Socio Cultural Studies Play. Contemporary Studies Concepts LeisureRecreationPlay Physical Recreation Sport Physical Education Outdoor Education

Socio Cultural StudiesSocio Cultural Studies

PlayPlay

Contemporary Studies ConceptsContemporary Studies Concepts

LeisureLeisureRecreationRecreationPlayPlayPhysical RecreationPhysical RecreationSportSportPhysical EducationPhysical EducationOutdoor EducationOutdoor Education

CONCEPTS- LEISURE CONCEPTS- LEISURE

Leisure is time in which there is Leisure is time in which there is opportunity for choice (Arnold).opportunity for choice (Arnold).

Leisure consists of relatively Leisure consists of relatively self-determining activity-self-determining activity-experiences which fall into one’s experiences which fall into one’s economically free-time roles economically free-time roles (Kaplan).(Kaplan).

Leisure ActivitiesLeisure Activities

CONCEPTSCONCEPTS LEISURE LEISURE

We can recognise it because it is We can recognise it because it is an activity (apart from an activity (apart from obligations).obligations).

This involves : This involves :

free timefree time

choicechoice

opportunity.opportunity.

CONCEPTS LEISURECONCEPTS LEISURE

It functions as activity (as a positive attempt to It functions as activity (as a positive attempt to allow) :allow) :free developmentfree developmentrelaxationrelaxationre-creation.re-creation.Leisure is more than an activity, it is a valuable Leisure is more than an activity, it is a valuable experience.experience.Leisure is potentially :Leisure is potentially :self-realisingself-realisingsocialisingsocialisingculturally civilising.culturally civilising.

CONCEPTSCONCEPTS RECREATION RECREATION

Recreation is a positive aspect of leisure and is Recreation is a positive aspect of leisure and is widely described as active leisure.widely described as active leisure.Recreation carries the individual away from usual Recreation carries the individual away from usual concerns and problems. concerns and problems. The attitudes derived from this are those involving The attitudes derived from this are those involving feelings of relaxation.feelings of relaxation.Contentment not complacency might best describe Contentment not complacency might best describe an attitude which is a product of a recreative an attitude which is a product of a recreative experience (Van der Swaag).experience (Van der Swaag).

CONCEPTS of PLAYCONCEPTS of PLAY

Play consists of activities from which you Play consists of activities from which you get immediate pleasure without ulterior get immediate pleasure without ulterior motive.motive.Time and space are freely decided.Time and space are freely decided.Play has intrinsic value and is spontaneous.Play has intrinsic value and is spontaneous.Play is non-serious and is enjoyment Play is non-serious and is enjoyment oriented.oriented.Play for a child increases mastery over Play for a child increases mastery over reality.reality.While an adult steps aside from reality.While an adult steps aside from reality.

PLAYPLAY

Play is an activity which proceeds within Play is an activity which proceeds within certain limits of time and space.certain limits of time and space.In a visible order according to rules freely In a visible order according to rules freely accepted.accepted.Outside the sphere of necessity or material Outside the sphere of necessity or material utility. utility. The play mood is one of rapture and The play mood is one of rapture and enthusiasm.enthusiasm.This play mood is sacred or festive in This play mood is sacred or festive in accordance with the occasion. accordance with the occasion. A feeling of exultation and tension A feeling of exultation and tension accompanies the action.accompanies the action.Mirth and relaxation follow (Huizinga).Mirth and relaxation follow (Huizinga).

PLAYPLAY

Is a voluntary experience : it is Is a voluntary experience : it is freedom.freedom.

Is not ordinary or real life.Is not ordinary or real life.

Is a temporary world.Is a temporary world.

Creates order.Creates order.

Is sharing a common experience.Is sharing a common experience.

RECREATIONRECREATION

Recreation is a concept closely Recreation is a concept closely related to play.related to play.It means literally to re-create or to It means literally to re-create or to refresh oneself in body and / or refresh oneself in body and / or engagement. engagement. Recreational activity is also limited in Recreational activity is also limited in time and space by the actor.time and space by the actor.This requires no preparation or This requires no preparation or training.training.

PHYSICAL RECREATIONPHYSICAL RECREATION

Recreation is also non-Recreation is also non-utilitarian in product. utilitarian in product. (Edwards)(Edwards)

Physical recreation Physical recreation identifies with identifies with recreative attitudes in a recreative attitudes in a physical activity. physical activity.

Physically challenging Physically challenging without necessarily without necessarily being competitive. being competitive. (Davis)(Davis)

OUTDOOR RECREATIONOUTDOOR RECREATION

This is physical activity in the This is physical activity in the natural environment which natural environment which includes the notion of adventure.includes the notion of adventure.

