Socioeconomic Inequity in Excessive Weight in Indonesia

8/17/2019 Socioeconomic Inequity in Excessive Weight in Indonesia

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@DJC ^krhcln ]`pfr Wfrcfs

Wkgckfgklkacg Clfqucty clFxgfsscvf ^fcnbt cl Cldklfsc`

Tksbc`hc @cz`w` `ldA`ttbc`s Bfojof

Lk. 6>:A`y :=09

@sc`l Dfvfokpaflt J`lh Clstctutf


2/25

Tbf ^krhcln ]`pfr sfrcfs cs ` gkltclu`tckl ki tbf ikrafroy làfd Dcsgussckl ]`pfr sfrcfs8tbf luajfrcln ki tbf p`pfrs gkltclufd wctbkut cltfrruptckl kr gb`lnf. @DJC–s wkrhclnp`pfrs rfiofgt clctcò cdf`s kl ` tkpcg `ld `rf pkstfd kloclf ikr dcsgussckl. @DJC flgkur`nfs

rf`dfrs tk pkst tbfcr gkaaflts kl tbf a`cl p`nf ikr f`gb wkrhcln p`pfr (ncvfl cl tbfgct`tckl jfokw). Wkaf wkrhcln p`pfrs a`y dfvfokp cltk ktbfr ikras ki pujocg`tckl.

Wunnfstfd gct`tckl5

@cz`w`, T., `ld A. Bfojof. :=09. Wkgckfgklkacg Clfqucty cl Fxgfsscvf ̂ fcnbt cl Cldklfsc`. @DJC ^krhcln ]`pfr 6>:. Tkhyk5 @sc`l Dfvfokpaflt J`lh Clstctutf. @v`co`jof5bttp5//www.`dj.krn/pujocg`tckls/skgckfgklkacg-clfqucty-fxgfsscvf-wfcnbt-cldklfsc`/

]of`sf gklt`gt tbf ùtbkrs ikr clikra`tckl `jkut tbcs p`pfr.

Fa`co5 Tksbc`hc @cz`w`5 t`cz`w`M`djc.krn

A`ttbc`s Bfojof5 abfojofM`djc.krn

Tksbc`hc @cz`w` cs ` rfsf`rgb `sskgc`tf `t tbf @sc`l Dfvfokpaflt J`lh Clstctutf (@DJC).A`ttbc`s Bfojof cs ` rfsf`rgb ifookw `t @DJC.

Tbf vcfws fxprfssfd cl tbcs p`pfr `rf tbf vcfws ki tbf ùtbkr `ld dk lkt lfgfss`rcoy

rfiofgt tbf vcfws kr pkocgcfs ki @DJC, tbf @DJ, cts Jk`rd ki Dcrfgtkrs, kr tbf nkvfrlafltstbfy rfprfsflt. @DJC dkfs lkt nu`r`ltff tbf `ggur`gy ki tbf d`t` clgoudfd cl tbcs p`pfr`ld `ggfpts lk rfspklscjcocty ikr `ly gklsfquflgfs ki tbfcr usf. Tfraclkokny usfd a`ylkt lfgfss`rcoy jf gklscstflt wctb @DJ kiicgcò tfras.

^krhcln p`pfrs `rf sujefgt tk ikraò rfvcsckl `ld gkrrfgtckl jfikrf tbfy `rf iclòczfd`ld gklscdfrfd pujocsbfd.

@sc`l Dfvfokpaflt J`lh ClstctutfH`suacn`sfhc Jucodcln 2I

7-:-6 H`suacn`sfhc, Gbcykd`-huTkhyk 0==-9==2, E`p`l

Tfo5 +20-7-7637-66==I`x5 +20-7-7637-66>0VZO5 www.`djc.krnF-a`co5 clikM`djc.krn

© :=09 @sc`l Dfvfokpaflt J`lh Clstctutf


3/25

@DJC ^krhcln ]`pfr 6>: @cz`w` `ld Bfojof

@jstr`gt

Fxpokctcln tbf Cldklfsc`l Iàcoy Ocif Wurvfy, tbcs p`pfr studcfs tbf tr`lsctckl kiskgckfgklkacg rfo`tfd dcsp`rcty ki fxgfss wfcnbt, clgoudcln kvfrwfcnbt `ld kjfscty, irka0337 tk :=04. Icrst, wf sbkw tb`t tbf prkpkrtckls ki kvfrwfcnbt `ld kjfsf pfkpof cl

Cldklfsc` clgrf`sfd r`pcdoy durcln tbf tcaf pfrckd `ld tb`t pkkrfr clgkaf nrkups fxbcjctfdtbf strklnfst nrkwtb ki fxgfss wfcnbt. Vscln tbf gklgfltr`tckl cldfx wf icld tb`t prfvòflgfki kvfrwfcnbt `ld kjfscty ìifgtfd clgrf`sclnoy pkkrfr sfnaflts ki Cldklfsc`l skgcfty.Tbcrd, dfgkapkscln tbf gklgfltr`tckl cldfx ki fxgfss wfcnbt cl :=== `ld :=04 ikr jktbsfxfs, kur rfsuots sunnfst tb`t akst p`rts ki tbf gklgfltr`tckl cldfx g`l jf fxpo`clfd jytbf ulfquò dcstrcjutckl ki ocvcln st`ld`rds, s`lct`ry gkldctckls, tbf pkssfssckl ki vfbcgofs,`ld bkaf `ppoc`lgfs. Iclòoy, dfgkapkscln tbf gb`lnf cl tbf gklgfltr`tckl cldfx ki fxgfsswfcnbt irka :=== tk :=04, wf sbkw tb`t ` o`rnf p`rt ki tbf gb`lnf g`l jf fxpo`clfd jy tbfdfgrf`sf cl clfquòcty cl ocvcln st`ld`rds, `ld caprkvfd s`lct`ry gkldctckls `ld jfttfr`v`co`jcocty ki bkaf `ppoc`lgfs cl pkkrfr bkusfbkods.

EFO Go`sscicg`tckl5 C04, C06, C02, C:4


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Gkltflts

0. Cltrkdugtckl .................................................................................................................... 7

:. D`t` ............................................................................................................................... 6

:.0 D`t` Dfsgrcptckl ............................................................................................... 6

7. Aftbkdkokny .................................................................................................................. 2

7.0 Tbf Gklgfltr`tckl Gurvf `ld tbf Gklgfltr`tckl Cldfx ..................................... 2 7.: Tbf @gbcfvfaflt Cldfx .................................................................................... 3 7.7 Dfgkapksctckl Aftbkd ..................................................................................... 3

4. Zfsuots `ld Dcsgussckl ................................................................................................ 00

4.0 Zfnrfssckl @l`oyscs ....................................................................................... 00 4.: Gklgfltr`tckl Gurvf ....................................................................................... 07 4.7 Gklgfltr`tckl Cldfx ........................................................................................ 04 4.4 @gbcfvfaflt Cldfx ......................................................................................... 06 4.6 Dfgkapksctckl @l`oyscs .................................................................................. 09

6. Gklgousckl `ld Dcsgussckl .......................................................................................... :=

Zfifrflgfs ......................................................................................................................... ::


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0. CLTZKDVGTCKL

Kjfscty `ld kvfrwfcnbt `rf clgrf`scln wkrodwcdf wctb p`rtcguo`roy bcnb nrkwtb r`tfs cldfvfokpcln gkultrcfs. @ggkrdcln tk tbf ^krod Bfòtb Krn`lcz`tckl (^BK) (:=06) fstca`tfs,

cl :=04 akrf tb`l 0.3 jcoockl `duots `nfd kvfr 02 wfrf kvfrwfcnbt `ld 9== acoockl `duotswfrf kjfsf. Cl pfrgflt`nf tfras, 73% ki tbf `duot pkpuo`tckls cl tbf wkrod wfrf kvfrwfcnbt`ld `rkuld 07% kjfsf. Tbf pkpuo`tckl ki kvfrwfcnbt `ld kjfsf `duots clgrf`sfd jftwffl032= `ld :=07 irka 7=% tk 72% cl wkafl, `ld :3% tk 7>% cl afl (Ln ft ò. :=04). Tbfwkrodwcdf prfvòflgf ki kjfscty akrf tb`l dkujofd jftwffl 032= `ld :=04 (^BK :=06).Tbf prkjofa ki kvfrwfcnbt cs lk oklnfr ` pujocg bfòtb gbòoflnf cl tbf dfvfokpfd wkrod.Tbf akst r`pcd clgrf`sf w`s rfgkrdfd cl dfvfokpcln gkultrcfs. Tkd`y, 9:% ki kvfrwfcnbtpfkpof rfscdf cl ` dfvfokpcln gkultry (Ln ft ò. :=04).

Cl Wkutbf`st @sc`, tbf prfvòflgf ki kvfrwfcnbt r`lnfd irka 4.3% cl Tcakr-Ofstf tk 49.7%cl Aò`ysc`8 `ld ikr kjfscty irka 0.9% cl Ycft Là tk 04.:% cl Aò`ysc` (Icnurf 0). @lfstca`tfd 7==,=== pfkpof dcf ki kvfrwfcnbt kr kjfscty fvfry yf`r cl tbf rfnckl (^BK :=00).

Icnurf 05 ]rfvòflgf ki Kvfrwfcnbt `ld Kjfscty cl Wkutbf`st @sc`, :=07(%)

O`k ]DZ 1 O`k ]fkpof–s Dfakgr`tcg Zfpujocg.

Wkurgf5 Clstctutf ikr Bfòtb Aftrcgs ̀ ld Fvòu`tckl (:=07).

Kvfrwfcnbt `ld kjfscty `rf of`dcln rcsh i`gtkrs ikr lklgkaaulcg`jof dcsf`sfs, sugb `sg`lgfr, bf`rt dcsf`sf, strkhf, dc`jftfs, `ld ausguokshfoftò dcskrdfrs. Cl :=0=, kjfscty `ldkvfrwfcnbt wfrf fstca`tfd tk b`vf gùsfd 7.4 acoockl df`tbs, a`cloy tbrkunb ` luajfr kig`rdckv`sguo`r dcsf`sfs (Ln ft ò. :=04). @ggkrdcln tk Euln (033>), ` :=% rcsf cl wfcnbt claòfs of`ds tk `l 29% clgrf`sf cl tbf rcsh ki gkrkl`ry bf`rt dcsf`sf, wbcof tbf sàf rcsf clwkafl of`ds tk ` 7.9-ikod clgrf`sf cl rcsh.

Kvfrwfcnbt `ld kjfscty `rf òsk rfn`rdfd `s capkrt`lt rcsh i`gtkrs ikr fldkaftrcò, jrf`st,`ld gkokl g`lgfrs. Akrfkvfr, kvfrwfcnbt pfkpof i`gf òsk ` bcnbfr rcsh ki nkut, soffp`plf`, `ld kjstftrcg `ld surncgò gkapocg`tckls (Euln 033>). B`vcln ` bcnb jkdy a`sscldfx (JAC) r`lhfd `s tbf tbcrd-o`rnfst rcsh i`gtkr ikr dfvfokpcln lklgkaaulcg`jof dcsf`sfs

cl :=07, ikookwcln bcnb jokkd prfssurf `ld sakhcln (NJD :=07 Zcsh I`gtkrs Gkoo`jkr`tkrs:=065 06, Icnurf >). @s lklgkaaulcg`jof dcsf`sfs kitfl rfqucrf ociftcaf trf`taflt, tbf

=

6

0=

06

:=

:6

7=

76

4=

46

6=

Kvfrwfcnbt Kjfscty

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clgrf`sf ki kvfrwfcnbt `ld kjfscty `rf strkln drcvfrs ikr tbf surnf cl afdcgò gksts cl a`lygkultrcfs. Capkrt`ltoy, dciifrflt irka a`ly dcsf`sfs, kvfrwfcnbt `ld kjfscty `rf prfvflt`jofjy gb`lncln dcfts `ld ocifstyofs. Bkwfvfr, cldugcln sugb gb`lnfs cs lkt `l f`syuldfrt`hcln. ]rfvfltckl ki kvfrwfcnbt `ld kjfscty rfqucrfs ` bkocstcg pkocgy `pprk`gb tb`tclgoudfs caprkvfd fdug`tckl, gkkpfr`tckl wctb tbf ikkd cldustry, `ld pksscjoy tbf

cltrkdugtckl ki t`x clgfltcvfs. Tbf dciicguoty cl trf`tcln fxgfsscvf wfcnbt cs a`lcifst cl tbf i`gttb`t lk gkultry b`s suggfssiuooy rfdugfd kjfscty r`tfs cl 77 yf`rs (Ln ft ò. :=04). @ddrfsscln kvfrwfcnbt `ld kjfscty b`s tbus jfgkaf ` aèkr pujocg bfòtb gbòoflnf ikrgkultrcfs ̀ rkuld tbf wkrod.

