SOCOMEC UPS Presentation 22-11-13

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Introduction to UPS

CP 01 Specification Seminar



Introduction to UPS All rights reserved © Socomec 2013

2

2

Part 1 Power problems

Part 2 Types of UPS

Part 3 Structures of UPS, main componentsPart 4 Parallel UPS system

Part 5 Isolation Transformer

Part 6 Grounding

Part 7 Harmonics

Part 8 Surges

Part 9 Battery

Contents of the seminar




3

3

Causes

Effects

Solution





4


The causes

Black-out events can arrived due to : Lightning

Accidental events

Short-circuits

Switching – on heavy loads

Overloads

And impurities :




5


The effects

How frequent are the power quality problems ?

Electrical noises & transients63.0 events/month

Spikes & surges50.7 events/month

Sags & brownouts14.4 events/month

Mains interruption

0.5 events/month

A typical server system can have more than 125 events/month, potentiallydestructive !

88% of the events




6


The effects

The effects of a black-out on the installation could be : Loss of data

Disk crash

Hardware damages

Loss of production

And through impurities : Data corruption

Anomalies of operation

Premature wear of electronics parts

Irreparable failures to components

Example of cost per hour of the electrical

breakdowns :

Telecommunication 1.800.000 € Production semiconductor 3.800.000 €

Transaction per credit card 2.500.000 € Financial with stock exchange 6.000.000 € Car industry 6.000.000 €




7


The solution: implement the UPS protection




8


The solution: implement the UPS protection

UPS

1 - CONTINUITY OF THE SUPPLY

2 - PROTECTION OF THE LOAD




99

Part 2 Types of UPS Off-line UPS

Line interactive UPS

On line UPS

Mix modes UPS




10

Part 2 Types of UPS

What it is ?

According to the IEC 62040-3, UPS are classified via : Output quality

Output waveshape

Output transient performance




11

Part 2 Types of UPS

Classification in deep




12

Part 2 Types of UPS

Off-line UPS, VFD classified

Normal condition:

The load is directly supplied by the mains

The charger manages the battery charge

Filter

InverterCharger

Switch




13

Part 2 Types of UPS

Off-line UPS, VFD classified

Advantages Disadvantages

Very High efficiency (98-99%) Does not stabilize voltage and frequency

Small size Does not protect the load against mains

disturbances

Low cost Does not condition the load current

Battery stress highly linked to power quality

Transfer times main to batteries = ± 10ms

Filter

Inverter

Switch

Charger

This UPS topology is a back-up solution




14

Part 2 Types of UPS

Line interactive UPS, VI classified

Normal mode

The UPS stabilizes the output voltage

The battery is kept charged

AVS

Auto Voltage Stabiliser

Filter

Inverter

Switch

Charger




15

Part 2 Types of UPS

Line interactive UPS, VI classified

When the input voltage is out of the tolerances

AVSFilter

Inverter


High efficiency in normal mode Less efficient than VFD

Some stabilization of the voltage variations

compared to VFD

Only partially protects the load against mains

disturbances

Low cost Bad compatibility with input power generators

Transfer times main to batteries = ± 10ms




16

Part 2 Types of UPS

On-line UPS, VFI classified

On-line UPS is the best load protection level to supplycritical load, thanks to double conversion (ACDC AC)

Filter

Rectifier

Switch

Inverter

Filter

Charger




17

Part 2 Types of UPS


The load is kept protected by double conversion even if therectifier input voltage is out of tolerances.

Energy storage provides the back-up until genset starts

By-pass line is only used as auxiliary source or to transfer onmaintenance by-pass

Filter

Rectifier

Switch

Inverter

Filter

Charger




18

Part 2 Types of UPS



Stabilizes voltage and frequency variations on mains More expensive

Protects loads against all electrical disturbances Lower Efficiency thanVFD or VI

Provides zero transfer time during transfer :

mains/battery/by-pass

Good compatibility with generators

Conditions the load current avoiding the rejection to

mains of non-linear load harmonics current

By-pass separated from mains increases the fault

tolerance (dual inputs)




19

Part 2 Types of UPS

Mix-modes UPS

Mix-mode UPS priories the efficiency performances

It works in VFD till the bypass input is “acceptable”

Filter

Rectifier

Switch

Inverter

Filter

Charger




20

Part 2 Types of UPS

Mix-modes UPS

It means also that the load is only partially protected The famous 88% of potentially destructive disturbances are passing

through the UPS, even if the UPS can transfer quickly on VFI mode

Filter

Rectifier

Switch

Inverter

Filter

Charger




Part 2 Types of UPS

Mix-modes UPS

The UPS can transfer in double conversion if the mains is “too muchdisturbed”

