software assignment on cheats

7/29/2019 software assignment on cheats

1/9

End Term Exam

2 marks short questions

1.

What is SW Engineering?It is one field of Computer Science that deals with the building of SW systems which can be so

large and/or Complex that they are usually built by a team or sometimes a number of teams.

Usually these SW exist with multiple versions for several years and during their lifetime they

undergo periodic modifications to get rid of defects or shortcomings.

Parnas (1987) defined the subject as MULTI-PERSON CONSTRUCTION OF MULTI VERSION

SOFTWARE. This definition gives the idea of the subject and its difference from Programming.

2.

Difference Between GSM and CDMA

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) and CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) are two

dominant technologies for mobile communication. These two technologies differ in the way calls

and data travel over the mobile phone networks take place. On comparing both the technologies

GSM has some limitation when the call quality is concerned but still has more flexibility and an easy

implementation relative to theCDMA technology. The major difference between the two lies in

terms of the technology they use, security factors, their global reach and the data transfer speeds.

1. Technology

The CDMA is based on spread spectrum technology which makes the optimal use of available

bandwidth. It allows each user to transmit over the entire frequency spectrum all the time. On the

other hand GSM operates on the wedge spectrum called a carrier. This carrier is divided into a

number of time slots and each user is assigned a different time slot so that until the ongoing call isfinished, no other subscriber can have access to this. GSM uses both Time Division Multiple Access

(TDMA) and Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) for user and cell separation. TDMA provides

multiuser access by chopping up the channel into different time slices and FDMA provides multiuser

access by separating the used frequencies.

2. Security

More security is provided in CDMA technology as compared with the GSM technology as encryption

is inbuilt in the CDMA. A unique code is provided to every user and all the conversation between two

users are encoded ensuring a greater level of security for CDMA users. The signal cannot be detected

easily in CDMA as compared to the signals of GSM, which are concentrated in the narrow

bandwidth. Therefore, the CDMA phone calls are more secure than the GSM calls. In terms ofencryption the GSM technology has to be upgraded so as to make it operate more securely.

3. Spectrum Frequencies

The CDMA network operates in the frequency spectrum of CDMA 850 MHz and 1900 MHz while the

GSM network operates in the frequency spectrum of GSM 850 MHz and 1900 MHz.

4. Global Reach

GSM is in use over 80% of the worlds mobile networks in over 210 countries as compared to CDMA.

CDMA is almost exclusively used in United States and some parts of Canada and Japan. As the

European Union permissions GSM use, so CDMA is not supported in Europe. In North America,especially in rural areas, more coverage is offered by CDMA as compared to GSM. As GSM is an
http://www.engineersgarage.com/articles/cdma-technologyhttp://www.engineersgarage.com/articles/cdma-technologyhttp://www.engineersgarage.com/articles/cdma-technologyhttp://www.engineersgarage.com/articles/cdma-technology


2/9

international standard, so its better to use GSM in international roaming. GSM is in use by 76% of

users as compared to CDMA which is in use by 24% users.

Q3.

Normalization

http://www.hit.ac.il/staff/leonidm/information-systems/ch28.html

Study From dis Link + Xerox

4

Difference Between FDM and TDM

FDM vs. TDM

TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) and FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing) are two methods of

multiplexing multiple signals into a single carrier. Multiplexing is the process of combining multiple

signals into one, in such a manner that each individual signal can be retrieved at the destination.

Since multiple signals are occupying the channel, theyneed to share the resource in some manner.

The primary difference between FDM and TDM is how they divide the channel. FDM dividesthe channel into two or more frequency ranges that do not overlap, while TDM divides and

allocates certain time periods to each channel in an alternating manner.

for TDM, each signal uses all of the bandwidth some of the time, while for FDM, each signaluses a small portion of the bandwidth all of the time.

TDM provides greater flexibility and efficiency, by dynamically allocating more time periodsto the signals that need more of the bandwidth, while reducing the time periods to those

signals that do not need it. FDM lacks this type of flexibility, as it cannot dynamically change

the width of the allocated frequency.

