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1 2 7
Soil Imptoveoent and Use of Fertil lzer at the
Ifual Slton Irrlga rlon Systea
Chalut TarattaDan
Model Farm Project of the
soll analysls
natter conteDt,
Any soil improveuen t
to detemlne sol l depths,
acldlty, nutrtent statlrs
At the Huai sltcn Project there
the project and there are 2,000 ral
d€monstartlon flelds manage d, by 144
project center ls about 6 kilometers
the triortheast of Thalland ).
Surlnlary
program mtst be proceeded by
textures, frlabllty, organic
e t c .
are 70 rai of land beLonglng to
of land wirere the proJect superlces
dlfferent farrn familee. The
north of the city of Kalasln (in
Land slopes in the project area
about 1-37". The golls are old rlver
followlng serle s:
1) Rol -Et ser ies, a f lne sandy
about 707" of the areal
2) Ubon serles, a flne sand to
3) Pimai serles, a clay loam to
The first two series are very low ln
hane problems rst th toxlcltlee of aluminum,
range ftom generally 0,25% to
alluvLa in r*rlch there are the
loam to sandy clay loan, wtrlch ls
Loarry sand, about. 25% of the area;
clay, Daklng up 57. of the area.
soil fertlltty. Sorne areag
lron, and nanga.nese .
t z 6
Ttere follorrs 10 pages of dlgcrrasion of goil characteristlce aod 2
pages on the projects soLl nnpplng project. I.astly there ls a
dLecrrssion of present farld.ng problems. Arnng these Ls the probLero
of establlehlng adequate rEans to at least rBintain soil fertllity
when sultlple cropping is lntroduced on solls rrhose ferti li. ty leveL Lg
a lrerdy very low. Also nentloned is the need for adequate dralnage,
the problem of fertllizer fixatlon, acld restdues, and soil.erogion.
1 2 9
, ! . - . t . q " 1
n1t! I u l j t , i q l rrar n1t { ,n!ul !
?0 .:
S ' t l - '
*L r, r t nr r I rtLr fr o lr t-l rru t r jlln n ilt ;1/l1u r,l I ui uu
?.t1f ldu!I
I e,la
u1ilnon trinnfrur
nr ri r :u'r n r r :Jq nfi t'r #1 i,airi, r.r r iuo Jr,rd rd * iu ., ii.noi oou oiudI y y t
trl4ifl1rrfiunrr?rinou *rrrvrrrlrna.:iiriu!',,rrr1in?rlan,a,xririr.r1r i0 1u i r !l ndh u i!i,r,r J a r rinr r rruo r r fl a.:t r [a r r u]r 1 ; dr di r rr n. r rr gnfi o oin'l n,l,., orrrornuoi.riurorrrri.r.,rirunro,iruri,',ou,,nriuuriul"lo ua:6'nuu:iuin,lrrugu uariur,,iiinq,irrJrroernn,laurfiu,r"l, Jru,Jrrnuurrru'.{,iudoai;.qdo,rih"l uarurrtrn#auir..r l luiuatrr rno "uru. u"[ i*.n,iuun. o 1 i,u uarar r r ujrictn'rogluiutnururiu.:"ln fl1x4;6'11'p,s6.,riru'.{u.oorrituff.rr,r,*arrurorilind
t , | | y , . a , o ,
L , - oi lqn.rrt,lrnarrrunrr 1ffrnar.:rrar' l lruritrdl d'.rriu6,,:orrruu?ssro.rr?flnu?a\:tr1
r?u,iuu,duu,1riurlp.,rililrlr.:uiloAuuuo,r.,"r#ru!rgd!n-lun."u,uiuruuroin
ra,rindlrlnn,du,r.rluirin..,rrlirrr,rir.rarrr.,todu*, n,,rtiju;uiol;;..,r;;.,iriurda.r,r'rfrqnr!il.rdn n.,IiJr,,oi*oin,iufi,urlu,uJ..,i,iuug;roi,uu.,ArdiuJ1*i1Jj.,r.o-rJ,]r;'ufi',,ir,r..,o,'iiuoi,,uuuh uJn..,11ijrdi;,rr.,rr,ur#r;uanornorrh'iriliuul,J{u;'un.rruo,4ruu', ti.:orvr.r'hi'dnuor;utaurrzo.riu16lnrurnruuf{6nnru uarrrriJunrru.ndoruiloaul#firri,uu1611i n..,rt,i,]rdort,it,,r.trrlurrlli.r l riu rrrio.,:u".rnrr?nur,iuiuuir j.uoin1u6,:?;r,r,rr1rdlfirinm.:
iu uarirdlun ffo{', iu,?n",,'J?u.rdr,"l i,u,ldn. rl Jiu i.rt u, u n,.,* ;oo.nnr rrJr-,rJ1,:iuuu, nrr'lo',ju ,ituhu,j.., ooniu,,uiri,i',,r.r r irfl, r.ori'u oiin6 o
iin'rrrhr.:in:+1n?1!qnild'r!riouofrr{i#u.,rru,iruu11,.t i,:,ir.,tijri'n.r,duri.urfarfru lnurrnrro'rri.r nrrrJir!r.::Lir.,fruuurn.r'lo'ir riluirrnrruruord.,d
d . - " 1 , 1
i nrtLairi'E ua y oi r ilue ur ri r'lu rr r r n:,s'r
130
- ^ ^ ^ r ! ' - r - o q " i o \ l t - t ' o . ? n " !nl r ! r l j t t t {nuL, ( ,y f r , t rLr ! r i luLnr . i tn l t l tu , rd ta , r r lur l?rau i r ' [nr ] l?rh
:'nior 1 ir n', rinfr,.rl n r.: nrr r l *ul iu'r nrr ei r r rins*r{ufll ru*, r til o'rrrr> ! - , q t < 4tUnA {nl l t t r l ; dlUtJt vnou trt tr I L , ,Vir nr r i t rrrr sU?nlr i , : nr lrOfr!d1! t f l ic i l l t t , ,JX,tA
R 6 1 4 - 1 , 1 Y " e u + ' -
, Ino {Ru lla : LU!0is r n l nun I nrlrr nr r ur,ao l?nutn?,] nA.:n,t f ilu rrr ytinrra.:ilui t urLr ;- ^ . : " . - : . - . - ^ o
t o t r ' . . o o -
t P - t
| ,dunlrunga,:nuuasn,nsl1. , r l i le ,u i r ruerao,rr -Jan' lur l r rn lhr . in l r l i i . , :nolraqi l tn
r r l r !
