55thth Annual Technical ForumAnnual Technical ForumGEOHAZARDS IN TRANSPORTATIONGEOHAZARDS IN TRANSPORTATIONIN THE APPALACHIAN REGIONIN THE APPALACHIAN REGION

Soft Ground Soft Ground TunnelingTunnelingthrough Contaminated through Contaminated GroundwaterGroundwater

Nasri Munfah P.E.Nasri Munfah P.E.andandSubal Sarkar P.E.Subal Sarkar P.E.Parsons Brinckerhoff, New York NYParsons Brinckerhoff, New York NY

August 3 August 3 –– 4, 20054, 2005

East Side Access ProjectEast Side Access ProjectConnection of the Long Island Rail Road Connection of the Long Island Rail Road to Grand Central Terminal in New Yorkto Grand Central Terminal in New York

$6.3 Billion Project$6.3 Billion Project

ESA Will Bring LIRR Riders Where ESA Will Bring LIRR Riders Where They Want to GoThey Want to Go

Penn Station on West Side is only Penn Station on West Side is only LIRR terminal in Manhattan LIRR terminal in Manhattan

Over 53% of LIRROver 53% of LIRR’’s current s current 240,000 riders into Penn Station are 240,000 riders into Penn Station are bound for destinations on the East bound for destinations on the East Side of ManhattanSide of Manhattan

Requires transfer to crowded Requires transfer to crowded

subways, taxi or 15subways, taxi or 15--20 minute walk20 minute walk

ESA will save 30 min/day for LIRR East Side customers

Project ComponentsProject Components

1,600ft

4,400ft

8,600ft 5,500ft

New LIRR Tunnels

Metro-North RailroadPark Ave Tunnel

NYCT 60th Street Tunnel (N and R)

In Manhattan: Tunnels and a In Manhattan: Tunnels and a New Rail TerminalNew Rail Terminal

Manhattan SegmentManhattan Segment

TBM Single Track

TBM Single Track

Cross-Over Caverns

Station Caverns 55th St Vent Plant

Wye Caverns

145 ft. at 2nd Ave125 ft. at GCT

38th St Vent Plant

53rd Street 57th Stre

et

60th

Stre

et

Grand Central TerminalGrand Central Terminal

GCT Station

ESA – GCT Caverns and ShaftsESA – GCT Caverns and Shafts

Grand Central Terminal CavernsGrand Central Terminal Caverns

Cross Section Looking North

Park Avenue

Vanderbilt Avenue

MNR Lower Level

MNR Upper Level

Cross Section Looking North

LIRR Mezzanine

Off Street Entrances

LIRR Concourse

EscalatorShafts

Terminal Caverns

UpperPlatform

LowerPlatform

Elevators

91’-0” 140’-0”FreightElevators

PassengerElevators

Grand Central Terminal CavernsGrand Central Terminal Caverns

10’-7”

13’-0”

9’-5”

27’-4”51’-11”

West Cavern East Cavern

Typical Section Thru Caverns

Grand Central Terminal - RenderingsGrand Central Terminal - Renderings

MidMid--Level MezzanineLevel Mezzanine

Lower Train RoomLower Train Room

Grand Central Terminal Grand Central Terminal -- RenderingsRenderings

Ticketing and WaitingTicketing and Waiting

Concourse and CirculationConcourse and Circulation

Progressing tunneling Progressing tunneling with minimal community with minimal community impactimpactCoordinating work in Coordinating work in GCT with MetroGCT with Metro--North North operationsoperationsMinimize impact on Minimize impact on NYCTA OperationsNYCTA OperationsNo Adverse Impact on No Adverse Impact on Existing Facilities Existing Facilities

Challenges in ManhattanChallenges in Manhattan

Maintain Business as UsualMaintain Business as Usual……

The Manhattan Segment The Manhattan Segment Was Subdivided Into Was Subdivided Into Seven Geotechnical ZonesSeven Geotechnical Zones

Geological ZonesGeological Zones

Tunneling in Manhattan

Hard Rock Tunnel Boring Hard Rock Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM)Machine (TBM)Drill and BlastDrill and BlastRoadheaderRoadheaderCavern ConstructionCavern Construction

Initial SupportInitial Support

Rock Bolts and Rock Bolts and DowelsDowelsStraps, and MeshStraps, and MeshLattice Girders and Lattice Girders and ShotcreteShotcreteRibs and LaggingRibs and Lagging

Final LinerFinal Liner

Waterproofing System Waterproofing System Drained with PVC Drained with PVC MembraneMembrane

CastCast--inin--Place ConcretePlace Concrete

In Queens: Tunnels, Tracks and YardsIn Queens: Tunnels, Tracks and Yards

Track ATrack B/C

LIRR Lead

Track D

Honeywell StHoneywell St

3939 thth StSt

Mid

Mid

--Day

Sto

rage

Yar

d

Day

Sto

rage

Yar

d

Sunn

ysid

e Su

nnys

ide

Yar

dY

ard

TBM Launch Wall

Amtrak Bldg 3

Amtrak Bldg 4

TBMTBMCut & CoverCut & Cover

Westbound Bypass

Queens Project SiteQueens Project Site

39th Street39th Street

Queens BlvdQueens Blvd

Sunnyside YardSunnyside Yard

LIRR/Amtrak Main Line

LIRR/Amtrak Main Line

The Challenges in QueensThe Challenges in Queens

Tunneling Under The Busiest Rail Yard In The CountryMaintaining LIRR And Amtrak Service For Over 740 Trains Through HaroldTunneling Adjacent To Contaminated GroundTunneling In Mixed Face ConditionsTunneling In A Difficult Ground Under High Water TableProtecting Existing Structures