Kvfrwfcnbt `ld kjfscty `rf tbf kutgkafs ki ` gkltclukus flfrny surpous cl tbf jò`lgfjftwffl gòkrcfs gklsuafd `ld gòkrcfs usfd. @s `l fgklkay dfvfokps, pfkpof typcgòoysbcit irka tbf `nrcguoturò sfgtkr tk a`lui`gturcln `ld fvfltuòoy sfrvcgfs cldustrcfs. @s `rfsuot, tbf wkrh jfgkafs akrf sfdflt`ry wctb ofss pbyscgò `gtcvctcfs clvkovfd. B`ld-cl-b`ldwctb fgklkacg dfvfokpaflt gkafs akrf clgkaf tb`t g`l jf spflt kl ikkd `ld jfttfr ikkd`v`co`jcocty. ^ctb dfvfokpaflt, pfkpof òsk sbcit tkw`rd tbf clt`hf ki flfrny-dflsf ikkdswctb bcnb i`t gkltflt (]kphcl `ld Du :==7). Vrj`lcz`tckl b`s òsk jffl ikuld tk jfgkltrcjutcln tk tbf `ggfofr`tckl ki tbf gb`lnf cl ocifstyofs `ld sujsfqufltoy tk bfòtbgkldctckls (]kphcl :==08 Y`l df ]kfo, K–Dkllfoo, `ld v`l Dkkrso`fr :==>8 Y`l df ]kfo,K–Dkllfoo, `ld v`l Dkkrso`fr :==38 Y`l df ]kfo, K–Dkllfoo, `ld v`l Dkkrso`fr :=0:).

Cl tbf jfst g`sf, fgklkacg dfvfokpaflt caprkvfs tbf ocvcln gkldctckls ki òo clgkaf nrkups.Bkwfvfr, okw-clgkaf nrkups stcoo rfa`cl cl pkvfrty `ld i`gf tbf gbòoflnf ki juyclnsuiicgcflt `ld `dfqu`tf ikkd. Wfvfrò okw- `ld acddof-clgkaf gkultrcfs `rf tbus gklirkltfdwctb ` ‟dkujof jurdfl‑ ki dcsf`sf (^BK :=06). ^bcof tbfy stcoo strunnof tk gurj tbf sprf`d kiclifgtckus dcsf`sf `ld tk icnbt bulnfr, tbfy `rf lkw fxpfrcflgcln ` r`pcd clgrf`sf cl kjfscty`ld kvfrwfcnbt, p`rtcguo`roy cl urj`l sfttclns.

Tbf nrkwtb ki tbf kvfrwfcnbt `ld kjfscty prfvòflgf g`l jf wcdfoy kjsfrvfd tbrkunbkut tbfwkrod, jut tbf dcstrcjutckl `grkss clgkaf nrkups v`rcfs jy gkultry. Kvfr tbf p`st 6 dfg`dfs,

` gklscdfr`jof luajfr ki studcfs b`vf jffl a`df kl tbf rfo`tcklsbcp `ld l`turf kikvfrwfcnbt `ld kjfscty `ld tbfrf sffas tk jf ` gklsflsus. @l fxbùstcvf `ld sfaclòrfvcfw jy Wkjò `ld Wtulh`rd (0323) dfsgrcjfs 044 pujocsbfd studcfs kl tbf rfo`tcklsbcpjftwffl skgckfgklkacg st`tus `ld kjfscty, jktb cl dfvfokpfd `ld dfvfokpcln gkultrcfs.Tbfy kjsfrvf ` gklscstflt, clvfrsf `sskgc`tckl cl dfvfokpfd gkultrcfs p`rtcguo`roy ikrwkafl. Tb`t cs, tbf pkkr `rf akrf prkj`jof tk jf kjfsf. Cl dfvfokpcln gkultrcfs, kl tbfktbfr b`ld, ` strkln dcrfgt rfo`tcklsbcp w`s rfvfòfd àkln afl, wkafl, `ld gbcodrfl. Clktbfr wkrds, pfkpof ki ` akrf prcvcofnfd skgckfgklkacg st`tus `rf akrf ochfoy tk jfgkafkvfrwfcnbt `ld kjfsf. AgO`rfl (:==>) upd`tfs tbfcr rfvcfw wctb rfsf`rgb kl 777 pujocsbfdstudcfs. Tbfcr rfsuots `rf akrf kr ofss gklscstflt wctb tbf icldclns jy Wkjò `ld Wtulh`rd(0323) `ld `rnuf tb`t `s ` gkultry akvfs irka ` okw- `ld acddof-clgkaf st`tus tk ` bcnb-clgkaf st`tus, tbf rfo`tcklsbcp jftwffl skgckfgklkacg st`tus `ld kjfscty cs rfvfrsfd. Cl

ktbfr wkrds, cl akrf `dv`lgfd fgklkacfs, tbf ofss wfòtby `rf akrf ochfoy tk jf fxpksfd tktbf rcsh ki kjfscty tb`l pfkpof wctb ` bcnbfr skgckfgklkacg st`tus. Ktbfr studcfs kl tbcsrfo`tckl sbkw o`rnfoy scaco`r rfsuots (f.n., Zfylkods ft ò. X:==>Q `ld Akltfcrk ft ò. X:==4Q). @s `l fxàpof ki ` dfvfokpcln gkultry, Akltfcrk ft ò. (:===) `ld Akltfcrk, Gkldf, `ld]kphcl (:==0) fxàclf tbf g`sf ikr Jr`zco `ld sbkw tb`t `s tbf gkultry `dv`lgfd, kjfsctynrfw i`stfr àkln tbf nrkup wctb ` okwfr skgckfgklkacg st`tus.

Tbf nrkwcln luajfr ki kvfrwfcnbt `ld kjfscty cs klf ki tbf akst prfsscln pujocg bfòtbcssufs, p`rtcguo`roy cl dfvfokpcln gkultrcfs, wbfrf òakst twk-tbcrds ki tbf kjfsf pfkpof cltbf wkrod ocvf. Cl `ddctckl tk tbf o`rnf kjfsf pkpuo`tckl, study ki tbf g`sf ki dfvfokpclngkultrcfs cs capkrt`lt jfgùsf wbcof tbf clgrf`sf cl kjfscty cl dfvfokpfd gkultrcfs`ggfofr`tfd irka 033: tk :==:, ct b`s sokwfd sclgf :==9, jut cs fxpfgtfd tk gkltcluf tk

clgrf`sf cl dfvfokpcln gkultrcfs (Ln ft ò. :=04). @s wf b`vf jrcfioy dcsgussfd, ` nrf`t dfòki fiikrt b`s jffl a`df cl tbf octfr`turf kl tbf clfqucty cl bfòtb clgoudcln kvfrwfcnbt `ldkjfscty, jut wb`t cs o`ghcln, tk kur jfst hlkwofdnf, cs study kl tbf gb`lnf kvfr tcaf uscln `

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p`lfo d`t`sft ki ` bkusfbkod survfy. Tbf purpksf ki tbcs p`pfr cs tk icoo tbf n`p cl tbfoctfr`turf jy fxpokrcln tbf gb`lnf cl tbf trfld ki kvfrwfcnbt `ld kjfscty. ^f fapoky tbfclfquòcty cldfx `ld af`surf tbf dcsp`rcty ki fxgfsscvf wfcnbt irka 0337 tk :=04. ^f tbfltr`gf tbf gb`lnf cl tbfsf dcsp`rctcfs jftwffl :=== `ld :=04, wbfl tbf o`rnf rfdugtckl kitbf gklgfltr`tckl cldfx w`s kjsfrvfd, `ld `ttfapt tk fxpo`cl tbf gb`lnf jy dfgkapkscln

tbf gb`lnf cl tbf clfqucty cltk sfvfrò pktfltcò gkltrcjutcln i`gtkrs. Tbf g`sf ki ` Wkutbf`st @sc`l dfvfokpcln gkultry cs cltrcnucln lkt kloy irka ` pujocg bfòtb pfrspfgtcvf, jut òsk irka`l fgklkacg vcfwpkclt. Cldklfsc` b`s sbkwl bcnb fgklkacg nrkwtb cl rfgflt yf`rs `ld b`stbf o`rnfst pkpuo`tckl cl Wkutbf`st @sc`. Cldklfsc` tbus rfprfsflts `l fxgfooflt g`sf studyàkln tbf fafrncln fgklkacfs ki Wkutbf`st @sc`. Jfttfr uldfrst`ldcln ki tbf tr`lsctckldurcln tbf pfrckd cl Cldklfsc` g`l prkvcdf capkrt`lt nucd`lgf ikr tbf dfscnl ki `pprkprc`tfpkocgcfs tk t`ghof tbf prkjofa ki kvfrwfcnbt `ld kjfscty cl Cldklfsc` `ld jfykld. Tk tbfjfst ki kur hlkwofdnf, tbcs study cs tbf icrst `ttfapt tk fxpo`cl i`gtkrs tb`t gkltrcjutf tk tbfgb`lnf cl tbf dcsp`rcty ki kvfrwfcnbt `ld kjfscty cl Cldklfsc`.

Tbf strugturf ki tbcs p`pfr cs `s ikookws. Tbf lfxt sfgtckl cltrkdugfs tbf d`t` usfd cl tbcsrfsf`rgb, ncvfs dficlctckls ki kvfrwfcnbt, kjfscty, `ld fxgfss wfcnbt, `ld dcsgussfsdfsgrcptcvf st`tcstcgs. Cl Wfgtckl 7 wf fxpo`cl tbf fgklkaftrcg aftbkds usfd tk af`surf tbfclfqucty cl bfòtb. Wfgtckl 4 ncvfs tbf rfsuots ki tbf `lòyscs `ld prkvcdfs tbf cltfrprft`tckl.Iclòoy, cl Wfgtckl 6, wf dcsguss tbf pkocgy capocg`tckls `ld gklgoudf kur icldclns.

:. D@T@

Tbf Cldklfsc`l Iàcoy Ocif Wurvfy (CIOW) cs `l klnkcln, auotcpurpksf bkusfbkodoklnctudclò survfy tb`t w`s oùlgbfd cl 0337/34. Tbf CIOW gurrfltoy b`s icvf w`vfs (`s ki:=09) `ld tbf o`tfst klf w`s gkapoftfd cl :=04. F`gb w`vf gkvfrs `rkuld 7=,===cldcvcduòs ocvcln cl 07 ki tbf :> prkvclgfs cl tbf gkultry. ^f usf òo icvf w`vfs cl tbcs p`pfr.Irka af`surfaflts ki tbf bfcnbts `ld wfcnbts ki tbf rfspkldflts, wf gòguo`tf tbf jkdya`ss cldfx (JAC), dficlfd `s `l cldcvcduò–s wfcnbt dcvcdfd jy tbf squ`rf ki tbfcr bfcnbt `ldfxprfssfd cltfrl`tcklòoy cl ulcts ki /:. ^f usf tbf JAC tk `ssfss tbf kvfrwfcnbt `ldkjfscty st`tus. Tbf tbrfsbkod pkclts ikr kvfrwfcnbt `ld kjfscty `rf :6 /: `ld 7= /:,rfspfgtcvfoy, `ld gkrrfspkldcln tk ^BK dficlctckls ki kvfrwfcnbt `ld kjfscty. @ pfrskl csgo`sscicfd `s kvfrwfcnbt ci bcs/bfr JAC cs nrf`tfr tb`l kr fquò tk :6 `ld ofss tb`l 7=. @pfrskl cs `ssfssfd tk jf kjfsf ci bcs/bfr JAC cs nrf`tfr tb`l kr fquò tk 7=. ^f dk lktclgoudf gbcodrfl `ld `dkofsgflts cl tbf sàpofs duf tk dciicguoty cl eudncln kvfrwfcnbtgkldctckls ikr tbfsf nrkups uldfr tbf sàf grctfrc` `s tb`t `ppocfd ikr `duots. Tbfrfikrf, kursàpof cs gkapksfd ki pfkpof `nfd kvfr :=. Iurtbfrakrf, cl tbcs p`pfr, fxgfss wfcnbt c s

dficlfd `s tbf dciifrflgf jftwffl ` rfspkldflt–s wfcnbt aclus bcs/bfr kptcaò wfcnbt.0

Fxgfss wfcnbt cs lkllfn`tcvf `ld sft tk jf fquò tk = ci ` rfspkldflt–s wfcnbt cs jfokwbcs/bfr kptcaò wfcnbt.

