soil mechanics contributors

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: Henri Gautier

: French

: 21 August 1660

: engineer

:Studied the natural slopes of soilArchitect of theCoursan BridgeDesigner of theCanal du MidiEngineer of theVauban Fort

: Bernard Forest de Belidor

: French

: 21 August 1660

: military and civil engineer

:He wrote numerous books dealing with mathematics, artillery, and hydraulic, civil, and military engineering.

One of his engineering works, a manual of rules and tables, was reprinted until 1830. His four-volumeArchitecture hydraulique (173753) was the first work of its kind to apply integral calculus to practical

problems; its influence for the next hundred years was international in scope.

: Charles-Augustin de Coulomb

: French

: 14 June 1736

: Frenchphysicist

:He used the principles of calculus for maxima and minima to determine the true position of the sliding surface

in soil behind a retaining wall.
http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?id=s0002695http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?id=p0000077http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?id=s0018185http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_de_coulomb.jpghttp://www.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/B%C3%A9lidor.png/220px-B%C3%A9lidor.png&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Forest_de_B%C3%A9lidor&h=281&w=220&sz=90&tbnid=7umcdBzNarIF4M:&tbnh=90&tbnw=70&zoom=1&usg=__Jo_Mojr0s1c23CMkuFMSkYS_SQ8=&docid=dswDyIh18_MPgM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RvqoUPvfKaWeiAfFgoDIBg&ved=0CCIQ9QEwAQ&dur=448http://files3.structurae.de/files/photos/gautier.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_de_coulomb.jpghttp://www.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/B%C3%A9lidor.png/220px-B%C3%A9lidor.png&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Forest_de_B%C3%A9lidor&h=281&w=220&sz=90&tbnid=7umcdBzNarIF4M:&tbnh=90&tbnw=70&zoom=1&usg=__Jo_Mojr0s1c23CMkuFMSkYS_SQ8=&docid=dswDyIh18_MPgM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RvqoUPvfKaWeiAfFgoDIBg&ved=0CCIQ9QEwAQ&dur=448http://files3.structurae.de/files/photos/gautier.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_de_coulomb.jpghttp://www.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/B%C3%A9lidor.png/220px-B%C3%A9lidor.png&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Forest_de_B%C3%A9lidor&h=281&w=220&sz=90&tbnid=7umcdBzNarIF4M:&tbnh=90&tbnw=70&zoom=1&usg=__Jo_Mojr0s1c23CMkuFMSkYS_SQ8=&docid=dswDyIh18_MPgM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RvqoUPvfKaWeiAfFgoDIBg&ved=0CCIQ9QEwAQ&dur=448http://files3.structurae.de/files/photos/gautier.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?id=s0018185http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?id=p0000077http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?id=s0002695


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: Claude Louis Marie Henri Navier

: French

: 10 February 1785

: Frenchengineerandphysicist

:Navier formulated the generaltheory of elasticityin a mathematically usable form (1821), making it available

to the field of construction with sufficient accuracy for the first time. In 1819 he succeeded in determining the

zero line of mechanical stress, finally correctingGalileo Galilei's incorrect results, and in 1826 he established

theelastic modulusas a property of materials independent of thesecond moment of area. Navier is therefore

often considered to be the founder of modernstructural analysis. His major contribution however remains the

NavierStokes equations(1822), central tofluid mechanics. His name is one of the72 names inscribed on the

Eiffel Tower.

: Jean-Victor Poncelet

: French

: July 1, 1788

: Frenchengineerandmathematician

:Heextended Coulombs theory by providing a graphical method fordetermining the magnitude of lateral earth

pressure on vertical and inclined retaining walls with arbitrarily broken polygonal ground surfaces.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_elasticityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galileihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic_modulushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_moment_of_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navier%E2%80%93Stokes_equationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navier%E2%80%93Stokes_equationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navier%E2%80%93Stokes_equationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_72_names_on_the_Eiffel_Towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_72_names_on_the_Eiffel_Towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jean-Victor_Poncelet.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Claude-Louis_Navier.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jean-Victor_Poncelet.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Claude-Louis_Navier.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_72_names_on_the_Eiffel_Towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_72_names_on_the_Eiffel_Towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navier%E2%80%93Stokes_equationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_moment_of_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic_modulushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galileihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_elasticityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France


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: Alexandre Collin

: French

: 20 June 1775

: engineer

:His work forms part of a line of engineers including Vauban, Perronnet and Girard, who furnish him with

opinions and experiences. This made him one of the main precursors for what was to become, in the XXth

century, soil mechanics.