SPORTSPORT

Is an institutionalised competitive activity Is an institutionalised competitive activity that involves vigorous physical exertion.that involves vigorous physical exertion.Or the use of relatively complex physical Or the use of relatively complex physical skills.skills.By individuals whose participation is By individuals whose participation is motivated by a combination of:motivated by a combination of:The intrinsic satisfaction associated with The intrinsic satisfaction associated with the activity itself.the activity itself.And the external rewards earned through And the external rewards earned through participation. (Coakley)participation. (Coakley)

SPORTSSPORTS

CHARACTERISTICS of SPORTCHARACTERISTICS of SPORT

Any physical activity Any physical activity which has the character which has the character of play and which takes of play and which takes the form of a struggle the form of a struggle with oneself or involves with oneself or involves competition with others competition with others is a sport.is a sport.

If this activity involves If this activity involves competition, then it competition, then it should always be should always be performed with a spirit performed with a spirit of sportsmanship. of sportsmanship.

There can be no true There can be no true sport without the idea of sport without the idea of fair play.fair play.

A SCALE of SPORTSMANSHIPA SCALE of SPORTSMANSHIP

Functional : Functional : +3+3 personal moral decisions personal moral decisions

+2+2 acceptance of the rulesacceptance of the rules +1+1 acceptance of the refereeacceptance of the referee 00 no moral stance no moral stance

-1-1selfish disregardselfish disregardDysfunctional :Dysfunctional : -2 -2 disregard for othersdisregard for others

PHYSICAL EDUCATIONPHYSICAL EDUCATION

The formal inculcation of The formal inculcation of knowledge and values knowledge and values through physical activity through physical activity experiences.experiences.A term used to describe an A term used to describe an area of educational activity in area of educational activity in which the main concern is which the main concern is with bodily movement. with bodily movement. The overlapping boundaries The overlapping boundaries reflect the potential mix of reflect the potential mix of motives at any one time.motives at any one time.Both definitions refer to the Both definitions refer to the compulsory part of physical compulsory part of physical education. education. The triangle recognises that The triangle recognises that extra curricular sport and extra curricular sport and physical recreation in the physical recreation in the school day may yet inspire school day may yet inspire desirable knowledge and desirable knowledge and values.values.

VALUES IN PHYSICAL EDUCATIONVALUES IN PHYSICAL EDUCATIONPHYSICAL PHYSICAL

Health and fitness.Health and fitness.Skills and tactics.Skills and tactics.Sports and pastimes. Sports and pastimes. PERSONALPERSONALSelf-realisation and socialization.Self-realisation and socialization.Decision-making and ethics.Decision-making and ethics.Emotional experience.Emotional experience.PREPARATIONPREPARATIONActive leisure.Active leisure.Sporting opportunity.Sporting opportunity.Career potential.Career potential.QUALITATIVE QUALITATIVE Creativity and appreciation.Creativity and appreciation.Commitment and vitalityCommitment and vitality

VALUES IN PHYSICAL VALUES IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION ITEMISEDEDUCATION ITEMISED

PHYSICALPHYSICALEffort.Effort.Prowess.Prowess.SOCIALSOCIALCompetition.Competition.Cooperation.Cooperation.COGNITIVECOGNITIVEProblem solving.Problem solving.Strategy building.Strategy building.MORALMORALMoral code.Moral code.Ethical judgement.Ethical judgement.SELF-REALISINGSELF-REALISINGSelf knowledge.Self knowledge.Concern for othersConcern for othersEMOTIONALEMOTIONALPersonal control.Personal control.Self expression.Self expression.AESTHETICAESTHETICTaste of excellence.Taste of excellence.Creativity.Creativity.Appreciation.Appreciation.ASCETICASCETICCommitment.Commitment.

OUTDOOR EDUCATIONOUTDOOR EDUCATION

This is a means of approaching This is a means of approaching educational objectives through educational objectives through guided direct experiences.guided direct experiences.

These experiences are in the These experiences are in the natural environment using its natural environment using its resources as learning materials.resources as learning materials.

OUTDOOR EDUCATIONOUTDOOR EDUCATION - - ACTIVITIES ACTIVITIES

OUTDOOR EDUCATIONOUTDOOR EDUCATION - - LEVELS OF ADVENTURELEVELS OF ADVENTURE

First, experience in an First, experience in an exciting environment.exciting environment.Second, challenge of Second, challenge of skill and confidence in a skill and confidence in a difficult environment.difficult environment.Third, test of self and Third, test of self and others in a frontier others in a frontier experience.experience.Fourth, misadventure in Fourth, misadventure in a dangerous a dangerous environmentenvironment..