:.0 D`t` Dfsgrcptckl

Icnurf : sbkws tbf prfvòflgf r`tf ki kvfrwfcnbt `ld kjfscty cl tbf ikur w`vfs ki kursàpof. Tbf icnurf cooustr`tfs tb`t tbf luajfr ki kvfrwfcnbt `ld kjfsf pfkpof nrfw durclntbf pfrckd. Cl 0337, `pprkxca`tfoy 07% ki tbf pfkpof wfrf kvfrwfcnbt kr kjfsf, jut cl :=04tbf luajfr rf`gbfd :6%. @s wfoo `s tbf gkltclucln clgrf`sf cl tbf prfvòflgf r`tf kikvfrwfcnbt `ld kjfscty, wf icld tb`t tbf `vfr`nf JAC ki Cldklfsc`l pfkpof jfgàf o`rnfrdurcln tbf pfrckd. Icnurf 7 `ld Icnurf 4 cooustr`tf tbf guauo`tcvf dcstrcjutckl iulgtckls ki JACikr afl `ld wkafl. ^f icld ` rfo`tcvfoy o`rnf clgrf`sf ìtfr :=== ikr jktb afl `ld wkafl.

0 ℌ 1 :: ∞ {(ℌℌ/0==):}

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Kvfròo, kur JAC luajfrs `rf gklscstflt wctb `lktbfr study (^ctkfo`r, Wtrùss, `ld Wchkhc:==3) kl kvfrwfcnbt cl Cldklfsc`.

Icnurf :5 ]rfvòflgf Z`tf ki Kvfrwfcnbt `ld Kjfscty, 0337‗:=04

(%)

Wkurgf5 @utbkrs– gòguo`tckl.

Icnurf 75 Fapcrc gò Guauo`tcvf Dcstrcjutckl Iulgt ckl ki JAC ikr Afl

JAC 1 jkdy a`ss cldfx.


=

. = 6

. 0

. 0 6

. :

. : 6

] r f v `

o f l g f r

` t f s k

i k v f r w f

c n b t ` l

d k

j f s

c t y

0337 033> :=== :==> :=04

Kvfrwfcnbt Kjfscty

Vldfrwfcnbt

Kvfrwfcnbt

Kjfscty

=

. :

. 4

. 9

. 2

0

G u a u

o ` t c v f p r k

j `

j c o c t y

= := 4= 9=JAC

0337 033> :=== :==> :=04

Aòf

9


9/25


Icnurf 45 Fapcrcgò Guauo`tcvf Dcstrcjutckl Iulgt ckl ki JAC ikr ^kafl

JAC 1 jkdy a`ss cldfx.


Lfxt wf okkh cltk tbf rfo`tcklsbcp jftwffl skgckfgklkacg st`tus `ld kvfrwfcnbt/kjfscty. @s` af`surf ki skgckfgklkacg st`tus, v`rckus studcfs usf dciifrflt af`surfaflts, sugb `sclgkaf, fxpfldcturf, fdug`tckl ofvfo, `ld wfòtb. Klf g`l usf klf kr sfvfrò ki tbfsfv`rc`jofs tk r`lh pfkpof irka okw tk bcnb skgckfgklkacg st`tus, jut dciifrflt cldcg`tkrs

nflfròoy ncvf dciifrflt rfsuots `ld tbf gbkcgf dfpflds iuldàfltòoy kl rfsf`rgbfrs–cltfrfsts (Iofurj`fy `ld Wgbkhh`frt :=0:). Cl tbcs p`pfr wf usf iàcoy-sczf `deustfd

bkusfbkod wfòtb.: Vscln wfòtb b`s `dv`lt`nfs kvfr ktbfr kptckls `t ct clgoudfs tbf

aklft`ry vòufs ki v`rckus ctfas gkaakloy ikuld cl bkusfbkod. Tbf rf`skl wf dk lkt usfclgkaf ikr skgckfgklkacg st`tus cs tb`t wf a`y lkt jf `jof tk gkrrfgtoy kjsfrvffapokyaflt clgkaf ci bkusfbkods a`hf tbfcr ocvcln irka iàcoy-kwlfd jusclfss, sugb `si`ra `daclcstr`tckl. Iurtbfrakrf, ct wkuod jf dciicguot tk r`lh rftcrfd pfkpof `s tbfy typcgòoyb`vf vfry octtof kr lk fapokyaflt clgkaf. ^f òsk gklscdfr fdug`tcklò ofvfos lkt tk jfsuct`jof ikr tbcs study jfgùsf ki tbf dciicguoty cl g`pturcln ` rfspkldflt–s fdug`tcklòquòcicg`tckls kr `gbcfvfaflt `s ` gkltclukus luajfr, wbcgb wkuod jf lffdfd tk r`lhpfkpof.

: ^fòtb cs dficlfd `s tbf `nnrfn`tfd tktò vòuf ki tbf ikookwcln `ssfts. Tbf vòuf cs dcvcdfd jy tbf luajfr ki iàcoy

afajfrs.0. Bkusf `ld o`ld kggupcfd jy ` bkusfbkod:. Ktbfr bkusf/jucodcln (clgoudcln o`ld)7. O`ld (lkt usfd ikr i`ra)4. ]kuotry6. Ocvfstkgh/icsbpkld9. B`rd stfa po`lt lkt usfd ikr i`ra kr lkl-i`ra jusclfss>. Yfbcgofs (g`rs, jk`ts, jcgygofs, aktkrjchfs)2. Bkusfbkod ̀ ppoc`lgfs (r`dck, t`pf rfgkrdfr, tfofvcsckl, ircdnf, sfwcln kr w`sbcln a`gbclf, vcdfk ̀ ld GD po`yfr, gfoo pbklf,ftg.)3. W`vclns/gfrtcicg`tfs ki dfpkscts/stkghs0=. Zfgfcv`jofs00. Efwfory

0:. Bkusfbkod iurlcturf ̀ ld utflscos07. Ktbfrs

Vldfrwfcnbt

Kvfrwfcnbt

Kjfscty

=

. :

. 4

. 9

. 2

0

G u a u

o ` t c v f p r k

j `

j c o c t y

= := 4= 9=JAC

0337 033> :=== :==> :=04

Ifaòf

>


10/25


Icnurf 6 sbkws tbf prfvòflgf r`tf ki kvfrwfcnbt `ld kjfscty kvfr tcaf `ld gklvfys ` ifwcapkrt`lt pkclts. Icrstoy, wfòtby pfkpof tfld tk jf kvfrwfcnbt `ld kjfsf cl fvfry pfrckd kitcaf, `ld cl tbcs rfn`rd, tbf prfvòflgf ki kvfrwfcnbt `ld kjfscty cl Cldklfsc` gkrrfspkldstk tbf g`sf typcgòoy ikuld cl okw- `ld acddof-clgkaf gkultrcfs (Wkjò `ld Wtulh`rd 03238AgO`rfl :==>). Wfgkld, tbf prfvòflgf r`tfs ki tbf icrst (tbf of`st wfòtby nrkup) `ld

sfgkld (tbf sfgkld of`st wfòtby nrkups) qucltcof nrkups sbkw ` o`rnf clgrf`sf jftwffl tbfyf`rs :=== `ld :=04, rfsuotcln cl tbf saòofr n`p jftwffl tbf okwfst `ld tkp qucltcofnrkups cl :=04, gkap`rfd wctb ktbfr yf`rs cl tbf survfy. Akrf dft`cofd `lòyscs wcoo jfgkldugtfd cl Wfgtckl 4, wbfrf wf wcoo qu`ltciy tbf dfnrff ki dcsp`rcty ki kvfrwfcnbt, kjfscty,`ld fxgfss wfcnbt `grkss tbf pkpuo`tckl.

Icnurf 65 ]rfvòflgf Z`tf ki Kvfrwfcnbt `ld Kjfscty `grkss Dciifrflt ^fòtb Nrkupscl 0337, 033>, :===, :==>, `ld :=04

P0 1 qucltcof 0, P: 1 qucltcof :, P7 1 qucltcof 7, P4 1 qucltcof 4, P6 1 qucltcof 6.


7. AFTBKDKOKNS

7.0 Tbf Gklgfltr`tckl Gurvf `ld tbf Gklgfltr`tckl Cldfx

Tbf af`surfaflt ki dcsp`rcty ki tbf dcstrcjutckl ki kvfrwfcnbt/kjfscty `ld fxgfss wfcnbt cl

tbcs p`pfr cs j`sfd kl tbf gklgfltr`tckl gurvf.7

Tbf gklgfltr`tckl gurvf pokts tbfguauo`tcvf pfrgflt`nf ki tbf bfòtb v`rc`jof `n`clst tbf guauo`tcvf pfrgflt`nf ki tbfpkpuo`tckl r`lhfd irka pkkrfst tk rcgbfst (H`hw`lc 03>>8 H`hw`lc, ^`nstìi, `ld v`lDkkoso`fr 033>).

Tbf gklgfltr`tckl cldfx gkrrfspklds tk twcgf tbf `rf` jftwffl tbf gklgfltr`tckl gurvf `ldtbf pfrifgt fquòcty 46-dfnrff oclf (H`hw`lc, ^`nstìi `ld v`l Dkkrso`fr 033>). Dciifrflgfsjftwffl tbf Okrflz gurvf `ld tbf gklgfltr`tckl gurvf, `ld jftwffl tbf Nclc gkfiicgcflt `ldtbf gklgfltr`tckl cldfx `rf suggclgtoy fxpo`clfd jy G`rr-Bcoo `ld Gbòafrs-Dcxkl (:==6).

7 Tbf gklgfltr`tckl gurvf cs òsk hlkwl `s ` nflfròczfd Okrflz gurvf `ld cts a`cl dciifrflgf irka tbf Okrflz

gurvf cs tb`t pfkpof `rf r`lhfd jy tbfcr skgckfgklkacg st`tus, lkt jy tbfcr bfòtb st`tus.

=

. 0

. :

. 7

] r f v `

o f l g f r `

t f s k

i k v f r w f

c n b t ` l

d k

j f s

c t y

0337 033> :=== :==> :=04

P0 P:P7P4P6 P0P:P7P4P6 P0P:P7P4P6 P0P:P7P4P6 P0P:P7P4P6

Kvfrwfcnbt Kjfscty

2


11/25


^bcof tbf Nclc gkfiicgcflt r`lnfs irka = tk 0 (= af`ls pfrifgt fquòcty `ld 0 rfprfsfltspfrifgt clfquòcty), tbf gklgfltr`tckl cldfx, kl tbf ktbfr b`ld, r`lnfs irka ‗0 tk 0. Ci bfòtbcs fquòoy dcstrcjutfd, tbf gklgfltr`tckl gurvf gkclgcdfs wctb tbf 46-dfnrff oclf `ld tbfcldfx jfgkafs =. Ci tbf cldfx ikr kvfrwfcnbt cs pksctcvf, ikr clst`lgf, tbfl ct af`lskvfrwfcnbt cs akrf gklgfltr`tfd àkln tbf rcgb, `ld vcgf vfrs`.