The advantage of FDM over TDM is in latency. Latency is the time it takes for thedata toreach its destination. As TDM allocates time periods, only one channel can transmit at a

given time, and some data would often be delayed, though its often only in milliseconds.

Since channels in FDM can transmit at any time, their latencies would be much lower

compared to TDM. FDM is often used in applications where latency is of utmost priority,

such as those that require real-time information.

The common practice is to divide the channel with FDM, so that you have a dedicated channel with a

smaller frequency range. Each of the FDM channels is then occupied by multiple channels that are

multiplexed using TDM. This is what telecoms do to allow a huge number of users to use a certain

frequency band.

Summary:

1. FDM divides the channel into multiple, but smaller frequency ranges to accommodate more users,

while TDM divides a channel by allocating a time period for each channel.

2. TDM provides much better flexibility compared to FDM.

3. FDM proves much better latency compared to TDM.

4. TDM and FDM can be used in tandem.

5. Mobile Communications ?? (3 qsn on data communication)
http://www.hit.ac.il/staff/leonidm/information-systems/ch28.htmlhttp://www.hit.ac.il/staff/leonidm/information-systems/ch28.htmlhttp://www.differencebetween.net/language/difference-between-a-want-and-a-need/http://www.differencebetween.net/language/difference-between-a-want-and-a-need/http://www.differencebetween.net/language/difference-between-a-want-and-a-need/http://www.differencebetween.net/language/difference-between-data-and-information/http://www.differencebetween.net/language/difference-between-data-and-information/http://www.differencebetween.net/language/difference-between-data-and-information/http://www.differencebetween.net/language/difference-between-data-and-information/http://www.differencebetween.net/language/difference-between-a-want-and-a-need/http://www.hit.ac.il/staff/leonidm/information-systems/ch28.html


3/9

6. Merit and Demerit of Geo Station Satellite?

Geostationary satellites appear to be fixed over one spot above the equator. Receiving and

transmittingantennason the earth do not need totracksuch a satellite. These antennas can be fixed

in place and are much less expensive than tracking antennas.

These satellites have revolutionized globalcommunications,television broadcastingandweatherforecasting, and have a number of importantdefenseandintelligenceapplications.

One disadvantage of geostationary satellites is a result of their high altitude:radiosignals take

approximately 0.25 of a second to reach and return from the satellite, resulting in a small but

significant signaldelay. This delay increases the difficulty oftelephoneconversation and reduces the

performance of commonnetwork protocolssuch asTCP/IP, but does not present a problem with

non-interactive systems such as television broadcasts.

Another disadvantage of geostationary satellites is the incomplete geographical coverage, since

ground stations at higher than roughly 60 degrees latitude have difficulty reliably receiving signals at

low elevations.Satellite dishesat such high latitudes would need to be pointed almost directly

towards the horizon. The signals would have to pass through the largest amount of atmosphere, andcould even be blocked by land topography, vegetation or buildings

7. Use of Radio Band frequency ?

Frequency bands and its applications:

Band name Abbreviation ITU band Frequency and wavelength in air Example uses

1. Tremendously low frequency TLF < 3 Hz > 100,000 km Natural and man-made electromagnetic

noise

2. Extremely low frequency ELF 330 Hz 100,000 km 10,000 km Communication with submarines

3. Super low frequency SLF 30300 Hz 10,000 km 1000 km Communication with submarines

4. Ultra low frequency ULF 3003000 Hz 1000 km 100 km Submarine communication,

Communication within mines

5. Very low frequency VLF 4 330 kHz 100 km 10 km Navigation, time signals, submarine

communication, wireless heart rate monitors, geophysics

6. Low frequency LF 5 30300 kHz 10 km 1 km Navigation, time signals, AM longwave broadcasting

(Europe and parts of Asia), RFID, amateur radio

7. Medium frequency MF 6 3003000 kHz 1 km 100 m AM (medium-wave) broadcasts, amateur

radio, avalanche beacons

8. High frequency HF 7 330 MHz 100 m 10 m Shortwave broadcasts, citizens' band radio, amateur

radio and over-the-horizon aviation communications, RFID, Over-the-horizon radar, Automatic linkestablishment (ALE) / Near Vertical Incidence Skywave (NVIS) radio communications, Marine and