SPORT AND CULTURESPORT AND CULTURE

Tribal CultureTribal Culture

Emergent CultureEmergent Culture

Advanced CultureAdvanced Culture


SPORT AND TRIBAL CULTURE (example SAMOA)SPORT AND TRIBAL CULTURE (example SAMOA)There are still many tribal communities such as the There are still many tribal communities such as the Polynesians, Eskimos and Aborigines, where the Polynesians, Eskimos and Aborigines, where the original tribal sports and pastimes can still be found.original tribal sports and pastimes can still be found.They reflect the needs of the community in terms of They reflect the needs of the community in terms of survival in the natural world.survival in the natural world.But also ritual and festival elements which bind the But also ritual and festival elements which bind the community together. community together. The advent of Colonialism led to subjugation, ritual The advent of Colonialism led to subjugation, ritual curtailment and social conditioning through colonial curtailment and social conditioning through colonial education and sports. education and sports. Today we find a re-emergence of the old culture Today we find a re-emergence of the old culture where European games have gone through where European games have gone through adaptation, reversion and adoption.adaptation, reversion and adoption.


TRIBAL CULTURETRIBAL CULTUREETHNIC SPORTS AND PASTIMESETHNIC SPORTS AND PASTIMESSurvival - related to warfare.Survival - related to warfare.Economic.Economic.Social - related to ritual.Social - related to ritual.COLONIAL CONQUEST AND IMPOSITIONCOLONIAL CONQUEST AND IMPOSITIONMilitary.Military.Diplomatic.Diplomatic.Economic.Economic.Rational sports.Rational sports.Missionary.Missionary.POST-COLONIAL EMERGENCEPOST-COLONIAL EMERGENCEAdaptation - (Samoan Rugby).Adaptation - (Samoan Rugby).Reversion - (Trobriand Cricket).Reversion - (Trobriand Cricket).Adoption - (Bungee Jumping).Adoption - (Bungee Jumping).


EMERGENT CULTUREEMERGENT CULTURE

EMERGENT COUNTRIESEMERGENT COUNTRIES

Nation building.Nation building.

Racial Integration.Racial Integration.

Improved Health.Improved Health.

Increased Social control.Increased Social control.



EMERGENT COUNTRIESEMERGENT COUNTRIES

Nation building.Nation building.

Racial Integration.Racial Integration.

Improved Health.Improved Health.

Increased Social control.Increased Social control.


DISPROPORTIONATE FUNDINGDISPROPORTIONATE FUNDINGElitism.Elitism.Selectivity.Selectivity.Occupational.Occupational.Excellence.Excellence.INTERNAL APPEASEMENT / INTERNAL APPEASEMENT / EXTERNAL EXPOSURE EXTERNAL EXPOSURE Role models (see Kip Keino – Role models (see Kip Keino – first Kenyan World record first Kenyan World record holder and Olympic holder and Olympic Champion).Champion).World arena.World arena.Opportunity.Opportunity.Fundings return.Fundings return.Provision.Provision.Talent pay-back.Talent pay-back.


SPORT AND EMERGENT CULTURE (example KENYA)SPORT AND EMERGENT CULTURE (example KENYA)Many countries have progressed beyond their tribal origins and as Many countries have progressed beyond their tribal origins and as ‘Third World Countries’ are striving to improve the quality of life.‘Third World Countries’ are striving to improve the quality of life.This is where sport is seen as a way of satisfying the needs of the This is where sport is seen as a way of satisfying the needs of the people and achieving exposure for the country. people and achieving exposure for the country. There is a process of nation building and integration together with There is a process of nation building and integration together with a need for improved health and social control.a need for improved health and social control.The process chosen is elitist, where disproportionate support for The process chosen is elitist, where disproportionate support for one sport is used to achieve world recognition. one sport is used to achieve world recognition. Examples of this include West Indian Cricket, Kenyan Athletics, Examples of this include West Indian Cricket, Kenyan Athletics, Nigerian Boxing, Indonesian Badminton and Brazilian Soccer. Nigerian Boxing, Indonesian Badminton and Brazilian Soccer. Success has led to other sports being expanded in each country.Success has led to other sports being expanded in each country.And elitist principles being at least partly relaxed.And elitist principles being at least partly relaxed.As success in a sport has led to exposure on the world stage.As success in a sport has led to exposure on the world stage.And broader status being given to the significance of sport.And broader status being given to the significance of sport.