Tbf gklgfltr`tckl cldfx g`l jf gòguo`tfd scapoy jy tbf ikookwcln fqu`tckl5

1 :∐ ℌ10 0

0 (0)

wbfrf ℌ cs tbf bfòtb kutgkaf cldfx ki cldcvcduò c `ld ο cs cts af`l. 1 cs tbfir`gtcklò r`lh ki cldcvcduò c cl tbf fgklkacg st`tus j`sfd kl bkusfbkod wfòtb.

Tbf gklgfltr`tckl cldfx g`l jf òtfrl`tcvfoy kjt`clfd irka tbf gkfiicgcflt ki tbf rfnrfssckl

ki fqu`tckl (:)54

:: 1 + + (:)

wbfrf

: cs tbf v`rc`lgf ki tbf ir`gtcklò r`lh. Tbf gkfiicgcflt ki tbf r`lh cs `l fstca`tf ki

tbf gklgfltr`tckl cldfx, wbcgb cs luafrcgòoy fqucvòflt tk tbf vòuf irka fqu`tckl (0) (ikrakrf dft`cos, sff K–Dkllfoo ft ò. X:==2Q).

^bfl tbf bfòtb kutgkaf cs ` jcl`ry v`rc`jof, tbf aclcaua `ld a`xcaua pksscjof vòufski tbf gklgfltr`tckl cldfx jfgkaf ‗ 0 `ld 0 ‗ `ld tbfrfikrf tbf if`scjof r`lnf ki vòufstbf cldfx g`l t`hf sbrclhs `s tbf af`l ki tbf kutgkaf vòuf clgrf`sfs (^`nstìi :==6).Ikookwcln tbf lkraòcz`tckl aftbkd sunnfstfd jy ^`nstìi (:==6), wf prkvcdf jktb tbfkrcnclò gklgfltr`tckl cldfx `ld tbf lkraòczfd gklgfltr`tckl cldfx cl tbcs p`pfr. Tbflkraòcz`tckl cldfx, cltrkdugfd jy ^`nstìi (:==6), cs scapoy gòguo`tfd ̀ s5

1 00√ (7)

7.: Tbf @gbcfvfaflt Cldfx

^`nstìi (:==:) prkpksfd ` af`surfaflt ki tbf `vfr`nf ofvfo ki bfòtb t`hcln cltk `ggkultfqucty `spfgts. Bcs af`surfaflt nùnfs tbf `vfr`nf bfòtb ofvfo (‟`gbcfvfaflt‑) t`hcln

cltk `ggkult tbf dciifrflt bfòtb gkldctckls `ld clgkaf ofvfos wctbcl tbf sàpof. Ct cs dficlfd`s ` wfcnbtfd `vfr`nf ki tbf bfòtb gkldctckls ki òo pfrskls cl tbf sàpof, `ld capksfsbcnbfr wfcnbts kl pfrskls wctb okwfr clgkafs. ^`nstìi (:==:) cltrkdugfs fqu`tckl (4) tkgòguo`tf tbf `gbcfvfaflt cldfx, @C. Ci tbf bfòtb v`rc`jof af`surfs fxgfss wfcnbt, ikrfxàpof, tbf cldfx sbkuod jf cltfrprftfd `s ` ‟dcs`gbcfvfaflt‑ cldfx jfgùsf fxgfss

wfcnbt cs gklscdfrfd uldfscr`jof ikr bfòtb. ^bfl coo bfòtb cs akrf gklgfltr`tfd àklndcstrcjutfd tk tbf pkkr, c.f., GC?=, tbf ‟dcs`gbcfvfaflt‑ cldfx cs clio`tfd `ld sbkws ` o`rnfr

wfcnbtfd af`l. Ci tbf j`d bfòtb cs sffl akrf àkln tbf rcgb, làfoy GC).

3


12/25


augb g`l tbf clfquòcty cl fdug`tckl fxpo`cl tbf clfqucty cl bfòtb; Wt`tfd dciifrfltoy, bkwaugb cs tbf rfo`tcvf gkltrcjutckl ki tbf clfquòcty cl fdug`tckl wbfl fxpo`clcln tbf clfqucty clbfòtb; Tbf dfgkapksctckl tbus bfops us tk cdfltciy pkocgy `rf`s ikr cltfrvfltckl.

@ssuaf `ly `ddctcvf oclf`r rfnrfssckl akdfo ki bfòtb kutgkaf ℌ, sugb tb`t

ℌ 1 + ∐ + (6)wbfrf cs ` dftfracl`lt ki bfòtb vfrc`jof, ℌ. ^`nstìi, v`l Dkkrso`fr `ld ^`t`l`jf(:==7) cltrkdugf ` dfgkapksctckl aftbkd (fqu`tckl 9)5

1 ∐ ̆ + (9)

Cl fqu`tckl (9), tbf gklgfltr`tckl cldfx cs dfgkapksfd cltk twk p`rts. Tbf icrst p`rt cs tbfdftfraclcstcg gkapklflts, wbcgb `rf fquò tk tbf wfcnbtfd sua ki tbf gklgfltr`tckl cldcgfski tbf fxpo`l`tkry v`rc`jofs (). Tbf wfcnbt cs tbf fo`stcgcty ki tbf bfòtb cldfx wctbrfspfgt tk f`gb i`gtkr, , wbcgb af`surfs tbf sb`rf ki v`rc`jofs fxpo`clcln tbfgklgfltr`tckl cldfx ki cltfrfst. Tbf prkdugt ki tbf fo`stcgcty `ld rfiofgts tbf gkltrcjutckla`df jy . Tbf sfgkld p`rt cs gòofd tbf nflfròczfd gklgfltr`tckl cldfx ikr tbf rfscduògkapklflt ( ) (K–Dkllfoo ft ò. :==2). Tbcs sfgkld p`rt g`pturfs tbf clfquòcty tb`tg`llkt jf fxpo`clfd jy . Tbf pfrgflt`nf ki tbf gkltrcjutckl ki tbf clfquòcty cl tk tbfclfquòcty cl ℌ g`l jf gòguo`tfd `s jfokw (fqu`tckl >).

% gkltrcjutckl 1 ̆ ⁄ *0== (>)

^`nstìi, v`l Dkkrso`fr, `ld ^`t`l`jf (:==7) `ld v`l Dkkrso`fr `ld Hkkoa`l (:==4)iurtbfr cltrkdugfd `l `pprk`gb tk fxpo`cl gb`lnfs cl tbf gklgfltr`tckl cldfx cl ` dciifrfltpkclt ki tcaf. Tbfy `ppoy `l K`x`g`-typf dfgkapksctckl (K`x`g` 03>7) tk tbf dfgkapksclnfqu`tckl (9) `ld dfrcvf tbf ikookwcln fqu`tckl (2).

∉ 1 ∐ ( √0) + ∐ √0( √0) + Δ( ) (2)

^bfrf ∉ dflktfs tbf gb`lnf cl tbf gklgfltr`tckl cldfx. cs tbf fo`stcgcty ki tbfkutgkaf v`rc`jof `t tcaf t wctb rfspfgt tk ` gkltrcjutcln i`gtkr, .Ikookwcln fqu`tckl (2), wf dfgkapksf tbf gb`lnf cl tbf gklgfltr`tckl cldfx cltk tbfgb`lnfs cl ikookwcln gkltrcjutcln i`gtkrs ocstfd cl T`jof 0. @akln tbfsf i`gtkrs, kur prckrycltfrfst ocfs cl fdug`tckl, ocvcln st`ld`rds, `ld ikkd fxpfldcturf.

T`jof 05 Gkltrcjutcln I`gtkrs tk Fxpo`cl tbf Gb`lnf cl tbf Gklgfltr`tckl Cldfx

Gkltrcjutcln I`gtkr Clikra`tckl

Fdug`tckl Gkapoftckl ki bcnb sgbkko, gkoofnf fdug`tcklOcvcln st`ld`rds @ggfss tk fofgtrcgcty, kwlcln n`s stkvfs `ld fofgtrcg stkvfs,

kwlcln ` vfbcgof `ld bkaf `ppoc`lgfs, uscln ` ircdnf, kwlcln `

tfofvcscklW`tcsi`gtkry s`lct`tckl Kwlcln ` tkcoft, b`vcln `ggfss tk gof`l w`tfr `ld j`scg

s`lct`tcklWt`pof ikkd fxpfldc turf Buoofd, ulgkkhfd rcgf, s`nk/iokur, g`ss`v`, t`pckg`, `ld ktbfr

st`pof ikkdsAf t̀ `ld icsb fxpfldcturf Jffi, gbcghfl, `ld icsbKco fxpfldctu rf Gkkhcln kco sugb `s gkgklut kco, pf`lut kco, gkrl kco, `ld pòa kcoWkit drclh fxpfldcturf Wkit drclhs sugb `s I`lt`, Wprctf, ftg.]rfp`rfd ikkd fxpfldcturf ]rfp`rfd ikkd (f`tfl `t bkaf `ld kutscdf ki tbf bkaf)

Wkurgf5 @utbkrs.

0=


13/25


4. ZFWVOTW @LD DCWGVWWCKL

4.0 Zfnrfssckl @lòyscs

^f icrstoy gkldugt ` rfnrfssckl `lòyscs tk ulvfco tbf skgcò dftfracl`lts ki kvfrwfcnbt,

kjfscty, `ld fxgfss wfcnbt. Tbf fstca`tckl rfsuots `rf ocstfd cl T`jof :. @s tbf dfpfldfltv`rc`jofs `rf dcgbktkakus ikr gkouals (0) `ld (:), wf pfrikra ` prkjct fstca`tckl wctb `goustfr rkjust gkv`rc`lgf fstca`tkr. @s fxgfss wfcnbt cs dficlfd tk jf lkl-lfn`tcvf, wfpfrikra tbf lfn`tcvf jclkacò fstca`tckl wctb ` goustfr rkjust gkv`rc`lgf fstca`tkr. Tbf luoobypktbfscs ki fqucdcspfrsckl `ssuafd uldfr tbf ]kcsskl dcstrcjutckl cs rfefgtfd (p?=.=0).Gkouals (0), (:), `ld (7) sbkw tbf fstca`tfd `vfr`nf a`rncl ò fiifgts.

Tbf rfsuots bkod clscnbtiuo clikra`tckl. Icrstoy, tbf fodfroy `ld wkafl `rf akrf ochfoy tk jfkvfrwfcnbt `ld kjfsf (p?=.=0). F`rocfr studcfs, sugb `s Ln ft ò. (:=04), b`vf ikuld scaco`rrfsuots ikr wkafl cl dfvfokpcln gkultrcfs. Ocvcln cl urj`l `rf`s clgrf`sfs tbf prkj`jcocty kijfcln gkrpuoflt (p?=.=0), wbcgb gkuod jf duf tk `l urj`l ocifstyof typcicfd jy bcnb fxpksurftk i`st ikkd, sfdflt`ry wkrhcln gkldctckls, `ld pbyscgò cl`gtcvcty (]kphcl :==0).

Iurtbfrakrf, a`rrcfd pfkpof `ld pfkpof ocvcln cl ` o`rnf iàcoy b`vf ` bcnbfr prkj`jcocty kijfcln kjfsf (p?=.=0). Wfgkldoy, wf ulgkvfr ` scnlcicg`lt `sskgc`tckl jftwffl wfòtb `ldkvfrwfcnbt, kjfscty, `ld fxgfss wfcnbt (p?=.=0), wbcgb capocfs tb`t jfcln rcgb cs scnlcicg`ltoyakrf ochfoy tk of`d tk ` bcnbfr JAC `ld fxgfss wfcnbt. Tbcrdoy, òtbkunb wf g`llkt icld `scnlcicg`lt rfo`tckl jftwffl bcnbfr fdug`tcklò `gbcfvfaflt `ld kjfscty, tbf rfnrfsscklrfsuots sbkw strkln fvcdflgf tb`t akrf fdug`tfd pfkpof b`vf ` bcnbfr ochfocbkkd ki jfclnkvfrwfcnbt ̀ ld b`vcln fxgfss wfcnbt (p?=.=0).

Iclòoy, tbf rfnrfssckl rfsuots cldcg`tf tb`t bcnbfr fxpfldcturf kl af`t, icsb, kco, skit drclhs,`ld prfp`rfd ikkds `rf scnlcicg`ltoy `sskgc`tfd wctb bcnbfr ofvfos ki kvfrwfcnbt `ld kjfscty. @ogkbko dkfs lkt sbkw scnlcicg`lgf, jut tbcs g`l jf fxpò clfd jy tbf i`gt tb`t Cldklfsc` cs `lCsoàcg gkultry cl wbcgb akst pfkpof dk lkt drclh ògkbkocg jfvfr`nfs.