Transfer time depends on the Technology (<6ms is good) butdisturbances will anyway be applied to the load during this period

Rectifier

Switch

Inverter

Filter

Charger




Power problem Off lineVFD Line interactiveVI Mix mode(*)

VFD / VFI On lineVFI

Mains failures

Sags / brownouts

Surges

Spikes / transients

High frequency noise

Harmonic distortion

Frequency variation

Typical efficiency ≈ 98% 94 < ŋ < 97% 94 < ŋ < 98% 93 < ŋ <96%

Part 2 Types of UPS

Summary, protection vs efficiency




Power problem Off lineVFD Line interactiveVI Mix modeVFD/VI/VFI On lineVFI

Mains failures

Sags / brownouts

Surges

Spikes / transients

High frequency noise

Harmonic distortion

Frequency variation

Typical efficiency ≈ 98% 94 < ŋ < 97% 94 < ŋ < 98% 93 < ŋ <96%

LIMITED

PROTECTION

FULLPROTECTION

Part 2 Types of UPS





2L technology

VFIOnline100%

98%

94%

92%

96%

Mix modesNoUPS

Bypass(VFD)

Lineinteractive

(VI)

3 Level inside

E F F I C I E N

C Y

LOAD PROTECTION

Part 2 Types of UPS





Part 3 Structures of UPS, maincomponents

Rectifier

Energy storage management

Inverter

Static by pass

Storage, battery scope




Description of a double conversion UPS composants.

Filter

Inverter

Convert DC to AC

Rectifier input

Output

Part 3 Structure of UPS

What it is ?

Rectifier

Convert AC to DC

Bypass input

Static Switch

Connect bypass or

inverter to the output

Associate to the inverter

To provide perfect sinewave

Charger/Booster

Energy storage

Management

Energy storage

Provides the energy if the rectifier

input is not available

Filter

Maintenance Bypass

to keep load supplied

upon servicing




Efficiency (energy consumption, aircon sizing, ..) Protection degree (IP), dimensions, weight, mechanical robustness

Acoustic noise, Ambient service conditions

EMC (emission/immunity)


How to evaluate it

Input

performances

Output Performances

* on Inverter

* on By-pass

* transfer time

Energy storage

*backup Time

*life time

*environmental stress resistance

Charger

capacity




The output power capability is defined by S: Nominal apparent power (kVA)

P: Nominal active power (kW)

Q: Reactive power (leading / lagging)

Part 3 Structures of UPS, main components

UPS power sizing

UPS designed @ PF=0,9

100kVA /90kW on linear load

without de-rating up to PF= 0,9 leading

Max = 90kVA/90kW

UPS designed @ PF=1

100kVA /100kW on linear load

without de-rating up to PF= 0,9 leading Max = 90kVA/90kW





Rectifier, scope

Rectifier purpose is to create a fixed DC voltage, startingfrom the input sinusoidal voltage absorbing a current.(performances depends on the technology)

Fixed DCVoltage

Output

RECTIFIER

Voltageand current

controlled

Input

VoltageCurrent





Rectifier, how to value it

The functions : Converts AC input voltage to DC,

Supply inverter with DC energy,

Provide DC energy battery charger (if connected to DC Bus)

The main performances : Input current distortion (THDI) : Harmonics,

Input power factor,

Input start-up current,

Number of wires (3ph or 3ph+Neutral),

Efficiency (influences global efficiency),

Maximum output power,

Input voltage & frequency tolerances

Impact on upstreaminfrastructure cost

(CAPEX)





Rectifier, types of rectifiers

SCR 6

pulses

SCR 12

pulses

SCR +

filters Protect plus IGBT

Architectures

Input current

THDi > 35% > 10% Low* < 5% < 3%

Power factor ≈0,7 ≈0,7 High* 0,93 > 0,99

Efficiency 98-99% 96-97% Low* 98% 97-98%

Design Cost $ $$ $$$$ $$$ $$$

(*) depends on the type and size of f iltering





Rectifier, power factor comparison

Input power factor

0.6

0.65

0.7

0.75

0.8

0.85

0.9

0.95

1

25% 50% 75% 100%

I n p u t p

o w e r f a c t o r

IGBT

Protect +

With battery charged

Under battery recharge

SCR (6p / 12p)




JUNE 2002IEEE PESC-0233

Harmonic sequence is the phase rotation relationship with respect to the

fundamental component.