R {na r i lu . -
,{udou., lrronrrr t iur i taan,iu, Jru f io aorf irnaar!0i lnr{n1r1iioi,,{ud zo 1i uarr?rrudurarBntrrirurarrnunrnr,rerar"lur',,irrinralla.l
v
n10ul
Ir'r lnrrr i rioi:lrrlrnrv l
v l d
2 , O O C I t : . iI r nunrnrri-l?u r44 nrarnir I nr.:nrr'l rur: l t : l ru a i lorrnri'''.,iu gr.,.,, "iu sa.: i.:uin nrrG:ri :lr rrr nr a il o
,fi'nuorri'uiul nufr"L,l, iudr.u, ? x1f, s ropunviunnro.:Inrlnrrr lri slope r::r10r t-l % dtuirtmdacri srop" i lr: lrtro.z5 % r?utiuunilf e-nr*u:fiu2,rl er..rn. r. r iruiud ;f, ee11 ord .i.,uralluvla dor.lrrnuun'.ui11 series ni.,o f d'o{.-
1. . lo i -Et ser ies i?Ulf st fU ?OT(, (Roi-Et f ine sant ly loam
r 6 nrio u"ll,,rr,rin r utoua,
fine sand to loamy sand)
Clay loan ro Clay)
fiq Sandy Clay loarn)
2. Ubon Series : l t ;UtU ZJ p (Ubon
,. Plnai Series ilr yrurru j ,,etrrr'Lv t
u o - - i - . ^ " . . : , - o l t o " , 9 , q ^ . o /nnUt0 U l aPrun r nruq!A t ilUntvtn nt 111anldll rrisrhlr n ri'.,rrl?lrOtiUvri r.,. 4 A . { 3 ,
?n0 (organlc Datrer) [untua ydf f.it t lla1u1 tin (p1ant nurrlent eleoents)a t t
runu
- ! A ^a n!u! lflllRlJ !0 { [ nt in1t.1
t ) l
uo n?1 n{AuL.r.r r.,,i oi, r rdu o r odn*r n r,i o aru'l r,,lo r r iiu r n6u uo raai ri uu| " . ' t
(Alurninium satt) 6rrisrlrnfruin.:rurijunrn rniaieuru?liu ,ntu,rtr{',indiult'lunrryiu,''uuri,ii{'01u,,:lnre11,iriufuu,r.,uruu.ru.'.,,f,, uuii.,,.tunfirfrhr',i.,.,
t v t u \
fi '.: ' luur rrunrrrJgnfin'iu"19u'ro lnrnrr'1'ruiurnrarrr;yrruLniu,rurior,iua-unrru, , ) : . - ̂ ^ y t o ' - . ^ ^ , - u
. . 1 ' ' * , , ' o . - o
o , " r ounrrn!'rrr n{trntru:n1r nonra.r rraq '.riaulrigriur,i Silri| itrl i,nrr 6uefirlu,if irfin?urrijunrn i:llrru6uvr?riinoniiu..,n ,u,fr:.,rre,iir,.lu!r:lutir.fio n..'r,i,
t v
nrnra liu rruiuh"ludlrr,1.t$irr0:arus6rr.tyrn riul":h'u L ilua..',rnrdodri.l,int, 4 . { q a -
' ^ .
i l0niln tqiuounrn ua;Lrlrrotslrr lnolr. l i i !pnlrn rou opit iulJ (Atuminiurn) ru.an(Iron) uar!t .:f l1id (ltarrgar,."e),ir iu
?.1 nnlr 'rao.iu. rinr.luiu,,ru ir-iu *u o rn^.rt ir.., nr rrli l i lr.r2 1
nrruqnlar.,grorsol6u,i,rr,trurrrihunydinr,rituo'uerlrrrn I,. 'u,o*.,ru,la'ldoni,r lu u i'G,ruiur,r? u irq nr r ri.Jrr sr'ia ado r? uu r n, rl ijul ul * r or"l#n nia o fr:.,
l !
:n.rur,r.rirrJf,nlurriju,,re' i,rflr,B:rro:r0..:orrlr,,ror-i.,rdriuiroiufiouraruoan l,,1nl I
nrrril lGrruur'ariula,:' l l i l iriuiniiui,. 'r ?rann11trrilunrnuaranftvroldrrr ua rfua.r'l n, o ;lrh1 nfu irl g n r o?,,.,r0 n l t:6i ru n ru? na,r
, 91nn 1 r fl nuRtrai r rog ilnr+.:r;.f,..rr0,Jiu (s.; r profl t e ) ilurrilnuqt:A n
' v | |
to.riuiuuna;,f'ul::.Jrrngoonlreirrl.l 'e1qr,,^"o-n"rurdr a ,,ju r.r..,rru.,ououriY l Y
a:fu lnrrlrrrt 'ulu (rop profite) ntulrrnalu,l:;]uruai",ora.:?,u,Yuunnija.,i lulrn nrrlusrnsrrlta.:6uura.rur.lfr,duou,,nnriflnctsneuflnli,uii (sectoeotat{on) u,ar tinlrnfitrnn,orar.t ,a:ionnrinr^r.'llii (lur,.,arrion) n.l1u!!nnrir': rJ,{ . . . J Itlehtiluil:cra{inurlnuarrduer uo:nrrrvrinr.il ' lun.rrilorrl,,ruuu'lunrriliri lr.r" n u
I v - . w t
?{? s I auaa 1.r0nno { n-{fun"r rai rro6'uiuri'u} r ru] nr r nrrr 6,r r irunrtnh r iuI t
tinfl,$ r ilu nr.,roi r ituo u.r.:?l,irul ufr urio,{ uu ", du 00.., niuu. o u,i .,, it,, n6uuu,
l " ' t " o ' ^
au1nu {d11rtulltItx [.]ua y L:, i lr y I u"lui6uIt \:ttn v l1)Ilr r I usu nu (Land urility)
v l
? 1nn1 r dir 1 ?ytaA rrLl m'woh{I
$nsn1t?Rn1tR(So11 nranagarnent)
| ) 1
e l' l q u t v I v
?1nl ' ' l t f l " t t1? ln[L! , :Rust l l t Mapping Unir In Z Ol l lntUnU n,iu . -
1020304050
Unit 81
Un{t A 1
I u.tit A2
Unit B.r
1020304050
lo20304050
Unlt A1. : , - : . . { r - ! . - . , ' 1 " r t ' o ^I ljrrfiLtvr l!lJ in40 u0u f,1d | l.t LJrra ?tliliu.tat
!
