Upload
others
View
12
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
SODIUM BOROHYDRIDE AS HYDROGEN CARRIER
Prof. Dr. Bekir Zühtü UysalD f Ch i l E i i & Cl E R h d A li i CDepartment of Chemical Engineering & Clean Energy Research and Application Center
Gazi University, Ankara
1Turkish‐German Conference on Energy Technologies, 13‐15 Oct 2014, Ankara
CONTENT
IntroductionGlobal Energy OutlookSustainability of Energy SupplyDistributed Energy Supply on Demand and on Spot
Hydrogen as Energy Carrier
Sodium Borohydride (SBH) as Hydrogen Carrier
SBH Production
Hydrogen production with SBHy g p
Recycling Sodium Metaborate (SMB) to SBH
Turkish‐German Conference on Energy Technologies, 13‐15 Oct 2014, Ankara 2
Global Energy Outlook
Fossil fuels have been the primary energy source so far.
BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2014
•Fossil fuels will continue to be the primary energy source in the coming decades.
•Growth rate in global primary energy consumption: +2.3%Growth rate in global primary energy consumption: +2.3%
•Currently, share of renewables: 5.3%
•But, considering the increase in the TOTAL consumption of fuels by 2035, it is anticipated
Turkish‐German Conference on Energy Technologies, 13‐15 Oct 2014, Ankara 4
But, considering the increase in the TOTAL consumption of fuels by 2035, it is anticipated that coal’s and oil’s relative shares will decrease and renewables will increase.
Sustainability of Energy Supply
LIFE SPAN OF FOSSIL FUELSReserves to Production (R/P, Yr)
200
250 227
150
200
136
YEAR
50
100
40.665.1
14 16
YEAR
0Crude Oil Natural Gas Coal
14 16
World Turkeyy
Kaynak: BP Staticical World Review of Energy, June 2006Türkiye petrol ve doğalgaz rakamları 2003 verisidir.
With the fossil fuelscontinuing to have thegreatest share in energyportfolio in the comingdecades global warmingdecades, global warmingand the associatedchallenges should be faced.
Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii y
400 ppm is exceeded!
Global CO2 emission values forecasted for 2035 are
l d bl h 1990 l lnearly double the 1990 level.
IEA’s 450 Scenario: The goal is to limit the global increase in temperature to 2°C by limitingtemperature to 2°C by limiting concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere to around 450 parts per million of
Turkish‐German Conference on Energy Technologies, 13‐15 Oct 2014, Ankara 7
CO2.
ENERGY OUTLOOK ‐ Summary
•Not every country is equally lucky to have enough fossilNot every country is equally lucky to have enough fossilfuel.
•Harsh and ruthless attack on oil and natural gasHarsh and ruthless attack on oil and natural gascontinues towards depletion of their reserves.
•Coal will continue to be one of the major primary source•Coal will continue to be one of the major primary sourceof energy; though its share will tend to decrease in favorof renewables.
•Avoidance of global warming requires to increase theshare of renewables in energy generation.
Turkish‐German Conference on Energy Technologies, 13‐15 Oct 2014, Ankara 8
STRATEGIC PLANNING FOR FUTURE
1) Rehabilitation and renovation of energy systems using fossil fuels and abatement of the damage to the environment.‐ Improvement of combustion and gasification systems‐ Reducing SO2, NOx, Hg and CO2 emissions
2) Development and adaptation of renewable energy systems2) Development and adaptation of renewable energy systems‐ Hydroelectric‐Wind‐ Solar
Suitable for distributed energy generation (DEG)
‐ Biomass
3) Energy storage‐ Use of H2 as energy carrier gy
Suitable for distributed energy generation (DEG)
Turkish‐German Conference on Energy Technologies, 13‐15 Oct 2014, Ankara
Distributed Energy Supply on Demand and on Spot
Distributed energy consists of a range of small‐scale and modular devices designed to provide electricity, and
gy pp y p
modular devices designed to provide electricity, and sometimes also thermal energy, in locations close to consumers. They include renewable energy technologies (e.g., photovoltaic arrays, wind turbines, microturbines, reciprocating engines, fuel cells, combustion turbines, and steam turbines); energy storage devices (e.g., batteries and flywheels); and combined heat and power systems.