SPORT IN ADVANCED CULTURESSPORT IN ADVANCED CULTURESCOMMERCIAL - POLITICALCOMMERCIAL - POLITICALIn looking at advanced industrialised countries, identifiable as the G8.In looking at advanced industrialised countries, identifiable as the G8.There is a political and socio-economic polarisation from the American There is a political and socio-economic polarisation from the American extreme of multi-party democracy and capitalism, identifiable as the extreme of multi-party democracy and capitalism, identifiable as the ‘American Dream’.‘American Dream’.To the old Soviet Union and countries like China (authoritarian single party To the old Soviet Union and countries like China (authoritarian single party control exists in a Marxist-socialist society), identifiable in the ‘Shop control exists in a Marxist-socialist society), identifiable in the ‘Shop Window’.Window’.Most West European countries lie between these two, as alternative Most West European countries lie between these two, as alternative conservative - socialist governments working within a mixed economy. conservative - socialist governments working within a mixed economy. In the US model, sport exists as a social institution, where technical, In the US model, sport exists as a social institution, where technical, managerial and corporate organisation are present. managerial and corporate organisation are present. And as a social situation where sport occurs at a producer and consumer And as a social situation where sport occurs at a producer and consumer level. level. In the case of the capitalist model, commercialism and the In the case of the capitalist model, commercialism and the professionalisation of sport is uppermost.professionalisation of sport is uppermost.Whereas the socialist model has a political agenda. Whereas the socialist model has a political agenda. In both cases mass participation & sporting excellence is endorsed at In both cases mass participation & sporting excellence is endorsed at voluntary, public and private levels.voluntary, public and private levels.But varying in terms of the domination of one of these.But varying in terms of the domination of one of these.


ADVANCED ADVANCED CULTURES – the CULTURES – the G8 COUNTRIESG8 COUNTRIES

ISSUESISSUES

Mass Participation in SportMass Participation in SportExcellence and SportExcellence and SportSchool SportSchool SportSport and MinoritiesSport and MinoritiesSpecific Issues – Drugs and SportSpecific Issues – Drugs and SportSpecific Issues – Media and Specific Issues – Media and AdvertisingAdvertisingSpecific Issues – Deviance and Specific Issues – Deviance and FootballFootball

MASS PARTICIPATION IN MASS PARTICIPATION IN SPORTSPORT

MASS PARTICIPATION - ETHNIC MASS PARTICIPATION - ETHNIC FESTIVALS UKFESTIVALS UK

TRADITIONALTRADITIONAL(historical)LOCAL(historical)LOCAL(functional)POPULAR(functional)POPULAR(social)ISOLATED(social)ISOLATED(geographical)(geographical)MAJOR CHARACTERISTICSMAJOR CHARACTERISTICSoccasionaloccasionallocalisedlocalisedfestivalfestivalfolklorefolklorelimited ruleslimited rulesviolentviolentunique featuresunique featuresEXAMPLESEXAMPLESHighland gamesHighland gamesMob gamesMob gamesLakeland gamesLakeland gamesWrestlingWrestling

MASS PARTICIPATION MASS PARTICIPATION

MASS PARTICIPATIONMASS PARTICIPATION

CULTURAL DETERMINANTS – CULTURAL DETERMINANTS – IDEOLOGICALIDEOLOGICALparticipation ethicparticipation ethicequal opportunityequal opportunityvoluntarismvoluntarismindividualismindividualismromance of the countrysideromance of the countryside


CULTURAL DETERMINANTS – CULTURAL DETERMINANTS – HISTORICALHISTORICAL

self helpself help

class statusclass status

riparian ownersriparian owners

sporting and spectating traditionsporting and spectating tradition


CULTURAL DETERMINANTS – CULTURAL DETERMINANTS – ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT

urbanisationurbanisation

moderate climatemoderate climate

countryside in easy reachcountryside in easy reach

MASS PARTICIPATIONMASS PARTICIPATION

CULTURAL DETERMINANTS – CULTURAL DETERMINANTS – POLITICALPOLITICAL

democracydemocracy

welfare statewelfare state

decentralised administrationdecentralised administration


CULTURAL CULTURAL DETERMINANTS – DETERMINANTS – SOCIOECONOMICSOCIOECONOMIC

social rankingsocial ranking

gender rankinggender ranking

division of labourdivision of labour

mode of productionmode of production

comparative comparative influenceinfluence

EXCELLENCE and SPORT EXCELLENCE and SPORT

A poor tribal society is likely to A poor tribal society is likely to select a single sport with which to select a single sport with which to identify itself. identify itself. One which is natural to the One which is natural to the people, cheap to develop and people, cheap to develop and unsophisticated, for example, unsophisticated, for example, marathon running in Ethiopia. marathon running in Ethiopia. An emerging country may start An emerging country may start like that, as in Kenya, but broaden like that, as in Kenya, but broaden their programme as a result of their programme as a result of role model success and exposure role model success and exposure to the world.to the world.Their focus now is on nation-Their focus now is on nation-building and integration.building and integration.Finally, advanced countries (for Finally, advanced countries (for example the G8 top industrialised example the G8 top industrialised countries) like the UK and USA countries) like the UK and USA would be looking for a much would be looking for a much broader pyramid of opportunity, broader pyramid of opportunity, provision for all and self-esteem provision for all and self-esteem for all minorities to participate.for all minorities to participate.To achieve these targets To achieve these targets disproportionate funding is disproportionate funding is necessary for Olympic success.necessary for Olympic success.