Kvfròo, kur rfnrfssckl `lòyscs sunnfsts strkln fvcdflgf tb`t kvfrwfcnbt `ld kjfscty `rfcliouflgfd jy skgcò dftfracl`lts `s wfoo `s dcft`ry gbkcgfs. Cl Cldklfsc`, pfkpof wctb `l`dv`lt`nfkus skgckfgklkacg st`tus `rf akrf prklf tk jf kvfrwfcnbt kr kjfsf `ld b`vffxgfss wfcnbt. Tbfsf icldclns `rf gklscstflt wctb ktbfr studcfs cl dfvfokpcln gkultrcfs(Akltfcrk ft ò. :===8 Akltfcrk, Gkldf, `ld ]kphcl :==0) `ld kur ` prckrc fxpfgt`tckl.

00


14/25


T`jof :5 Zfnrfssckl @lòyscs

(0) (:) (7)Kvfrwfcnbt `ld Kjfscty Kjfscty Fxgfss wfcnbt

@nf =.===>=7***

=.====9:= -=.==:22(=.===076) (=.====9>9) (=.==7:3)

Aòf -=.042 -=.=697 -:.>:3(=.==7>:) (=.==:::) (=.=2>7)

Vrj`l =.=>39***

=.=:90***

0.260***

(=.==474) (=.==:7=) (=.=3:9)

A`rrcfd =.0:7***

=.=703***

:.766***

(=.==493) (=.==:>0) (=.00=)

Iàcoy sczf -=.===330 =.==0=9 -=.=:>9(=.===32>) (=.===424) (=.=:00)

ol(^fòtb) =.=:3:***

=.==37=***

=.672***

(=.==0:>) (=.===939) (=.=7=:)

G r̀ =.=702 =.==70= =.997(=.==722) (=.==:=:) (=.=2:2)

Vlcvfrscty =.=407 =.==47> 0.:9:(=.==>00) (=.==742) (=.040)

Bcnb sgbkko =.=:62***

=.==020 =.2>3***

(=.==6:7) (=.==:93) (=.00>)

Eulckr bcnb sgbkko =.=:04***

-=.==039 =.6=>***

(=.==4>:) (=.==:49) (=.0=9)

]rca`ry sgbkko =.=:3: =.==497 =.976(=.==6=3) (=.==:94) (=.003)

ol(Wt`pof ikkd) =.===729 =.===797 -=.==479(=.===>60) (=.===4=4) (=.=067)

ol(Jffi) =.===963 -=.===063 =.==7:6(=.===60>) (=.===:94) (=.==324)

ol(Gbcghfl) =.==7:> =.===>66 =.=903(=.===472) (=.===:74) (=.==2>>)

ol(Icsb) =.==:>=***

=.===9=9** =.=9:=

***

(=.===42=) (=.===:60) (=.==3>>)

ol(Kco) =.==:32 =.===2=4 =.=6>2(=.===990) (=.===76>) (=.=0:9)

ol(Wkit drclh) =.==734***

=.==0:6***

=.=233***

(=.===647) (=.===:2=) (=.=0=>)

ol(@ogkbko) -=.==0=== -=.==060 =.=0:2(=.==0>7) (=.===33=) (=.=7:2)

ol(]rfp r̀fd ikkd) =.==4:0 =.==022 =.0=9(=.===494) (=.===:99) (=.==369)

Kjsfrv`tckls >2,077 >2,077 >2,077

Lktfs5 Wt`ld`rd frrkrs `rf cl p`rfltbfsfs. Wt`ld`rd frrkrs `rf goustfr rkjust tk `rjctr`ry bftfrkshfd`stcgcty `ldsfrcò gkrrfo`tckls.

0:


15/25


Goustfrs ̀ rf dficlfd jy bkusfbkod ulcts.

* p ? =.0,

** p ? =.=6,

*** p ? =.=0

@nf5 `nf ki tbf rfspkldflt8 Aòf5 ` sfx duaay8 Vrj`l5 ` duaay tb`t jfgkafs 0 ci ` rfspkldflt ocvfs cl `l urj`ldcstrcgt8 A`rrcfd5 ` a`rctò st`tus duaay fquò tk 0 ci ` rfspkldflt cs a`rrcfd8 Iàcoy sczf5 tbf luajfr ki iàcoyafajfrs cl tbf bkusfbkod8 ol(^fòtb)5 tbf okn`rctbacg àkult ki tbf iàcoy-sczf `deustfd wfòtb ki ` bkusfbkod8G`r5 ` duaay fquò tk 0 ci ` rfspkldflt b`s ` g`r8 Vlcvfrscty, Bcnb sgbkko, `ld Eulckr bcnb sgbkko, prca`ry sgbkko5

fdug`tcklò j`ghnrkuld duaacfs tb`t fquò 0 ci ` rfspkldflt b`s gkapoftfd tbf rfspfgtcvf sgbkkocln ofvfos `sbcs/bfr bcnbfst fdug`tckl ofvfo8 ol(Wt`pof ikkds), ol(Jffi), ol(Gbcghfl), ol(Icsb), ol(Kco), ol(Wkit drclh), ol(@ogkbko),ol(]rfp`rfd ikkd)5 tbf okn`rctbacg ̀ akult ki iàcoy-sczf ̀ deustfd fxpfldcturf kl ikkds.

Wkurgf5 @utbkrs.

4.: Gklgfltr`tckl Gurvf

Icnurf 9 sbkws tbf gklgfltr`tckl gurvfs `t ikur pkclts cl tcaf ki tbf survfy ikr kvfrwfcnbt`ld kjfscty ikr jktb afl `ld wkafl. Tbf wfòtb-rfo`tfd dcsp`rcty ki kvfrwfcnbt/kjfscty cssbrclhcln cl f`gb yf`r ikr jktb sfxfs, af`lcln akrf `ld akrf pfkpof `rf jfgkaclnkvfrwfcnbt/kjfsf crrfspfgtcvf ki tbfcr dciifrflt skgckfgklkacg st`tusfs. Gkajclfd wctbIcnurf 6, Icnurf 9 sunnfsts tb`t tbf okwfr skgckfgklkacg nrkups `rf stf`dcoy g`tgbcln up

wctb tbf bcnbfr skgckfgklkacg nrkups cl f`gb pfrckd. Tbf sbrclhcln n`p jftwffl rcgb `ldpkkr gkuod jf ` pksscjof scnl ki tbf nr`duò tr`lsctckl ki Cldklfsc` irka ` okw-clgkafgkultry tk ` acddof-clgkaf gkultry. Durcln tbcs tr`lsctckl prkgfss, tbf bcnbfr-clgkaf nrkupsstkp b`vcln bcnbfr r`tfs ki kvfrwfcnbt, wbcof tbf prfvòflgf àkln okwfr-clgkaf nrkupsgkltclufs tk clgrf`sf. Tbcs tcppcln pkclt b`s lkt yft jffl rf`gbfd cl Cldklfsc`. Icnurf >sbkws tbf gklgfltr`tckl gurvfs ikr fxgfss wfcnbt, cooustr`tcln ` scaco`r trfld `s wf kjsfrvfdcl Icnurf 9. Tbf dcsp`rcty jftwffl pkkr `ld rcgb sbr`lh kvfr tcaf, p`rtcguo`roy jftwffl :===`ld :=04.

Icnurf 95 Tbf Gklgfltr`tckl Gurvf ikr Kvfrwfcnbt `ld Kjfscty

Wkurgf5 @utbkrs.

=

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G

u a u

o ` t c v f p r k p k r t

c k l k

i k v f r w f

c n b t / k

j f s c t y

= .0 .: .7 .4 .6 .9 .> .2 .3 0Guauo`tcvf pkpuo`tckl prkpkrtckl

0337

033>

:===

:==>

:=04

Oclf ki pfrifgt fquòcty

Aòf

=

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G

u a u


c k l k

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0337

033>

:===

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:=04


Ifaòf

07


16/25


Icnurf >5 Tbf Gklgfltr`tckl Gurvf ikr Fxgfss ^fcnbt ikr Afl `ld ^kafl

Wkurgf5 @utbkrs.

Tbf g`tgbcln up ki tbf okwfr wfòtb nrkups cs òsk prkaclflt irka T`jof 7, wbcgb sbkws tbf`lluò nrkwtb r`tf ki tbf prfvòflgf ki kvfrwfcnbt/kjfscty irka 0337 tk :=04 `grkssdciifrflt wfòtb qucltcof nrkups. Durcln tbf pfrckd, tbf nrkwtb r`tfs ki tbf okwfst `ld okwfr-acddof wfòtb nrkups `rf jy i`r o`rnfr tb`l tbksf ki tbf uppfr-acddof `ld bcnbfst nrkups,rfsuotcln cl sbrclhcln ki tbf n`p ki tbf kvfrwfcnbt `ld kjfscty r`tfs jftwffl tbf pkkr `ldtbf rcgb.

T`jof 75 @lluò Nrkwtb Z`tfs ki tbf ]rfvòflgf ki Kvfrwfcnbt, Kjfscty, `ld Fxgfss^fcnbt `grkss Dciifrflt Puclt cof Nrkups irka 0337 tk :=04

(%)

^f òtb Pucltcof OfvfoKvfrwfcnbt kr

Kjfscty Kjfscty Fxgfss ^fcnbt

Pucltcof 0 6.04 2.69 6.77

Pucltcof : 6.23 3.03 6.93

Pucltcof 7 4.>= 2.9: 6.=7

Pucltcof 4 7.9: 6.37 7.3=

Pucltcof 6 :.42 4.3: :.23Wkurgf5 @utbkrs– gòguo`tckl.

4.7 Gklgfltr`tckl Cldfx

^f af`surf tbf dfnrff ki skgckfgklkacg-rfo`tfd dcsp`rcty cl f`gb pfrckd ki tcaf jygòguo`tcln tbf gklgfltr`tckl cldcgfs. Tbf rfsuots `rf sbkwl cl T`jof 4. Tbf gklgfltr`tckl

cldcgfs dfgoclf gklscstfltoy kvfr tcaf, wctb tbf nrf`tfst iòo cs ikuld ìtfr :===, `s wf

=

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G u a u


c k l k

i f x g f s s

w f

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0337

033>

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:==>

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=

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0337

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04


17/25


òrf`dy clifrrfd jy `lòyzcln tbf gklgfltr`tckl gurvfs `jkvf. Tbf gklgfltr`tckl cldfx ikrafl cs gklscstfltoy bcnbfr tb`l tb`t ikr wkafl.

T`jof 45 Gklgfltr`tckl Cldfx

Sf`r

Kvfrwfcnbt kr Kjfscty KjfsctyFxgfss^fcnbt

GC @deustfd GC GC @deustfd GC GC

@o o

0337=.::4 =.:97 =.:22 =.:34 =.:=2

(=.=0:) (=.=04) (=.=74) (=.=76) (=.=0=)

033>=.:=6 =.:46 =.039 =.:=: =.030

(=.=00) (=.=07) (=.=:3) (=.=7=) (=.==3)

:====.022 =.:7= =.039 =.:=: =.02:

(=.==3) (=.=00) (=.=:7) (=.=:4) (=.==2)

:==>=.074 =.0>3 =.020 =.030 =.076

(=.==>) (=.==3) (=.=09) (=.=0>) (=.==9)

:=04=.=29 =.00> =.0=: =.=76 =.=29

(=.==6) (=.==>) (=.=0:) (=.==4) (=.==6)

Aòf

0337=.7:4 =.79: =.497 =.49> =.:26

(=.=:0) (=.=:4) (=.=>=) (=.=>0) (=.=09)

033>=.744 =.729 =.746 =.743 =.7==

(=.=:=) (=.=:7) (=.=>0) (=.=>:) (=.=06)

:====.:27 =.7:4 =.7=: =.7=9 =.:69

(=.=06) (=.=02) (=.=49) (=.=4>) (=.=0:)

:==>=.:00 =.:62 =.703 =.7:3 =.:=6

(=.=0:) (=.=06) (=.=70) (=.=7:) (=.=0=)

:=04=.0>6 =.0>0 =.:74 =.=40 =.09=

(=.==3) (=.==3) (=.=:6) (=.==4) (=.==2)

Ifaòf

0337=.0>2 =.:02 =.:44 =.:6: =.09>

(=.=06) (=.=02) (=.=72) (=.=4=) (=.=0:)

033>=.04> =.029 =.09: =.093 =.076

(=.=07) (=.=09) (=.=7:) (=.=77) (=.=00)

:====.073 =.02= =.097 =.0>: =.079

(=.=00) (=.=04) (=.=:9) (=.=:2) (=.=0=)

:==> =.=3= =.07: =.0:2 =.072 =.=23(=.==2) (=.=0:) (=.=03) (=.=:0) (=.==2)

:=04=.=72 =.=94 =.=62 =.=:3 =.=40

(=.==9) (=.=0=) (=.=04) (=.==>) (=.==9)GC 1 gklgfltr`tckl cldfx.