Positive sequence harmonics ( 4th, 7th, 10th , ……. (6n+1) th ) havethe same phase rotation as the fundamental component. Theseharmonics circulate between the phases.

Negative sequence harmonics ( 2nd, 5th, 8th ……… (6n-1) th ) havethe opposite phase rotation with respect to the fundamental component.These harmonics circulate between the phases.

Zero sequence harmonics ( 3rd, 6th, 9th, ….. (6n-3) th ) do not producea rotating field. These harmonics circulate between the phase and neutralor ground. These third order or zero sequence harmonics, unlike positiveand negative sequence harmonic currents, do not cancel but add uparithmetically at the neutral bus.


Harmonic Sequence





Rectifier, how to improve 6p & 12p

Passive, active, hybrid filters or phase shifting :

Reduce the THDi up to < 5%

Improve the input Power factor

Drawback : Not compact,

More expensive,

Resonance risks,

Decrease efficiency of around 2%,

Additional hardware• More maintenance

• Less reliable

UPS UPS UPS






The Charger : Regulates the battery recharging current (xx Amps – No ripple),

Provide adapted voltage to the battery, depending on− Energy storage technology

− Temperature condition

− Charge status

The Booster (only used for some tranformerless UPS):

Step up the battery voltage (≈450 to 800Vdc) to supply the

inverter upon discharge,




Energy storage can be manage in different ways.

Filter

Inverter

Maintenance Bypass

Rectifier input

Output



Rectifier

Bypass input

Static Switch

Charger/Booster

Energy storage

Management

Batteries





Filter

Inverter

Maintenance Bypass

Rectifier input

Output



Charger

Rectifier

Bypass input

Static Switch

Blocking diode

To avoid direct connection

P t 3 St t f UPS





Filter

Inverter

Maintenance Bypass

Rectifier input

Output



Charger

Rectifier

Bypass input

Static Switch

Blocking diode

To avoid direct connection

P t 3 St t f UPS i t





Inverter, scope

Inverter purpose is to create a SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE

starting from DC Voltage and supply the POWERrequired to the LOAD

Fixed DC Voltage

(Rectifier or energy storage)

OutputINVERTER

Voltageand current

controlled

Input

VoltageCurrent






Inverter, how to value it

The function:

Supply the load with a regulated voltage and frequency,

Supply the load from either converted rectifier supply or storedenergy source,

The main performances :

Nominal apparent power (VA)

Nominal active power (W)

Capability to support load Power factor (Leading mainly)

Inverter efficiency (influences global efficiency)

Output voltage distortion (ThdV, with different load types) Max load current crest factor

Overload, Inrush current and short-circuit capability,

With or without galvanic isolation






Inverter

2 types of inverter power conversion in the market : IGBT 2 levels

IGBT 3 levels

2 types of UPS topology in the market : Transformer-based

Transformerless

Part 3 Structures of UPS main components





Inverter, 2 or 3 IGBT levels

2 levels 3 levels

Architectures

Inverter bridgeoutput voltage

Switched voltageFrom -400 to 400V

800VFrom -400 to 0 & 0 to 400V

400V

IGBT losses High LowChoke losses High Low

Global Efficiency ≈ 94% ≈ 96%

Design Cost $ $$$





Transformerless

UPS topology

Transformer based

UPS topology


Inverter, with or without transformers






Built-in inverter transformer UPS

+ batt

- batt

Ubatt

450V

N






Transformerless UPS with 2-level inverter

+ batt

- batt

Ubatt450V

NN0V batt

Ubatt800V

0V batt

Ubatt400V

Ubatt400V







UPS Techno Transformerless Transformer basedStandard High

performingStandard High

performing

Rect. vs bypass galvanic isolation - - +++ +++

DC / Output galvanic Isolation - - +++ +++

Efficiency performance ++ +++ + ++

Weight +++ ++ + +

Compactness / Power density ++ +++ + ++

Inverter Short circuit Ik1 + ++ ++ +++

Inverter Short circuit Ik2/Ik3 + ++ + ++

Design Cost $ $$$ $$ $$$







UPS Techno Transformerless Transformer basedStandard High

performingStandard High

performing

Rect. vs Bypass inputs isolation - - +++ +++

DC / Output Isolation - - +++ +++

Efficiency ++ +++ + ++

Weight +++ ++ + +

Size (m²) ++ +++ + ++

Inverter Short circuit Ik1 + ++ ++ +++

Inverter Short circuit Ik2/Ik3 + ++ + ++

Design Cost $ $$$ $$ $$$

Pay attention,

For both topologies, additional transformer can be required for :

• Galvanic isolation between load and UPS,• Galvanic isolation between upstream infra. and UPS,• Bypass line Galvanic isolation,• Input or output grounding system adaptation,• Create neutral for 4wires rectifiers,

• Adapt the voltage,•....