Queens TunnelsQueens Tunnels

Queens TunnelsQueens Tunnels

Queens TunnelsQueens Tunnels

Queens TunnelQueens Tunnel

Queens TunnelsQueens Tunnels

Queens TunnelsQueens Tunnels

Queens TunnelsQueens Tunnels

Queens Tunnels Geological and Queens Tunnels Geological and Hydrological ConditionsHydrological Conditions

Heterogeneous FillHeterogeneous FillGlacial Outwash Glacial Outwash Deposits Deposits -- BouldersBouldersGlacial TillGlacial TillCompressible Organic Compressible Organic SoilsSoilsMixed FaceMixed FaceRock Rock -- Gneiss Gneiss High Water TableHigh Water TableSoils and Groundwater Soils and Groundwater ContaminationContamination

Typical Boulders

Environmental ConditionsEnvironmental Conditions

Soil ContaminationSoil ContaminationPetroleum, Coal Ash, CinderPetroleum, Coal Ash, CinderLead, AsbestosLead, Asbestos

Ground Water ContaminationGround Water ContaminationVOC, SVOCVOC, SVOCPCBPCBBETEXBETEX

Existing Environmental ConditionsExisting Environmental Conditions

BTEX plumes

PCB Plume

VOC Plumes

VOC Plumes

VOC/SVOC Plumes

Hydrological Numerical ModelingHydrological Numerical Modeling

Design Phase Planning ToolDesign Phase Planning Tool–– 33--D Steady State Flow Model AnalysisD Steady State Flow Model Analysis–– Sensitivity AnalysisSensitivity Analysis–– Correlation with Field ObservationCorrelation with Field Observation–– Estimate potential effects of construction on Estimate potential effects of construction on

contaminant plumescontaminant plumes–– Permit application preparationPermit application preparation

ResultsResults–– Drawdown is Limited to 2ftDrawdown is Limited to 2ft–– Hydraulic GradientHydraulic Gradient–– No Anticipated Movements of the PlumesNo Anticipated Movements of the Plumes

Results of Fate & Transport ModelingResults of Fate & Transport Modeling

Structural MeasuresStructural Measures

Cut and CoverCut and CoverSlurry WallsSlurry WallsCutoff Walls Cutoff Walls Jet GroutingJet Grouting

Bored TunnelsBored TunnelsPressurized Face TBMPressurized Face TBMPrecast Segmental and gasketed LinerPrecast Segmental and gasketed LinerAnnular groutingAnnular grouting

Instrumentation and MonitoringInstrumentation and Monitoring

Cut and CoverCut and Cover

Bored TunnelsBored Tunnels

A B/C D

Yard Lead

Section Through Launch Shaft : Rock/Soil Interface

Length of TunnelingLength of TunnelingSectionSectionLengthLength

TunnelTunnelLengthLength

Track ATrack A Glacial TillGlacial Till 2,180 ft2,180 ft 2,180 ft2,180 ftTrack B/CTrack B/C Glacial TillGlacial Till 1,739 ft1,739 ft

Rock & Mixed Rock & Mixed FaceFace 60 ft60 ft

Glacial TillGlacial Till 2,158 ft2,158 ft 2,218 ft2,218 ftRock & Mixed Rock & Mixed

FaceFace 415 ft415 ftGlacial TillGlacial Till 3,969 ft3,969 ft

10,523 ft10,523 ft 10,523 ft10,523 ft

4,384 ft4,384 ftYard LeadYard Lead

1,739 ft1,739 ftTrack DTrack D

Pressurized Face TBMPressurized Face TBM

Earth Pressure TBMEarth Pressure TBMSlurry TBMSlurry TBM

Slurry TBMSlurry TBM

Earth Pressure TBMEarth Pressure TBM

Tunnel LinerTunnel Liner

Precast Segmental Precast Segmental Gasketed LinerGasketed LinerAnnular GroutingAnnular GroutingCaulking and Caulking and SealingSealing

Segmented Liner TunnelSegmented Liner Tunnel

Environmental MeasuresEnvironmental Measures

Structural Design to Minimize DrawdownStructural Design to Minimize DrawdownGround Water Treatment PlantsGround Water Treatment Plants

Sedimentation Tanks Sedimentation Tanks Oil/Water SeparatorsOil/Water SeparatorsFiltrationFiltrationFlocculatioCarbonFlocculatioCarbon AbsorptionAbsorption

Sampling/TestingSampling/TestingInstrumentation & MonitoringInstrumentation & MonitoringDisposalDisposal

Instrumentation and MonitoringInstrumentation and Monitoring

PizometersPizometersGround Water Monitoring WellsGround Water Monitoring Wells

ElevationElevationQualityQualityPotential Movement of the PlumesPotential Movement of the Plumes

Ground Water Sampling and TestingGround Water Sampling and TestingMitigation MeasuresMitigation Measures

ConclusionsConclusions

StateState--ofof--the Art Design Conceptsthe Art Design ConceptsLatest Construction Techniques and Latest Construction Techniques and TechnologiesTechnologiesCareful Attention to Environmental IssuesCareful Attention to Environmental IssuesMeasures to Prevent Movement of PlumesMeasures to Prevent Movement of PlumesExtensive Monitoring and Instrumentation Extensive Monitoring and Instrumentation ProgramProgramSafe Guard of the Public Health and the Safe Guard of the Public Health and the EnvironmentEnvironment