EXCELLENCE in SPORT – THE EXCELLENCE in SPORT – THE ISSUEISSUE

There is a major debate in a world which places sport There is a major debate in a world which places sport high as a barometer of the international political and high as a barometer of the international political and economic success of a country. economic success of a country. There are a number of different ways of achieving There are a number of different ways of achieving this.this.All recognise that the international standards of All recognise that the international standards of performance are now so high that disproportionate performance are now so high that disproportionate funding has become a fundamental necessity.funding has become a fundamental necessity.In all cases the process can only be achieved through In all cases the process can only be achieved through a pyramid process of getting promising performers a pyramid process of getting promising performers to the top.to the top.But the shape of that pyramid depends on the extent But the shape of that pyramid depends on the extent to which elitism is operating, through necessity or to which elitism is operating, through necessity or design.design.

EXCELLENCE and EXCELLENCE and PROFESSIONALISATIONPROFESSIONALISATION

The significance of The significance of extrinsic and intrinsic extrinsic and intrinsic values leads to a values leads to a balance between balance between professional professional administrative administrative standards and required standards and required levels of levels of sportsmanship.sportsmanship.Each of the five levels Each of the five levels of participation shown of participation shown in diagram 617 above in diagram 617 above need to be fully need to be fully professionalised to professionalised to establish excellence.establish excellence.

EXCELLENCE in SPORTEXCELLENCE in SPORT

THE ACTIVE SPORTS DEVELOPMENT MODEL (2002)THE ACTIVE SPORTS DEVELOPMENT MODEL (2002)SCHOOL PE AND EXTRA-CURRICULAR PROGRAMMES mini game stops SCHOOL PE AND EXTRA-CURRICULAR PROGRAMMES mini game stops programmes programmes community programmes community programmes youth clubsyouth clubsSTAGE 1 - LOCAL SCHEMESSTAGE 1 - LOCAL SCHEMESlocal competition coaching courseslocal competition coaching courses REPRESENTATIVE SPORT AT COUNTY AND REGIONAL LEVELSREPRESENTATIVE SPORT AT COUNTY AND REGIONAL LEVELS STAGE 2 - STAGE 2 - CLUB DEVELOPMENTCLUB DEVELOPMENTregular coaching skills awardsregular coaching skills awardscompetitioncompetition PARTNERSHIPYOUTH GAMESPARTNERSHIPYOUTH GAMES STAGE 3 – ASSESSMENTSTAGE 3 – ASSESSMENTassessment daysassessment daysselection processselection process TALENT CAMPS ADULT SPORTS CLUBS AND COMPETITIONSTALENT CAMPS ADULT SPORTS CLUBS AND COMPETITIONS STAGE 4 - STAGE 4 - DEVELOPMENT SQUADSDEVELOPMENT SQUADSadvanced coaching / performanceenhancement onlyadvanced coaching / performanceenhancement only limited competitionlimited competitionWORLD CLASS STARTWORLD CLASS START

EXCELLENCE in SPORT EXCELLENCE in SPORT AGENCIESAGENCIES


FUNDING and EFFECTIVE FUNDING and EFFECTIVE PERFORMANCEPERFORMANCEA Welfare State with a market A Welfare State with a market economy.economy.Where funding occurs at all Where funding occurs at all three levels.three levels.But the balance must allow all to But the balance must allow all to participate fully.participate fully.


FUNDING and EFFECTIVE FUNDING and EFFECTIVE PERFORMANCEPERFORMANCEPRIVATEPRIVATEcommercialcommercialsponsorshipsponsorshipbenefactorsbenefactorsmedia exposuremedia exposure


FUNDING and EFFECTIVE FUNDING and EFFECTIVE PERFORMANCEPERFORMANCE

VOLUNTARYVOLUNTARY

governing bodiesgoverning bodies

private clubsprivate clubs

subscriptionssubscriptions


FUNDING and EFFECTIVE FUNDING and EFFECTIVE PERFORMANCEPERFORMANCE

PUBLICPUBLIC

government aidgovernment aid

local government aidlocal government aid

National LotteryNational Lottery

EXCELLENCE in SPORT EXCELLENCE in SPORT INITIATIVESINITIATIVES

EXCELLENCE in SPORT EXCELLENCE in SPORT CULTURAL FACTORSCULTURAL FACTORS


CAMPAIGNS and CONTACTSCAMPAIGNS and CONTACTSwww.sportengland.org.uk (2002).www.sportengland.org.uk (2002).Government and Sport.Government and Sport.English Institute of Sport (Loughborough).English Institute of Sport (Loughborough).Sport England Publications (Wetherby).Sport England Publications (Wetherby).www.sportscoachuk.orgwww.sportscoachuk.orgGovernment Plan for Sport (2001).Government Plan for Sport (2001).A Sporting Future for All (2002).A Sporting Future for All (2002).Active Sport: An Introduction (2001).Active Sport: An Introduction (2001).Sport England: Capital Sports Facilities Sport England: Capital Sports Facilities Awards(1998).Awards(1998).


