding, harvesting, winnowing, threshing, grain storage, collection of wood for fuel purpose, fetching of water, watering to animals, milking, look after domestic animals, etc. are carried out by tribal farmwomen. Besides, these tribal farmwomen also perform many other operations, but contribution of their roles in this area is not recognized.

Constraints Faced by the Tribal Farm Women in Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Activities

Mahesh R. Patel1, Arun Patel2 and P. P. Patel3

1 Assoc. Ext. Educationist, EEI, AAU, Anand - 3881102 Director, EEI, AAU, Anand - 388110

3 Director of Extension Education, AAU, Anand - 388110Email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The Integrated Tribal Development Project, Dahod (ITDP Dahod) came in to existence on 17th June 1976 as a consequence of a planning process and the evolution of a new strategy and approach of integrated development tribal areas and population in the country with the objectives to narrow the gap between the level of development of tribal and other areas of the State and to increase the income from agriculture and thereby improve the quality of life of the tribal farmers. In most part of the areas of ITDP Dahod the agricultural and animal husbandry related activities such as transplanting, sowing, weeding, harvesting, winnowing, threshing, grain storage, collection of wood for fuel purpose, fetching of water, watering to animals, milking, look after domestic animals, etc. are carried out by tribal farmwomen. Besides, these tribal farmwomen also perform many other operations, but contribution of their roles in this area is not recognized. Keeping in view the above said facts and information about the tribal farmwoman’s situation and her multiple roles in agriculture and animal husbandry a study on “Constraints faced by the tribal farmwomen in Agricultural and Animal husbandry activities.” The result of the study revealed that Major constraints faced by the tribal farmwomen in the field of agriculture were illiteracy, lack of irrigation facilities, lack of educational facilities, uneven land, lack of financial resources, scattered and small size of land holding, lack of knowledge about improved agriculture technology, lack of transportation facility, unavailability of timely inputs, lack of appropriate technology, unfavorable climatic conditions, low selling price of farm produce, lack of regular and timely contact with VLW and experts, lack of marketing facility, lack of training, social handicaps and unemployment during off season. It is also observed that Lack of availability of cheaper fodder, lack of regular veterinary services, lack of latest know how, lack of timely vaccination, high cost of cross breed, lack of pasture land and lack of active dairy co-operatives were major constraints faced by tribal farmwomen in performing their roles better way in the area of animal husbandry.

Keywords: Constraints, Tribal farm women


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Keeping in view the above said facts and information about the tribal farmwoman’s situation and her multiple roles in agriculture and animal husbandry a study on “Constraints faced by the tribal farmwomen in Agricultural and Animal husbandry activities.”

OBJECTIVE

To know the constraints faced by the tribal farmwomen in Agricultural and Animal husbandry activities

METHODOLOGY

The present study was undertaken in Integrated Tribal Development Project areas of Dahod district of Gujarat in 2006. Out of seven talukas of the district, five talukas namely (1) Dahod (2) Zalod (3) Limkheda (4) Garbada and (5) Dhanpur were selected purposively for this study. Out of total villages of each selected taluka, two villages were randomly selected comprising total ten villages from five selected talukas kof ITDP Dahod. From each village, 20 respondents were selected randomly, thus, total sample of 200 respondents were selected for the present study.

The data were collected with the help of interview schedule along with the suitable scale for measurement of dependent and independent variables. The interview schedule was prepared keeping in view the objectives of the study. The interview schedule was translated in to Gujarati language and pre-tested in the field on a separate 20 non-sampled respondents. On the basis of pre-testing, necessary modifications were made in the final draft and used as the instrument for data collection.

It was opetationalised as the items of difficulties faced by the tribal farmwomen for their better involvement in agricultural and animal husbandry activities in ITDP Dahod. With a view to identify the constraints, a list of 24 specific constraint items was prepared initially based on literature available and from discussion with extension experts. Before finalizing the items of the constraint inclusion in final schedule, an informal interview with a group of about 20 tribal farmwomen other than the respondents of the study had been arranged.

Thereafter, the constraints were got rated by the respondents on a four points continuum by asking them to indicate the extent to which each constraint was perceived

as hindering their better involvement in the agricultural and animal husbandry in ITDP Dahod.

The four response categories provided against each constraints were ‘very much’, ‘much’, ‘not much’ and ‘not at all’ with scores 3, 2, 1 and 0 respectively. The total weighted score for each constraint was computed by summing up the frequencies of respondents in different response categories. The mean weighted score was calculated by dividing the total weighted score with the number of respondents. The constraints were ranked on the basis of mean weighted scores.


Constraints faced by the tribal farmwomen

Many improved agricultural technologies were available, though many tribal farmwomen did not perform them effectively. With a view to investigate some important constraints, which prevent the various roles performed by tribal farmwomen in agricultural development. The views were gathered from the respondents. Constraints faced by the tribal farmwomen for their better involvement in agricultural and animal husbandry activities have been presented in Table 1.

The data in Table 1 shows that constraints faced by the tribal farm women for their better involvement in agricultural development activities in descending order of rank were illiteracy (rank-I), lack of irrigation facilities (rank-II), lack of educational facilities(rank-III), uneven land(rank-VI), lack of knowledge about improved agricultural technology(rank-VII), lack of transportation facility(rank-VIII), unavailability of timely inputs(rank-IX), lack of appropriate technology (rank-X), unfavourable climatic conditions(rank-XI), low selling price of farm produce (rank-XII), lack of regular and timely contact with VI.W and experts(rank-XIII), lack of marketing facility(rank-XIV), lack of training(rank-XV), social handicaps(rank-XVI) and unemployment during off season(rank-XVII).

Besides these, tribal farmwomen were also faced some constraints in performing their role in various animal husbandry activities. Table 1 also reveal that constraints faced by tribal farmwomen in performing their role in the area of animal husbandry in descending order of rank were lack of availability of cheaper fodder (rank I), lack of regular


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veterinary services (rank II), lack of latest know how (rank III), lack of timely vaccination (rank IV), high cost of cross breed (rank V), lack of pasture land (rank VI) and lack of active dairy co-operatives (rank VII).

Table 1 : Distribution of respondents according to the constraints faced by the tribal farmwomen for their better involvement in agricultural and animal husbandry activities

Sr. No.

Constraints Mean Score

Rank

(A) Agriculture1 Lack of educational facilities 2.69 III2 Social handicaps 1.97 XVI3 Lack of knowledge about improved

agricultural technology2.61 VII

4 Lack of regular and timely contact with VI W and experts

2.09 XIII

5 Lack of financial resources 2.66 V6 Lack of appropriate technology 2.35 X7 Unemployment during off season 1.89 XVII8 Scattered and small size of land

holding2.64 VI

9 Illiteracy 2.72 I10 Lack of irrigation facilities 2.70 II11 Unavailability of timely inputs 2.43 IX12 Lack of transportation facility 2.44 VIII13 Uneven land 2.68 IV14 Lack of marketing facility 2.04 XIV15 Lack of training 1.96 XV16 Low selling price of farm produce 2.13 XII17 Unfavourable climatic conditions 2.31 XI(B) Animal Husbandry1 Lack of timely vaccination 2.26 IV2 Lack of pasture land 2.16 VI3 High cost of cross breed 2.21 V4 Lack of regular veterinary services 2.39 II5 Lack of Latest know how 2.33 III6 Lack of active dairy co-operatives 2.07 VII7 Lack of availability of cheaper

fodder2.45 I

It can be concluded from the foregoing discussion that, major constraints faced by the tribal farmwomen in the field of agriculture were illiteracy, lack of irrigation facilities, lack of educational facilities, uneven land, lack of financial resources, scattered and small size of land holding, lack of knowledge about improved agricultural technology, lack of transportation facility, unavailability of timely inputs, lack of appropriate technology, unfavourable climatic conditions, low selling price of farm produce, lack of regular and timely

contact with VLW and experts, lack of marketing facility, lack of training, social handicaps and unemployment during off season whereas lack of availability of cheaper fodder, lack of regular veterinary services, lack of latest know how, lack of timely vaccination, high cost of cross breed, lack of pasture land and lack of active dairy co-operatives were major constraints faced by tribal farmwomen in performing their roles better way in the area of animal husbandry. This finding is in conformity with those of Shah (1997), Patel (1998), Diwan (2000), Atchuta Raju et al. (2001), Sarah Kamala and Atchuta Raju (2003) and Thangamani Umarani (2005).

The suggestion of tribal farm women to overcome the constraints

For effective role of respondents in agricultural development activities, some suggestive points were mentioned in the interview schedule to overcome the constraints. The respondents were asked accordingly to the points suggested as well as an attempt was made to take their suggestions also on their own accord. Almost all the respondents stated following suggestions to over come the constraints faced by them for their better involvement in agricultural development activities.