Power br idge rated to provid e high short-c ircui t capabi l i ty

> Downstream short-circuit

Fault current in a downstream supp l ied equipment

, p

Abnormal load conditions

Static bypass

Short-circuit current capability

14 to 20 x In 20ms

Inverter

Short-circuit current

capability

Up to 2.5 – 3.5 x In

100ms

Unmatched performance

& high short circuit capability





p

OUTPUT - Short Circuit Capability & discrimination

Distribution to loads

During the short circuit, output voltage of the UPS = 0V

=> Need to eliminate the failure as fast as possible. How?

Assure the highest short circuit current from the inverter

Trip the protection in less than 20ms (1 period)



Introduction to UPS All rights reserved © Socomec 201350 50

THDI > 80%PF = 0.7CF = 3Cos phi = 1

THDI < 5%PF = 1CF = 1.4Cos phi = 1

Before Then Now

THDI < 20%PF > 0.9CF = 1.6Cos phi = 0.9 leading


Load Evolution






UPS performances with Load

240280320360360360316P (kW)

400400400400360400395S(kVA)

0.60.70.80.910.90.8FPlaggingleading

Design for

PF 0.9

+ 12.5% kW

available

51




Part Structures of UPS, main components

UPS performances with Load

+ 11 % compared to PF=0,9+ 25 % compared to PF=0,8

Still suitable from 0,9 lagging to 0,9 Leading





Efficiency





, p

Static by-pass

Purpose of the static by-pass: Connect the output directly with auxiliary mains via a by-

passing of the UPS,

Commute from inverter output to by-pass line and vice versa.

Output

Static by-pass

By-pass, auxiliary

mainsVoltageCurrent

Inverter





, p

Static by-pass, how to value it

The transfer time : With no break =

• Zero transfer time during the commutation inverter to by-pass,

• On-line UPS have it.

With interruption =

• Transfer time during the commutation inverter to by-pass,

• Off-line UPS have it,

• < 6ms is a good transfer time.





p


The overload : It measures the capability of the UPS by-pass to supply

transient loads higher than the nominal load,

By-pass overload characteristics is essential to estimate thesize of the by-pass,

The short-circuit current : In case of s/c, the UPS commutes immediately on by-pass,

connecting directly the s/c to mains = very high s/c current,

The by-pass must be able to withstand this s/c until theprotection trips.





ON BYPASS:

The short-circuit capability correspond to the ability of theUPS semiconductors to let trough the fault currentcomingfrom the LV transformer, without damage

ON INVERTER:The short-circuit capability correspond to the ability to trip the

downstream protection in a SHORT TIME !

The Inverter short-circuitcapability is sizing the

downstream selectivity !!







p

Energy storage

The purpose of the energy storage system is to providethe energy necessary to supply the load when the mainssupply in not available.

Energy storage is an huge percentage of the final price ofthe UPS solution proposed to the customer :

Battery cabinet 15min. at

80kVAMasterys GP 80kVA





Energy storage, battery basics

Is the key element to store energy,

The most common used battery technology withUPS is VRLA.VLRA : Valve Regulated Lead – Acid

Is an alive component (>80% of Capacity) : Life expectancy classification (Eurobat) :

• 3-5 years

• 6-9 years

• 10-12 years

• > 12 years

It is sensitive to several environmental factors,





Energy storage, battery basics

Important values for the batteries are : Nominal Capacity (Ah) : indicates the capability of the battery

to store more or less energy.

Nominal Voltage (V) : lead cell is 2V, usually a battery bloc hasa Vn of 12V (6 cells).

Short circuit current (A) : is the current where the fuse sizingmust be done.

By design, critical elements affecting battery life : Under charge : A fully charged battery can be stocked for a

maximum period of 6 months.

Cycling

Overcharge

Temperature





Energy storage, battery connection for UPS

Different UPS

different DC voltage : String are connected in series to reach the required DC voltage

Battery cabinet cannot be connected among different brand ofUPS (Vs required nominal voltage and end of discharge voltage)

String are connected in parallel total capacity (Ah) : Determinates the limit of the battery charger of the UPS,

Recharging current >= 10%*Total battery capacity.