fruurru4r r,aurfru,ii'u ,rp (futnnrru) ir- o
t o o o < / -
0lL:t ifitLn? t lJ 1 0101t 11 i u asttiil 1u fr0 ,,t { tla3
i? ni ni"r r{ o, iou urn r. ., o rn?iuffl a r .:1 i,fi'rrreu iufull{o..innil ao r6Grrnr a'ru
o l z t - r . { ' o l n
t a o yf iu"nual {? r}JR t1. iq119ru ts rnt lu[rJ Runu
Compacted iinlting layer
a, o ai.l I
4 | t i
t t lun u' i l l r niotltou d?u!rynaudtu'luL;6 ' a t a , o
riludurrruou'luil?lruat fiufu ap 1ijs
fiutindlrn iLt?lruilu}linlil1unn1.:i . 1
u . t ^ v t o v i I
;:ffiH,i,HJ::il:,'1, 0,,;r - l : ^ - - - - '
: o v ' d . lt lAnt l ln?1 20 n ' . d . t l_rv)Ur UR1. l? y lJd
, t ) la t q d
?' l {n? ln lJ l IYIn111t | 111 Ccmpacted l in l t ing
rayeT
t , . < ' r t o
. r , ' o , o
: rjuqrui I lir i nholle I ir:Jilrufiuilrl ud.t-iJ t
. 4
rilriu Ap irrlllrsltuiliiliflfiil1una1.t uact r ' l" . � l , ! t , a . ^ , Vq1n?1aun ! Ap R{ [ ?g t tRUtU
compacted ltmltlng layer ?..: f ilUiUI I
1 5 - 4 , ^ A d I
11 n)1}tLtuud.t r tosrj l t 1!.nu t uu?d.:fr?1l l v '4
rJnn [[a3?y0H0nau1,?uau f0 1.!. ?1nt q ^ V V VlllRll nU {XU Ap [[Artu Compacred
ttnlr ins layer ?sd-l tnnrfiu?Frhn;'1- ) - = " . Y . t . , , o t ,
t o " , tn? lnurual {0, l [ ! r . ] i l r1f ir?1lJd?1{n11. . i . - 3
t ; , ,
' ' . . orra ctl?ndoul? L!aur.:uout;dnng J0 nI.
?1nu1RU
Unit 42
Unl t 82
1 3 a
1020304050
Unl t C
Unl t
Unl t C
Vfs l. Unl t D
s l c s l 1 t
! - � - . - 1 4 ^
va fiEll: t0'ifil]nalu n! unit Bt ttnlnu!il
i ' I o o , o J o r .ljuflun11 n0 [ untutvttluiluau Iu:Jiil1u
B^ 4,r,rslLirniali-"rju fru{u ap i?ririi1 , I v i . t 1 , q E?fl ir l ' tuDli t . : ?1rt luua.t [ !?: t lunutu
compacted 1} 2 limiting r"y., {.1flI
sria{'l!ilrctrr,j zo rll. ust1ili.': fo rrJ.q 4 q V
?1nsl1prLl RUtllllultn y limlting layer! e � . " . ' . t . . l y t t vril ii n I r nr riufuc.r.r ̂ {"1ila u1.t r fiulnr"n- v ! { , . o ' . ! q , o I?"i fr luua { [r l?c | 1r!9 ndaufr [ i lannrr
l l ,
,o r!. rrnalAu
fil u.'rt {1rir r niarll uJ r iJuiullrru.i'n" o v 4
l,tu'tnuru Ap stutJ]n t3!1!l B 11J. g1nI
? riu slr rarrlirfr urriffufru?niid,L r rnuuv l
r.,u rtt. o1roil!u?1;utr: rnil{iaaoilun!flr1^?n profile iiur?iirour....lr,rnua,4 <r .f , o
'
t . l?nonts?" ru ? l r j?unnn11 50 Tu. ?1n
1O cn20 cm30 csr40 crn50 cn
s l
s l
sr? nL!
nu lu
Untt U I tJ l . l Compacced layer
- . . 1 e , s , i r " r < , tun l E u ! uun!11: !d ln L! ! n?1ll l iu
l0 cm20 crn30 cm40 crn50 cm
. ̂ 1 ^ ^ , " . - ! : o ' - t .
o i o vtf i4luu0u ault u1flan11.l 1nn,t ttElprutuuu
0.?u1 tluAu r,oam oui{Lltc!1u 15 n1.. i q v r 4
?l neJ.lnu dluRunuel {?r [ luf l?f l si l ty- , r a l
clay x]2 cray fiurinii?u crrr au'lu,. ! - r ' l
ilil1ufl .tst6ofl Profi. le unriroer?ailfrtil,
' o ' ^ i t
st., i l tni l?nl]?ui, lr l tstt t i ro TlJ. 0.. ] �4U. l
!n1,uJtr!uq,: (hlgh denslry)
Unlt
1 t 4
Unl t X
c, ^ .-Jd {
l l lUF11l / l i ln f 1 t I n?0 (ac id sa l t crust )r ! t ) | |
rluaiifr i tArr f l 1luotirr. iu1r,t ] nu rl lr;v l
1 . . { d a 4 4 qru : l f LLa{ i t t l ! tna?ut f ln t : tu uaD?1n?r In f ]x 4 , u J "?u0if in1' l : i t lJuf t tnd{t ta? 01??y r nu?94.1
n nl t I tUn! (soi1 management)l l
f "l 4 ,q ..q i,,r '
y r rJntclo .tl,tt0nl trj.j!Fn.r l1.iau1 .i vt [il,) | ,,/
| lil.l'l: dtlfrl U!ta rinf r nrnfr *rn"g. fl1 " . I - : ! - , 4 t t . ^ i - oRU r!n ntlt t noa Iruut]o,t??3 r nniunlnu' ls napping unrt {1 r ti,Ju u"r.
C, Unit D t ta: Unit U !1. i t t ; . i
e"r nn,r rdi r??fnrqis6urrayfuna.riuuirr,ri"hiurr11 iiranrvriura r r'I l y v y v
4 d , { q - 4 sl |raul] fr1?c ["i IxrnnlrcIusu?i. i ' l t I . : i ]B t[A lrrn r ine]u IRur::.: lrai lrry1x461
rT.rurnr r 1 rfiurfr:, ria riluau riJurT';r.rrar{i;lunrr?n,rrrra:iin.rrrriurrr.l "hi'nnu u v l l l
na {rta 3 I u}t,t r d}.t nldul uu,) freol.jI
. ilnuur1nufi': ,1 1ri'0.:fr,.u? rrr,i u'..,udlr'n.,'..,.,1.u,iuu..,,,r'r,fu u, riu, e l I v i ,
lnrr'luiurrnnr "".i." ulsuisrrr'lu series tfi urn'uirinrlLusrnJr{,ir"lu!
proftle f,unr.r 1 r'nu n?1!;n no':#uiu*sra;rirn nrluufln;1nral#ufru n.:rlv o i !uurro+f'uiui6uo?fxrvurrrn1?0.rfi1rflncrrrrauuwrirrri'ln n-u!1r vioiriivrrru
nr .r n'ua u r .rl r i',rffu n r r ilr-lil r,riuo r io .:i o.r r r,rr a J r l r o :L n o ll ., o rl io uR?1uufl nn1.no,rd'nrsuyiu Ro!-Er serles rl rrr{0,,iut irhjrt, itu
! v r t l
iuiorurrncr"[nerau?nnofrasrhil1n lnui?lil in:rorrfrlqrruui..,,rrilunrn iorurrarnta:rF'utuuii;nqtuAroli u.,nu.,,u.,'rd,iir:Jrrl'rrlnofu rr'u lulsrrrou loolaiarrnnnioux,Y,.,rirniu fulrjat'noruh,r'li:jrrluo,llofi 6nuu;drrrr.:rinflfuia.:
10t h
30t+O
50
nrr"lu,.t?,rorriouo;narLnne;nruoan!llJlnriuiarr,rr'trjorvrhlr,r'rinfiurirfiril:ian rr'u< ' J Z Y Y Y !
tuan ur.:nrud ua:aqlriuu rilunu uanorniiulinilri..riiu r<.olinrtlc clay
1J5
1 ^ . ^ , , : - . Y - . - , ' "
, o ' .