Turkish‐German Conference on Energy Technologies, 13‐15 Oct 2014, Ankara 10
H d E C iHydrogen as Energy Carrier
Turkish‐German Conference on Energy Technologies, 13‐15 Oct 2014, Ankara 11
ROAD MAP
E U f H2 iEnergy storage ‐ Use of H2 as energy carrier
Turkish‐German Conference on Energy Technologies, 13‐15 Oct 2014, Ankara 13
HYDROGEN STORAGE
Physical StoragePhysical Storage1) Thick wall tanks (High pressure, very heavy, not very practical)2) Metal hydride/carbon nanotubes/graphene canisters
(Adsorption capacity limitation, difficulties associated with P & T variations)( dso pt o capac ty tat o , d cu t es assoc ated t & a at o s)
Difficulty involved led to Hydrogen‐on‐demand projects
3) Chemical storage
Turkish‐German Conference on Energy Technologies, 13‐15 Oct 2014, Ankara 14
Sodium Borohydride (SBH) as Hydrogen Carrier
SBH can be used to produce i) electricity (DC) using “Direct Sodium Borohydride Fuel Cell”) y ( ) g yii) hydrogen on demand. (Inception by Millenium Cell Inc.)
Hydrogen can then be used inHydrogen can then be used in1. fuel cells to generate electricity (DC)2. internal combustion engines for power
b d h d3. combined heat and power systems
Turkish‐German Conference on Energy Technologies, 13‐15 Oct 2014, Ankara 15
Why NaBH ?Why NaBH4 ?High hydrogen
Storage &shipping
storage capacity 10.6 wt‐% H2
Safely,Solid (powder or pellet)shipping
H2 production
Alkaline solutions pH 9
Controllable catalytic hydrolysis
Hydrolysis energyevolution
210 kJ/molRelatively less than those for other hydrides
NaBO2 can be recycled or used for the production of other valuable chemicals.
Recycling or use of the hydrolysis product
16/73Turkish‐German Conference on Energy Technologies, 13‐15 Oct 2014, Ankara
BORONBORONTürkiye has about 73% of world’s reserves.
Tincal ( Na2B4O7.10H2O )Colemanite (2CaO.3B2O3.5H2O )Colemanite (2CaO.3B2O3.5H2O )Ulexite (Na2O.2CaO.5B2O3.16H2O )
NaBH4 can be produced using these raw materials.
A k• Ankara• İstanbul• Bandirma• Kestelek• Bigadic• EmetEmet• İzmir
17/73Turkish‐German Conference on Energy Technologies, 13‐15 Oct 2014, Ankara
Hydrogen can be generated by hydrolysis of sodium borohydride.
Turkish‐German Conference on Energy Technologies, 13‐15 Oct 2014, Ankara 18
SBH Production
Commonly used INDUSTRIAL sodium borohydride productionCommonly used INDUSTRIAL sodium borohydride production processes;
1 Rohm&Haas Process1. Rohm&Haas Process,
4NaH + B(OCH3)3 → NaBH4 + 3NaOCH3
2. Bayer Process,
4MgH + Na B O → 2NaBH + 4MgO + B O4MgH2 + Na2B4O7 → 2NaBH4 + 4MgO + B2O3
Turkish‐German Conference on Energy Technologies, 13‐15 Oct 2014, Ankara 19
ALTERNATIVE METHODS FOR SBH PRODUCTIONPRODUCTION OF SODIUM BOROHYDRIDE BY
HYDROGENATION OF ANHYDROUS BORAX AT HIGH TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE IN THE PRESENCE OFTEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE IN THE PRESENCE OF
MAGNESIUM
4 Mg+ 4 H + Na B O 2 NaBH + 4 MgO + B OWORK
4 Mg+ 4 H2 + Na2B4O7 2 NaBH4 + 4 MgO + B2O3Go = -307 kJ/mol NaBH4
h h h ld b d hATED
W
The highest yield was obtained as 93 % in the experiment performed at a reactor temperature of 550oC, reaction time of 4 hours, the hydrogen gas given to the reactor at 25 bar and 400oC and R
RELA
g gusing a stoichiometric mixture of anhydrous borax with 200 % excess amount Mg. O
UR
Turkish‐German Conference on Energy Technologies, 13‐15 Oct 2014, Ankara 20
HYDROLYSIS
Hydrogen production from Sodium Borohydride
HYDROLYSIS rxn
Sodium borohydride should be kept inalkaline medium (e.g. NaOH solution) in order
EFFECTS OF CATALYST (Pt R Rd)ÇözeltiW
ORK
alkaline medium (e.g. NaOH solution) in orderto be stable for a long time.