: William John Macquorn Rankine

: Scottish

: 5 July 1820

: civil engineer

:Rankine was one of the first engineers to recognise thatfatiguefailures of railway axles was caused by the

initiation and growth of brittle cracks. In the early 1840s he examined many broken axles, especially after the

Versailles train crashof 1842 when a locomotive axle suddenly fractured.

: Henri-Philibert-Gaspard Darcy: French

: June 10, 1803

: hydraulic engineer

:He published a study on permeability of sand filters.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(material)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versailles_train_crashhttps://www.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Henry_Darcy.jpg/150px-Henry_Darcy.jpg&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Darcy&h=162&w=121&sz=4&tbnid=4MXAPlCsTtw_iM&tbnh=0&tbnw=0&zoom=1&usg=__bS9fDHKZg177ZhJJlur0vd_Nq8M=&docid=7zpYREYabtaesM&sa=X&ei=mQWpUO-pA-SjiAe46YD4BQ&ved=0CFwQ1Rchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rankine_William_signature.jpghttps://www.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Henry_Darcy.jpg/150px-Henry_Darcy.jpg&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Darcy&h=162&w=121&sz=4&tbnid=4MXAPlCsTtw_iM&tbnh=0&tbnw=0&zoom=1&usg=__bS9fDHKZg177ZhJJlur0vd_Nq8M=&docid=7zpYREYabtaesM&sa=X&ei=mQWpUO-pA-SjiAe46YD4BQ&ved=0CFwQ1Rchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rankine_William_signature.jpghttps://www.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Henry_Darcy.jpg/150px-Henry_Darcy.jpg&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Darcy&h=162&w=121&sz=4&tbnid=4MXAPlCsTtw_iM&tbnh=0&tbnw=0&zoom=1&usg=__bS9fDHKZg177ZhJJlur0vd_Nq8M=&docid=7zpYREYabtaesM&sa=X&ei=mQWpUO-pA-SjiAe46YD4BQ&ved=0CFwQ1Rchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rankine_William_signature.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versailles_train_crashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(material)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineer


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: George Howard Darwin

: British

: 9 July 1845

: professor of astronomy

:He conducted laboratory tests to determine the overturning moment on a hinged wall retaining sand in loose

and dense states of compaction.

: Joseph Valentin Boussinesq

: French

: 13 March 1842

: Frenchmathematicianandphysicist

:He developed the theory of stress distribution under loaded bearing areas in homogeneous, semiinfinite, elastic,

and isotropic medium.

: Osborne Reynolds

: Scottish

: 23 August 1842

: prominent innovator

:He illustrated the phenomenon of dilatency in sand. One of the subjects that Reynolds studied in the 1880s

was the properties ofgranular materials, includingdilatantmaterials.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granular_materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilatanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OsborneReynolds.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph_Boussinesq.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Darwin_sepia_tone.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OsborneReynolds.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph_Boussinesq.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Darwin_sepia_tone.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OsborneReynolds.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph_Boussinesq.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Darwin_sepia_tone.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilatanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granular_materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France


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: Albert Mauritz Atterberg

: Swedish

: March 19, 1846

: chemist and soil scientist

:He created theAtterberg limitsthat are commonly referred to by geotechnical engineers and engineering

geologists today. In Sweden he is equally known for creating the Atterberggrainsizescale, which remains the

one in use.

: Karl Terzaghi

: Austrian

: October 2, 1883

: Civil engineer, Geotechnical engineer

:

He carried out investigations to determine the cause of failure of the 17-m high earth dam at Charmes, France.

: Alec Wesley Skempton

: British

: 4 June 1914

: writer:

In situ behaviour of natural clays was of great interest to Skempton, who wrote two papers published by the

Geological Societyon the geological compaction of natural clays. Amongst other academic writings, he