SPORT FOR ALL (ACTIVE PROGRAMME)SPORT FOR ALL (ACTIVE PROGRAMME)Coaching for Teachers Programme (sportscoachUK - formerly NCF).Coaching for Teachers Programme (sportscoachUK - formerly NCF).Sports Mark for secondary children.Sports Mark for secondary children.Active Mark for primary / middle schools.Active Mark for primary / middle schools.Support programmes for TOPsport and TOPplay (YST).Support programmes for TOPsport and TOPplay (YST).Sports Development Officers salary joint YST / LA.Sports Development Officers salary joint YST / LA.Community focus on target groups & disadvantaged areas.Community focus on target groups & disadvantaged areas.Awards / competitions in community for young people.Awards / competitions in community for young people.Sports administration jointly by schools, governing bodies, clubs and local authorities.Sports administration jointly by schools, governing bodies, clubs and local authorities.5 year development programme produced by Sport England.5 year development programme produced by Sport England.9 priority sports for development :9 priority sports for development :Athletics.Athletics. Basketball. Basketball. Cricket.Cricket.Girl’s football.Girl’s football.Netball.Netball.Hockey.Hockey.Rugby Union.Rugby Union.Swimming.Swimming.Tennis.Tennis.


SPORT FOR ALL SPORT FOR ALL (ACTIVE (ACTIVE PROGRAMME)PROGRAMME)

SCHOOL SPORTSCHOOL SPORT

SPORTS COLLEGES - THE YOUTH SPORTS TRUSTSPORTS COLLEGES - THE YOUTH SPORTS TRUSTTarget of 200 colleges by 2002.Target of 200 colleges by 2002.Application from schools 11-16 ages.Application from schools 11-16 ages.Matching policy : private money matched by Matching policy : private money matched by government.government.Increased funding (£100 p.a. per capita).Increased funding (£100 p.a. per capita).Additional staff and resources leading to innovation.Additional staff and resources leading to innovation.College staff to support feeder prinmary schools.College staff to support feeder prinmary schools.Beacon to help other secondary schools.Beacon to help other secondary schools.Direct links with community.Direct links with community.Introduce new activities to locality.Introduce new activities to locality.Meet stringent academic and sporting targets.Meet stringent academic and sporting targets.


OTHER SPORTS SCHOOLS & ACADEMIESOTHER SPORTS SCHOOLS & ACADEMIESSports Associations : extra curricular.Sports Associations : extra curricular.Specific public schools : example Millfield School.Specific public schools : example Millfield School.Governing Bodies : example, Lilleshall for the FA.Governing Bodies : example, Lilleshall for the FA.Individual Clubs : example Manchester United soccer Individual Clubs : example Manchester United soccer school.school.Activities : examples rugby colts, junior tennis.Activities : examples rugby colts, junior tennis.ADVANTAGESADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGESRECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS


SPORT DEVELOPMENT OFFICERS SPORT DEVELOPMENT OFFICERS (SDO)(SDO)Mainly sport graduates.Mainly sport graduates.Shaping extracurricular sport in Shaping extracurricular sport in schools.schools.Appointed by Local Authorities.Appointed by Local Authorities.Funded jointly by Local Authority Funded jointly by Local Authority and Youth Sports Trusand Youth Sports Trus


SCHOOL SPORT COORDINATORS SCHOOL SPORT COORDINATORS (SSC)(SSC)

Qualified PE specialists.Qualified PE specialists.

Shaping PE and sport in schools.Shaping PE and sport in schools.

Part of ‘Beacon’ Initiative.Part of ‘Beacon’ Initiative.

Mostly appointed to Sports Mostly appointed to Sports Colleges to help other schools.Colleges to help other schools.


TOPSPORT – SDO TOPSPORT – SDO / SSC/ SSC

SPORT & MINORITIESSPORT & MINORITIES

GENDER - the HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEGENDER - the HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEVictorian attitudes to women led to females being Victorian attitudes to women led to females being excluded from rational sport on the grounds that it excluded from rational sport on the grounds that it was too manly and could endanger childbirth.was too manly and could endanger childbirth.Fashions among the upper and middle classes Fashions among the upper and middle classes prevented freedom of movement.prevented freedom of movement.Prevailing attitudes discouraged women from Prevailing attitudes discouraged women from vigorous activity, any activity which brought their vigorous activity, any activity which brought their femininity into question, such as competition, femininity into question, such as competition, sweating, displaying their bodies. sweating, displaying their bodies. Upper class women excluded themselves from this Upper class women excluded themselves from this and developed selective sports on their own private and developed selective sports on their own private land and in private schools. land and in private schools. Lower class women were obliged to work to Lower class women were obliged to work to supplement their husband’s wages as well as bring supplement their husband’s wages as well as bring up their families and so had no time for sport.up their families and so had no time for sport.


