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BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
Sokolov EffectLong-Range Interaction of Hydrogen with Metal Surface
Nathan Leefer
Department of PhysicsUC Berkeley
February 21, 2008
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
Outline
1 BackgroundNeutral HydrogenStark EffectHydrogen Atom Interferometer
2 Sokolov EffectPamirBroken TheoriesSummaryDysprosium
3 Conclusions
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
Outline
1 BackgroundNeutral HydrogenStark EffectHydrogen Atom Interferometer
2 Sokolov EffectPamirBroken TheoriesSummaryDysprosium
3 Conclusions
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
Outline
1 BackgroundNeutral HydrogenStark EffectHydrogen Atom Interferometer
2 Sokolov EffectPamirBroken TheoriesSummaryDysprosium
3 Conclusions
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
Neutral HydrogenStark EffectHydrogen Atom Interferometer
Energy Levels of Hydrogen
1 S
2 S 2 P
Lifetime of 2 P states is∼1.5 ns
Fine-Structure effects liftdegeneracies
Lamb Shift is on the orderof 1 GHz
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
Neutral HydrogenStark EffectHydrogen Atom Interferometer
Energy Levels of Hydrogen
1 S
2 S 2 P
Lifetime of 2 P states is∼1.5 ns
Fine-Structure effects liftdegeneracies
Lamb Shift is on the orderof 1 GHz
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
Neutral HydrogenStark EffectHydrogen Atom Interferometer
Energy Levels of Hydrogen
1 S
2 S 2 P
120 nm
Lifetime of 2 P states is∼1.5 ns
Fine-Structure effects liftdegeneracies
Lamb Shift is on the orderof 1 GHz
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
Neutral HydrogenStark EffectHydrogen Atom Interferometer
Energy Levels of Hydrogen
1 S1�2
2 S1�2
2 P1�2
2 P3�2
Lifetime of 2 P states is∼1.5 ns
Fine-Structure effects liftdegeneracies
Lamb Shift is on the orderof 1 GHz
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
Neutral HydrogenStark EffectHydrogen Atom Interferometer
Energy Levels of Hydrogen
2 S1�22 P1�2
2 P3�2
Lifetime of 2 P states is∼1.5 ns
Fine-Structure effects liftdegeneracies
Lamb Shift is on the orderof 1 GHz
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
Neutral HydrogenStark EffectHydrogen Atom Interferometer
Energy Levels of Hydrogen
2 S1�22 P1�2
2 P3�2
Lifetime of 2 P states is∼1.5 ns
Fine-Structure effects liftdegeneracies
Lamb Shift is on the orderof 1 GHz
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
Neutral HydrogenStark EffectHydrogen Atom Interferometer
(Nearly) Degenerate Perturbation Theory
H′ = d Eo + δLS
2 (|2S1/2 >< 2S1/2| − |2P1/2 >< 2P1/2|)
H′nm =
(δLS
2 dSP Eo
dSP Eo − δLS
2
)Eigenvalues are
± 12
√δ2LS + 4E 2
o d2sp
New eigenstates aresuperpositions of oldeigenstates
2S1�2
2P1�2
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
Neutral HydrogenStark EffectHydrogen Atom Interferometer
(Nearly) Degenerate Perturbation Theory
H′ = d Eo + δLS
2 (|2S1/2 >< 2S1/2| − |2P1/2 >< 2P1/2|)
H′nm =
(δLS
2 dSP Eo
dSP Eo − δLS
2
)Eigenvalues are
± 12
√δ2LS + 4E 2
o d2sp
New eigenstates aresuperpositions of oldeigenstates
2S1�22P1�2
ΓH2S1�2 L + ΞH2P1�2 L
ΑH2S1�2 L + ΒH2P1�2 L
DE = ∆LS +2 Eo dsp
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
Neutral HydrogenStark EffectHydrogen Atom Interferometer
(Nearly) Degenerate Perturbation Theory
H′ = d Eo + δLS
2 (|2S1/2 >< 2S1/2| − |2P1/2 >< 2P1/2|)
H′nm =
(δLS
2 dSP Eo
dSP Eo − δLS
2
)Eigenvalues are
± 12
√δ2LS + 4E 2
o d2sp
New eigenstates aresuperpositions of oldeigenstates
2S1�22P1�2
ΓH2S1�2 L + ΞH2P1�2 L
ΑH2S1�2 L + ΒH2P1�2 L
DE = ∆LS +2 Eo dsp
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
Neutral HydrogenStark EffectHydrogen Atom Interferometer
Atoms enter and leaveE-Field non-adiabatically
Atoms leaving field have2 P1/2 component
Acquired phase depends onenergy difference and timein field
c(2P1/2) ∝ cos(√
δ2LS + 4E 2
o d2sp T )
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
Neutral HydrogenStark EffectHydrogen Atom Interferometer
Atoms enter and leaveE-Field non-adiabatically
Atoms leaving field have2 P1/2 component
Acquired phase depends onenergy difference and timein field
c(2P1/2) ∝ cos(√
δ2LS + 4E 2
o d2sp T )
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
Neutral HydrogenStark EffectHydrogen Atom Interferometer
Atoms enter and leaveE-Field non-adiabatically