Energy storage, battery temperature

Storage and working temperature are the most criticalfactors affecting battery expected life :

Working temperature is affecting the available power,which means also the back-up time.

VLRA are generally defined for 20°C





Energy storage, the backup time

BackUp time depends only on active power of the load,so customers can be confused when comparing differentbattery offers

What does“100kVA UPS with backUp time of 30 minutes”

mean? Battery provides kW !




Parallelization solutions

Distributed or centralized bypass

Part 4 Parallel UPS systems





Parallelization solutions: Modular UPS

“Modular” UPS systems, flexibility on UPS redundancy

Power increase

Battery redundancy

Back-up Time increase

Hot-swappable Insignificant MTTR

Easy and on-line power increase

Granularity Power-on-demand in small steps





Parallelization solutions: Standalone UPS

Horizontal parallelisation of standalone

800kVA/kW

Example :

Power Increase2 x 400kVA/kW

Redundant Unit (N+1)2+1 x 400kVA/kW

400 400 400

Can be done in Online ModeInfra need to be ready for





UPS rating LOAD

500kW (N+1)

Redundancy

design cost

Number of modules

(MTBF) and batteries

200 4*200 = 800kW

250 3*250 = 750kW

500 2*500 =1MW

Parallelization solutions: Standalone UPS

Horizontal parallelisation considerations for standalone

+ footprint + maintenance + electrical infrastructure costs +..





DISTRIBUTEDSTATIC BY-PASS

CENTRALIZEDSTATIC BY-PASS


Both Solutions offer Flexibility and Availability Parallel Capacity or Redundant


Di ib d li d b





Principle Each unit has its own bypass Single Bypass

common for the whole system

Load current management Shared between the bypass line Single bypass line

Bypass power sizing Sized according each UPS

nominal power

Can be sized according the need :

Nominal load & short-circuit capability

Short-circuit management “Almost “shared between the bypass line

(unbalancing due to ≠ impedances)

Unique bypass line that can be sized

according the prospective current

SelectivityUpstream/Downstream

More sensitive withseveral number of units

(1 protection per by-pass)

Easy:(Single bypass protection)

Maintenance by-pass Must be external or in additional cabinet

Sized for the full power

Can be integrated in the bypass cabinet

Distributed by-pass Centralized by-pass




Why isolation Transformer Why Double neutral

K rated Transformer

Zig Zag Transformer

Location of Transformer

Part 5 Isolation Transformer

Neutral overheating EMC with HarmonicsPart 5: Isolation Transformer




Neutral overheating, EMC with Harmonics

Harmonic currents are generated by non-linear loads:lighting, power supply units (computers), Variable speeddrives, UPS

3rd order harmonics can create over heatingin the neutral conductor. The 3rd order harmonics are in phase and add in the Neutral.

Harmonic currents can perturbate other equipements. Of higher frequency, they are better transmitted by coupling

capacitors

They create EMC issues between equipments.

Why Isolation TransformerPart 5: Isolation Transformer




Why Isolation Transformer

Reduce Harmonic Current Create a local Neutral System

Establish local grounding points for safety as well ascommon mode noise reduction

Handle unbalanced wye-connected loads when appliedto 3W distribution

Why Double NeutralPart 5: Isolation Transformer




Why Double Neutral

Phase L1

Phase L2

Phase L3

NeutralNeutral current: IN = 3 x Ih3

Example of a multi storey IT buildingPart 5: Isolation Transformer




Example of a multi storey IT building

Work

Stations

Work

Stations

3 W m

a i n r i s e r

Storey n

Storey n-1

Basement

Servers

TNS for ITsystems

IT Tfo

Wh t i K R t d T f ?

Part 5: Isolation Transformer




Able to handle heat generated by harmonic load

Not affected by harmonics

The neutral bus is rated at 200% of the secondary fullload ampere rating

The winding conductors are specially configured andsized to minimize heating due to harmonic load currents.

Cores are specially designed to maintain flux coredensity below saturation due to distorted voltage

waveforms or high line voltage

What is K Rated Transformer ?