Lktf5 Wt`ld`rd frrkrs `rf cl p`rfltbfsfs.


4.4 @gbcfvfaflt Cldfx

T`jof 6 sbkws tbf af`l `ld tbf `gbcfvfaflt cldfx ki tbf tbrff gkldctckls. @s tbf bfòtb

gkldctckls af`surfd `rf kvfrwfcnbt, kjfscty, `ld fxgfss wfcnbt, ct jfgkafs akrf cltuctcvf ciwf gòo ct tbf ‟dcs`gbcfvfaflt‑ cldfx. @s wf b`vf sffl jfikrf, tbf af`ls ki tbf prfvòflgf

06


18/25


ki fxgfss wfcnbt, kvfrwfcnbt, `ld kjfscty sbkw `l clgrf`sf kvfr tcaf. Tbf‟dcs`gbcfvfaflt‑ cldcgfs t`hcln `ggkult ki tbf gb`lnf cl tbf dcstrcjutckl ki bfòtb sbkwfvfl o`rnfr nrkwtb r`tfs, jfgùsf tbf clfquctcfs cl kvfrwfcnbt, kjfscty, `ld fxgfss wfcnbtjfgkaf saòofr kvfr tbf pfrckd. Cl ktbfr wkrds, tbf prkgfss ki g`tgbcln up ki tbf pkkr wctbtbf rcgb of`ds tk tbf bcnbfr ‟dcs`gbcfvfaflt‑ cldcgfs `s akrf wfcnbt cs `tt`gbfd tk tbf

pkkrfr pfkpof wbfl gòguo`tcln tbf `vfr`nfs ki tbf bfòtb gkldctckl v`rc`jofs cl tbf sàpof.T`jof 65 @gbcfvfaflt Cldfx

Sf`r

Kvfrwfcnbt krKjfscty Kjfscty Fxgfss ^fcnbt

Af`l @C Af`l @C Af`l @C

@o o

0337 =.043 =.006 =.=:: =.=06 :.9=7 :.=9=

033> =.099 =.07: =.=:2 =.=:7 :.322 :.403

:=== =.020 =.04> =.=7: =.=:9 7.:39 :.93>

:==> =.:6: =.:03 =.=64 =.=44 4.9:0 7.333

:=04 =.740 =.700 =.=2> =.=>2 9.:30 6.>6:

Aòf

0337 =.0=6 =.=>0 =.=0= =.==6 :.=69 0.493

033> =.0=2 =.=>0 =.=00 =.==2 :.:7= 0.690

:=== =.0:6 =.=3= =.=04 =.=0= :.660 0.23>

:==> =.020 =.047 =.=7= =.=:= 7.967 :.3=9

:=04 =.:46 =.:=7 =.=47 =.=77 4.267 4.=>>

Ifaòf

0337 =.027 =.060 =.=70 =.=:4 7.=4: :.676

033> =.:00 =.02= =.=4: =.=76 7.639 7.0=3

:=== =.:7= =.032 =.=42 =.=4= 7.36: 7.406

:==> =.709 =.:22 =.=>9 =.=99 6.42= 4.33=

:=04 =.4:4 =.4=2 =.0:4 =.00> >.642 >.:7> @C 1 `gbcfvfaflt (dcs`gbcfvfaflt) cldfx.


4.6 Dfgkapksc tckl @lòyscs

Iclòoy, wf dfgkapksf tbf ìkrfafltcklfd, rfo`tcvfoy o`rnf gb`lnf jftwffl :=== `ld :=04cl tbf gklgfltr`tckl cldfx ki fxgfss wfcnbt. @s ` icrst stfp, wf gòguo`tf tbf clfquòctcfs clf`gb cldcvcduò pktfltcò gkltrcjutcln i`gtkr (T`jof 9). Vlcvfrscty fdug`tckl `gbcfvfaflt, n`sstkvf pkssfssckl, rfircnfr`tkr usf, `ld fxpfldcturf kl jffi sbkw bcnbfr vòufs, wbcgbaf`ls tb`t tbfy `rf p`rtcguo`roy gkaakloy sffl àkln tbf rcgb. Tbf fo`stcgcty af`surfs tbf

sb`rf ki tbf i`gtkrs fxpo`clcln tbf clfquòcty cl bfòtb (cl kur g`sf fxgfss wfcnbt) cl tbfrfspfgtcvf yf`r. ]ksctcvf fo`stcgcty af`ls ` pksctcvf oclh jftwffl tbf clfquòcty cl ` i`gtkr`ld tbf bfòtb clfqucty. Tbf o`rnfr tbf `jskoutf fo`stcgcty, tbf strklnfr tbf gkllfgtckl cs.

09


19/25


T`jof 95 Dfgkapksctckl ki tbf Gklgfltr`tckl Cldfx ki Fxgfss ^fcnbt cl :=== `ld :=04

CldcvcduòGkltrcjutcln

I`gtkrs

@o o Aòf Ifaòf

:=04 :=== :=04 :=== :=04 :===

F GC F GC F GC F GC F GC F GC

Bcnb sgbkko fdug`tckl -=.=0 =.=4 -=.=4 =.:9 =.=9 =.=6 =.=2 =.:6 -=.=: =.=: -=.=> =.:9

Vlcvfrscty fdug`tckl =.=0 =.76 =.== =.44 =.=> =.79 =.=7 =.46 -=.=: =.77 -=.=0 =.47

Fofgtrcgcty =.04 =.== =.09 =.=4 =.:: =.== =.=9 =.=4 =.=9 =.== =.:0 =.=4

Fofgtrklcg stkvf =.== -=.0= =.== =.:7 =.== -=.0= =.== =.:7 =.== -=.=3 =.== =.:7

N`s stkvf =.02 =.=> =.=7 =.4> =.02 =.=> =.=4 =.42 =.09 =.=> =.=: =.4>

Gof`l w`tfr =.=4 =.=4 =.=6 =.04 =.=4 =.=4 =.=9 =.07 =.=4 =.=6 =.=6 =.06

Kwl tkcoft =.=> =.=> =.=3 =.06 =.04 =.=> =.07 =.06 =.=: =.=> =.=6 =.06

W`lct`tckl =.=9 =.=3 =.=> =.:0 =.=2 =.=3 =.=3 =.:= =.=6 =.=3 =.=9 =.:7

Yfbcgof =.=9 =.=2 =.=6 =.09 =.0= =.=2 =.=> =.09 =.=6 =.=> =.=7 =.09

@ppoc`lgfs =.0= =.=0 =.=4 =.=3 =.=9 =.=0 =.=7 =.=2 =.0> =.=0 =.=9 =.=3

Ircdnf usf =.=4 =.0> =.=6 =.49 =.=9 =.02 =.=9 =.49 =.=: =.0> =.=4 =.49

Tfofvcsckl =.06 =.=7 =.:0 =.02 =.07 =.=7 =.03 =.02 =.06 =.=7 =.:0 =.02

Wt`pof ikkds =.== =.=0 -=.=0 =.=: -=.=0 =.=: -=.=: =.=: =.== =.=0 -=.=0 =.=:

Jffi =.=0 =.02 =.== =.7= =.== =.0> =.== =.70 =.=0 =.03 =.=0 =.7=

Gbcghfl =.=: =.06 =.=0 =.:: =.=: =.06 =.=: =.:: =.=0 =.06 =.== =.:7

Icsb =.=: =.0: =.=: =.0: =.=4 =.0: =.=7 =.00 =.=0 =.07 =.=0 =.07

Kco =.=0 =.=9 =.=7 =.00 =.== =.=9 =.=7 =.00 =.=: =.=9 =.=7 =.00

Wkit drclh =.== =.0> =.=0 =.77 =.=0 =.0> =.=0 =.77 =.== =.09 =.== =.77

]rfp`rfd ikkd =.=7 =.0> =.=0 =.:0 =.=6 =.09 =.=: =.:0 =.=: =.02 =.== =.:0

GC 1 gklgfltr`tckl cldfx, F 1 fo`stcgcty.


Tbf prkdugts ki tbf fo`stcgcty `ld tbf gklgfltr`tckl cldcgfs ki tbf cldcvcduò i`gtkrs prkdugftbf gkltrcjutckls tk tbf clfquòcty cl bfòtb, cooustr`tfd cl Icnurf 2. Durcln tbf pfrckd, kur d`t`sbkws `l òofvc`tckl ki fdug`tcklò clfquòcty cl Cldklfsc`. T`jof 9 cldcg`tfs tb`t tbfgklgfltr`tckl cldfx ki ulcvfrscty fdug`tckl dfgrf`sfd jy =.=3 (1=.44‗=.76)8 ` dfgrf`sf tb`t`ppocfd tk jktb sfxfs. Bkwfvfr, tbf akrf fquòczfd `ggfss tk fdug`tckl dcd lkt of`d tkgklscstflt rfsuots ikr afl `ld wkafl cl tfras ki okwfrcln fxgfss wfcnbt dcsp`rctcfs. Ikrafl, tbf clfquòcty cl fdug`tckl cs gkrrfo`tfd wctb tbf clfquòcty cl tbf dcstrcjutckl ki fxgfsswfcnbt, jut wf g`llkt sff tbf pksctcvf gkrrfo`tckl ikr wkafl. Tbcs dciifrflgf gkafs irkatbf kppksctf scnl ki tbf fo`stcgcty ki fdug`tckl.

0>


20/25


Icnurf 25 ]frgflt`nf Gkltr cjutckls tk Clfquòcty cl Fxgfss ^fcnbt cl :=== ̀ ld :=04


Lfxt wf `ttfapt tk dfgkapksf tbf gb`lnf cl tbf gklgfltr`tckl cldfx jftwffl :=== `ld:=04 cltk tbf gb`lnf cl tbf gklgfltr`tckl cldcgfs ki tbf i`gtkrs. Tbf rfsuots ki tbfdfgkapksctckl ki tbf gb`lnf `rf sbkwl cl T`jof >. Tbf sfgkld gkoual, o`jfoofd ‟gb`lnfscl clfquòcty,‑ gkrrfspklds tk tbf icrst tfra ki tbf ofit-b`ld scdf ki fqu`tckl 2 `ld tbf tbcrdgkoual, o`jfoofd ‟gb`lnfs cl tbf fo`stcgcty,‑ gkrrfspklds tk tbf sfgkld tfra cl fqu`tckl 2.Tbf gb`lnfs cl clfquòcty af`surf tbf p`rt tb`t g`l jf `ttrcjut`jof tk tbf gb`lnf cl tbfgklgfltr`tckl cldfx ikr f`gb i`gtkr ncvfl tbf gklst`lt fo`stcgcty. Tbf gb`lnf cl fo`stcgctyrfiofgts tbf gb`lnf cl tbf rfo`tcvf capkrt`lgf ki f`gb i`gtkr cl fxpo`clcln tbf gb`lnf cl tbfdcstrcjutckl ki fxgfss wfcnbt. Tbf iclò gkoual, wbcgb cs `l `nnrfn`tfd vòuf ki tbfsf twkgb`lnfs, dflktfs bkw augb tbf gklgfltr`tckl cldfx gb`lnfs g`l jf fxpo`clfd jy gb`lnfscl f`gb i`gtkr.