formulated concepts such as that of A and Bpore water pressurecoefficient which is still widely used today.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atterberg_limitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_sizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotechnical_engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Society_of_Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pore_water_pressurehttps://www.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ejge.com/People/Skempton/skempton.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ejge.com/People/Skempton/Skempton.htm&h=164&w=116&sz=5&tbnid=KBvkNiJD_LUT2M&tbnh=0&tbnw=0&zoom=1&usg=__EPbPxF6TRCDVkifHpdOdUEzvhdo=&docid=u88F03UkTqmEkM&sa=X&ei=KQ6pUMKUG6iUiQfivICgDg&ved=0CGQQ1Rchttp://geotecnia-sor.blogspot.com/2010/11/consistencia-del-suelo-limites-de_17.htmlhttps://www.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ejge.com/People/Skempton/skempton.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ejge.com/People/Skempton/Skempton.htm&h=164&w=116&sz=5&tbnid=KBvkNiJD_LUT2M&tbnh=0&tbnw=0&zoom=1&usg=__EPbPxF6TRCDVkifHpdOdUEzvhdo=&docid=u88F03UkTqmEkM&sa=X&ei=KQ6pUMKUG6iUiQfivICgDg&ved=0CGQQ1Rchttp://geotecnia-sor.blogspot.com/2010/11/consistencia-del-suelo-limites-de_17.htmlhttps://www.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ejge.com/People/Skempton/skempton.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ejge.com/People/Skempton/Skempton.htm&h=164&w=116&sz=5&tbnid=KBvkNiJD_LUT2M&tbnh=0&tbnw=0&zoom=1&usg=__EPbPxF6TRCDVkifHpdOdUEzvhdo=&docid=u88F03UkTqmEkM&sa=X&ei=KQ6pUMKUG6iUiQfivICgDg&ved=0CGQQ1Rchttp://geotecnia-sor.blogspot.com/2010/11/consistencia-del-suelo-limites-de_17.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pore_water_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Society_of_Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotechnical_engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_sizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atterberg_limits


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: Arthur Casagrande: American

: August 28, 1902

: civil engineer

:Renowned for his ingenious designs of soil testing apparatus and fundamental research onseepageandsoil

liquefaction, he is also credited for developing the soil mechanics teaching programme atHarvard University

during the early 1930s that has since been modelled in many universities around the world.

: Ralph Peck: American

: June 23, 1912

: civil engineer

:

During his career Peck authored over 200 publications, and served as president of the International Society ofSoil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering from 1969 to 1973.

: Jean Fontard: French

: 1884

: engineer

:He started modern soil mechanics with his theories of consolidation, lateral earth pressures, bearing capacity,

and stability. Much research had been done on foundations, earth pressure, and stability of slopes, but

Terzaghi set out to organize the results and, through research, to provide unifying concepts. The results were

published in his most noted work, Erdbaumechanik.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_mechanics#Permeability_and_seepagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_liquefactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_liquefactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Universityhttps://www.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://www.rpi.edu/magazine/spring2008/classnotes/peck.jpg&imgrefurl=http://cr4.globalspec.com/blogentry/20628/Ralph-Brazelton-Peck-Civil-Engineer&h=162&w=158&sz=3&tbnid=3SnE-3oIDY5vVM&tbnh=0&tbnw=0&zoom=1&usg=__ptzWLSQVZnkGJRLF0RQQE9NqVnk=&docid=eR0qnKeE-sIPxM&sa=X&ei=ABCpUJSUAbGdiAenw4HoCw&ved=0CHEQ1Rchttps://www.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ejge.com/People/Casagrande/Casagr2.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.ejge.com/People/Casagrande/Casagrande.htm&h=175&w=116&sz=3&tbnid=qJ0SYomVGUArKM&tbnh=0&tbnw=0&zoom=1&usg=__z-ahIIsE9zKdEsZzQqaW7PqfjWc=&docid=T5itomyUvdcyeM&sa=X&ei=Uw-pUPjQLOiPiAeXw4CoBw&sqi=2&ved=0CHIQ1Rchttps://www.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://www.rpi.edu/magazine/spring2008/classnotes/peck.jpg&imgrefurl=http://cr4.globalspec.com/blogentry/20628/Ralph-Brazelton-Peck-Civil-Engineer&h=162&w=158&sz=3&tbnid=3SnE-3oIDY5vVM&tbnh=0&tbnw=0&zoom=1&usg=__ptzWLSQVZnkGJRLF0RQQE9NqVnk=&docid=eR0qnKeE-sIPxM&sa=X&ei=ABCpUJSUAbGdiAenw4HoCw&ved=0CHEQ1Rchttps://www.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ejge.com/People/Casagrande/Casagr2.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.ejge.com/People/Casagrande/Casagrande.htm&h=175&w=116&sz=3&tbnid=qJ0SYomVGUArKM&tbnh=0&tbnw=0&zoom=1&usg=__z-ahIIsE9zKdEsZzQqaW7PqfjWc=&docid=T5itomyUvdcyeM&sa=X&ei=Uw-pUPjQLOiPiAeXw4CoBw&sqi=2&ved=0CHIQ1Rchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_liquefactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_liquefactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_mechanics#Permeability_and_seepage


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