GENDER - RIGHTS or GENDER - RIGHTS or PRIVILEGES?PRIVILEGES?Modern feminist Modern feminist movements have movements have advanced the rights of advanced the rights of women to sport, but women to sport, but this is still resisted by this is still resisted by many men and women. many men and women. Only a minority of Only a minority of games involve women games involve women on equal terms and on equal terms and combat sports like combat sports like boxing and wrestling boxing and wrestling for women are for women are generally deemed generally deemed undesirable.undesirable.


AGE - YOUNGAGE - YOUNGIt is clearly necessary that young children It is clearly necessary that young children must start to specialise if they are going to must start to specialise if they are going to reach the top in certain sports. reach the top in certain sports. They are open to abuse, losing their chance They are open to abuse, losing their chance to experience a range of sports. to experience a range of sports. They are not physically ready for some They are not physically ready for some training regimes and skills.training regimes and skills.Young people’s bodies cannot always stand Young people’s bodies cannot always stand the years of stress.the years of stress.And they can become burnt out while still And they can become burnt out while still young.young.


AGE - ELDERLYAGE - ELDERLYThe presumption is that to be elderly is to be senile The presumption is that to be elderly is to be senile and incapable of physical activity. and incapable of physical activity. Sport for the elderly is most valuable to them and Sport for the elderly is most valuable to them and their morale. their morale. Many sports (governing bodies) are improving their Many sports (governing bodies) are improving their veteran policy. veteran policy. Access is a major problem, but non-peak periods Access is a major problem, but non-peak periods during the day are used. during the day are used. The main problem is the esteem of elderly females The main problem is the esteem of elderly females brought up as non-participants in sport. brought up as non-participants in sport. Aerobics has grown in popularity with this group of Aerobics has grown in popularity with this group of women.women.


RACE and ETHNIC DIFFERENCESRACE and ETHNIC DIFFERENCESThe Asian community from Kenya have The Asian community from Kenya have made considerable social advances, but made considerable social advances, but have not regarded sport as a career route. have not regarded sport as a career route. Many from the Indian sub-continent have Many from the Indian sub-continent have been too busy surviving and coping with the been too busy surviving and coping with the language. language. In some areas, however, Asian soccer and In some areas, however, Asian soccer and cricket leagues are producing good players. cricket leagues are producing good players. Many Asians are Moslems and this limits Many Asians are Moslems and this limits female participation in sport.female participation in sport.


RACE and BLACK ISSUESRACE and BLACK ISSUESWith rational sport being established on With rational sport being established on class grounds in the 19th century, all class grounds in the 19th century, all subsequent immigrant groups have subsequent immigrant groups have been initially excluded. been initially excluded. The West Indians (Afro-Caribbean) The West Indians (Afro-Caribbean) ethnic community brought cricket with ethnic community brought cricket with them and while not being immediately them and while not being immediately attracted to classroom work, showed attracted to classroom work, showed considerable interest and talent in considerable interest and talent in sport.sport.Some of this is a reflection of America Some of this is a reflection of America and also early role models in boxing and and also early role models in boxing and cricket. cricket. Afro-Caribbean sportspeople now have a Afro-Caribbean sportspeople now have a substantial place in soccer, athletics substantial place in soccer, athletics and basketball. and basketball. There are very few soccer spectators There are very few soccer spectators from this ethnic background, probably from this ethnic background, probably due to resistance from existing fans and due to resistance from existing fans and the fear of racism. the fear of racism. Afro-Caribbean females are also very Afro-Caribbean females are also very interested in sport.interested in sport.

DISABILITYDISABILITY

There has always been a There has always been a conflict of attitude between conflict of attitude between ability and disability in the ability and disability in the context of sport.context of sport.Opportunity is often limited Opportunity is often limited by the attitudes of the able-by the attitudes of the able-bodied.bodied.And also limited by the self-And also limited by the self-esteem of many who suffer esteem of many who suffer from impairments. from impairments. The main problem which is The main problem which is being tackled is access, where being tackled is access, where public sport facilities are now public sport facilities are now required to have ramps and required to have ramps and wide doorways to allow wide doorways to allow wheelchair access. wheelchair access. The Paraplegic Games and The Paraplegic Games and numerous marathons have numerous marathons have highlighted their potential highlighted their potential success at world level.success at world level.

DISABILITYDISABILITY

IMPAIRMENTS : IMPAIRMENTS : Loss of faculty or use of part of the body.Loss of faculty or use of part of the body.DISABILITIES : DISABILITIES : Loss of ability in certain activities due to Loss of ability in certain activities due to impairment.impairment.HANDICAP : HANDICAP : Physical and social barriers as a result of Physical and social barriers as a result of disability.disability.TYPES : TYPES : Mental, visual, hearing, C.P., les autres, Mental, visual, hearing, C.P., les autres, quadriplegic, paraplegic, amputees.quadriplegic, paraplegic, amputees.

