SOCIOLOGY UNIT 4.pdf

7/27/2019 SOCIOLOGY UNIT 4.pdf

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Sociology

Society and environment

(Effect of environment on society)


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The Meaning of Heredity

The biological and Psychological characteristics which are

transmitted by the parents to their offspring's are known as by the

name ofHeredity.

(EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENT ON SOCIETY)

Mans behaviour is influenced by two forces

1. Heredity

2. Environment


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Effects of Heredity

1. Galtons Studies

2. Karl Pearsons researches

Groups of higher intellectual rating produces more persons of

genius.


Differences in intelligence levels of different occupation groups.

3. But all this is not necessarily due to heredity.

4. Intelligence scores of Negros and whites.5. Physical traits and heredity.

6. Studies of Some Family


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Controlled Experiments to determine the Respective Role of Heredity

and Environment

Children of the same heredity have been put under different

environments and the differences in their behaviour have been

consequently attributes to environment.

1. Environment of twins reared together and apart.

2. Experiments on children under the same environment


Heredity and environment are not separable

Maclver : Every phenomenon of the life is the product of both, each is

as necessary to the result as the other, neither can ever be eliminated

and neither be isolated.

Altenberg : Each trait requires both heredity and environment for its

development.

Lumley : It is not heredity or environment , but heredity andenvironment.


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Social environment

The social environment refers to the immediate physical and

social setting in which people live or in which something happens or

develops. It includes the culture that the individual was educated or

lives in, and the people and institutions with whom they interact.


SolidarityPeople with the same social environment often develop a sense

of social solidarity; they often tend to trust and help one another, and to

congregate in social groups. They will often think in similar styles and

patterns even when their conclusions differ.


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Social environment


Milieu/social structure

C. Wright Mills contrasted the immediate milieu ofjobs/family/neighbourhood with the wider formations of the social

structure, highlighting in particular a distinction between "the personal

troubles of milieu" and the "public crises of social structure.

Emile Durkheim took a wider view of the social environment

(milieu social), arguing that it contained internalised norms and

representations of social forces/social facts: "Our whole social

environment seems to us filled with forces which really exist only in our

own minds"


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ENVIRONMENT

Word "environment" is most

commonly used describing "natural"environment and means the sum of allliving and non-living things thatsurround an organism, or group of

organisms. Environment includes allelements, factors , and conditions thathave some impact on growth anddevelopment of certain organism.

nv ronmen nc u es o o c anabiotic factors that have influence onobserved organism. Abiotic factorssuch as light, temperature, water,atmospheric gases combine with biotic

factors (all surrounding living species).Environment often changes after sometime and therefore many organismshave ability to adapt to these changes.


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Physical Environment:

Definition: - consists of

physical features that

occur naturally

- 4 major components :Water(rivers , seas,

oceans), Natural

,

rocks, weather and climate

Natural resources are

found Examples: rivers,

seas , ocean, mountains,rocks, volcanoes,

tornadoes


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Physical Environment is composed of

those that nature provide for man. Itincludes, according to MacIver the

earth surface with all its physical

features and natural resources , the

distribution of land and water,

mountain and plains, plants and

animals and all the forces that play

upon the earth and affect the life ofman.


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Physical environment is

further divided into twoparts

Natural(uncontrollable)

sun, wind rains, star ,sea,season etc.

Artificial (controllable)-

rec con ro o man.Such are vast stretches of land

which he brings under

cultivation ,the river and

streams which he use for

dames .


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Physical Environment and Social Environment


1.Housing tenure

2.Accommodation Density

3.Characteristic of Accommodation

5. Social capital

6. Public transport

7. Local amenities

8.Frequency of contact with social networks

9.Positive and negative social support


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INFLUENCE AND PHYSICAL

ENVIRONMENT

Population- distribution ,size and density - plains are more

dense than mountain other rainfall, desert, humidity

PHYSICAL NECESSTIES topography of country affect diet, dress

Examples material used in mountain or Eskimos -snow

houses wear animal skins dresses , people eating habits also

depend

particular animal found in rear spaces as camel in Rajasthan,goats and sheep in hills, cows and buffaloes in plains


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OCCUPATION coastal areas fishing, oil wells are in Assam, in

northern plain agriculture ,sugar mills in Utter Pradesh

PHYSICOLOGICAL CHARATERSTCStopography effect the color of skin, hair ,shape of nose, hieght etc

hot climate darker skin

HUMAN ACTIVITES ENERGY AND SKILLS

CIVILIZATION AND CULTURE valley civilization near river

ECONOMIC ORGANISATION if get natural resources


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INFLUENCE OF PLAINS

POPULATION

ECONOMIC LIFE

MEANS OF COMMUNICATION

SOCIAL LIFE

POLITICAL LIFE


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INFLUENCE ON HILLS

POPULATION

ECONOMIC LIFE

SOCIAL LIFE

POLITICAL LIFE


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Documents

SOCIOLOGY UNIT 4.pdf