(i) Voluntary organizations should come forward to promote tribal farmwomen’s literacy and improvement of educational opportunities in ITDP Dahod.

(ii) There should be proper source of credit in ITDP Dahod.

(iii) There should be technical assistance and training related to agriculture in ITDP Dahod.

(iv) Establishing training centres in locations that can be reached easily by the tribal farmwomen in ITDP Dahod.

(v) There should be provision of irrigation and remission in loans during loss of crops due to natural calamities in ITDP Dahod.

(vi) There should be development of co-operatives for the tribal farmwomen in ITDP Dahod.

(vii) There should be easy availability of cattle of better breed in ITDP Dahod.

(viii) There should be easy availability of agricultural inputs in ITDP Dahod.

(ix) There should be proper transport facilities in ITDP Dahod.


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(x) There should be proper marketing facilities in ITDP Dahod.

(xi) There should be policies to raise procurement price of crop in ITDP Dahod.

This finding is in line with findings of Minz (1985) and Lepcha (1987).

CONCLUSION

Major constraints faced by the tribal farmwomen in the field of agriculture were illiteracy, lack of irrigation facilities, lack of educational facilities, uneven land, lack of financial resources, scattered and small size of land holding, lack of knowledge about improved agriculture technology, lack of transportation facility, unavailability of timely inputs, lack of appropriate technology, unfavourable climatic conditions, low selling price of farm produce, lack of regular and timely contact with VLW and experts, lack of marketing facility, lack of training, social handicaps and unemployment during off season.

Lack of availability of cheaper fodder, lack of regular veterinary services, lack of latest know how, lack of timely vaccination, high cost of cross breed, lack of pasture land and lack of active dairy co-operatives were major constraints faced by tribal farmwomen in performing their roles better way in the area of animal husbandry.

REFERENCES

Atchuta Raju, K.; Sowjanya Roy, G.; Sarah Kamala, T. and Sudha Rani, M. (2001). Constraints and suggestions

for effective implementation of farmwomen development programmes. Manage Ext. Res. Review, 2 (2) : 41-46.

Diwan, Y. B. (2000). Study on role performance of tribal farmwomen in adoption of maize production technology in Dahod district of Gujarat State. M.Sc. (Agri.) thesis (Unpub.), GAU, Anand.

Lepcha, T. T. (1987). A Study on farmwomen’s contribution to agricultural production in east district of Sikkim state. M. Sc. (Agri.) thesis (Unpub.), GAU, Anand.

Minz, J. (1985). A study on training needs of tribal farmwomen in respect of post harvest technology of paddy and wheat in Ranchi district of Bihar state. M. Sc. (Agri.) thesis (Unpub.), GAU, Anand.

Patel, J. G. (1998). Indigenous resource management by tribal farmwomen in Vadodara district of Gujarat state. Ph. D. thesis (Unpub), GAU, Anand.

Sarah Kamala and Atchuta Raju (2003). Problems faced by farmwomen in managing enterprises. Manage Ext. Res. Review, 4 (1) : 74-78.

Shah, U. B. (1997). Study on knowledge and role performance of tribal farmwomen in mixed farming in Vadodara district of Gujarat state, M. Sc. (Agri.) thesis (Unpub.), GAU, Anand.

Thangamani, K. and Umarani, K. (2005). Problems in agriculture – A gender analysis. Social welfare, June : 18-16.



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INTRODUCTION

Knowledge is the cognitive behaviour of an individual. The body of knowledge is the product of learning process. Once the knowledge is acquired, it produces changes in the thinking process of an individual, which lead to further changes in the mental attitude and thereby in his adoption behaviour. Adoption refers to mental acceptance and use of new agricultural technology. Cognitive adoption involves complex decision and changes including knowledge and critically evaluating practices in terms of the individual situation. Behavioural adoption consists of actual use of practice. In the present study, behavioural adoption is defined as use of recommended Agricultural technology on a continuing basis. So as to be able to predict the behaviour of the farmers and control the known factors in a desired manner and channelized the course of farmer’s action in a desirable direction.

Training is a central component of human resource development which can generate desirable changes in the behavioral component such as knowledge, skill and attitude. In the farming sector, training forms an important tool to sharpen and hone the skills of farmers to aid them in the effective adoption of improved technologies. Among 30 talukas Danta and Amirgadh talukas of B.K district is most backward talukas identified in year 2006 by Gujarat

state. Many recommendations with latest high yielding varieties had been given to get maximum output/return. But, it was observed that farmers were not following all the recommended technology of major crops of the area. Hence, the study was undertaken in tribal area of Banaskantha District with following objectives.

OBJECTIVES

(i) To know the socio- economic and personal characteristics of tribal farmers.

(ii) To study the adoption of recommended practices of major crops of the area by the tribal farmers.

(iii) To assess the training need of tribal farmers about major crops of the area

METHODOLOGY

The present study was conducted in Danta and Amirgadh taluka of Banakantha district because these talukas were most backward talukas identified in year 2006 by Gujarat state. Bansakantha district consists 12 talukas. The Danta and Amirgadh taluka was purposively selected because Danta and Amirgadh taluka having highest tribal population and researcher is himself working in this area. Five villages in each taluka were selected and total 10 Villages were purposively selected for the study, on the basis of more area under major crops ( Wheat and Maize ) cultivation. From each

Training Needs of Tribal Farmers in Agriculture

V.V.Prajapati1, Dhara M. Prajapati2 and B.K.Patel3

1 Assistant professor (Ext. Edu.), Sardar Smruti Kendra, SDAU, Sardarkrushinagar - 3855062 Senior Research Fellow, Excellent Pulse Research Centre, SDAU, Sardarkrushinagar 385506

3 Assistant professor, (Ext. Edu.), Agri. Polytechnic, SDAU, Amirgadh Email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The present study was conducted in Danta and Amirgadh taluka of Banaskantha district of Gujarat state because these talukas were most backward talukas identified in year 2006 by Gujarat state. Bansakantha district consists 12 talukas. The Danta and Amirgadh taluka was purposively selected because Danta and Amirgadh taluka having highest tribal population. Five villages in each taluka were selected and total 10 Villages were purposively selected for the study, on the basis of more area under major crops (Wheat and Maize) cultivation. From each Village 10 respondents were selected at randomly making a total sample of 100 respondents for the study. This study concludes that Maximum numbers of respondents have medium level level adoption of recommended package of practice of Major crops. Majority of respondents prefer to receive training on oil engine repairing and Micro irrigation systems followed by Seed production and Control measures of pest and disease.

Keywords : Training need, Respondents, Technology


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Village 10 respondents were selected at randomly making a total sample of 100 respondents for the study.

The data were collected by personal interview. The interview schedule was developed through discussion with experts, scientist and extension officers working in the district. The data were analyzed with appropriate scale and statistical procedures.


Personal, Social and Economic characteristics of the respondents

(a) Age

Table1 : Distribution of the respondents according to their age n=100

Sr. No.

Categories Frequency Per cent

1 Young (Up to 35 years ) 21 21.00

2 Middle (36 to 50 years) 42 42.00

3 Old (above 50 years) 37 37.00

The data presented in Table 1 show that majority (42.00 per cent) of the respondents belong to middle age group(36 to 50 years), followed by old and young age group 37.00 and 21.00 per cent respectively. It can be concluded that majority of the respondents were having age between 36 to 50 Years.

(b) Education

Table 2 : Distribution of the respondents according to their level of education n=100

Sr. No.

Level of education Frequency Per cent

1 Illiterate 56 56.002 Primary education

(Up to VIIth Standard)31 31.00

3 Secondary education (VIIIth to XIIth standard)

10 10.00

4 College education 03 03.00

The data presented in Table 2 reveal that majority (56.00 per cent) of the respondents belong to Illiterate group followed by Primary education (Up to VIIth Standard) and Secondary education (VIIIth to XIIth standard) group 31.00 and 10.00 per cent respectively. It can be concluded that majority of the respondents were having Illiterate group

(c) Land holding

Table : 3 Distribution of the respondents according to their Land holding n=100

Sr. No.

Categories Frequency Per cent

1 Up to 1.0 ha 54 54.002 1.1 to 2.0 ha 29 29.003 2.1 to 3.0 ha 12 12.004 above 3.0 ha 05 05.00

The data presented in Table 3 show that majority (54.00 per cent) of the respondents have Up to 1.0 ha. land followed by 1.1 to 2.0 ha ( 29.00) and 2.1 to 3.0 ha. land (12.00 ) per cent respectively. It can be concluded that majority of the respondents were having Up to 1.0 ha. land.

(d) Source of irrigation

Table : 4 Distribution of the respondents according to their source of irrigation n=100

Sr. No.