4 . q Y u d | ! |Lut :RUruuu rjuou IurJil runilr n illi'l i.linuu: frxy"1 1ffi 1611.:c u 1.:"[ xfi r ru
- r t 4 1 ^ 1 t < - * . 1 ' , ' , . , 4aerar ion I l r r r - r t t t : l ru th l ,unuhn anLr ,sm{6ui ' [ rhr "uuf l l t t l
c 9 - 1 4 e , 4 _
v i Jn | "ul j t lJL t t0, lu,1u. l l t t ra,,l
afu{'r:rourrn'lu nr ric r J il v ,
ic v.iir-rlr {l u i re.iol n,u l i rI
, j , " : l ^ . - . . , - r u t
. " ' , . , ' a t
4 j r " 1 It lJL | i lU0{t !n1L?1 nt l r ld1 { t t [ , Is L,rr ,A Uaqd,r Oit , : I factor n?l lnr] f l ! .1I u
2 factors nrtfrlfro
1. Energeric Facror Facror a-ui riju'' J " l
1 i',iu .,, inuu u, rffi , rn,'rfi ufrro.r nr n r,rror,,^, ;; ::i: :t lil t:ll
ffi;:anon:unil uiul n u n'rr"[ 0,{r ?uulalr rr n il r : uru r iJufiu nui r, r.r uarur rn n; riu.ri?-'nr { o t v v v , t ! lrrn r aannl nr I 1 il1il0n L il0nna { | u:.J1 3d:Jliudr1lru1 naa]J"l n I inuoil
?. Materral Facrors: facrors {uaourj. l l i , i tu }u, l i i uayo,rn1fl
n. iu (sorr),iudruoiffqir.l#fir1o,irui,T,ouhiu nrunlnrrr o? q r ir1 er uo r o u u? n1,]',,,ifit d o u.u..,, o o lj od'"I igt r rruu;aia'rfi'q#.:v'r,rffi ni r ni, uardrrra.:fr1v ,
!. uh (sol 1,.t"') ri'.r'luiu r iiuaruaiffqgour,:i.:ic rril ri'fit r o?qrfr il cr uo :i 0a u?n u'.,luiuid rud wr,il,irinntar 0.r uro .!a 1 1,nl I, ulao r a'r u r n6oi n uh"luir itn cnl ruru r1iluou .l r ruu,ii'luiuialrfiornuRrnrr r c? 1ri:rl srto,:flt
n. atn,l j (soil arr) alnlAluau r,rr l l lurlturo,talnlf l . lu;u
ur rfi u.l*du,.o J ou ui., - r., n.,,1 uiu i al r u rfi u r lo.r fi r, ilro.:^1 . - ^ ^ ^ r r " . : " r i ; " ' . , ' o J . .u1_41 n1 Fi I unu 4 _1u r lu1 ro n dx r sru?o {uh'[ fl6u B.ro c t ih
r."ro" ud.:$nunl n.rr r l?4 r?:Ll fl lo .riJ., ilrriu nr rr nil r :rrut / l
un v 11 x x ;1 1 iilh i wi r iu'd w n ri,ri.: nrrl,fi,l i*duu o,ii uu,ornrriluiu
t -d , - , / v v
nttlr; i lr l :Jq rn1r Inufltuuu ttutripte cropplns ']ul i
rrd.lulrrc v " : ,
t . o ' o ' t I v vaaiuu lhriluoul,ri.:i?rnandhrrluarlhuundiulr;inia.:flr'flnu,,ru,.,',tunu,
tl
1 3 6
v -
uar6':c:-1n?nbr:T;r.rrriurnriutilnnrr 1 ,ro.r,iu rfiou-rur,rrjilrrr.,uilolioniu.,u,rrri,nrarfiodosuhilrilRn f;urrariurrj..,{dfru.,rnrrrunrr,fiurrlu.r..,rrrrrrrr;toriufllriuaqafirfilq,rriu ruorn,i..,.,lr'6,.,{._
! t',t
I
n. rTgrar ifi u: finr r s ro riuur.:i6 ni fli un n, "rrn, ", fi uu Ju oa qr? n ra.rir
_ r i'nruurfiuaru'lu,,iuuo1 uron.r, { u:nori compacred r"y., i,,rrilu
fuir'r finn : r'? nra.riufuru,iui,rr..,u,, r nri.,,r riul il ua, s rruc rure, o .?r, r i..,ftilUurn weak structure i auft densiry a,rf",u^ -^ .". -.a. '!o '
XJ^- o t r r v ! / " 1 f l0 '1 f l1J111 ' lY ldnd i l : . J0u t ta ; r nnruild 1 n lglliJi:Jr 1 n-1ou fi'r 1 iltl,'i,ti. -
t -
, . ;lnu,,rirlrlfiurilufruurrufn i,lor.,:nrrairll.,ifi (weaL strucrure)
n. riu o ",u ua .',l'' u o l ll rir rluu i', oi. riu#.u. n fi,,{,du .,o.., niu#unfl ri?r'u}u r ni ur,
l v r r IlulHrJ1,: uRrernrs?1uog,i'ril rioiaunn u?aaruun-,.:nrrra:lryuru rir,iur,uiurruarillrl u,rrr nugluouo i..,.0r, u j.,',,iorr.uou,6uuoru,juouiidu..'u,,roor4uJ*
9 , i i . Y |
. . i - - 9 v t
a l l i l l unu . i 'ua , r r ' ln 6 rv i i luu ' r , i ' . , ruu i r f ru i , r i i l r r , i f lu r " ' o - , {,
, ,* | j r \ rJ r . rL, rytu 1r lJJnl , I l4uu?I?01Ju0H t taJnutuulr tuart jernnnynouauluirir nrrsrnnrnuu{r,aflou,y:ririuqni*urlu uur,iu?riru,i'' riiuo <,r | "
- 1,1
-
l lntrl6rrrrna:rvuoan'l:lln nr"hafruirnrrrru..,u,]hu^rrru..,uornr,,rnr:irn uariaruui'l u u6 nirofl riunl u uu, .r on r,n rifisJaur, rfr ll srir
a . r io.ro r n6ur? r r,dr iufi u,,,, r u,i'.' lr ou,,i oio'rurjru nor ro o i irnun rJ " t l14tl lUuu0lJ, (Coarser fract lons) rrarir inrrrrut i t | (Very ftne fract ions)nrtl, uagfi'rhr rrruu frrnr r1 nnrruua ril gnfir uir iul, rinnrr*n*"nau r infrudt iluu r r utu rn r 6 nl ril li,x gu ;u ;u, i,ofr u ur. 11 r,,lni.., o r, io n. ro".nfr.r uri:r r iufu
: ^ . { ^ . " t - . - t . t
q q i ' o s o . ' t o i ,RutuLudlual{ l i trurrnuhLrrrini 'u6uilr?unrl consolidarea rayer f i , iq;anuflur?ainlrniriur..,n,iuuoi.{iuelruam*sjy rinua,nrr set fi,rraliinfiu frurlrjut'uichuh'l'rrrnfuuiraollluriu#uo'.,.,1rjarorn doiu'.,rr.r,hirrnfu,.rrarr,rrf;i;,ar;
t. ria.:ornfruriluvr'rtLfr, ua"irGuru Flner send qhiln n.:fulry?yinrnuarrGrrfi nr tr{ul ufr u6 oA'ru j;u
1 J 7
n. 16;u riizo.,r r irs,vr r'o r rd un i..u.", uo r, i..,tlurr nu,i.l ur rr j..' .,, i,ol1t lu1,1U1u
u. structure to.:fr1 tfarnrt n\t11!fl0{ srrucrure f uoff iu i.f i' l l , ud ? u di frll u a : rl r r np g ri'rl rL'i u fnr*r,rrfr uu r r tui