mobile radio telephony

9. Very high frequency VHF 8 30300 MHz 10 m 1 m FM, television broadcasts and line-of-sight

ground-to-aircraft and aircraft-to-aircraft communications. Land Mobile and Maritime Mobile

communications, amateur radio, weather radio

10. Ultra high frequency UHF 9 3003000 MHz 1 m 100 mm Television broadcasts, microwave

ovens, microwave devices/communications, radio astronomy, mobile phones, wireless LAN,

Bluetooth, ZigBee, GPS and two-way radios such as Land Mobile, FRS and GMRS radios, amateur

radio

11. Super high frequency SHF 10 330 GHz 100 mm 10 mm Radio astronomy, microwave

devices/communications, wireless LAN, most modern radars, communications satellites, satellitetelevision broadcasting, DBS, amateur radio
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_trackinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_trackinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_trackinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_forecastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_forecastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_forecastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_forecastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latency_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latency_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latency_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_dishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_dishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_dishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_dishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latency_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_forecastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_forecastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_trackinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)


4/9

12. Extremely high frequency EHF 11 30300 GHz 10 mm 1 mm Radio astronomy, high-frequency

microwave radio relay, microwave remote sensing, amateur radio, directed-energy weapon,

millimeter wave scanner

8. Data Dictionary

"centralized repository of information about data such as meaning, relationships to other data,

origin, usage, and format."[1]

The term may have one of several closely related meanings pertaining

todatabasesanddatabase management systems(DBMS):

adocumentdescribing a database or collection of databases an integralcomponentof aDBMSthat is required to determine its structure a piece ofmiddlewarethat extends or supplants the native data dictionary of a DBMSOne of the most important parts of an Oracle database is its data dictionary, which is a read-only setof tables that provides information about the database. A data dictionary contains:

The definitions of all schema objects in the database (tables, views, indexes, clusters,synonyms, sequences, procedures, functions, packages, triggers, and so on)

How much space has been allocated for, and is currently used by, the schema objects Default values for columns Integrity constraint information The names of Oracle users Privileges and roles each user has been granted Auditing information, such as who has accessed or updated various schema objects Other general database information

The data dictionary is structured in tables and views, just like other database data. All the data

dictionary tables and views for a given database are stored in that database's SYSTEM tablespace.

Not only is the data dictionary central to every Oracle database, it is an important tool for all users,

from end users to application designers and database administrators.

8. Data Flow Chart

A data flow diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation of the "flow" of data through

aninformation system, modeling its process aspects. Often they are a preliminary step used to

create an overview of the system which can later be elaborated.[2]

DFDs can also be used for

thevisualizationofdata processing(structured design).

A DFD shows what kinds of information will be input to and output from the system, where the data

will come from and go to, and where the data will be stored. It does not show information about the

timing of processes, or information about whether processes will operate in sequence or in parallel

9.

Coupling and Cohesion
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_dictionary#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_dictionary#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_dictionary#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlewarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlewarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlewarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_flow_diagram#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_flow_diagram#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_flow_diagram#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_visualizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_visualizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_visualizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_visualizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_flow_diagram#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlewarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_dictionary#cite_note-1


5/9

Read From Xerox

10.

Embedded System Applications

Almost all the fast developing sectors like automobile, aeronautics, space, rail, mobile

communications, and electronic payment solutions have witnessed increased use of Embedded

technologies. Greater value to mobility is one of the prominent reasons for the rise and

development of Embedded technologies.