Source of irrigation Frequency Per cent

1 Tube well 28 28.002 Open well 44 12.00

3 Tube well + Open well 14 14.004 Check dam 12 44.005 Other 02 02.00

The data presented in Table 8 show that majority (44.00 per cent) of the respondents source of irrigation have Open well followed by Tube well . It can be concluded that majority of the respondents were having Open well as source of irrigation.

(e) Major crops grown

Table 5 : Distribution of the respondents according to their maize crop n=100

Sr. No.

Maize crop Frequency Per cent

1 Up to 1.0 ha. 64 64.00

2 1.1 to 2.0 ha 26 26.00

3 2.1 to 3.0 ha 09 09.00

4 above 3.0 ha 01 01.00

The data presented in Table 5 reveal that majority (64.00 per cent) of the respondents major crop in kharif season was Maize crop and grown Up to 1.0 ha. followed by


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1.1 to 2.0 ha.(26.00 per cent It can be concluded that majority of the respondents were having Up to 1.0 ha Maize crop.

(f) Wheat

Table 6 : Distribution of the respondents according to their wheat crop n=100

Sr. No.

Wheat crop Frequency Per cent

1 Up to 1.0 ha. 74 74.00

2 1.1 to 2.0 ha 22 22.00

3 2.1 to 3.0 ha 04 04.00

4 above 3.0 ha 00 00.00

The data presented in Table 6 show that majority (74.00 per cent) of the respondents major crop in winter season was Wheat crop and grown Up to 1.0 ha followed by 1.1 to 2.0 ha It can be concluded that majority of the respondents were having Up to 1.0 ha Wheat crop.

(6) Annual Income

Table 7 : Distribution of the respondents according to their annual income n=100

Sr. No.

Annual Income Frequency Per cent

1 Upto ` 25000 31 31.002 ` 25001 to ` 50000 44 44.003 ` 50001 ` 100000 13 13.004 ` 100001 ` 150000 08 08.005 Above ` 150001 04 04.00

The data presented in Table 7 reveal that majority (44.00 per cent) of the respondents having Annual Income ` 25001 to Rs. 50000 followed by Up to ` 25000 (31.00 per cent).

(10) Yield

Table 8 : Distribution of the respondents according to the maize yield n=100

Sr. No.

Yield (Kg /per ha)

Frequency Per cent

1 Below 2000 49 49.002 2001 to 2500 41 41.003 2501 to 3000 08 08.004 Above 3001 02 02.00

Total 100 100.00

The data presented in Table 9 indicate that majority

(49.00 per cent) of the respondents have Yield Up to2000(Kg per ha) followed by 2001 to 2500(Kg per ha). It can be concluded that majority of the respondents were having Below 2000 Yield (Kg per ha) in Maize crop.

(ii) Wheat

Table 9 : Distribution of the respondents according to the Wheat yield Kg /ha. n=100

Sr. No.

Yield (Kg per ha) Frequency Per cent

1 Below 2000 38 38.00

2 2001 to 2500 46 46.00

3 2501 to 3000 11 11.00

4 Above 3001 05 05.00

The data presented in Table 9 show that majority (46.00 per cent) of the respondents have Yield 2001 to 2500 (Kg per ha) followed by Below 2000 (Kg per ha) . It can be concluded that majority of the respondents were yield up to 2500 Kg per ha in wheat crop.

Adoption of recommended package of practices of major crops production technology by tribal farmers

Table :10 Distribution of the respondents according to the adoption of package of practices of Major crops production technology n=100

Sr. No.

Categories Score range Number Per cent

1 Low level Up to 12 28 28.00

2 Medium level 13 to 15 68 68.00

3 High level 16 and above

04 04.00

Mean=13.45 S.D.= 1.22

Data presented in Table 10 show that majority of the respondents (68.00 per cent) had medium level adoption while 28.00 per cent of the respondents had low level adoption and only 4.00 per cent had high level adoption.

The respondents were asked to opine about training need of various aspects related to major crops cultivation at three points quantum i.e. mostly needed, some what needed and not needed with a score of 3, 2 and 1 respectively. Based on the total training need score of all the respondents mean score for each practice was worked out.


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Training areas of tribal farmers about recommended package of practices of major crops

Table 11 : Distribution of the respondents according to their Training needs

Sr. No.

Training Areas Mean Score Rank

1 Selection of variety 2.523 IX2 Sowing period and

method1.150 XVII

3 Seed treatment 2.650 VIII4 Seed rate 1.523 XVI5 Sowing distance 1.115 XV6 Fertilizer dose 2.125 X7 Method of application 2.750 XI8 Weed control 1.150 XIV9 Irrigation 1.750 XIII10 Diagnosis of pest and

diseases2.823 VII

11 Control measures of pest and diseases

2.850 IV

12 Post harvest technology / storage

2.050 XII

13 Marketing 1.850 VI14 Oil engine repairing 2.895 I15 Micro irrigation systems 2.950 II16 Value edition 2.150 V17 Seed production 2.850 III

The data presented in Table 11 reveal that majority of growers prefer to receive training on Oil engine repairing and Micro irrigation systems (Rank I $ II) followed by Seed production and Control measures of pest and disease. It can be concluded that Major crops growers of selected villages don’t have the knowledge and skill about the Micro irrigation systems and Oil engine repairing.

CONCLUSION

Maximum numbers of respondents were belonged to middle age group, illiterate, having land holding Up to 1.0 ha., no membership in social organization, possessed Goat as live stock, where as source of irrigation was Open well, main crop was Maize in kharif and Wheat crop in Rabi season with income Up to ` 50000/-. The average yield of maize and wheat crop was found below 2500 Kg./ha. Majority of respondents have medium level adoption of recommended package of practice of Major crops. Majority of respondents prefer to receive training on Oil engine repairing and Micro irrigation systems followed by Seed production and Control measures of pest and disease.

REFERENCES

Jat, A.K. (2010). Knowledge and adoption of recommended wheat grain practices among the tribal farm women of Sabarkantha district of Gujarat state. M.Sc.(Agri.)Thesis (unpulished), submitted to Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar.

Patel, J.S.(2012). Training needs of pomegranate growers of Banaskantha district of Gujarat state. M.Sc.(Agri.)Thesis (unpulished), submitted to Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar.

Vadara, J. M. (2005). Knowledge and adoption of recommended pigeon- pea production technology by pigeon pea growers. M.Sc.(Agri.) Thesis (unpulished), submitted to Anand Agricultural University, Anand.



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INTRODUCTION

The farm magazines provide technological know-how to the farmers at regular intervals and also increase the knowledge of farmers regarding improved package of practices of different crops and other allied fields. It is assumed that individuals who read farm magazine are likely to gain more knowledge about agricultural technology. Moreover, the readers may supplement some more information by asking related questions to authors, scientists, editors, etc. But the question is that how far such farm magazines are actually helpful to adopt the improved agriculture technology on the fields of the farmers as well as to bring techno-economic changes in the farming community.

Speedy development of agriculture is vital for the progress of our country. For this, there is a need to transfer agricultural technologies to the doorsteps of the cultivators. Among farm publications, farm magazine is one of the most important means to make available research findings to the

mass of cultivators regularly. Many farm magazines are being published in almost all the major Indian languages.

Krushijivan Farm Magazine (KFM) is being published regularly since 1969 by Gujarat State Fertilizers and Chemicals Ltd. (GSFC), Vadodara with circulation of 69,650 copies per month during 2012-13 in whole Gujarat with 37,560 life members. The aim of the magazine is to disseminate and popularize scientific methods of agriculture, animal husbandry, poultry and other allied fields. In this farm magazine the information of agricultural technology are published as per the need and time of the farmer.

OBJECTIVE

To seek suggestions from the subscriber livestock owners of Krushijivan farm magazine to make the farm magazine more effective.

METHODOLOGY

The suggestions offered by the respondents of

Suggestions Given by Subscriber Livestock Owners of Krushijivan Farm Magazine to Make the Farm Magazine More Effective

V. V. Solanki1, J.B. Patel2 and P. C. Patel3

1 Ex. PG Student, IDEA, AAU, Anand - 388 1102 Associate Professor, Department of Extension Education, BACA, AAU, Anand - 388 110

3 P. G. Student, Department of Extension Education BACA, AAU, Anand - 388 110Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Among farm publications, farm magazine is one of the most important means to make available research findings to the mass of cultivators regularly. Many farm magazines are being published in almost all the major Indian languages. Krushijivan Farm Magazine (KFM) is being published regularly since 1969 by Gujarat State Fertilizers and Chemicals Ltd. (GSFC), Vadodara. The aim of the magazine is to disseminate and popularize scientific methods of related to agriculture sector, animal husbandry, poultry and other allied fields. In this farm magazine the information related to agriculture technology are published according to the need and time of the farmer. The most important suggestions were offered by the KFM subscriber livestock owners to make the Krushijivan Farm Magazine more effective were: (a) Articles based on interview of progressive farmer with scientist, farmers’ own experience as well as more articles on animal husbandry discipline should be given. (b) Information on use of byproducts, marketing, economic aspect and government schemes as well as more photographs /figures should be given in an article. (c) The article page number with related photographs should be printed on cover page. (d) Krush ijivan Farm Magazine should be available at various agricultural inputs centre as well as the information of farm magazine should be given on radio and television to aware the farming community.