+. nrti{ufi nru or r r-u,iil i;u (idarer- tab le )'llu? r rrul n r.rnrr, {y v
ir:1'x1i'|1;fiurrn rliu,rl-,oo or.'lu,tou;o rac 1o-5o 51r. luQgeJu n.rriiurirruili 'rn-'uur'lni'rrufl rirurLanrgrunr;rilounanrr:Janflr uasuauanroifirruiauriu "lull
r rr,ir rndrlsrro,:l nr.,:nrr. u., ou,io, oruoul ni 1 a'r#ruiuuriu rril" " r ^ r l t " - l i s ' o o ' ' v Iul.rnRloHslurJ'rn?! lxdlulrt le:r. lgnirdul nuan rlnnl? rf lrrsuh'luiul i ld1rl1r0r:i l1u1 il 1"".." loggtng ) n. rfi n"..,, d u., fi'u,lit *'iri ri.,u a'rfiui' rnn-ri G,r "rio o i. i uA,
l l v
nr rn iu ' l u iu r j i r r ruuhr lun '6 ) ' ' 4 1 . - .n . - . " . . J " . , ^uv y1r
relulra r:tl..tu lun-"lrilontH ililruuhi]rSnrorhfllnlrl:ruuuiuarnrrr'Lruui"luiu nrranrr:fii"lur'6lirinrr'aifi'gu,.,n1urord dolu'1 v
rorri nr r.aiur r r:11 x1i'1'lu, onl nr r nr r r ri..ri,j r fi u.rno
I v | 5. nrrtaill s, .,uo11 iuuauu r{riu s, ia u rii oi.,an..,ruuru,il u,Ig".d
RU I UA'�lilnaun0
n. t r;'uu".",] ofr I d, I, g t u o r r.., 'r u,,l oi r, irq, r ;ani i.r., r.i.n,.,r r u il sv t , ' - t , i
o'rccsilh"lri l nuurrr {tsrrull i l r,r ' lu,,,uarinour r r?rr t,ro
r . o r n n r ri n:' oh r, u j,iio ^,t r r r. ud j '', 1 ln", u i Ju.., j ru.l u {o "iu u.,Lli.:rt;lu"r1niu d.:rr*',r- -."-- ''i ' r. uo"rrn''inr.,ud'utuauo,;.,. ;,,,, t ri,. ;,. J-. *,,;'iT ;:i#; ; ; ;, ;,;: u', 6.,f,u n, r1,,',iro ad, :,,,,, u1 u nr r:J p nfl t,i.",1 #u ", n"hi r,, itu r r r'l #r'iu,i...,t,r"; uq .,'i'u
u. n.11i.tl".,o.rJtgyruulr Flooding systen rfu;o{ilrrurr:nl?riu, , t l
(ropography) nrl nT?riuir"nuo'rriurn,i..rrfrulrn 1n..,rl#,iiuru{oriu..,,?u,i."lulirirnra,,: ua"truorliuu,duoo..,ni,rTq;r.,durfi 'u r"*.,,re, strucrure ro,:iu
ua:rGrrarirjraiiitrqlufiuuiro uuno,,n#uu..rur.rd{riur?uri u?oin.rrrn?r:riu
1t8
t l. . d _ a < i g d r a l - 4lnAUflUdxltduon ua;nltuuldiJlr i Uannd { !1 - 1 " 4 ' o t ̂
-
n?t Lgr t ia l ta :dtn?t?U tL?l f r1 i ! n l iUfr l l (Land
d d \
S t ructure n A ' l l L l lu l fU! pol ld lng
leve1lng) 'luiuurr? r ru{irlioi r itu
- 1 " . . 1 l . t v i - - " o t o " ' i . v | ^ r o?t,r '1 u'el [ lJf i?tvr1 1/]{ur,-l, iJt1;nij lu' i i lqruoql4rtrruOLhril.]n rra:iu6'uar,ri.r ia , I v
fi l, i lEnldrlrlislhilrnnrrerru il,rfunrr r,#16'..lrv,r1iro,i'onounritffi i 'aiuu "1 i.,v l t w
or' lrrnia' : iourinr,rduirf irr" l i , i r?wrnlorau erizuonrruunrrr i louJoird:Janrnr*/ ^ ^ t t u n
nr1!aR drj lrr0,lso{6u?ri ' ira1n.r rrr l; i j i lr. lqr'1r.rf i iulnraro?re.ro.i ' lnr?alinxa1il, la - v - . ' s ^ 4 t
^ ^ " . ^ r ^ ! : ^ , ^ . 5 - t " ' v - , . , " J " ,
l . l n{uun1ru0n ! nu2lunf 0.r isui L'/ Inilt - I usu!1nr11 vNvn rnruil i lL,ruhil"ltnTrut . ^ l
qn!6!ur!r?oinxltrarau .ll v t t
o. nrrfifiliiun'u Lr.iti'g ruy", 6,ri str.r"trrre '[:rnrrrilrrn:t
] Y t Ic . l 4aXiorcl:iaanrsuurr:rfiourdu.r,iunrruri.rrrnarlrj"lufiu d.,:orrilurunud.ilr.,l,il o " r ' o ^ _ r " . ^ " . : _ ] . - . , v - - t ! , a j o '
n'rtt?trulnutsr?o.:f lr j Ir jpruos!r.,audnni nr.ruunrr:Jr-:.Jrjrrnuilr:tnl i i , :o:nolnryuh' - - t
R?Un11!t: !nts1.tl l v
.', '{ dr. rIryuri ritrro.ifi'ildn11 sno.:iuvrr,: r ni ra, ori zuanr ryrn, : tiaufl an?'r!qn!d!x rilra.J;u
rituirrrrfi'uii.rn?1!o'!.rdlJur;ra.rfru'lu'? r rn{o,i'l* noirl...,r..,n iuo,irrloir6ui6ur?,1inou{lr"u..,u o.5 % avaitabte phosphorua tr:lrar r.5 pp.tnavallabte porassium riryltsl 10 il ao pp.m rrirriururi pn rrrrnJr.:fr ' lt i lo t t t . - l ls\:e;our:li?1.: pH 4. 5 - 6. 5 r r r fiu:r'lu rio^ nuiurfr ul orri'.i l,iu?uvrr1fl d,nd a A l u
' . '
i6uvriuinrrnr ua:n'inr 1*a-trrrsa.rfit'luiui,n".,,nufl n.'r1i'lrrTro,ldiulunrrr {
} t I o * n
I t t v t 4:Janiin nrurnrr r rrff i ' lrnnflo'rua? fi lu'] ' lu r?0.rn.r.ri lan!drlrirso liuarlo:. { . 1
' o
r nRlu tn0fi lJln:Jlu
" , ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ r - - . " i " - - , " t n < v ! 4 " - Iuan?,t nnuxu ,rlJJ h ? 1r.lon! d!! tttisri uo:ut u srr.t ?rohn-arnrrtternrs?1uta{
rrnfuuirrlqlarri.o.", ,'onj.ruiuld oriuunrrunrr,ilurriunxlilranxd!!r;ro{Au6 t a ' l
l! I ?nn1ilduE!1ft t.itu
r .- fiuruf,,.} , ,*{, iriudi .l,ay y" n:t u^ diu ji , itu;urlr s r nvl
r9
I t t | | , ,Maottnlt ic ctay i l i l ]#urlrLnounlf l (ror" buffering),,nriutru{o"nnsrn
alul rilr r rnu carlons'l i,,luu iu,o,.,# i.rrn ri'irr? J;ro,,uru,.,n ." 1;ir;v + | t r i t
t iu.tuounrl;t 'r l .ur] lnrr 1 i lAarlLhnnil (Ferri l izer ftxation) n0:n,rq l i . r ' o , o * t t l r
t t !un9 s Lr.uJI l t rd t j l ' )1! /1! ' � te ? t
u, , fiu"l ,'"iojrnrrrfirrJfrurul #^uu ril r'un..,, ,dr un riuri Jinq , iluj - ^ . ^ . : , - . - . ̂ - - ^ t " 4 " -
' . n u
n t | !