@oo :=04 @oo :===Aòf:=04

Aòf:===

Ifaòf:=04

Ifaòf:===

Fdug`tckl 0.3% -6.=% 0>.4% 0:.6% -03.9% -0>.:%

Wt`ld`rds ki ocvcln 76.3% 60.0% :7.9% 72.:% 9=.9% 94.9%

W`lct`tckl 06.=% :=.:% 00.3% 0>.4% 03.:% :0.6%Fxpfldcturf kl st`pof ikkd -=.0% -=.:% -=.0% -=.:% =.=% -=.0%

Fxpfldcturf kl af`t `ld icsb 9.2% 7.7% 6.4% 7.=% 3.0% 7.=%

Fxpfldcturf kl kco =.2% 0.>% =.:% 0.7% :.3% :.4%

Fxpfldcturf kl skit drclh =.3% 0.=% =.2% 0.0% =.2% =.2%

Fxpfldcturf kl prfp`rfd ikkds 6.7% 0.=% 6.:% 0.9% >.:% =.2%

Zfscduòs 77.4% :>.=% 76.9% :6.:% 03.>% :4.:%

-4=%

-:=%

=%

:=%

4=%

9=%

2=%

0==%

0:=%

04=%

G k l t r c j u t c k l

02


21/25


T`jof >5 Zfsuots ki tbf Dfgkapksct ckl ki tbf Gb`lnf cl tbf Gklgfltr`tckl Cldfx irka:=== tk :=04

Gkltrcjutcln I`gtkr

@oo Aòf Ifaòf

Gb`lnfscl

Clfquòcty

Gb`lnfscl tbf

Fo`stcgctyTktò

Gb`lnfscl

Clfquòcty

Gb`lnfscl tbf

Fo`stcgctyTktò

Gb`lnfscl

Clfquòcty

Gb`lnfscl tbf

Fo`stcgctyTktò

Fdug`tckl =.==: =.==3 =.=00 -=.=02 =.=04 -=.==4 =.==2 =.==> =.=06

Wt`ld`rds ki ocvcln -=.0:4 =.=9: -=.=9: -=.0:> =.=9> -=.=9= -=.006 =.=67 -=.=9:

W`lct`tckl -=.=0> -=.==9 -=.=:4 -=.=:7 -=.==7 -=.=:9 -=.=0: -=.==3 -=.=:0

Fxpfldcturf kl st`pofikkd =.=== =.=== =.=== =.=== =.=== =.=== =.=== =.=== =.===

Fxpfldcturf kl af`t`ld icsb -=.==: =.==: =.=== -=.==: =.==7 =.==0 -=.==: =.==0 =.===

Fxpfldcturf kl kco -=.==0 -=.==: -=.==: =.=== -=.==7 -=.==7 -=.==0 -=.==0 -=.==:

Fxpfldcturf kl skitdrclhs -=.==0 =.=== -=.==0 -=.==0 =.=== -=.==: =.=== =.=== -=.==0

Fxpfldcturf klprfp`rfd ikkds -=.==0 =.==4 =.==7 -=.==: =.==9 =.==4 -=.==0 =.==: =.==:

Zfscduòs -=.=:= -=.==2 -=.=:6

Tktò -=.=36 -=.=39 -=.=34Wkurgf5 @utbkrs– gòguo`tckl.

Icnurf 3 ncvfs us ` vcsuò cltfrprft`tckl ki tbf rfsuot. Tbf t`jof cl tbf dc`nrà sbkws tbfpfrgflt`nf gkltrcjutckl ki tbf i`gtkrs. Ikr fxàpof, 94.>% ki tbf rfdugtckl cl tbf clfquòctyki fxgfss wfcnbt cs fxpo`clfd jy tbf dfgrf`sf cl tbf clfquòcty cl ocvcln st`ld`rds. Ct cs tbusrf`skl`jof tk gklgoudf tb`t tbf caprkvfaflt ki tbf ocvcln flvcrklaflt àkln tbf pkkracnbt b`vf fl`jofd tbfa tk jfgkaf kvfrwfcnbt. @s ` rfsuot, tbf pkkr gùnbt up wctb tbfrcgb cl tfras ki n`clcln wfcnbt.

^f icld tb`t durcln tbf pfrckd studcfd, tbf dfgrf`sf cl tbf fdug`tcklò clfquòcty dcd lktgkltrcjutf tk ` dfgrf`sf ki dcsp`rcty ki fxgfss wfcnbt. Okkhcln `t tbf aòf `ld ifaòfsàpofs sfp`r`tfoy, bkwfvfr, rfvfòs ̀ l cltfrfstcln dciifrflgf8 ̀ pksctcvf gkltrcjutckl cs kloy

ikuld cl tbf aòf sàpof. Cl ktbfr wkrds, tbf akrf fquòczfd `ggfss tk fdug`tckl àklnafl p`rtoy fxpo`cls tbf iòo cl tbf gklgfltr`tckl cldfx ki fxgfss wfcnbt. Akrf fquò `ggfsstk fdug`tckl òokwfd tbf pkkrfr afl tk g`tgb up wctb tbf rcgbfr afl cl tbf sflsf tb`t tbfyn`clfd wfcnbt `t ` i`stfr spffd tb`l tbf rcgb. @l òtfrl`tcvf cltfrprft`tckl cs òsk pksscjof8tbf rcgb afl a`y b`vf rfòczfd tbf capkrt`lgf ki ` bfòtby dcft `ld okwfrfd tbfcr wfcnbtn`cls. @s ` rfsuot, tbf n`p jftwffl tbfa sbr`lh. Cl gkltr`st, tbf lfn`tcvf pfrgflt`nfgkltrcjutckl ikuld àkln wkafl sunnfsts tb`t tbf rfdugtckl cl tbf clfquòcty cl fdug`tcklsokwfd tbf spffd ki tbf pkkr jfgkacln kvfrwfcnbt `ld/kr `ggfofr`tfd tbf rcgb jfgkaclnakrf kvfrwfcnbt.

03


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Icnurf 35 ]frgflt`nf Gkltrcju tckls tk tbf Gb`lnf ki tbf Dcsp`rcty ki Fxgfss ^fcnbt i rka :===tk :=04


6. GKLGOVWCKL @LD DCWGVWWCKL

Tbcs p`pfr studcfs tbf skgckfgklkacg dcsp`rctcfs ki kvfrwfcnbt, kjfscty, `ld fxgfss wfcnbtcl Cldklfsc` irka 0337 tk :=04 `ld tbfcr gb`lnfs durcln tbf pfrckd. Icrst, wf sbkwfd tb`t

tbf prkpkrtckl ki kvfrwfcnbt `ld kjfsf pfkpof nrfw r`pcdoy cl tbf gkultry `ld kvfrwfcnbt`ld kjfscty wfrf jfgkacln r`pcdoy akrf prfvòflt àkln tbf ofss wfòtby nrkups. @otbkunb

@oo Aòf Ifaòf

Fdug`tckl -00.77% 4.70% -09.=2%

Wt`ld`rds ki ocvcln 94.96% 9:.79% 99.72%

W`lct`tckl :4.2=% :9.9=% ::.46%

Fxpfldcturf kl st`pof ikkd -=.:4% -=.7>% -=.06%

Fxpfldcturf kl af`t `ld icsb =.00% -0.=:% =.74%

Fxpfldcturf kl kco :.44% 7.=3% :.02%

Fxpfldcturf kl skit drclh 0.0>% 0.63% =.>7%

Fxpfldcturf kl prfp`rfd ikkds -:.2:% -4.4>% -:.=7%

Zfscduòs :0.:7% >.3=% :9.02%

-4=%

-:=%

=%

:=%

4=%

9=%

2=%

0==%

0:=%

04=%

G k l t r c j u t c k

l

:=


23/25


tbf kvfrwfcnbt `ld kjfscty prfvòflgf r`tf w`s stcoo bcnbfr àkln tbf wfòtby, tbf nrkwtb kitbf prfvòflgf r`tf àkln tbf ofss `dv`lt`nfd nrkups w`s bcnbfr tb`l tb`t ki tbf rcgb.Wfgkld, irka tbf gklgfltr`tckl cldfx cl f`gb yf`r ki tbf survfy, wf ikuld tb`t tbfskgckfgklkacg-rfo`tfd dcsp`rcty dfgrf`sfd kvfr tcaf. Tbf o`rnfst iòo w`s ikuld ìtfr :===ikr jktb wkafl `ld afl, sunnfstcln tb`t òo icldclns gklscdfrfd, kvfrwfcnbt `ld kjfscty

`rf lk oklnfr prkjofas kloy ikr tbf rcgb pfkpof jut clgrf`sclnoy ikr tbf pkkr.Tbcrd, wf capofafltfd dfgkapksctckl `lòysfs. ^f dfgkapksfd tbf gklgfltr`tckl cldfxikr fxgfss wfcnbt cl :=== `ld :=04 ikr jktb sfxfs. Akst p`rts ki tbf gklgfltr`tckl cldfxwfrf fxpo`clfd jy tbf ulfquò dcstrcjutckl ki ocvcln st`ld`rds `ld s`lct`ry gkldctckls.Iclòoy, wf dfgkapksfd tbf o`rnfst gb`lnf cl tbf gklgfltr`tckl cldfx ki fxgfss wfcnbt,ikuld jftwffl :=== `ld :=04. Tbf rfsuots sbkwfd tb`t ` o`rnf p`rt ki tbf gb`lnf gkuod jffxpo`clfd jy tbf dfgrf`sf cl clfquòcty cl ocvcln st`ld`rds, s`lct`ry gkldctckls.

Clgrf`sf cl wfcnbt àkln tbf pkkr cs lkt lfgfss`rcoy ` j`d kutgkaf. @s g`l jf sffl clIcnurf 7, tbf luajfr ki uldfrwfcnbt pfkpof b`s òsk dr`stcgòoy iòofl kvfr tbf kjsfrv`tcklpfrckd. @ld tbf prfvòflgf ki uldfrwfcnbt cs p`rtcguo`roy bcnb àkln tbf okw-clgkaf nrkups.Bkwfvfr, tbf r`pcd nrkwtb ki pfkpof wctb fxgfss wfcnbt cl tbf okwfr clgkaf qucltcofs cs `

wkrrcskaf dfvfokpaflt. Kvfrwfcnbt cs klf ki tbf a`cl rcsh i`gtkrs ikr dfvfokpcln gbrklcgdcsf`sfs, wbcgb rfqucrf sujst`ltcvf afdcgò fxpfldcturfs kitfl jkrlf jy tbf p`tcflt cldfvfokpcln gkultrcfs. Okwfr-clgkaf nrkups `rf p`rtcguo`roy coo prfp`rfd ikr sugb bcnbfxpfldcturfs. Tbf qufstckl cs wb`t pkocgcfs gkuod bfop tk dàpfl tbf r`pcd clgrf`sf kiwfcnbt cl okwfr clgkaf qucltcofs, wbcof `t tbf sàf tcaf flsurcln tb`t uldfr-lutrctckl csrfdugfd. Fdug`tckl acnbt jf tbf icrst jft.

Cl kur study wf ikuld tb`t durcln tbf kjsfrv`tckl pfrckd tbf clfquòcty cl bcnb sgbkko `ldulcvfrscty fdug`tckl w`s cldffd actcn`tfd jktb ikr afl `ld wkafl. Zfsuots ikr tbf kvfròosàpof sunnfst fvcdflgf tb`t prkvcdcln fquò fdug`tcklò kppkrtulctcfs ofssflfd tbf spffdki tbf pkkr jfgkacln `s kvfrwfcnbt `s tbf rcgb. Nrf`tfr fquòcty cl fdug`tckl a`y b`vfa`df tbf pkkr, fspfgcòoy pkkr wkafl, rfòczf tbf capkrt`lgf ki lkt jfgkacln kvfrwfcnbt.