Keywords: Krushijivan farm magazine, Subscribers livestock owners, Suggestion


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krishijivan article were divided into different aspects like subjects of article, nature of article and cover page. All the individual suggestions from different three aspects were marked in interview schedule. Frequency was calculated on the basis of individual response and rank was given on the basis of the percentage basis of the same suggestions.


Subjects of Article

Table 1 : Suggestions given by the Krushijivan farm magazine subscriber livestock owners on subjects of article n=75

Sr. No. Suggestions Number Percent Rank

1

Article based on interview of progressive farmer with scientist should be given

45 60.00 I

2Article based on farmers’ own experience should be given in a issue

42 56.00 II

3More than one article should be included on animal husbandry

39 52.00 III

4Article based on bio-technology should be given

22 29.33 IV

5

Article based on farm machinery and implements should be given

08 10.66 V

6

Article based on effect of natural calamities on farming situation should be given

05 06.66 VI

In case subject of article we can conclude from the Table 1 that 60.00 per cent of KFM subscriber livestock owners suggested that” Article based on interview of progressive farmer with scientist should be given” and 56.00 per cent of KFM subscriber livestock owners responded that “Article based on farmers’ own experience should be given in a issue and 52.00 per cent of KFM subscriber livestock owners responded that “More than one article should be included on animal husbandry. Only 29.33 per cent of KFM subscriber live stock owners responded that “Article based on bio-technology should be given followed by 10.66 per

cent and 06.66 per cent of the KFM subscriber livestock owners responded that “Article based on farm machinery and implements should be given and 6.66 per cent responded that “article based on effect of natural calamities on farming situation should be given”.

Nature of Article

Table 2: Suggestions given by the Krushijivan farm magazine subscriber live stock owners on nature of article n=75


1

Information on use of byproducts of dairy farming for income generation should be given in article

42 56.00 I

2

Marketing and their related information should be given in article

40 53.33 II

3The economic aspect of dairy farming should be given in article

38 50.66 III

4Information on govern-ment schemes for the farmers should be given

26 34.66 IV

5More photographs/fig-ures should be given in article

19 25.33 V

In case of nature of article it can be revealed from

the Table 2 that 56.00 per cent of the KFM subscriber

livestock owners responded that “Information on based on

use of byproducts of dairy farming for income generation

should be given in article, followed by 53.33 per cent, 50.66

per cent of KFM subscriber livestock owners suggested that

“Marketing and their related information should be given

in article”, “ The economic aspect of dairy farming should

be given in article”, Where only 34.00 per cent of KFM

subscriber livestock owners suggested that “Information on

government schemes for the farmers should be given” and

only 25.33 per cent of KFM subscriber livestock owners

responded that “More photographs/figures should be given

in article”


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Cover page

Table 3 : Suggestions given by the krushijivan farm magazine subscriber livestock owners on cover page n=75


1

Article page number with related photographs should be printed on cover page

43 57.33 I

2Cover pages should be multicolored and attractive

32 42.66 II

In case of cover page it can be concluded from the table 3 that 57.33 per cent of KFM subscriber livestock owners responded that “ Article page number with related photographs should be printed on cover page” was the first rank suggestion whereas, 42.66 per cent of the KFM subscriber livestock owners responded that “Cover pages should be multicolored and attractive” was the second important suggestion offered by the KFM subscriber live stock owners for cover page.

Other suggestions

Table-4 Other suggestions given by the krushijivan farm magazine subscriber live stock owners n=75


1Magazine should be available at various agril. Inputs

45 60.00 I

2Advertising of magazine should be given in radio and television

40 53.33 II

3

Creating awareness about farm magazine by organizing various extension activities

35 46.66 III

4Magazine should be prepared by using latest technology

24 32.00 IV

5

Agricultural related courses and its admission processshould be given in magazine

17 22.66 V

6Soft copy of magazine should be available

13 17.33 VI

The data in Table 4 shows that 60.00 per cent of KFM subscriber livestock owners responded that “Magazine should be available at various agril. Inputs”, and 53.33 per cent of KFM subscriber livestock owners responded that “Advertising of magazine should be given in radio and television” were the offered by KFM subscriber farmers for making the Krushijivan farm magazine more effective. The other suggestions were observed that the 46.66 per cent of KFM subscriber livestock owners responded that “Creating awareness about farm magazine by organizing various extension activities”, and 32.00 per cent of the KFM subscriber livestock owners responded that “Magazine should be prepared by using latest technology”, and 22.33 per cent of KFM subscriber livestock owners responded that “Agricultural related courses and its admission process should be given in magazine” and 17.33 per cent of KFM subscriber livestock owners responded that “Soft copy of magazine should be available”.

CONCLUSION

We can conclude that there is need to create linkage between progressive farmers and expert of animal husbandry for better involvement and also there is a need to include various schemes launched by the government of India related to particular animal husbandry sector for increasing the the interest of the subscribers. Appropriate photographs of concern topic create greater interest in reader that’s why, it is necessary to incorporate photographs on cover page and krushijivan farm magazine should be made available at various agril. Inputs centre as well as the information of farm magazine should be given on radio and television to aware the farming community for creating awareness.

REFERENCES

Farington, J., Suleman, R. and Pal, S. (1998). Improving the effectivenss of agricultural research and extension in India, policy paper No., NCAEPR, New Delhi and Overseas Development Institute, London.

Patel, B. T., Soni, N. V. and Dabhi, R. A. (2002). Role of Farm Magazines in 21st Century. Seminar on Transfer of Agricultural Technology in 21st Century, GAU, Sardar Krushinagar : 5-7.

Patel, M. C. (2009). Result of the research studies on the measure of scientific orientation and risk orientation in agriculture and allied field. Proceedings of the 4thAgresco subcommittee meeting on agricultural statistics and extension education held during 3-4 April, 2009, at AAU, Anand,:6-7.

Soni, N. V. (2005). Impact of Krushigovidhya Farm Magazine on Subscriber Farmers Ph.D, Thesis (Unpublished), GAU, Anand.

Sunny, Jani. (2014). A study impact in terms of gain in knowledge of jaljivan farm magazine subscriber farmers in porbandar district of Gujarat. M. Sc. (Agri.), Thesis, (Unpublished), AAU, Anand.

Received : October 2015 : Accepted : December 2015


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Impact of Krishi Vigyan Kendra on Knowledge of Farmers about Improved Agricultural Technologies of Wheat Crop

J.K. Chaudhari1, B.S.Patel2, A.H. Parikh3

1 & 3. P.G. Students, Department of Extension Education, B.A.C.A, AAU, Ananad – 388 1102 Training Associate, T & V System DEE, AAU, Anand – 388 110


ABSTRACT

The aim of Krishi Vigyan Kendra (Farm Science Centre), an innovative science based institutions, were consequently established mainly to impart vocational training to the farmers and field level extension workers. The concept of vocational training in agriculture through KVK grows substantially due to greater demand for improved agricultural technology by the farmers. The present study was conducted in Ahmedabad District. By following simpal random sampling 120 wheat growers from 10 villages where selected. The ex-post-fecto research design was used for study. The finding revealed that great majority of beneficiary (93.33 per cent) of farmers had medium to high and non-beneficiary (95.00 per cent) of farmers had low to medium level of knowledge about improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop.

Keywords: Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Knowledge, Improved technologies, Wheat

INTRODUCTION

Agriculture is the most pivotal sector of Indian economy in the current phase of development. Therefore, the transformation of traditional agriculture to modern agriculture is a challenge to fulfill the requirements of over increasing population. Krishi Vigyan Kendra, an innovative science based institutions, were consequently established mainly to impart vocational training to the farmers and field level extension workers. The concept of vocational training in agriculture through KVK grows substantially due to greater demand for improved agricultural technology by the farmers. Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) is the important instrument of transfer of technology at grass-root level. It is situated in Agro Climatic Zone of Bhal and Coastal –VIII of the Gujarat to bring out improvement in the production and economy of the district. KVK directly deals with the farming community for rural development. KVK acts as link between Agricultural University, Research Institutes and farmers for transfer of agricultural technologies. Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Arnej has started it functioning since 2004, with the objectives to improve the productivity for achieving social justice for all most needy and deserving weaker sections of the society. It would be necessary to review the development activities and programmes undertaken by Government to improve the socio-economic conditions of farmers through increased agricultural production. Therefore, the investigator felt necessary to examine the impact of Krishi Vigyan Kendra

on level of knowledge, adoption and attitude towards various activities of Krishi Vigyan Kendra. With a view analyzing these, present study on impact of Krishi Vigyan Kendra in Ahmedabad district was undertaken.