d.t?'rti lu!"lrr nrrr' i l lduy'iui 'stn01??ru'1lrrue1uou1.: rru nrrl.nna:.rtflBtuiara,,l. . " . ^ - - r . n . 1 | " l . . , r ' o - . , " 1 o i +nta.l LrJ[ulrnru"ti?rli [ . r,t iaInunrr Lti lufuan :luufnr.l ia:Junon nrrilanfll ' lu^ ^ . . 1 - : . i r - . r a ^ - f l { 1 " . 1 . - . . . - 3 t -
' n
t - o t t - : ' " ;ri?tla{ trt l j l t ') l lru': l irrr tnt ]Jou14 iUan0 91tn1t Inna!nod'i*rrtf lnrtt:r- l lrnrtrr
^ - - 1 ^ - - - . L " . . t o t o a t l
- - ^ - . f 6 \ ^ y - . , v o , 4 4t l ' l t rDnauT/url t f f t ln I 1.! Lr ,xf l tsnatl la{ 'LLtduuuc"l t i lulgf la.!nri l . I i . t c/H rartos
t L v
,iiio'"luiuirrlilQnxdxr!r;rfiuariuv?Jinq"luiuugtultjdt,;,lrrluo,lnoi,6rnrrr + ' r l !q , { s {
I l t :Juu Lu t nt I ?ua { Ll!1. i
,, r. n.r"l"i ir iru.n.au,ioriuo?n"..,uur1i1#nniuonu r...o"" .Jr.:1"luiuiiilu?..:rhrinnrrra?grfriln
uasilaeraerirx 6'o,funrrl.iiuurnriulrfluuriarqo" : ^ " , ^ " ^ . ^ i . r f e . t 1 t u u o I vuro'[rtunr.lu h r rr:rr ;dl nuiuno : l nuafl a:iu",,tuua u fl;o tineia t?tur tirniul n 6.rc;na.:ilrtiulaut,r t yr.l"rrr s;.1
l . }- ^< a ' l - r j - l - . r " . r v o <to.f . ?!n1l Le rJU l lns !1n1nlr IO:.ltnnnrrrLdrfprn
'LuanUOrgnuxlnul +
. - L _ - . i { . d ' y I q ' , L
I vluu ? n1[t n r 0u11ru?,rr] t l tRLtRn vl. , l
t , " ^ Y - { . : , , i o '
" - o " u u .r. 1/ l{u t l r l t L : t t 1_lrJ l -n] lJt.u1*n1tl tu".rtot l ts tu
- !4 . , ^ a y o
' J < 4 < ! ;
vtou'l Uusrl: i ! t t}]t l ir Lur)nrturnL Lruig:nt, 'r i l , , ioinrf rran[:. lAuue1u1r!1flUAU
l n
I
(low exchangeabl.e compacity) v?onn'l:ntl (Leaching) trjorniu'lurrfr':L. q d
root zone ili'[ ilq,r t?,J01rn rtr n la.rftt 1:.1, ) |
"n'A l ! l d 4 a < r 4 " - d < '?!n1t [f] t ?lnu r unu? zn? t I n:,:Louvri uinq t nlr.iuo tr .: til.:vro
,.+ , ,r.ld;rtrr{#dtrj.'irudi,6n?u..,,iunrergr fi'.rriunrrliiu"luGuru,rn1 o iul ro n ru loin w r ill i r,, n"l,r',.,iuliu,i o, ilui",
5. n1r r?nnrrr.,driuorirao,n,oflrnrilniu{ lnunrr rrrnofli.r rr,it,rrn'l#lrlir,ounnni.:!rn{u 6'o,iu,n**rnrlrir.,ror,o.nui',,{o nrrdorlilonu,
lntlg I n
140
na,fi'.:a.,:1rlluiuriunrrririr,,r?J;r01,unAu u.,u'or'laiutu'ir*0u,1.',,d,uo,luiri1r, c/N Rario orrrJl'u (c//ol .".io. unll rfioillr?,li.o,iuorlirin, I
t ' o < . !