K F t C l l ti





K Factor Calculation

As mentioned in IEEE Standard 1100-1992

K F t C l l tiPart 5: Isolation Transformer




K-Factor Calculation

Typical Nonlinear Load 400KVA Delphys Green Power

HarmonicsCurrent

Ih ih^2 ih^2*h^2 HarmonicsCurrent

Ih ih^2 ih^2*h^2

1 100 0.83 0.83 1 100 1.00 1.00

3 33 0.0901 0.8109 3 1.26 0.0002 0.0014

5 20 0.0331 0.8274 5 0.70 0.0000 0.0012

7 14 0.0162 0.7946 7 0.90 0.0001 0.0040

9 11 0.0100 0.8109 11 1.70 0.0003 0.0349

11 9 0.0067 0.8109 13 0.40 0.0000 0.0027

13 8 0.0053 0.8949 19 0.70 0.0000 0.0177

15 7 0.0041 0.9122 23 0.50 0.0000 0.0132

17 6 0.0030 0.8608 29 0.22 0.0000 0.0041

19 5 0.0021 0.7467 35 0.60 0.0000 0.044121 5 0.0021 0.9122 37 0.33 0.0000 0.0149

Required K Factor is 1.0000 9.2092

Required K Factor

is 1.0000 1.1375

Zi Z T f





Zig-Zag Transformer

Third harmonic suppressionThe zigzag connection in power systems totrap triple harmonic (3rd, 9th, 15th, etc.)currents. Here, We install zigzag units nearloads that produce large triple harmoniccurrents. The windings trap the harmoniccurrents and prevent them from traveling

upstream, where they can produceundesirable effects.

Ground current isolationIf we need a neutral for grounding or forsupplying single-phase line to neutral loads.

No Phase DisplacementThere is no phase angle displacement between the primary and the secondarycircuits.

L ti f T f


http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/transformer-connection-star-star

http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/transformer-connection-star-star




Location of Transformer



Introduction to UPS

All rights reserved © Socomec 20138383

Part 6 Grounding Earthing System

UPS Grounding Schemes

Part 6 Grounding

Earthing S stem



Introduction to UPS


Earthing System

Part 6 Grounding

Earthing System

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TN-C-earthing.svg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/13/TN-S-earthing.svg



Introduction to UPS


g yTT/IT

Part 6 Grounding

S t G di

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IT-earthing.svg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TT-earthing.svg



Introduction to UPS


“System Grounding” refers to the intentional connection of a circuitconductor(typically the neutral on a 3 Phase circuit) to earth

Purpose:

Electrical Safety to Personnel & Equipment

Also Impacts on the performance of the electronic load for reasons related

to common mode noise

System Grounding

Part 6 Grounding




Introduction to UPS


In this system

The UPS Neutral Should not be bonded to the grounding conductor

It Does not provide any Isolation or Common Mode Noiseattenuation

Configuration 1: Single UPS with Non Isolated Bypass

Part 6 Grounding




Introduction to UPS


g

Configuration 2: Single UPS with Isolated Bypass

In this system It acts as a separately derived Source The UPS Neutral Should be bonded to the grounding conductor It provides complete Isolation & Common Mode Noise attenuation

Part 6 Grounding

Configuration 3: Single UPS NonIsolated Bypass,



Introduction to UPS


g g yp ,

Isolated Distribution Centre

In this system

UPS Neutral should not be bonded

With Transformer in the PDU,PDU acts as a separately derived Source

The PDU Neutral Should be bonded to the grounding conductor

It provides complete Isolation & Common Mode Noise attenuation will be better whencompared with earlier 2 Configurations

With this scheme, the UPS Can be placed remotely



Introduction to UPS


Part 7 Harmonics Passive Filter

12 Pulse /Phase shifting Transformer

Active Filter

Part 7 Harmonics

Harmonic Symptoms/Concerns



Introduction to UPS


Harmonic Symptoms/Concerns

Equipment Failure and Misoperation Notching

Overheating/Failure

Nuisance Operation

Communication / control interference

Economic Considerations Oversizing

Losses/Inefficiencies/PF Penalties

Part 7 Harmonics

H i S l ti



Introduction to UPS


Filter

Harmonic Solutions

480 V

Xs

M

XT

+ -

M

Blocking

Filter

G

UPS

w/Filter

Welder

Low Distortion

Electronic Ballast

Oversized

Generator

K-Rated

A c t i v e

F i l t e r

12 Pulse

M

Part 7 Harmonics

Passive Filters



Introduction to UPS


Passive Filters

Tuned to 5th or 7th Harmonics on 6 Pulse

Tuned to 11th and 13th on 12 Pulse Reduced THDI to 5 - 7% @ 100% Load

Constant KVAR as % Load changes

Leading PF on Lightly Loaded UPS

Part 7 Harmonics

Phase Shifting - 12 Pulse



Introduction to UPS


Phase Shifting - 12 Pulse

Advantages Substantial reduction (50-

80%) in harmonics

Disadvantages Cost varies

Increased size

Part 7 Harmonics

Active Filters



Introduction to UPS


Active Filters

Advantages

Guarantees IEEE 519 compliance

Cancels 2nd-50th harmonic

Provides 50 Hz reactive current (PFcorrection)