OBJECTIVES

(i) To study the impact of Krishi Vigyan Kendra on knowledge level of beneficiary and non-beneficiary farmers about improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop.

(ii) To ascertain relationship between knowledge level and independent variables of beneficiary and non- beneficiary farmers.

METHODOLOGY

In Ahmedabad district, Dholka and Bavla talukas would be selected purposively, where the maximum numbers of activities carried out by Krishi Vigyn Kendra, Arnej. The present investigation was carried out on a 120 randomly selected samples of Ahmedabad district of Gujarat. Dholka and Bavla talukas of Ahmedabad district were selected purposively, where the maximum numbers of activities carried out by the Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Arnej. All 10 villages were selected purposely, where maximum numbers of activities carried out by the Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Arnej. six beneficiary farmers were selected from each village for the study. Thus, 60 non-beneficiary farmers were selected for


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the study.

To know the impact the Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Arnej the same numbers of non-beneficiary farmers were selected from the same villages. Thus, 60 non-beneficiary farmers were selected for the study. To measure the selected dependent variable like knowledge of farmers about improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop was measured with the help of knowledge index. To measure the selected independent variables, the scales developed by various researchers were used with slight modifications. The data were collected with the help of structural schedule by personal interview method. The data so collected were coded, classified, tabulated and analyzed in order to make findings

meaningful.


Knowledge about improved agricultural technology of wheat crop

Knowledge refers to know-how about different improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop possessed by the farmers. Adequate knowledge is essential to farmers for the success and profitable cultivation. It was therefore thought necessary to obtain information from the farmers about the knowledge they possessed about improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop. The data about level of knowledge are given in Table 1.

Table 1 : Distribution of respondents according to their knowledge about improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop. n=120

Sr. No. Level of Knowledge Beneficiary (n=60) Non- beneficiary (n=60)

Number Per cent Number Per cent1 Low (Up to 19.4 score) 04 06.67 18 30.002 Medium (Between 19.4 to 26.12 score) 39 65.00 39 65.003 High (Above 26.12 score) 17 28.33 03 05.00

X = 22.77 SD = 3.37 The analysis of data showed that great majority of beneficiary (93.33 per cent) of farmers had medium to high and non-beneficiary (95.00 per cent) of farmers had low to medium level of knowledge about improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop.

It means this may be perhaps due to positive impact of KVK activities. The probable reasons for above finding might be due to favourable attitude towards various activities carried out by KVK, frequent contacts with extension

agencies, higher mass media exposure and active involvement in various extension activities of beneficiary farmers.

Comparison between groups

The ‘t’ value was calculated to examine whether there was any significant difference in level of knowledge about improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop between beneficiary and non-beneficiary farmers. The detail analysis was carried out in this regard which is presented in Table 2.

Table 2: Comparison between beneficiary and non-beneficiary farmers in respect of their knowledge about improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop n=120

Category of respondents Number Mean score of Knowledge

Standard deviation ‘t’ value

Beneficiary farmers 60 24.57 3.026.820**

Non-beneficiary farmers 60 20.97 2.67** Significant at 1 per cent probability level

It evident from Table 2,‘ t ’ value (6.820) was found to be significant at 0.01 level of significance, indicating thereby that beneficiary farmers had significantly higher knowledge about improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop then non-beneficiary farmers. From the above finding an inference can be drawn that KVK activities had influenced in increasing the knowledge of the beneficiary farmers about

improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop.

Relationship between the selected characteristics of beneficiary and non-beneficiary farmers and their level of knowledge

In order to find out the relationship between the selected characteristics of beneficiary and non-beneficiary


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farmers and their level of knowledge about improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop, correlation was worked out the finding are presented in Table 3.

Table 3: Relationship between knowledge about improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop and independent variables of beneficiary and non- beneficiary farmers. n=120

Sr. No. Variable

Correlation-coefficient (r-Value)

Beneficiary (n=60)

Non- beneficiary

(n=60)X1 Age -0.623** -0.260*

X2 Education 0.782** 0.303*X3 Land holding 0.070NS 0.112NSX4 Animal possession 0.079NS 0.446**X5 Occupation 0.281** 0.170NSX6 Social participation 0.388** 0.099NSX7 Extension

participation0.115NS 0.181NS

X8 Mass media exposure 0.327** 0.009NSX9 Scientific orientation 0.161NS 0.027NSX10 Achievement

motivation 0.070NS 0.075NS

X11 Innovativeness 0.473** 0.038NSX12 Risk orientation 0.185NS 0.151NSX13 Attitude towards

KVK0.335** 0.180NS

* Significant at 0.05 level of probability

**= Significant at 0.01 level of probability

NS= Non Significant

Six variables viz. Education, occupation, social participation, mass media, innovativeness and attitude towards various activities of KVK of beneficiary farmers were observed positively significant with their knowledge regarding improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop. Six variables like Land holding, animal possession, extension participation, scientific orientation, achievement motivation and risk orientation of beneficiary farmers were positively non-significant with their knowledge regarding improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop. Age was negatively significant of beneficiary farmers with their knowledge

regarding improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop.

Ten variables viz. Land holding, occupation, social participation, extension participation, mass media, scientific orientation, achievement motivation, innovativeness, risk orientation and attitude towards various activities of KVK of non-beneficiary farmers were positively non-significant with their knowledge regarding improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop. Age was negatively and Education and Animal possession was positively significant of non-beneficiary farmers with their knowledge regarding improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop.

CONCLUSION

Great majority of beneficiary of farmers had medium to high and non-beneficiary farmers had low to medium level of knowledge about improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop. ‘t’ value was found to be significant indicating thereby that beneficiary farmers had significantly higher knowledge about improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop then non-beneficiary farmers. Age was negatively significant of all farmers with their knowledge regarding improved agricultural technologies of wheat crop.

REFERANCES

Bhoi, G. N. (2008). Impact of frontline demonstrations on castor growers in Anand district of Gujarat state, M.Sc.(Agri.) thesis (Unpub.), AAU,Anand.

Binkadakatti J. S. (2008) Impact of krishi vigyan kendra (kvk) trainings on use of bio-fertilizers and bio-pesticides by tur farmers in gulbarga district. M.Sc. (Agri.) thesis. (Unpub.), Dharwad.

Dubey A.K., Srivastava J.P., Singh R.P., and Sharma V.K. (2008). Impact of KVK Programme on Socio-economic Status and Knowledge of Trainees in Allahabad district. Indian Res.J.Ext.Edu. 8 (2 & 3).

Sai, D. (2008). Impact of Krishi Vigyan Kendra Devataj on the farmers of Anand district, M.Sc. (Agri.) thesis (Unpub.), AAU, Anand.



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Constraints Faced by the Farm Women in Adoption of No cost and Low cost Technology Regarding Animal Husbandry

B.M.Christian1 , N.B.Chauhan2 and A.R.Macwan3

1 Assistant Professor, College of Agriculture, AAU, Vaso - 3873802 Professor and Head, department of Extension Education, BACA, AAU, Anand- 388110

3 Assistant Professor, Polytechnic in Agriculture, AAU, Vaso - 387380Email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The study was conducted to know constraints faced by the farm women in adoption of no cost and low cost technology of animal husbandry of Nadiad Taluka of Kheda district. According to the availability of the farm women engaged in animal husbandry as per government census, 10 villages of Nadiad taluka were selected for this study. Total 150 farm women were selected by proportionate random sample method. The data were collected by personal contacts. The major constraints faced by farm women in adoption of no cost low cost technology are in descending order are High price of cross/exotic animal, Unavailability of cheap and quality fodder whole year, Lack of improvement of waste land for fodder, Lack of knowledge regarding recommended practices, No availability of good ventilated cattle shed, No knowledge regarding disease and its treatment, Lack of availability of training related to animal husbandry management, Lack of availability of chaff cutter, Problem in following recommended milking practice ,Lack of availability of skilled labour.

Keywords : No cost and low cost technology, Constraints, Farm women

In India, animal husbandry occupy as the second biggest fiscal movement next to agriculture in rural areas. It provides employment and monetary support to rural families. Women play an important role in animal husbandry activities as manager, decision makers and skilled workers. They help in farm operations, take their animals for grazing, look after the sale of milk and in addition, perform the functions related to house management. Rural woman contributes a share of more than 75 per cent in animal husbandry operations like feeding, milking and sale of milk. Considering the importance of role of women in animal husbandry, the present study was carried out.

