Soil Science topic No. 3: Morphogenetical approach and soilsxcepl/inobio/EOPORY/Soil_science/Soil... · Soil Survey Staff, 2010. Keys to Soil Taxonomy. 11th ed. USDA ‐ Natural Resources

Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a Státním rozpočtem ČR InoBio

–

CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0018

SoilSoil Science Science ‐‐ topictopic

No. 3:No. 3:

MorphogeneticalMorphogenetical approachapproach

andand soilssoils

Characteristic

features

of

forest

soils

Non‐homogenous

profiles

of

uninterrupted

development

Organic

horizons

Distinctive

soil

biota

Skeletal

texture

classes

High

acidity

High

mobility of

mineral

elements

Characteristic

features

of

forest

soils

Forest tree species grow extremely long time→ soilcomponents, unavailable for agricultural plant species, can besplit into active/bioavailable forms

Forest habitats show a great amount of dead organic mattercovering mineral soils→ production of organic acids withindecomposition of plant litter forms outstandingly strongextractive environs

If

there

are soluble

substances, we

have

to use

A weak extracting agent for estimating risks for theenvironment

A middle strong extracting agent for estimating an actualplant nourishment

A high‐powered extracting agent for estimating a long‐term plant nourishment

The

circumstances

of

every

individual

soil

horizon

formation differ

in such rate

that

properties

of

the

horizons

as a whole

are each

other

incomparable

Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a Státním rozpočtem ČR InoBio – CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0018

Notes

Principles

Soil

taxonomy=soil

systems=classification

of

soil

= soil

typology

A general

feature: combination

of

two

approaches

1) Soil

forming

factors

2) Pedogenetic

processes

Soil

forming

factors

Genesis of soil

Functional viewpointsNotes

Pedogenetic

processes

Morphometrical parameters

Structural viewpoints Notes

Concept

of

description

of

intimate

soil

properties

Genetically derived stratigraphy of profile

Morphological, physical, chemical and biologicalfeatures of horizons

Goals

from

both

theoretical

and

practical

points

of

view

Creation of basis for progress in soil scientificknowledge

Soil mapping

Prediction of soil development under an impact ofutilization of soil

Hierarchically

highest

soil

units=units

derived

from

dominant pedogenetic

processes

→ classification

derived

from

genetical

viewpoints

Key

role=limits

of

soil

properties

values

→classification derived

from

structural

viewpoints


Notes

Requirements

Soil classification system should be opened but their

structure have to ensure an inner stability

Soil classification system should be universal

Soil classification system should be compatible

Requirements

Emphasis should be put on hierarchical assemblage

of soil

Emphasis should be put on multicriterional features

Emphasis should be put on an extend of soil profile

differentiation

Soil taxonomy should be based on relativelyexactly field evaluated properties of soilhorizons

Soil taxonomy should be based on polygenetical soil development including therelict soils

Requirements


Notes

Overview

of

forest

soil

classification

General principles

FAO/ISSS 1994

US department of agriculture system 1990

Canadian system of soil classification 1987

Other classifications (C.P.C.S. 1992, Russian and German

systems, in particular)

Processes

in profile development

Eluviation × illuviation

Calcification × decalcification

Melanisation × leucinisation

Salinisation × desalinisation

Hydrolysis

Oxidation

Cheluviation

Decomposition × biosynthesis

Erosion × accumulation

Humification ×mineralization

Peat formation

Podzolization

Lessivage

Gleying

Pseudogleying

Ferrallitizatio

Lateritization

Pedoturbation

Brunification

Processes

in profile development


Notes

WRB ‐

major soil

units

Fluvisols, gleysols, regosols, leptosols, arenosols, andosols, vertisols, cambisols, calcisols, gypsisols, solonchaks, solonetz,

kastanozems, phaeozems, greyzems, luvisols, planosols, podzoluvisols, podzols, lixisols, acrisols, alisols, nitisols, ferralsols, plinthosols, histosols, anthrosols.


Notes

Soil

Taxonomy/C.S.C.S. ‐

major soil

units

Histosols, entisols, vertisols, mollisols, aridisols, spodosols, alfisols, ultisols, oxisols, inceptisols.