Can be incorporated in PCC Fast response to varying loads

Disadvantages

Typically more expensive thanother methods

Series design must be sized fortotal load

More complex



Introduction to UPS


Part 8 Surges Types of SPD’s

SPD Technology

Selection Criteria

Protection Modes

Part 8 Surges

Protection against indirect effect



Introduction to UPS


LV Surge Protective Device

In

Nominal

discharge

current

Equipment

to

protect

UpProtection

level

2

Impulse current

flow

1

Equipment voltage

limitation

Protection against indirect effect

Part 8 Surges

N li d f C t l



Introduction to UPS


Normalized waveforms Current values

12.5 kA min

5 kA min

Type 1

Class I

Type 2

Class II

Part 8 Surges

Types of SPD



Introduction to UPS


Type 1

1. Main distribution board can be struck directly by lightning(eg equipped with lightning protection)

2. Test with 10/350us waveform

Type 2

1. Top or inside installation2. Test with 8/20us waveform

Type 31. Close to sensitive equipments

2. Test with 1,2/50us - 8/20us waveform

Types of SPD

Part 8 Surges

Types of SPD Technology



Introduction to UPS


Types of SPD Technology

U

Clipping

Varistor

U Priming

Spark gap

In the presence of overvoltage Priming: high impedance to short circuit Flow all the overvoltage Clipping: High imedance to low impedance Overvoltage limitation

U

Clipping

Diode clipping

Part 8 Surges

Comparaison Technologies



Introduction to UPS


Comparaison Technologies

Priming

Accuracy

Voltage

Range

8/20 µs

Flow

Response

Time

Capacitor

Li fe

Short-c ircui tDestruct ion

Insulat ion

Resistor

Fol low

Current No

VARISTORSPARK-GAP

Part 8 Surges

Selection Criteria



Introduction to UPS


SPDs are required following IEC 60364-4-443

SPDs must comply with IEC 61643-1 std

Up level = 2.5 kV max (at entrance of the 230/400 Vac network)

Uc and Ut voltages of the SPD are in relation with the nominal voltage and the system

configuration of the AC network

Discharge currents :

In = 5 kA (@ 8/20µs) minimum by pole Iimp = 12.5 kA (@10/350µs) minimum by pole

SPDs must be installed at the origin of the electrical installation

Additional SPDs must be necessary close to the sensitive equipment

SPDs must be protected against the short-circuit currents : external and associated

fuses required.

SPDs must be equipped with a status indicator

SPDs must be connected in parallel with 0.5 m length max. wires.

Selection Criteria

Part 8 Surges

SPD choice according installation



Introduction to UPS


SPD choice according installation

Lightning ProtectionSystem (LPS)

Equipment

to p rotectHead SPD

Type 1

Distribution

SPD Type 2

Head SPDType 1

Part 8 Surges

SPD protection modes



Introduction to UPS


SPD protection modes Common mode

Equipment

to protect

L

N

PerturbationUc

SPD connection between each

Phase-PE conductors and between

neutral-PE conductors

Phase-PE overvoltage destroys the

equipments connected to earth

Applies to all neutral systems

Common Mode connection

Part 8 Surges

SPD t ti d



Introduction to UPS


SPD protection modes Differential mode

L Equipment

to protectN

PerturbationUc

SPD Connection between each

phase and neutral conductors and

neutral and PE conductors

Phase-Neutral overvoltage mainly

for TT and TN-S systems if the cable

lengths of neutral and PE are different

Differential Mode scheme

SPD

Part 8 Surges

SPD protection modes



Introduction to UPS


According to SPD Standard

TT TN-C TN-S IT

Phase-Neutral(MC/MD)

Recommended

YES

Recommended Not useful

Phase-Earth(MC)

YES YES YES

Neutral-Earth(MC)

YES _ YES

YES

If distributedneutral

Top ofInstallation

Common Mode SPD

Close tosensitiveequipments

Common Mode / Differential Mode

recommended



Introduction to UPS


Part 9 Battery Battery Sizing Calculation

Battery Cable Sizing

Battery Protection

Design Considerations

Part 9 Battery




Introduction to UPS


Optimum ambient temp 20°C and 25°C. The ventilation system must prevent accumulation of hydrogen

pockets in greater than 4% concentration

Key is Ventilation and Maintainability

Avoid battery cabinets where possible


Part 9 Battery

Batteries in cabinets



Introduction to UPS


109

Batteries in cabinets.