OBJECTIVE

To study the constraints faced by the farm women in adoption of no cost and low cost technology of animal

husbandry

METHODOLOGY

The study was conducted in Nadiad taluka of Kheda district of Gujarat state. According to the availability of the farm women engaged in animal husbandry as per government census, 10 villages of Nadiad taluka were selected for this study. Total 150 farm women were selected by proportionate random sample method. The proportionate sample that is from Vaso-20 farm women ,Uttarsanda-19,Sodpur-17,Vadtal-16,Salun(talpad)-14,Piplata-14,Maholel-14,Dabhan-12,Chalali-12,Narsanda-12 farm women were selected. The data of the study was collected by personal interview. The interview schedule was prepared keeping in view the objectives of the study. The statistical measure such as mean score was used to analyze the data.


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It is observed from the above table that the major constraints faced by farm women in adoption of no cost low cost technology are in descending order are High price of cross/exotic animal, Unavailability of cheap and quality fodder whole year, Lack of improvement of waste land for fodder, Lack of knowledge regarding recommended practices, No availability of good ventilated cattle shed, No knowledge regarding disease and its treatment, Lack of availability of training related to animal husbandry management, Lack of availability of chaff cutter, Problem in following recommended milking practice ,Lack of availability of skilled labour.

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that major constraints faced by farm women in adoption of no cost low cost technology are in descending order are High price of cross/exotic animal, Unavailability of cheap and quality fodder whole year, Lack of improvement of waste land for fodder, Lack of knowledge regarding recommended practices, No availability of good ventilated cattle shed, No knowledge regarding disease and its treatment, Lack of availability of training related to animal husbandry management, Lack of availability of chaff cutter, Problem in following recommended milking practice ,Lack of availability of skilled labour.

IMPLICATION

Considering importance of farm woman in to animal husbandry, there is a need to solve their troubles which block them for adoption of no cost and low cost technology of animal Husbandry so that they can lessen their cost of animal keeping and lift up their returns.

REFERENCES

Patel, A. J; Chaudhary M.G, and Patel J.K (2012) Awareness and Technological Needs of Woman in Dairying, Guj. J. Ext. Edu., Vol. 23, 74-77.

Patel, R. N; Patel V. T, and Prajapati M.M (2013) Training need of dairy Farm Women in Dairy Farming Practices, Guj. J. Ext. Edu., Vol.24, 39-41.

Prajapati, J.V; Bhatt P.M and Patel J.B(2013) Factors affecting Adoption of No-cost and Low –cost Technologies of Animal Husbandry by Tribal Dairy Farmwomen in Gujarat, Guj. J. Ext. Edu., Vol.24,111-113.

Prajapati, J.V; Bhatt P.M and Patel H.B(2011) Adoption of no-cost and Low –cost technologies of animal husbandry by tribal dairy farmwomen, Guj. J. Ext. Edu., Vol.22 : 111-113.

Prajapati, J.V; Bhatt P.M and Patel J.B(2012) Knowledge level of Tribal Dairy Farm Women about No-cost and Low –cost Technologies of Animal Husbandry, Guj. J. Ext. Edu., Vol.23 : 141-146.


Table 1 : Constraints faced by the farm women in adoption of no cost and lowcost technology of animal husbandry n=150

Sr. No.

category Mean Score

Rank

1 High price of cross/exotic animal 1.91 1st 2 Un availability of cheap and quality fodder whole year 1.89 2nd 3 Lack of improvement of waste land for fodder 1.88 3rd 4 Lack of knowledge regarding recommended practices 1.85 4th 5 No availability of good ,ventilated cattle shed 1.84 5th 6 No knowledge regarding disease and its treatment 1.83 6th 7 Lack of availability of training related to animal husbandry management 1.82 7th 8 Lack of availability of chaff cutter 1.81 8th 9 Problem in following recommended milking practice 1.80 9th 10 Lack of availability of skilled labour 1.75 10th 11 No availability of comfortable cattle shed in summer season 1.69 11th 12 Lack of knowledge regarding silage preparation 1.64 12th

Received : June 2015 : Accepted : October 2015


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INTRODUCTION

Dairy farming is one of the important activities of the rural population of our country. The dairy enterprise, next to agriculture, not only provides continuous income and improves dietary standards of family, but also supplements the income and reduces unemployment to a large number of the rural poor.

Dairying has become an important secondary source of income for millions of rural families and has assumed the most important role in providing employment and income generating opportunities particularly for women and marginal farmers. Livestock and dairy has been one of the sectors in India where female work force participation has been high. Although much of the work related to livestock farming is carried out by women, their problems and difficulties are not taken into consideration while designing development, training and extension programmes. Hence the studies on accessing the problems of farm women engaged in dairy farming are of paramount importance to the policy makers and extension agencies involved in rural development. Hence, the present study was undertaken with an objective to

find out the constraints and suggestions face by entrepreneurs towards dairy enterprise.

METHODOLOGY

The study was conducted in Junagadh district of Gujarat state. The study was conducted under ex-post facto research design. It is systemic empirical enquiry in which the scientist does not have direct control over the independent variables because their manifestations have already occurred or they are inherently not manipulated (Kerlinger, 1969). A multistage random sampling technique was used for the study. Four talukas were randomly selected from Junagadh district. Out of four selected talukas, four villages from each talukas were randomly selected. Ten respondents from each village were selected by using random sampling technique with a condition that the dairy farm women has two or more animals at least since last five years. Thus, total one hundred sixty respondents were selected as a sample for the study. Data were collected by personal interviews using a pre-tested structured schedule. Ranking of problems was done based on mean score. Constraints were measured on an inventory prepared for the purpose and response for various constraints

Constraints Impeding the Entrepreneurial Behaviour of Dairy Enterprise

P. G. Amreliya1, J. G. Rathod2 and R. I. Patel3

P.G. Students, Department of Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture, JAU - 362001

ABSTRACT

Dairying farming is important source of income for rural families next to agriculture and has assumed the most important role in providing employment and income generating opportunities particularly for women and marginal farmers. A study was conducted in Junagadh district of Gujarat State to know constraints faced by dairy farm women in operating dairy enterprise. A sample of 160 respondents was selected for present study. The constraint faced by farm women and it was found that high cost of concentrate (88.12 per cent), high cost of milch animal (75.00 per cent), non-remunerative price for milk (70.62 per cent), susceptibility of animal to diseases (67.50 per cent), high cost of veterinary medicines (61.25 per cent) and high investment (59.37 per cent) were the most serious problems perceived by the farm women in dairy enterprise. In case of suggestions, the majority of farm women expressed their suggestions to overcome the constraints in dairy enterprise were: concentrates should be made available at cheaper rate (87.50 per cent) ranked first, followed by enhanced milk price for the producers (79.37 per cent) and cost of veterinary services be reduced (72.50 per cent) ranked second and third, respectively.

Keywords : Constraint, Dairy enterprise, Suggestions


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were obtained in a category of yes and no constraints with assigned score of 2 and 1, respectively and appropriate statistical tools were applied to analyze the data. Frequency and percentages were calculated and ranks assigned.


Constraints faced by dairy entrepreneurs

As the constraints were the major hindering factors for the entrepreneurs there is a need to study to provide proper suggestions which will be useful for entrepreneurs in building up their enterprise.

Table: 1 Constraints faced by the dairy entrepreneurs n= 160

Sr. No. Constraints Frequency Percent Rank

1 High cost of veterinary medicines 98 61.25 V

2 Lack of veterinary facilities in the village 76 47.50 XI

3 High investment 95 59.37 VI

4 High cost of concentrate 141 88.12 I

5 High cost of milch animal 120 75.00 II

6 Costly management 78 48.75 X

7 Non-remunerative price for milk 113 70.62 III

8 Highly expensive consultancy service of private practitioners 89 55.62 VII

9 Poor irrigation facilities for growing fodder crops 65 40.62 XIV

10 Susceptibility of animal to diseases 108 67.50 IV

11Lack of technical know-how about breeding, feeding, management and health care on milch animals

70 43.75 XIII

12 Small size of land holding 85 53.12 VIII

13 Busy schedule due to house hold activities 60 37.50 XVI

14 Difficulty to store milk in summer season 73 45.62 XII

15 Artificial insemination centre being far away 81 50.62 IX

16 Loan procedure is too much tedious 63 39.37 XV

The data in Table 1 indicated that the most (88.12

per cent) of the respondents expressed that high cost of

concentrate was constraint to run dairy enterprise with

ranked first, followed by high cost of milch animal (75.00 per

cent) and non-remunerative price for milk (70.62 per cent)

with rank second and third, respectively. The respondents

expressed more constraints were susceptibility of animal to

diseases (67.50 per cent), high cost of veterinary medicines

(61.25 per cent) and high investment (59.37 per cent) which

was on rank fourth, fifth and sixth, respectively.