Brunisols, chernozemic soils, cryosols, gleysols, luvisols,

organic soils, podzols, regosols, solonetzes/solods.


Notes

A. World Reference Base for Soil ResourcesInternational Society of Soil Science (ISSS) ‏International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC) ‏Food and Agriculture Organisation of The United Nations (FAO) ‏IUSS Working Group WRB, 2006. World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2006, 2nd edition. World

Soil Resources Report 103, FAO, Rome. E.U. 145 pp. ISBN: 9251055114

B. Soil TaxonomyA Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil SurveysUnited States Department of Agriculture (USDA)‏Soil Survey Staff, 2010. Keys to Soil Taxonomy. 11th ed. USDA‐Natural Resources Conservation

Service, Washington, DC. 344 p. ISBN 978‐0‐16‐085427‐9

C. The Canadian System of Soil ClassificationAgriculture Canada Expert Committee on Soil Survey(Soil Classification Working Group of the Committee) Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) The Canadian System of Soil Classification (1998)

Agric. Agri‐Food Can. Publication 1646. Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Ottawa. 187 p.

http://www.fao.org/ag/Agl/agll/wrb/doc/wrb2006final.pdf

http://www.amazon.com/dp/9251055114/?tag=encycofearth-20

A general

description

of

WRB

Podzoluvisol

‐

referred

to higher

clay

content

in B horizon showing

either

an

broken

boundary

by tonguing

of

E horizon

or

reddish

nodules

Podzol

‐

referred

to cementation

by organic

matter, iron and aluminum

below

an

A or

E horizons

Lixisol

‐

referred

to higher

clay

content, lower

CEC and high base saturation

in B horizon, lacking

both

mollic

A and

albic

E

horizons

Acrisol

‐

referred

to higher

clay

content, lower

CEC and

low

base saturation

in B horizons, lacking

albic

E horizon

Alisol

‐

referred

to high

clay

content, high

CEC and

low

base saturation

in B horizon, lacking

E horizon („acid Luvisol“)

Nitisol

‐

referred

to high

clay

content, blocky

structure

which

falls

easily

apart

(due Fe‐oxides), lacking

the

tonguing

(which

is

diagnostic

for

podzoluvisol)

Ferralsol

‐

referred

to strongly

deeply

weathered

soil

material

based

on low

activity clay

Plinthosol

‐

referred

to iron‐rich, humus poor

mixture

of

clay

in mostly

platy hardpans

caused

by repeated

wetting

and

drying.

Histosol

‐

referred

to peat

moss: soils

having

at

least

40cm of

organic

material

or

at least

80 cm of

organomineral

material

Anthrosol

‐

referred

to human

activities

Fluvisol

‐

referred

to fluviatile, marine

and

lacustrine

sediments

which receive

fresh

material

at

relatively

regular

intervals

Gleysol

‐

referred

to unconsolidated

soil

materials

showing

a saturation

with water

to such an

extend

that

evidences

of

reduction

processes

are seen

Regosols

‐

referred

to unconsolidated

soil

material

haveng

no diagnostic horizons

other

than

an

ochric

or

umbric

horizon

Leptosol

‐

referred

to limitation

in depth

by continuous

hard

rock or

a highly calcareous

material

Arenosol

‐

referred

to soil

materials

coarser

than

sandy

loam

and

having

no other

horizons

than

an

ochric

or

albic

E horozon

Andosol

‐

referred

to soil

materials

formed

mostly

vulcanoclastic

material coarser

than

2mm


Notes


Vertisol

‐

referred

to soil

materials

derived

from

high

percentage

of

the

clay particles

in all

horizons

and

showing

cracks

on soil

surface

Cambisol

–

referred

to altered, cambic

B horizon

being

at

least

15cm thick

Calcisol

– referred to soil

materials

rich

in calcium

carbonates

(both

calcic

and petrocalcic

horizons)

Gypsisol

–

referred

to soil

materials

enriched

with

calcium

sulphate

(gypsic and

petrogypsic

horizons)