Ut; t UnUflOnlltttl gli '! t t 1fl1t
:]u lac r i reri1., fr'ri,ri,Lq ni, uirr?, r,ri i,o, r1 iir,t r r'i url1* r,f.lf r nrr rfi ni l r ou oir Jrr r'. o, itrn r' i,rr r,,, ufi 'o ri iB * ri,.. r 16 r, . qirirr r u ruu jao I ou,on',ru,j''r ,.1d ''1'lr r,fi'ufufr,urfliu gfi, rLa ri rn?ri,r r u6n 1r.on!ot-tllns) nrr?1u?rJ ffo.riun..,rdr11#,1u,raavleir1#1,ir,rrrluo,1u..rnn,ii*6.rrhrilurriarrionrinou..iu-u.r,.u1n,,tli,]ri" iun.:rorliir:nrrrJiu:J1.: pn ua:jilr,{aarr{ninrrrrliin..,ru,jolr,t'uriurfi':,rlr1u1r*or,i,.,l,iirlurrtiiurdurl ua,i' '1#iuai,io n.r'l,,iiuorror'lri,rru,i.,1io1 r?a.r*a:n?..ruo..,,iru a.ruirfuurio:tin
ruJ,tfrlltd
]
6 1 e - < J n t - -
7. Iu lr 'rre . i Ind{ rnnrlalnlrra{is.i1 F,ir ib (Toxicity) 9"1fi
i a'l ur'. oiu ",,:,,r.r..: r a '':f n r r nr r r iiui :lin?v l
. r ^ , < A ^vrnl.liJI jlr r u't I ilufrt n0.1 ri'rriunT r'i ailutrr
uiaiu{u rXo:Jil pu zo.r?r d l
PtU t ]t t l,iiJl ratf1 . a ' " & " " ^n?r t un l taq t to{d1tu Inr ua:vr rl]RllU t |' ?019 l
urcna.:!v1.t I :ri,tiluh,fi.irnilo sic , q < {
-
1l J llrl!"11'l n$j0 fl O s U {n : U L./r!l na * '
t t u
..,Iryro.d,duriu '.r. ',d., "uu, riu'ri iiul v
I nrri'r i'l rl*ar nrr:Ji^lq r onrr rvrr ri r re.: d,.idin.,..,,uruuurriiugu*'fu in':r*rniffgrrnnir nr rlir" q oarlid,,,,d.do *1, uu oaoruoio
"
lnunrrrd,iur?'1;rqi*,,iaruj,*uu., rrrr1i,,1i*ariJir,,..,.,.,ulifi{u Srorvrh"hi'd'ltn?n pol1'sacharrdes LLay polyur:vaes ilrn{u ?,rarlil;Jrr.m.,'triufl
srrucrure fi{1rLarv"r1fti.,,r,iJiu uord,,di;i11ufiudiu..,u.r,?lur.,n{ui.u"luanr iGur o rl nr { n1 r.1 A J."t r I 6.,.r ri r,ira:r:Gvir,lir rl r,fi rfn rf,:{
rilurvrrrriuriluyrrur-pr u.':urjot,ilrrr.,,nor16rerrrn uariiuflrnau (sirt) iluuggo r',1#n.'rrru.'u,iiu^ru.'n1fl'luaul;i i'i6uniJ{r,nui..., ,iunrogou^"6riaounicrluqnuio d'orfu ?riidicrluiurru ,fo1?ur?Jirioirluu uu,i,lJuur..,,,..,,
141
n.:riunrrrjirrJr{nrudil:nili.,ri6n{ou',iu i.rinrrrdrilruuro'.,ituu,i.odo ahuirurnfl ri ufl E r a ir,r lu r.,nir r',u ur r uo r?"l irfi u,: *a l ru, "r.., ru,i...,i ', iriui nrr"l d,Luo',',1L0 Jrro"'.rriuo,irLui,iluJru1",;1,luurflurnfir?r nrr:lirLrtr,:iuu^riGn..,,
d " t ' ^ " 'nqnriufiqnru,,rrvri' iunrr rnoculate ritu"lla,jroi loa airilrl l lr,6o,:r[u{iutlo':t ',ru sB 50 ueyl.trouo ,jiurouuoui:rrlonlu?,r*{,lr,,n*i..,,n'lrti;
idiuu,, ', u.,i oii r, fi',,'ii1 r'fr r g,r iri n r r r ru..,u,ii,,u, u. nlutrifi -
(unaerated water logged areas) grrin mt." , i u t^ '/
da* J"'{*l ;;J" " -;,
*., r1,r,1., .,l ru, on., o'..,. #lt-l * iu,fi i;,ll}l': \,' luo"nui,,riurJu{ 6.:nrrrrurifiprruo'r,;:r'i '.,lriiu'lr"an,,.o 4
nrr"lilnnrruiul,r'anri,r., .ro-2o rru. ui.,*..,nirl.'f,,ffi::Jfllr*::::1.7tunu
o.'' n:rryr..' uir ., ",, d nu'..,rr.., ui.,i. oiu i .. *u,r r rt iir nr rr,iurJ r riuurra.:},r.rnr11Ju..'fi'.,u,i..f, riu?'..rcid'q*arlirilu'rn uuroriuoo-'or..iruur..,,
I
tauna! tnuI
1 ln'r11 niu? n riuli I nunrr'li"[ on rr" , - . J . . " o 3d 1lit lJfiU14:Jl,tu1RUstU $A crl
1n?ra.:arrruin unsrur{nridr]uorjtun'rrrrln6nro'ufiu nrrlniul#in#urflr.:"lnn A v v y
ua:o;lodnfrfurrna{?NorriJri..ran:*ru:ir futaoiuua"u.r"lriu,lrrno:lriuo'rr
nr nI ir:l rpiu I o$-E ls!3Ifrijo w.rniu lo.,rl pr r .: i1 r .1, iuiudi qnau,l?,frr.., li6 ni,ra l uiurnJ,, .,
f i 'ultn (t".."ogencus soil) eiori,;{,iruiut,irrrr.rr-.lhrl?uogri,,oudaull
nrtttrtnnsrr 'i fu"iuin:r*r'flto.:fru pn t?rrlu rexture lLa; srructure la,riuv l i ^ . evr.ri r ia a : n r n[ un r r rL ir "' q.,rfr u1 e,u nr r
"l n lr r ru ua y nr r l ir: il r r r, r r la n r or l rim .r
iufulu rrlfftr'rrldrn,rn'lunrrfinrianr?lnou..tioi'oru"rrrlgnlra'r,nioofi,ru-nor,
1?.ttlna r$u nfi1ui . { L " w vi rnr ril il:l.r.rdu-l eruri'r'lL ::ra r:a l11 nrd'1fl . -
l - | v
r . fi u'ul nufi'r'l *0,:iiu'? r,ri r iuiuurr u uiofiuurrra, r6urdi
142
6 - . ! .l arrnunf lur f lLrul (c lav) :Jrraguar r rnsin. . r r*^D! i l i ruor, , . r lu iuni lnuronrg
1 o ' o 4 l w
t lc d I vr {i nr r r sL'ruuh'L'fr u r :rr nt a'i?r,r rfi u'auflE : Eri.rrrjr y?r}n. *ru ,,iullgruU1{u,d
n t t n
J v" { . t . . 4 , v t t _ , , - t t ! ,14 rr 1,4ra rsdvrrnl r?a{01r1r-irt I ldru r,rrun'ir,nrrfi iduir:]oi riuniurriurni dl v r ,
iui 6,rnrrinrrr?,riuriJirnlir..,n u.j,n"rrnrulrrru{,i'.luuuuau,lrnrrilr-uv l v + '
u , uilr rfi uro .: sruu"n tttt rurn r r''l o I u nanii X1,, ue u r rru r uio se ri,ll"r t',rLr r,lrrlrf nurrflttnrfrun"r rar 6.rnrr'lnnelliin',raa:inrr uo,,iuiorrr'iur?,liro,dur,ir unrrnro'1u1n*olluiulnn'lil,.tl,,rurun.r,,j..,,duuou,:i'r,irlinn;or.,ri,n.rd;{ri;i;;toua.r' l i lrrl riovr"lu c/N ratio ,uou,li l,
I u a. rfin?rrro.:iulnui'rh inora,r?ri,unrni,rriunru,ind.:riuarrun