More than half of the farm women faced constraints

like highly expensive consultancy service of private

practitioners (55.62 per cent), small size of land holding

(53.12 per cent) and artificial insemination centre being

far away (50.62 per cent) with rank seventh, eighth, ninth

respectively.

Further, some half of respondents faced constrains

like costly management (48.75 per cent), lack of veterinary

facilities in the village (47.50 per cent), difficulty to store milk

in summer season (45.62 per cent), lack of technical know-

how about breeding, feeding, management and health care

on milch animals (43.75 per cent), poor irrigation facilities

for growing fodder crops (40.62 per cent), loan procedure is

too much tedious (39.37 per cent) and busy schedule due to


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house hold activities (37.50 per cent).

Suggestions expressed by dairy farm women

Table 2 clearly indicates some of the suggestions to overcome the above constraints by dairy farm women for difficulties faced by them in dairy enterprise.

Table 2: Some major suggestions given by farm women in overcoming the constraints n=160

Sr. No. Suggestions Frequency Percent Rank

1 Provision of proper A.I. facility at village level. 103 64.37 V

2Subsidies should be given on certain inputs like veterinary medicines and fodder seeds.

99 61.87 VI

3Provision of technical knowledge to manage the dairy enterprise.

61 38.12 X

4Loan amount to purchase dairy animals should be increased.

96 60.00 VII

5Concentrates should be made available at cheaper rate.

140 87.50 I

6 Enhanced milk price for the producers. 127 79.37 II

7Contagious and other diseases should be managed in time.

110 68.75 IV

8 Loan sanction procedure should be easy. 58 36.25 XI

9Facilities regarding the storage of milk should be made available.

64 40.00 IX

10 Cost of veterinary services should be reduced. 116 72.50 III

11Regular and planned sup-ply of vaccines should be made.

68 42.50 VIII

The data in Table 2 indicated that the majority of farm women expressed suggestions to overcome the constraints in dairy enterprise were: concentrates should be made available at cheaper rate (87.50 per cent) ranked first, followed by enhanced milk price for the producers (79.37 per cent) and cost of veterinary services be reduced (72.50 per cent) ranked second and third, respectively. They also suggested that contagious and other diseases should be managed in time (68.75 per cent), provision of proper A.I. facility should be at village level (64.37 per cent), subsidies should be given on certain inputs like veterinary medicines and fodder seeds (61.87 per cent) and loan amount to purchase dairy animals should be increased (60.00 per cent) which got ranked fourth,

fifth, sixth and seventh respectively.

Very less number of farm women suggested that regular and planned supply of vaccines should be made (42.50 per cent), facilities regarding the storage of milk should be made available (40.00 per cent), provision of technical knowledge should be to manage the dairy enterprise (38.12 per cent) and loan sanction procedure should be easy (36.25 per cent) with rank eighth, ninth, tenth and eleventh, respectively.

It can be concluded that the majority of farm women suggested that were concentrates should be made available at cheaper rate, milk price should be enhanced for the producers and cost of veterinary services should be reduced.

CONCLUSION

In case of constraints, it was found that high cost of concentrate (88.12 per cent), high cost of milch animal (75.00 per cent), non-remunerative price for milk (70.62 per cent), susceptibility of animal to diseases (67.50 per cent), high cost of veterinary medicines (61.25 per cent) and high investment (59.37 per cent) were the most serious problems perceived by the farm women in dairy enterprise.

Whereas suggestions given by dairy farm women that the majority of farm women expressed their suggestions to overcome the constraints in dairy enterprise were: concentrates should be made available at cheaper rate (87.50 per cent) ranked first, followed by enhanced milk price for the producers (79.37 per cent) and cost of veterinary services be reduced (72.50 per cent) ranked second and third, respectively.

REFERENCES

Anitha, B. 2004. A study on entrepreneurial behaviour and market participation of farm women in Bangalore rural district of Karnataka. M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis (Unpublished). University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore.

Kerlinger, F. N. 1969. Foundation of Behavioral Research Holt, Rinchart and Winston. Inc., New York.

Pooja, P.; Patel, M. M.; Badodia, S. K. and Sharma, P. 2014. Entrepreneurial behaviour of dairy farmers. Indian Research Journal of Extension Education. 14(2): 46-49.

Rao, M. S. and Dipak, D. 2003. Entrepreneurial behaviour of vegetable growers. Department of Extension Education, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi.

Tekale,V. S.; Bhalekar, D. N. and Shaikh. J. I. 2013. Entrepreneurial behaviour of dairy farmers. International Journal of Extension Education. 9: 32-36.



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Correlates of Knowledge of Poultry Entrepreneurs About Poultry Management Practices

G. N. Thorat1, S. G. Vahora2, and D. B. Ramjiyani1

1 Assistant Professor, Pashu Vigyan Kendra , TRTC, AAU, Devgadh Baria -3893802 Associate Professor, Pashu Vigyan Kendra , TRTC, AAU, Devgadh Baria -389380

3 Research Associate, TRTC, AAU, Devgadh Baria -389380Email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The knowledge of any technology is a key factor for it’s’ adoption. The present study was conducted in Anand district of Gujarat state, with a view to study poultry entrepreneurs’ level of knowledge and correlates of their level of knowledge with poultry management practices. It was evident that majority of the respondents possess medium level of knowledge. The characteristics namely education, experience, training, organizational participation, extension contact, scientific orientation, risk orientation and adoption level of poultry management practices were positively and significantly correlated with knowledge, while caste and occupation were observed negatively and significantly correlated with the knowledge level of the poultry entrepreneurs about poultry management practices.

Keywords: Knowledge, Adoption, Entrepreneur, Poultry and Management practices

INTRODUCTION

Poultry farming is an ancient business in India, but scientific up keep of poultry is very new. It has got economic, nutritional, industrial, recreative and researches importance. It also plays an important role to improve economy of the poultry entrepreneur. Various government and non-government organization have also recognized the importance of poultry farming as employment generating enterprise and are engaged in motivating more and more entrepreneurs to take up this enterprise.

Any enterprise to run in profit requires good knowledge about varies activities to be taken up to run the enterprise and management of these activities better way. Knowledge plays an important role for achieving desired results. Knowledge according to English and English (1961) is a body of understood information possessed by an individual or by a culture. Hence, to perform active role in any activities, information being understood play an

important role. Keeping this in view, the present research study was conducted with following specific objective:

OBJECTIVES

(i) To assess level of knowledge of poultry entrepreneurs’ about poultry management practices

(ii) To ascertain the association between level of knowledge about poultry management practices and selected independent characteristics of the poultry entrepreneurs

METHODOLOGY

The research study was conducted in Anand district of Gujarat state. A total 110 respondents from 30 villages was selected at randomly. All the respondents were personally interviewed for the study. For the measurement of various variables, suitable scales developed by various social scientists were used. Mean, standard deviation and co-efficient of correlation were used to analyze the data


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Profile of the poultry entrpreneurs

Table 1 : Characteristic of poultry enterpreneurs n=110

Sr. No. Characteristics of poultry entrepreneurs Frequencies Percent

A Personal Characteristics

1 AgeYoung (below 30 years) 14 12.73Middle (between36 to 50 years) 84 76.36Old (Above 50 years) 12 10.91

2 Education levelPrimary (1st to 7th std.) 08 7.27Secondary (8th to 10th std.) 21 19.09Higher secondary (11th to 12th std.) 38 34.55Graduation and above 43 39.09

3 Experience in Poultry 1 to 5 years of experience 24 21.825.01 to 10 years of experience 56 50.9110.o1 to 15 years of experience 19 17.27Above 15.00 years of experience 11 10.00

B Socio-Economic Characteristics 4 Caste

Upper caste 93 84.55Intermediate caste 10 10.00Lower caste 6 5.45

5 Organizational ParticipationLow level 18 16.37Middle level 72 65.45High level 20 18.18

6 OccupationOnly poultry 81 73.64Poultry +Farming 16 14.55Poultry+ Service 07 06.36Poultry+ Farming+ Service 06 05.45

7 Size of the poultry farmUpto 15,000 birds 85 77.2715,000 to 30,000 birds 12 10.9130,000 to 45,000 birds 05 04.55Above 45,000 birds 08 07.27

8 Annual IncomeUp to `1.5 lakh income 59 53.64` 1.51 lakh to ` 3.00 lakh income 23 20.91` 3.01 to ` 4.5 lakh income 18 16.36Above ` 4.50 lakh income 10 09.09

C Communicational and Psychological Characteristics9 Training in poultry

Training received 31 28.18Training not received 79 71.82

10 Mass media exposureLow level 08 7.27Middle level 84 76.36High level 18 16.37


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Sr. No. Characteristics of poultry entrepreneurs Frequencies Percent11 Extension contact

Low level 17 15.45Middle level 76 69.10High level 17 15.45

12 Scientific orientation Low level 18 16.36Middle level 80 72.73High level 12 10.91

13 Risk orientation Low level 11 10.00Middle level 74 67.27High level 25 22.73

14 Adoption Level Low level 17 15.45Middle level 77 70.00High level 16 14.55

A Personal characteristics of livestock keepers

The data presented in Table 1 revealed that majority (75.33 per cent) of the poultry entrepreneurs belonged to middle age group, followed by 14.00 per cent with old age and 10.67 per cent were from young age group. Majority (73.64 per cent) of the respondents had higher secondary to college and above level of education and half (50.91 per cent) of the respondents having 5 to 10 years of experience in poultry farming. The possible reason for this might to that they were aware regarding importance of education, so that middle aged group accepted poultry farming as an occupation. Nimbalkar(1998) in his study of poultry entrepreneurs with special references to production, productivity and management aspects observed that above two-third (64.00 per cent) of the poultry entrepreneurs were educated upto and above level and had experience between 5 to 11 years in poultry farming.