Solonchak

– referred to soil

materials

saturated

with

exchangeable

sodium or/and

magnesium and

showing

distinctly

higher

clay

content

Solonetz

–

referred

to degradation

of

solonchaks


Kastanozem

–

soil

having

minor

mollic

A horizon, calcic

or

gypsic

horizon

Chernozem

–

soil

having

main

mollic

A and

calcic

horizon

Phaeozem

–

soil

having

main

mollic

A horizon

and

lacking

both

calcic

and gypsic

horizons

Greyzem

–

soil

having

mollic

A horizon

and

higher

clay

content

in dark

B horizon

Luvisol

–

having

higher

clay

content

in B horizon

and

lacking

both

mollic

A and albic

E horizons

Planosol

–

referred

to saturation

of

surface

water

(mottling); soil

having

albic

E horizon

overlying

slowly

permeable

horizons


Notes


Other classification systems the classical versions

INRA (1995) Référentiel pédologique. INRA, Paris. 332 p.

Arbeitskreis für Bodensystematik der DBG (1998) Systematik der Bôden und der Bodenbilden ‐ den Substrate Deutschlands. Mitteilungen der DeutchenBodenkundlichen Gesselschaft, No. 86. 180 p.


Other classification systemsRussian classification systems

V. V. Dukutchajev, N. M. Sibircev B.G. Rozanov, V.M. Fridland

German classification system

H. Pallmenn, W. Laatsch E. Muckenhausen, E. Ehwald

English/Welsh, Belgian, Netherlandish,Portuguese, Australian,

New Zealander, Brazilian, Japanese


Notes


C.S.C.S.

Brunisol

–

referred

to brownish‐coloured

Bm

horizon

Chernozemic

soil

–

referred

to humified

products

of decomposition

of

xerophytic

or

mesophytic

grasses

Cryosol

–

referred

to both

organic

and

mineral

soil

material exposed

to cryoturbation

(disrupted

or

mixed

horizons)

Gleysol

–

referred

to influence

of

either

periodic

or

sustained

reducing

conditions

caused

by non‐aered

water

Luvisol

–

referred

to eluvial

Ae

and

Bt

horizons


Organic

soils

–

referred

to peat, muck

and

bod soils

Podzol

–

referred

to accumulation

of

amorphous

material composed

mainly

of

humified

organic

matter

combined

with

Al

and

Fe

Regosol

–

referred

to weak

development

Solonetz

–

referred

to significant

amounts

of

sodium

Solod

–

referred

to degrydation

of

formar

solonetz


Notes


USDA soil classification – Soil Taxonomy

Baldwin, M., Kellog, C.E., Thorp, J., 1938 Thorp, J., Smith, G.D., 1949 Soil

taxonomy

1975; Soil

taxonomy

1983;

Soil

taxonomy

1988


Soil TaxonomySpodosols

–

referred

to either

spodic

(reddish, darker

and

brighter

colours

caused

by illuvial

Fe and

Al

associated

with organic

compounds) or

placic

horizon

(thin, dark

reddish

layer

cemented

by Fe‐, Mn

–

organic

matter

complexes)

Alfisol

‐

referred

to prominent eluviation

followed

by illuviation: difference

in clay

content, high

base saturation

in Bt

horizon

Ultisol

–

referred

to high

content

of

clay

particles

characterized by low

base saturation, primarily

leached

and

weathered

Oxisol

‐

referred

to intensive

weathering: removal

of

soluble weathering

products, production

of

residual

sesquioxides

and

clay


Inceptisol

–

referred

to cambic

B horizonHistosol

–

referred

to organic

parent

material

: more than

50% of

organic

material

in the

upper

80cm of

the

profileEntisol

–

referred

to slight, weak

development: properties

determined

largely

by the

parent

material

without

other

horizonsVertisol

–

referred

to high

clay

content, prominent changes

in

volume resulting

in cracks

vs. very

plastic

consistencyMollisol

–

referred

to very

deep

mollic

epipedon; accumulation

of

large

amount

of

organic

matter

in the

presence of

calciumAridisol

–

referred

to arid

and

semiarid

environments

where

one

or

more diagnostic

horizons

(argilic, natric, cambic, calcic, petrocalcic, gypsic, petrogypsic) were

developed


Notes

Documents

Soil Science topic No. 3: Morphogenetical approach and soilsxcepl/inobio/EOPORY/Soil_science/Soil... · Soil Survey Staff, 2010. Keys to Soil Taxonomy. 11th ed. USDA ‐ Natural Resources