ir'r'luarroai tirl ruin uarur..:nrid'lliuarnrtrrlrn riul lol rin ritui:rJufio'uonc, nirT.:r,ri'lri:Jrr?vr?arrroojrili',luuuo ua"ffiis1r.|rrrn'luiuairairitararuritulrrlurrlnoinliriar nrrrri:rirr pH ro.rfiu "lrirr,,'rrarnod
riud,:rh,i,, d;e ,uh'l u'lnunrrtJl, ndto- - d' a ior, ,o I J^
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n. srructure uuoird,iunrn i{eaL srructur" r rli'uurrrla.'r..ir ul rif i 11t
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n. ol 1r11;r'lufr,,ion. rlrinrq^J{'ur i
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irartrinrrlr,ra.'uui',,foi,1*ju.,;utrituarlu,iul,r. i - d . - C - a \Vt't lutdU structure n,.)t t91iUiln![erUtrt Lt Rotary plough "[UQlttatt taeLl-[n
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I , t r . y
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144
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t u6n uiau' o nrilo,?oo'narrl irrfr u{i, ri nu?oi* r nriooJ*u ur rlur..i#,iorilufu*nafu uu,,itrfi,,.d"L'inrrritufi.,,ri.d'uu.,n,du.,0..,no,*irilunre,rorlu(ac id af fected sot l )
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r'
2. nUlOrt Mapplne Untr B
frurorunr. fli,";, j.,,irraujuur'.,0d r -^ i: s o'o< ". 'o
ri r cilru,r;;.,lurr; Jo, ;1 uiurio r nr ri,uu o *oo,"lt"l::t^"T:ffiiffi;9cUfiUnU Llnittlng, Weak srructure hlgh bulk densiry ii?Oa.f OO ril v.":.":,"0. ruy.. ouirrl,rrro'rJ.rnj..'iufu,ru iufir{crioe,fir,o,rruin ,rnrru,,rnrfiaaufilri 6urat u'i. r i1o',1rj,uun,ilu u'r. n, rr.,.l: 82
nr rilirilr rfr u,a { unlt n1 nr r"l n_l^rrr uiurirti rnr rt ot rr'6 nn i,.,zo r,. *ayiri,nrrlnna'iui,ofilo ri"u,j,.,io aoiruio16 uuru.,ror,li sub sor.erloi'niufu compacted ruy.. 1 ifin,.1r-!10r Ju rrJ, n'r,ri: ri r ,rr. rorr,,ilriru6nulouu.,nriada*0,ritu?ruqlri*gnr:i1{a11rru-nu"iio't t.',irr;..,;,,_''
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uuriu6nnrrf, i,i l.,rlr' lrl i innrrrrfrif,iriuluriu: rn. r,yrrrg?svri1;,r;;;,rru r nria rr nfui..,{ur.,luur, d yd}Jo J"l n; 1 r. nflo u.n,iri u q 0u., oo ", ;;il;;,u?ovril #fltinrr r r?q rfi rI n uu, oo oa*u ou o1 i' Aulu u"r., {,i,,in,,, ;n;;r;;"innog r am l un rfl m rl nnrruur.L or ql-nryi,:iarlorililrtr r,l#6 r iaioufiu?o.l
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145
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a : {
nu?a{ unit lj ilJu n? rrliti.J lto l rturl rl'lv.,lo.r l nr.in1r'Lru1fr'l0u,.1,: a.l
:irrrururrnnir 5o;" zorrindrf,,r.",un fuiuz,r.riuri.#erri,ui..,,',Jurr.unuuo uu,
r ilu frT uuu r o .,riu ri r!'l v.u,i, o .r1 n r .l n", r l iu r fi'r o u r,:I I I
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nr r il i,:l r,,:i uri nfl o'. r ituo, io.,i, n.., 11 a':]ur? a6ur? i irol #ur n 1 r,a,,duu J"' our"', uru dou. oorr.t rt oun.rtl i,]u ur'., frr*,r gd,rri q'li",l;.r r r^,u?uurL,rin'', 11 onuurofoi.. ui."ii *o."." prough t1 nnrru I 1 onuru o1 rft #6nu1'1.'T,,o or. n.uiu on. r,drin. r1r nnuiuu?tiinq; ., ni..,, iu, rrc"l n'inrrtitt:Jul'r,r rfiorliulrr c/l,i ratro "llfru
u,o,t'o i., r r? u,ir,lod r.g n1 i u r,, u.{r n r r o r'l n n ar a o 1 I vr n. f rdi nr'.t q nfi o rdu ',o r niroio{fl ,r.;u?* ffu,fufi ui u 0., rt o, nd uu. n,in r nr r y o yy'r"l r,fi uiitro'10,,uHui'tgni, i'Jl i #.,r,in.r1n,niui,u.ro,tiin.,r,iriudrr?J;rqt*,,1RUoU1n t?n t t l
4. Au!8.: !4apptns Untt L,
fr uro.r u,,it ir r il,rfi ,, iuurirfi'r,,. ri, fuiu, it ri' J.'r:Junr rua r rdun;'n i?ni".' r inia u,infi , i nl,j ri u E rr. o'rliri'r j. ou r rituiu r r,iullufr un; nou
e ! < . a d { o i o t t 1 , . w(s i l tv c lav ' r ' r rot : l r r i r ruuur dur ie l i l r r " l !n. i , r - l tuni r " , l i i : t rJqnlr lne,ar?no o t ' Y X l - I u
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146
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ru6r, ur.rnrin r.riaoqitirr,'lir",n i.,,iuutor?ul.ro.i...,iuironur.,n,,rrrr'rui,nrro"rilrjululnrrru'1..,0 iu.,g,tu,iulilo{r,,].,u ('ini.rrrr) tou,i, 1r,tq1,,i.ro.,r,lirorul*n r norurl"l nlir'u (Rotary plough) 1 o foi,i,uiuonrlrilrAu,irfr;uu,i,(ptough rayer) 4.rar.,ril ioifi'rrn..,r,.f;'ur,l..,rruorii - u..,n..,u ,,nrn..,r,,Jnrro..'uzo.:rrnfir ,i.'1noiriiurftirirrri,n..,rlo,ndufruoie,{ o.o...',.,lri.rrori;r-;;,;;,ria u, t nr'', rfr ufuuufi'u u o r drfiuu' r,r f.ri nu ar rGl :.i; u u n o.., niau{r'rr ;. - r ", i" r *{oagfi'rl:l le,urqfl."rr?,u#rarr f.rrYuiunrrrrliinrrirrrn..,fi.,nrrlipo.., ,durJ iu:Jr r rfi n? urou oiuu,, u5. iUtO, l Ur, f t x (Actd Affecred Sol ls)
inuu yua ;nudl:r?ra.:fi usin{i i r :,i,e1 x -0,., uu,i,l,rh, iluq *, 6 n 1 iutin{ifuiu r iruiurr..' ujouu prori re uarl, r fi ui erru, niu.' n."uunr"a*";,
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