SPECIFIC ISSUESSPECIFIC ISSUES

Drugs and SportDrugs and Sport

Advertising and the Sports StarAdvertising and the Sports Star

Deviance (Mass Culture)Deviance (Mass Culture)

DRUGS and SPORTDRUGS and SPORT

TYPES of DRUGSTYPES of DRUGSEFFECTSEFFECTSStimulantsStimulantsIncrease alertness, reduce fatigue, increase competitiveness and Increase alertness, reduce fatigue, increase competitiveness and hostility.hostility.Narcotics AnalgesicsNarcotics AnalgesicsManagement of severe pain.Management of severe pain.Anabolic SteroidsAnabolic SteroidsIncrease muscle strength and bulk, Promote aggressiveness.Increase muscle strength and bulk, Promote aggressiveness.DiureticsDiureticsReduce weight quickly, reduce concentration of substances by Reduce weight quickly, reduce concentration of substances by diluting urine.diluting urine.Peptide & GlycoproteinHormones & AnaloguesPeptide & GlycoproteinHormones & AnaloguesGrowth hormone and regulation of red blood cell production Growth hormone and regulation of red blood cell production (example : rEPO, HGH).(example : rEPO, HGH).Creatine & SupplementsCreatine & SupplementsNot drugs but health risks with excessive use.Not drugs but health risks with excessive use.


TESTING PROCEDURESTESTING PROCEDURES

Random tests.Random tests.

Admission to all sports and Admission to all sports and performers.performers.

Sophisticated procedures.Sophisticated procedures.

Which drugs are being taken?Which drugs are being taken?


PUNISHMENTPUNISHMENTTemporary or permanent bans of performers.Temporary or permanent bans of performers.Example : 2 years ban for first offence, life ban for Example : 2 years ban for first offence, life ban for second offence (steroids / other agents which second offence (steroids / other agents which promote long term changes in the body).promote long term changes in the body).Example : 3 month ban for stimulants (or other Example : 3 month ban for stimulants (or other agents which produce short term changes in the agents which produce short term changes in the body).body).Punishment of coaches and ability to identify guilty Punishment of coaches and ability to identify guilty officials.officials.Punishment of governing bodies and GovernmentsPunishment of governing bodies and GovernmentsExample, weight lifting, two bans (different athletes) Example, weight lifting, two bans (different athletes) and the country can’t send a team to the next and the country can’t send a team to the next championships.championships.

CONCERNS ABOUT DRUGS in CONCERNS ABOUT DRUGS in SPORTSPORT

Performance Enhancement Performance Enhancement Part of the win ethic and the right to excel.Part of the win ethic and the right to excel.Health RiskHealth RiskThere has been little research into long-term There has been little research into long-term damage.damage.CheatingCheatingIt isn’t fair for the unscrupulous to take advantage.It isn’t fair for the unscrupulous to take advantage.IllegalIllegalSome drugs are against the law, others against Some drugs are against the law, others against sporting regulations.sporting regulations.Role modelsRole modelsYoung people can be attracted to these unethical, Young people can be attracted to these unethical, dangerous drugs because their heroes take them, dangerous drugs because their heroes take them, thus ceasing to be only a personal decision.thus ceasing to be only a personal decision.

ADVERTISING and the SPORTS ADVERTISING and the SPORTS STARSTAR

MEDIA and MEDIA and SPORTSPORT


The SPORTSMAN as a BILLBOARDThe SPORTSMAN as a BILLBOARDIn 2002 David Beckham was worth In 2002 David Beckham was worth more than $10m.more than $10m.Two thirds of this was for Two thirds of this was for endorsements, appearances and endorsements, appearances and exhibitions, clothing, equipment, exhibitions, clothing, equipment, lifestyle.lifestyle.He got $2m for actually playing He got $2m for actually playing footballfootball


DEVIANCE (MASS CULTURE)DEVIANCE (MASS CULTURE)BRITISH SOCCER and BRITISH SOCCER and

HOOLIGANISMHOOLIGANISM

DEVIANCE (MASS CULTURE)DEVIANCE (MASS CULTURE)

PROFESSIONAL PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL FOOTBALL SPECTATORISMSPECTATORISM


SOLUTIONS TO SOLUTIONS TO SOCCER SOCCER HOOLIGANISMHOOLIGANISM


THE CROWD in THE CROWD in SOCCER SOCCER HOOLIGANISMHOOLIGANISM

Documents

Socio Cultural Studies Play. Contemporary Studies Concepts LeisureRecreationPlay Physical Recreation Sport Physical Education Outdoor Education