Bkwfvfr, wf ulgkvfrfd ` dciifrflt fiifgt ki gkltrcjutcln tk actcn`tckl àkln wkafl `ldafl. Tbf akrf fquòczfd fdug`tcklò kppkrtulcty òokwfd tbf ofss wfòtby afl tk g`tgb upqucghoy wctb tbf rcgb cl tfras ki fxtr` wfcnbt. Ikr wkafl, kl tbf gkltr`ry, tbf kppksctf rfsuotw`s ikuld. Iurtbfr rfsf`rgb cs lffdfd tk sff wby tbf fiifgt cs lkt tbf sàf ikr jktb afl`ld wkafl.

Tbcs p`pfr prfsfltfd lfw fvcdflgf tb`t tbf skgckfgklkacg dcsp`rcty ki kvfrwfcnbt `ldkjfscty cl Cldklfsc` b`s jffl r`pcdoy gb`lncln kvfr tbf p`st : dfg`dfs. B`ld cl b`ld wctbfgklkacg nrkwtb, okwfr clgkaf nrkups clgrf`sfd cl jkdy wfcnbt `t ` bcnbfr p`gf tb`lbcnbfr clgkaf nrkups. Kvfròo, kvfrwfcnbt cl Cldklfsc` cs lk oklnfr ìifgtcln kloy tbfwfòtbcfr sfnaflts ki tbf pkpuo`tckl, jut tbf fltcrf skgckfgklkacg spfgtrua. Tbcs òskcapocfs tb`t pkpuo`tckl nrkups tb`t `rf ofss wfoo prfp`rfd ikr tbf clgcdflgf kilklgkaaulcg`jof dcsf`sfs `rf lkw rullcln ` bcnbfr rcsh ki dfvfokpcln tbfa. ]kocgy a`hfrscl Cldklfsc` lffd tk tbclh `jkut pkocgcfs tk fiifgtcvfoy sokw dkwl tbf clgrf`scln spffd ki tbfprfvòflgf ki kjfscty, fspfgcòoy ̀ akln pkkrfr bkusfbkods. T`rnftfd fdug`tcklò fiikrts `rfklf kptckl. @lktbfr kptckl acnbt jf tbf cltrkdugtckl ki t`xfs kl ulbfòtby ikkds, sugb `sskit drclhs. Tbfsf t`x af`surfs lffd tk jf wfoo dfscnlfd cl krdfr tk a`hf surf tbfy`gbcfvf tbfcr pkocgy kjefgtcvfs wbcof a`clt`clcln flkunb bfòtby `ld ìikrd`jof ikkdgbkcgfs. Ncvfl tbf sb`rp clgrf`sf cl kvfrwfcnbt `ld kjfscty cl Wkutbf`st @sc`, akrfrfsf`rgb cs lffdfd tk jfttfr uldfrst`ld tbf prkjofa `ld tk jf `jof tk dfscnl `pprkprc`tfrfspklsfs tb`t iuooy t`hf cltk `ggkult tbf strkln skgckfgklkacg dcsp`rctcfs.

:0


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ZFIFZFLGFW*

G`rr-Bcoo, Z., `ld ]. Gbòafrs-Dcxkl. :==6. Tbf ]ujocg Bfòtb Kjsfrv`tkry B`ldjkkh kiBfòtb Clfquòctcfs Af`surfaflt. Kxikrd, VH5 Wkutb F`st Flno`ld ]ujocg Bfòtb

Kjsfrv`tkry.

Iofurj`fy, A. `ld F. Wgbkhh`frt. :=0:. Fqucty cl Bfòtb `ld Bfòtb G`rf. Cl B`ldjkkh kiBfòtb Fgklkacgs5 Ykouaf :, fdctfd jy A. Y. ]ùoy, T. N. AgNucrf, `ld ]. ].J`rrks. Fosfvcfr.

NJD :=07 Zcsh I`gtkrs Gkoo`jkr`tkrs. :=06. Nokjò, Zfncklò, `ld L`tcklò Gkap`r`tcvfZcsh @ssfssaflt ki >3 Jfb`vckurò, Flvcrklafltò `ld Kggup`tcklò, `ld Aft`jkocgZcshs kr Goustfrs ki Zcshs cl 022 Gkultrcfs, 033=‗:=075 @ Wystfa`tcg @lòyscs ikrtbf Nokjò Jurdfl ki Dcsf`sf Wtudy :=07. Tbf O`lgft. DKC5bttp5//dx.dkc.krn/0=.0=09/W=04=-9>79(06)==0:2-:.

Clstctutf ikr Bfòtb Aftrcgs `ld Fvòu`tckl. :=07. Nokjò Jurdfl ki Dcsf`sf Wtudy :=07.

Wf`ttof, ^`sbclntkl5 Clstctutf ikr Bfòtb Aftrcgs `ld Fvòu`tckl.Euln, Z. T. 033>. Kjfscty `s ` Dcsf`sf. Jrctcsb Afdcgò Juooftcl 67(:)5 7=>‗7:0.

H`hw`lc, L. 03>>. Af`surfaflt ki T`x ]rknrfsscvcty5 @l Cltfrl`tcklò Gkap`rcskl. TbfFgklkacg Ekurlò 2>(746)5 >0‗2=.

H`hw`lc, L., @. ^`nstìi, F. v`l Dkkrso`fr. 033>. Wkgckfgklkacg Clfquòctcfs cl Bfòtb5Af`surfaflt, Gkaput`tckl, ̀ ld Wt`tcstcgò clifrflgf. Ekurlò ki Fgklkaftrcgs >>52>‗0=7.

AgO`rfl, O. :==>. Wkgckfgklkacg Wt`tus `ld Kjfscty. Fpcdfackokncg Zfvcfws :35 :3‗42.

Akltfcrk,G. @., A.B. D–@. Jflcgck, ^. O. Gkldf, `ld J. A. ]kphcl. :===. Wbcitcln KjfsctyTrflds cl Jr`zco. Furkpf`l Ekurlò ki Goclcgò Lutrctckl 645 74:‗749.

Akltfcrk, G. @., ^. O. Gkldf, `ld J. A. ]kphcl. :==0. Cldfpfldflt Fiifgts ki Clgkaf `ldFdug`tckl kl tbf Zcsh ki Kjfscty cl tbf Jr`zcoc`l @duot pkpuo`tckl. Tbf Ekurlò kiLutrctckl 0705 220W‗229W.

Akltfcrk, G. @., F. G. Akur`, ̂ . O. Gkldf, `ld J. A. ]kphcl. :==4. Wkgckfgklkacg Wt`tus`ld Kjfscty cl @duot ]kpuo`tckls ki Dfvfokpcln Gkultrcfs5 @ Zfvcfw. Juooftcl ki tbf^krod Bfòtb Krn`lcz`tckl 2:(0:)5 34=‗349.

Ln, A., ft ò. :=04. Nokjò, Zfncklò, `ld L`tcklò ]rfvòflgf ki Kvfrwfcnbt `ld Kjfscty clGbcodrfl `ld @duots durcln 032=‗:=075 @ Wystfa`tcg @lòyscs ikr tbf Nokjò jurdflki Dcsf`sf Wtudy :=07. Tbf O`lgft 7245 >99‗>20.

K–Dkllfoo, K., F. v`l Dkkrso`fr, @. ^`nstìi, `ld A. Ocldfokw. :==2. @lòyzcln BfòtbFqucty Vscln Bkusfbkod Wurvfy D`t`5 @ Nucdf tk Tfgblcqufs `ld TbfcrCapofaflt`tckl. ̂ `sbclntkl, DG5 ^krod J`lh.

K`x`g`, Z. 03>7. Aòf-Ifaòf ^`nf Dciifrflgfs cl Vrj`l O`jkr A`rhfts. Cltfrl`tcklòFgklkacg Zfvcfw 045 973‗>=3.

]kphcl, J. A. :==0. Tbf Lutrctckl Tr`lsctckl `ld Kjfscty cl tbf Dfvfokpcln ^krod. TbfEkurlò ki Lutrctckl 0705 2>0W‗2>7W.

]kphcl, J. A., `ld W. Du. :==7. Dylàcgs ki tbf Lutrctckl Tr`lsctckl tkw`rd tbf @lcaòIkkds Wfgtkr cl Gbcl` `ld cts Capocg`tckls5 @ ^krrcfd ]frspfgtcvf. Tbf Ekurlò kiLutrctckl 0775 7232W‗:3=9W.

* Tbf @sc`l Dfvfokpaflt J`lh rfifrs tk Gbcl` jy tbf làf ]fkpof–s Zfpujocg ki Gbcl`.

::

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736%2815%2900128-2http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736%2815%2900128-2


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Zfylkods, H. D. Nu, ]. H. ^bfotkl, R. û, R. Du`l, E. Ak, `ld E. Bf. :==>. ]rfvòflgf `ldZcsh I`gtkrs ki Kvfrwfcnbt `ld Kjfscty cl Gbcl`. Kjfscty 06(0)5 0=‗02.

Wkjò, E., `ld @. E. Wtulh`rd. 0323. Wkgckfgklkacg Wt`tus `ld Kjfscty5 @ Zfvcfw ki tbfOctfr`turf. ]sygbkokncgò Juooftcl 0=65 :9=‗:>6.

Y`l df ]kfo, F., K. K–Dkllfoo, `ld F. v`l Dkkrso`fr. :==>. @rf Vrj`l Gbcodrfl ZfòoyBfòtbcfr; Fvcdflgf irka 4> Dfvfokpcln Gkultrcfs. Wkgcò Wgcflgf & Afdcgclf 9650329‗:==7.

Y`l df ]kfo, F., K. K–Dkllfoo, `ld F. v`l Dkkrso`fr. :==3. Vrj`lcz`tckl `ld tbf Wprf`d kiDcsf`sfs ki @iiouflgf cl Gbcl`. Fgklkacgs `ld Bua`l Jckokny >5 :==‗:09.

Y`l df ]kfo, F. K. K–Dkllfoo, `ld F. v`l Dkkrso`fr. :=0:. Cs Tbfrf @ Bfòtb ]flòty kiGbcl`–s Z`pcd Vrj`lcz`tckl. Bfòtb Fgklkacgs :05 79>‗726.

Y`l Dkkrso`fr, F., `ld R. Hkkoa`l. :==4. Fxpo`clcln tbf Dciifrflgfs cl Clgkaf-rfo`tfdBfòtb Clfquòctcfs ̀ grkss Furkpf`l Gkultrcfs. Bfòtb Fgklkacgs 075 9=3‗9:2.

^`nstìi, @. :==:. Clfquòcty @vfrsckl, Bfòtb Clfquòctcfs ̀ ld Bfòtb @gbcfvfaflt. Ekurlò

ki Bfòtb Fgklkacgs :0(4)5 9:>‗940.^`nstìi, @., F. v`l Dkkrso`fr, `ld L. ^`t`l`jf. :==7. Kl Dfgkapkscln tbf Gùsfs ki

Bfòtb Wfgtkr Clfquòctcfs, wctb `l @ppocg`tckl tk Aòlutrctckl Clfquòctcfs cl Ycftlà.Ekurlò ki Fgklkaftrcgs 00:(0)5 :03‗::>.

^`nstìi, @. :==6. Tbf Jkulds ki tbf Gklgfltr`tckl Cldfx ^bfl tbf Y`rc`jof ki Cltfrfst CsJcl`ry, wctb ̀ l @ppocg`tckl tk Caaulcz`tckl Clfqu òcty. Bfòtb Fgklkacgs 04(4)5 4:3‗ 47:.

^krod Bfòtb Krn`lcz`tckl. :=00. Kjfscty `ld Kvfrwfcnbt I`gt sbfft. Dfp`rtaflt kiWust`cl`jof Dfvfokpaflt `ld Bfòtby Flvcrklaflts.

^krod Bfòtb Krn`lcz`tckl. :=06. Kjfscty `ld Kvfrwfcnbt. I`gt sbfft L½700. @v`co`jof `t

bttp5//www.wbk.clt/afdc`gfltrf/i`gtsbffts/is700/fl/ (rftrcfvfd 3 Lkvfajfr :=06).

^ctkfo`r, I., E. Wtrùss, J. Wchkhc. :==3. Wkgckfgklkacg Wuggfss `ld Bfòtb cl O`tfr Ocif5Fvcdflgf irka tbf Cldklfsc` Iàcoy Ocif Wurvfy. ^krhcln ]`pfr >=4. Z@LD O`jkr`ld ]kpuo`tckl.
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