Initially, Embedded Systems were used for large, safety-critical and business-critical applications that

included

Rocket & satellite control Energy production control Telephone switches

Air Traffic Control

Automobile sector

Here Embedded applications bring about greater efficiency and ensure reduced pollution.

Embedded technology has also helped in developing automotive safety systems such as the

Anti-lock braking system (ABS) Electronic Stability Control (ESC/ESP) Traction control (TCS) Automatic four-wheel drive

Aerospace & Avionics

Telecommunications

Consumer Electronics

Consumer electronics has also benefited a lot from Embedded technologies. Consumer electronics

includes

Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) MP3 players Mobile phones Videogame consoles Digital cameras DVD players GPS receivers Printers

Railroad

Railroad signaling in Europe relies heavily on embedded systems that allows for faster, safer and

heavier traffic.

Smart cards industry


6/9

Smart cards, though began prominently as either a debit or a credit card, are now being introduced

in personal identification and entitlement schemes at regional, national, and international levels.

Smart cards are appearing now as Citizen Cards, drivers licenses, and patient cards.

Long questions

Water Fall Model and Spiral Model

The Waterfall Model was first Process Model to be introduced. It is also referred to as a linear-

sequential life cycle model. It is very simple to understand and use. In a waterfall model, each

phase must be completed fully before the next phase can begin. At the end of each phase, a review

takes place to determine if the project is on the right path and whether or not to continue or discard

the project. In waterfall model phases do not overlap.

Advantages of waterfall model:

Simple and easy to understand and use. Easy to manage due to the rigidity of the model each phase has specific deliverables and a

review process.

Phases are processed and completed one at a time. Works well for smaller projects where requirements are very well understood.Disadvantages of waterfall model:

Once an application is in thetestingstage, it is very difficult to go back and change somethingthat was not well-thought out in the concept stage.

No working software is produced until late during the life cycle. High amounts of risk and uncertainty. Not a good model for complex and object-oriented projects.
http://istqbexamcertification.com/what-is-a-software-testing/http://istqbexamcertification.com/what-is-a-software-testing/http://istqbexamcertification.com/what-is-a-software-testing/http://istqbexamcertification.com/what-is-a-software-testing/


7/9

Poor model for long and ongoing projects. Not suitable for the projects where requirements are at a moderate to high risk of changing.When to use the waterfall model:

Requirements are very well known, clear and fixed. Product definition is stable. Technology is understood. There are no ambiguous requirements Ample resources with required expertise are available freely The project is short.SPIRAL MODEL

The spiral model is similar to theincremental model, with more emphasis placed on riskanalysis. The spiral model has four phases: Planning, Risk Analysis, Engineering and

Evaluation. A software project repeatedly passes through these phases in iterations (called

Spirals in this model). The baseline spiral, starting in the planning phase, requirements are

gathered and risk is assessed. Each subsequent spirals builds on the baseline

spiral. Requirements are gathered during the planning phase. In the risk analysis phase, aprocess is undertaken to identify risk and alternate solutions. A prototype is produced at the

end of the risk analysis phase.

Software is produced in the engineering phase, along withtestingat the end of the phase.The evaluation phase allows the customer to evaluate the output of the project to date

before the project continues to the next spiral.

Advantages of Spiral model:

High amount of risk analysis hence, avoidance of Risk is enhanced. Good for large and mission-critical projects. Strong approval and documentation control. Additional Functionality can be added at a later date. Software is produced early in thesoftware life cycle.Disadvantages of Spiral model:

Can be a costly model to use. Risk analysis requires highly specific expertise. Projects success is highly dependent on the risk analysis phase. Doesnt work well for smaller projects.
http://istqbexamcertification.com/what-is-incremental-model-advantages-disadvantages-and-when-to-use-it/http://istqbexamcertification.com/what-is-incremental-model-advantages-disadvantages-and-when-to-use-it/http://istqbexamcertification.com/what-is-incremental-model-advantages-disadvantages-and-when-to-use-it/http://istqbexamcertification.com/what-is-a-software-testing/http://istqbexamcertification.com/what-is-a-software-testing/http://istqbexamcertification.com/what-is-a-software-testing/http://istqbexamcertification.com/what-are-the-software-development-life-cycle-phases/http://istqbexamcertification.com/what-are-the-software-development-life-cycle-phases/http://istqbexamcertification.com/what-are-the-software-development-life-cycle-phases/http://istqbexamcertification.com/what-are-the-software-development-life-cycle-phases/http://istqbexamcertification.com/what-is-a-software-testing/http://istqbexamcertification.com/what-is-incremental-model-advantages-disadvantages-and-when-to-use-it/


8/9

When to use Spiral model:

When costs and risk evaluation is important For medium to high-risk projects Long-term project commitment unwise because of potential changes to economic priorities Users are unsure of their needs Requirements are complex New product line Significant changes are expected (research and exploration)

Quality of software design cohesion and coupling

Project evaluation and Estimation(PBP,PV,ROI)

COCOMO Numerical Formula

One on Transform Analysis

Short Notes

1. Software testingSoftware testing is an investigation conducted to provide stakeholders with information

about the quality of the product or service under test.

Software testing can be stated as the process of validating and verifying that a computer

program/application/product:

meets the requirements that guided its design and development, works as expected, can be implemented with the same characteristics, and satisfies the needs of stakeholders.

Testing Methods:

Static Vs. Dynamic testing:

Reviews, walkthroughs, or inspections are referred to as static testing, whereas actually

executing programmed code with a given set of test cases is referred to as dynamic testing.

Static testing can be omitted, and unfortunately in practice often is. Dynamic testing takes

place when the program itself is used. Dynamic testing may begin before the program is

100% complete in order to test particular sections of code Software testing methods are traditionally divided into white- and black-box testing.

These two approaches are used to describe the point of view that a test engineer

takes when designing test cases.

White-box testing (also known as clear box testing, glass box testing, transparentbox testing, and structural testing) tests internal structures or workings of a

program, as opposed to the functionality exposed to the end-user. In white-box

testing an internal perspective of the system, as well as programming skills, are used

to design test cases.

While white-box testing can be applied at theunit,integrationandsystemlevels of the software

testing process, it is usually done at the unit level.

Techniques used in white-box testing include:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_testing


9/9

APItesting (application programming interface) - testing of the application using public andprivate APIs

Code coverage- creating tests to satisfy some criteria of code coverage (e.g., the test designercan create tests to cause all statements in the program to be executed at least once)

Fault injectionmethods - intentionally introducing faults to gauge the efficacy of testingstrategies

Black-box testing treats the software as a "black box", examining functionality without any

knowledge of internal implementation. The tester is only aware of what the software is supposed to

do, not how it does it.

Grey-box testing (American spelling: gray-box testing) involves having knowledge of internal data

structures and algorithms for purposes of designing tests, while executing those tests at the user, or

black-box level.

The aim ofvisual testing is to provide developers with the ability to examine what was happening at

the point of software failure by presenting the data in such a way that the developer can easily find

the information he requires, and the information is expressed clearly.

Testing Levels:

Unit

Integration

System

Acceptance

Testing Approach

Top down and Bottom up

Bottom Up Testing is an approach to integrated testing where the lowest level components

(modules, procedures, and functions) are tested first, then integrated and used to facilitate the

testing of higher level components. After the integration testing of lower level integrated modules,

the next level of modules will be formed and can be used for integration testing. The process is

repeated until the components at the top of the hierarchy are tested. This approach is helpful only

when all or most of the modules of the same development level are ready

Top Down Testing is an approach to integrated testing where the top integrated modules are tested

and the branch of the module is tested step by step until the end of the related module.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_coveragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_coveragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_injectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_injectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_injectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_coveragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface

Documents

software assignment on cheats