B Socio-economic characteristics of livestock keepers

The data presented in Table 1 indicate that majority (84.55 per cent) of poultry entrepreneurs fall in upper caste due to the upper caste had sound economic conditions and initially for poultry business required a substantial amount of capital which is beyond the lower caste group poultry entrepreneurs. Further observed from the Table 1, that majority of the respondents having poultry as a main occupation and nearly about one- fourth of the respondents had small size of poultry farming i.e. opto 15,000 birds with ` 1.5 lakh annual income. last two –three years the bird flue diseases observed in the study area, so the poultry owners posses small size of poultry farm as well as they received low price of the poultry produce.

The data with respect to organizational participation are presented in Table 1 which revealed that majority of respondents (65.45 per cent) had middle level of organizational participation, followed by 18.18 per cent with high level and 16.37 per cent with low level of organizational participation .

C Communicational and psychological characteristics of poultry entrepreneurs

The data presented in Table 1 indicated that majority (71.82 per cent) of the respondents had not received training in poultry, while 76.36 per cent and 69.10 per cent of the respondents had medium level of mass media exposure and extension contact, respectively. This might be due to availability of mass media and awareness of the respondents regarding programmers broadcated and telecasted on radio and television, respectively as well as availability of farm literature published by various agencies. Moreover, Government of Gujarat posted village extension workers; they have to visit as per their scheduled tour programme. It is apparent from the data in Table 1 that majority of the respondents were found to have medium level of extension contact and risk orientation and adoption level of poultry management practices.

Knowledge level of poultry entrepreneurs

The data portrayed in Table 2 clearly reveals that majority (69.09 percent) of the poultry entrepreneurs’ had medium level of knowledge followed by 16.36 and 14.55 per cent of respondent, in category of low and high level of knowledge, respectively.


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Table 2: Distribution of the respondents according to their knowledge level about poultry management practices

n = 110

Sr. No

Knowledge level Number Percent

1 Low level (Below 8.79) 18 16.362 Medium level (In between 8.79

– 15.43)76 69.09

3 High level (Above 15.43) 16 14.55

Correlates of knowledge with charactristicks of poultry entrepreneurs

The relationship between knowledge and charactristicks of poultry entrepreneurs is presented in Table 3.

Table 3: Relationship between independent variables of the poultry owners and their knowledge about poultry management practices

Sr. No.

Independent variables Correlation coefficient (r-value)

X1 Age 0.1719X2 Education 0.3218*X3 Experience in poultry 0.1976*X4 Caste -0.1999*X5 Organizational participation 0.5850*X6 Occupation -0.3110*X7 Size of the poultry farm 0.1505X8 Annual income 0.1386X9 Training in poultry 0.3790*X10 Mass media exposure 0.6160*X11 Extension contact 0.4089*X12 Scientific orientation 0.3734*X13 Risk orientation 0.2197* X14 Adoption 0.4569*

* Significant at 0.05 level of probability.

(1) Knowledge and age

The data presented in Table 3 reflects that age of the respondents was non-significantly associated with their knowledge level. It means, increase or decrease in age of poultry entrepreneurs has not affected the knowledge of respondents in poultry management practices

(2) Knowledge and education

Level of education of the poultry entrepreneurs was observed significantly (r=0.3218) correlated with their

knowledge level. The reason for significant result might be that educated respondents have greater reception power, owing their ability to understand, read and write than less educated and illiterate respondents.

(3) Knowledge and experience in poultry

The data from the Table 3 clearly indicate that experience in poultry was found to be significantly (r = 0.2976) related with knowledge level of poultry entrepreneurs. Positive significant relationship between experience in poultry and knowledge level shows that experience in poultry was a variable, which influenced the knowledge level of poultry entrepreneurs. The probable reason might be that their long / more experience in poultry.

(4) Knowledge and caste

The data presented in Table 3 indicate that caste of the respondents was negatively and significantly associated with the extent of knowledge regarding poultry management practices

(5) Knowledge and organizational participation

A cursory glance at Table 3 reveals that organizational participation had positive and significant relationship with knowledge level of poultry entrepreneurs. This may be due to the fact that poultry entrepreneurs might have considered local organizations as an important service oriented organizations

(6) Knowledge and occupation

Data reflected in Table 3 indicate that occupation was found to be negatively but significant relation with knowledge level about poultry management practices. The probable reason behind this type of relation is that as number of occupation decreases the respondents must be able to concentrate on particular occupation and get more success and ultimately more profit, which influence the knowledge level. This finding is similar with the finding of Patel (1996).

(7) Knowledge and size of the poultry farm

The data presented in the Table 3 indicate that size of the poultry farm had non- significant relationship with knowledge level of the respondents about poultry management practices

(8) Knowledge and annual income

Annual income was found to be positive and non-significant related with the knowledge level of the


131

respondents. It might be due to fact that they may get inputs and other requirement from other sources nearby farmers to get the information about poultry management practices.

(9) Knowledge and training received

Training in poultry of the poultry entrepreneurs was found positive and significant (r = 0.3790) relationship with their knowledge about poultry management practices. Result proves that training play an important role in increasing knowledge. This might be due to fact that poultry entrepreneurs have realized significance of training in increasing their knowledge.

(10) Knowledge and mass media exposure

The data presented in the Table 3 indicate that mass media exposure had positive and significant relationship with knowledge level of the respondents about poultry management practices.

(11) Knowledge and extension contact

Data presented in the Table 3 indicate that extension contact had significant relationship with knowledge level of the poultry entrepreneurs.

(12) Knowledge and scientific orientation

The data presented in the Table 3 indicate that scientific orientation was found positively and significantly correlated with the knowledge level of the poultry entrepreneurs.

(13) Knowledge and risk orientation

The data presented in Table 3 reveals that there was positive and significant association of risk orientation with knowledge level of the respondents. Knowledge is one of the qualities required in any individuals to take risk. Thus, a person with high degree of risk orientation will always try to collect useful information to get success. This may be the reason to have better knowledge among those poultry entrepreneurs who had high degree of risk orientation.

(14) Knowledge and adoption

The relationship between the knowledge level and adoption level of the poultry entrepreneurs for the poultry management practices was found to be positive and highly significant This might be due to the fact that, poultry entrepreneurs who are having better knowledge about poultry management practices are efficient in selecting economical

and feasible technology and adopt the same very quickly.

CONCLUSION

It can be summarized from the above results that there was a positive and significant association between knowledge level of poultry owners and their education, experience, training, organizational participation, extension contact, scientific orientation, risk orientation and adoption level of poultry management practices, while caste and occupation were observed negatively and significantly correlated with the knowledge level of the poultry owners about poultry management practices. The variables like age, size of poultry farm and annual income were positively and non-significantly correlated with knowledge about poultry management practices.

REFERENCES

Ankuya, K. J., & Ashwar, P. (2014),. Influence of Socio-Economic Factors on Adoption of Poultry Farming. Guj.J.Ext.Edu.,24 : 33-34.

Chandel, R. S. (1978). A handbook of Agricultural statistics; Published by AchalPrakashan Mandir, Kanpur (U.P.) : 260-269

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Note : All the members of Society are requested to send the membership infromation for Directory to Joint Secretary, Society of Extension Education Anand (Guajrat), Office of the Directorate of Extension Education, Univeristy Bhavan, Anand Agricultural University, Anand-388110.

Documents

Society of Extension Education, Anand (Gujarat) · Navsari 2 8 February 1992 Seminar on “Role of Rural Women in Development Anand 3 23 October 1994 Seminar on “Role of Farm Literature