Access for installation. Difficult to make and inspect connections and check torque Access for maintenance.

Difficult to access terminals to take periodic readings.

Visual inspection is impossible.

Replacing defective battery blocks can be extremely difficult.

Heat. Heat generated nearby equipment.

Heat buildup because of restricted air-flow

Heat generated within the battery because of charging current

Personnel safety. It can be plain dangerous

Part 9 Battery

Why Ventilation is Required?



Introduction to UPS


110

The ventilation system must address Health Safety – Air shall be free of pollutants i.e. toxic,corrosive &

poisonous

Fire Safety – The system must remove accumulation of gasses or aerosolsthat could be flammable or explosive.

Equipment Reliability & safety – The system must provide an environmentthat optimizes the performance of equipment and maximize their lifeexpectancy.

y q

Part 9 Battery

Battery preventive maintenance



Introduction to UPS


111

Battery preventive maintenance

Measure cell voltage levels Visual inspection for leaks or bad cells

Spot check for connection torques

Load testing

Inspection of battery environment

Spot replacement of batteries

Part 9 Battery

Heat Loss of Battery



Introduction to UPS


112

Float mode the heat generation

in Watt-Hrs for 2V cell

0.1 x 2.23 x Ah @C10 x No. ofcells in the battery bank

100

Boost mode the heat generation

in Watt-Hrs for 2V cell

0.2 x 2.3 x Ah @C10 x No. of

cells in the battery bank

100

Heat Loss of Battery

Part 9 Battery

Airflow Required in Battery Room



Introduction to UPS


113

Air Flow Required for SMF Battery as Per EN 50272-2

No of cells/UPS 10800Charging Current 15

Capacity of Battery 150

I gas I float/boast *FG *F s

I float/boast ,Float charge current under fully charged

condition 15

FG

Gas Emission factor,(as Per EN 50272-2) 0.2

Fs Gas Emission Safey factor,(as Per EN 50272-2) 5

I gas 15

Air Flow Required in m3/Hr (Q)

0.054X No of Cells X I gas X Capacity of

BatteryX 10-3

Air Flow Required in m3/H (Q) 1312

Area of Opening in air inlet & Out let (A, cm2) 28* Q

Area of Opening in air inlet & Out let (A, cm2) 36742

Airflow Required in Battery Room

Part 9 Battery

Understanding Battery Sizing



Introduction to UPS


114

Understanding Battery Sizing

In an ac circuit, the product of the measured rms value of the current(Amps) and the measured rms value of the Voltage equals the Volt Amps(VA) of the circuit. However, this calculation does not reflect the reactance inthe circuit.

Because of this, the VA product is only the Apparent Powerof the circuit.

In order to calculate the Real Power(Watts) the Power Factor (PF) of thecircuit needs to be known.

Watts = VA x PF

In order to calculate the battery Watts required, the efficiencyof the UPS

Inverter also needs to be considered.

Battery Watts = VA x PF ÷Inverter Efficiency

Part 9 Battery

Battery Sizing Calculation



Introduction to UPS


115

Battery Sizing Calculation

..\Battery Sizing.xlsx ..\Customers\Customer\JPMC Blr\DC Cable Sizing &

Cable Details.pdf

Part 9 Battery

Battery Protection Types of Fault

http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/Battery%20Sizing.xlsx

http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/Customers/Customer/JPMC%20Blr/DC%20Cable%20Sizing%20&%20Cable%20Details.pdf


















Introduction to UPS


116

Battery Protection Types of Fault

Part 9 Battery

Short Circuit Current



Introduction to UPS


117

Capacity ofBattery Open CircuitVoltage InternalResistance Short CircuitCurrent

26AH 13.5 0.012 1125.00

42AH 13.5 0.0095 1421.0565AH 13.5 0.0073 1849.32

100AH 13.5 0.0042 3214.29

120AH 13.5 0.004 3375.00

150AH 13.5 0.0035 3857.14200AH 13.5 0.003 4500.00

Short Circuit Current

Part 9 Battery

Coordination of Battery and Battery breaker



Introduction to UPS


118

Trip Settings Magnetic Setting < 70% of Short Circuit Current of Battery

AC breakers can be used for DC with necessary correctionfactor on the trip settings

…



Introduction to UPS


119

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Documents

SOCOMEC UPS Presentation 22-11-13