•CATALYST, (Pt, Ru, Rd)•NaOH CONCENTRATION, •TEMPERATURE,
Çözelti Kabı
ATED
W
Manyetik Peristaltik Pompa
Reaktör Hidrojen
Pt-%0,5T=20 oCNaOH : 10 wt-%R
RELA
Karıştırıcılı Isıtıcı
Toplama Kabı NaOH : 10 wt %Efficiency 64-85%
OUR
Turkish‐German Conference on Energy Technologies, 13‐15 Oct 2014, Ankara 21
Recycling SMB to SBH
Turkish‐German Conference on Energy Technologies, 13‐15 Oct 2014, Ankara 22
RECOVERY OF SODIUM BOROHYDRIDE FROM SODIUM METABORATE at HIGH TEMPERATURE AND HIGH
HYDROGEN PRESSURE
N BO 2M 2H N BH 2M O ∆G 342 02 kJ
Effect of additional Na sources:
NaBO2 + 2Mg + 2H2 → NaBH4 + 2MgO ∆G = -342,02 kJ
WORK
2NaBO2+4Mg+NaOH+4H2→2NaBH4+4MgO+Na2O2
NaBO2+Mg + Na2CO3 + 2H2 → NaBH4 + MgO + CO2 + Na2O2ATED
W
At 650ºC, 28 atm hydrogen pressure and with hydrogen fed to the reactor at 400ºC, 43,1 % product yield was achieved by using a stoichiometric mixture of NaBO and Mg 34 % yield was achived byR
RELA
stoichiometric mixture of NaBO2 and Mg, 34 % yield was achived by using 100 % excess Mg, 46 % yield was achieved by using 100 % excess Mg and carbon coated platinum and 53,3 % yield of sodium borohydride was achieved by using 200 % excess Mg and 100 %
OUR
Turkish‐German Conference on Energy Technologies, 13‐15 Oct 2014, Ankara 23
excess NaOH.
Recycling SodiumMetaborate Via Boric AcidRecycling Sodium Metaborate Via Boric AcidWORK
ATED
WR RE
LA
XRD analysis of the solid product
OUR
Purity achieved : 100%
Turkish‐German Conference on Energy Technologies, 13‐15 Oct 2014, Ankara 24
Purity achieved : 100%
CONCLUSIONS
Sodium borohydride is a suitable chemical for hydrogen on demand and thus for distributedhydrogen on demand and thus for distributed energy generation on demand and on spot.
Though, efforts should continue to lower its cost.
Turkish‐German Conference on Energy Technologies, 13‐15 Oct 2014, Ankara 25
SOLARSOLAR‐‐HYDROGENHYDROGEN‐‐ELECTRELECTRIICCIITY ENERGY CYCLETY ENERGY CYCLE
K
SOLARSOLAR HYDROGENHYDROGEN ELECTRELECTRIICCIITY ENERGY CYCLETY ENERGY CYCLEBekir Zühtü UYSALBekir Zühtü UYSAL*, *, MecitMecit SIVRIOSIVRIOĞLUĞLU, , Ufuk GÜNDÜZ ZAFERUfuk GÜNDÜZ ZAFER, , Ö. Murat DOĞANÖ. Murat DOĞAN, , İbrahim ATILGANİbrahim ATILGAN, ,
Timur AYDEMİRTimur AYDEMİR, , Atilla BIYIKOĞLUAtilla BIYIKOĞLU
D W
ORK
RELATED
OF OUR
SOME O
Turkish‐German Conference on Energy Technologies, 13‐15 Oct 2014, Ankara 26
INTERUNIVERSITY SOLAR CAR COMPETITION G i U i it ’ tINTERUNIVERSITY SOLAR CAR COMPETITION – Gazi University’s teamNTS
STUDEN
ORT
OF
SUPP
Turkish‐German Conference on Energy Technologies, 13‐15 Oct 2014, Ankara 27
I LIKE TO THANK TO MY COLLEAGUES IN CHEMICAL MECHANICAL ANDI LIKE TO THANK TO MY COLLEAGUES IN CHEMICAL, MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENTS, AND OUR STUDENTSWHO HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO THESE RESEARCHES.
ÖProf. Dr. Ö. Murat DoğanProf. Dr. Ufuk GündüzProf. Dr. Atilla BıyıkoğluProf. Dr. Mecit SivrioğluProf. Dr. Mecit SivrioğluProf. Dr. Levent AksuAssoc. Prof. Dr. Timur AydemirAssoc. Prof. Dr. Hüseyin ÇelikkanA t P f D İb hi At lAsst. Prof. Dr. İbrahim AtılganAsst. Prof. Dr. A. Elif SanlıDr. İlknur KayacanFethiye Bideci (B.Sc., M.Sc.)y ( )Ece Olgun (B.Sc., M.Sc.)Şafak Doğu (B.Sc., M.Sc.)
Turkish‐German Conference on Energy Technologies, 13‐15 Oct 2014, Ankara 28
THANK [email protected]
TEMENAR’s web page: www.temenar.gazi.edu.tr
Turkish‐German Conference on Energy Technologies, 13‐15 Oct 2014, Ankara 29