Atoms leaving field have2 P1/2 component
Acquired phase depends onenergy difference and timein field
c(2P1/2) ∝ cos(√
δ2LS + 4E 2
o d2sp T )
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
Neutral HydrogenStark EffectHydrogen Atom Interferometer
Optical Analogue
This set-up is analogous to an optical interferometer
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
PamirBroken TheoriesSummaryDysprosium
Measurement of Lamb Shift
Pamir
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
PamirBroken TheoriesSummaryDysprosium
Initial Results
Problems:
Difficult to assess systematicerrors
Non-trivial electric field nearentrance and exit slits
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
PamirBroken TheoriesSummaryDysprosium
Initial Results
Problems:
Difficult to assess systematicerrors
Non-trivial electric field nearentrance and exit slits
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
PamirBroken TheoriesSummaryDysprosium
Double Interferometer
Use two interferometersseparated by distance ’l’
Oscillation period of 2P1/2
intensity depends only onLamb-Shift and velocity
Sokolov Yu L, Yakovlev V P, Sov. Phys. JEPT 56 7(1982)Sokolov Yu L, in Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on PrecisionMeasurements and Fundamental Constants II (1981)
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
PamirBroken TheoriesSummaryDysprosium
Double Interferometer
Use two interferometersseparated by distance ’l’
Oscillation period of 2P1/2
intensity depends only onLamb-Shift and velocity
Sokolov Yu L, Yakovlev V P, Sov. Phys. JEPT 56 7(1982)Sokolov Yu L, in Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on PrecisionMeasurements and Fundamental Constants II (1981)
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
PamirBroken TheoriesSummaryDysprosium
Double Interferometer
Use two interferometersseparated by distance ’l’
Oscillation period of 2P1/2
intensity depends only onLamb-Shift and velocity
Sokolov Yu L, Yakovlev V P, Sov. Phys. JEPT 56 7(1982)Sokolov Yu L, in Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on PrecisionMeasurements and Fundamental Constants II (1981)
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
PamirBroken TheoriesSummaryDysprosium
Demon Field
Now the second electric field is turned off
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
PamirBroken TheoriesSummaryDysprosium
First Candidate: Stray Charges
Effective electric field corresponds to 10-12 V/cm
To confirm predictions modify set-up accordingly...
Effective field must be orthogonal to first longitudinal field
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
PamirBroken TheoriesSummaryDysprosium
First Candidate: Stray Charges
Effective electric field corresponds to 10-12 V/cm
To confirm predictions modify set-up accordingly...
Effective field must be orthogonal to first longitudinal field
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
PamirBroken TheoriesSummaryDysprosium
First Candidate: Stray Charges
Effective electric field corresponds to 10-12 V/cm
To confirm predictions modify set-up accordingly...
Effective field must be orthogonal to first longitudinal field
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
PamirBroken TheoriesSummaryDysprosium
First Candidate: Stray Charges
Effective electric field corresponds to 10-12 V/cm
To confirm predictions modify set-up accordingly...
Effective field must be orthogonal to first longitudinal field
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
PamirBroken TheoriesSummaryDysprosium
Results
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
PamirBroken TheoriesSummaryDysprosium
Second Candidate: Beam Halo
Maybe diffraction halo of beam is interacting with metalsurface
Beam size is 50 µm, slit width is 200 µm
Misalign beam to measure halo.
Beam halo is small: 1.4 µm
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
PamirBroken TheoriesSummaryDysprosium
Second Candidate: Beam Halo
Maybe diffraction halo of beam is interacting with metalsurface
Beam size is 50 µm, slit width is 200 µm
Misalign beam to measure halo.
Beam halo is small: 1.4 µm
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
PamirBroken TheoriesSummaryDysprosium
Second Candidate: Beam Halo
Maybe diffraction halo of beam is interacting with metalsurface
Beam size is 50 µm, slit width is 200 µm
Misalign beam to measure halo.
Beam halo is small: 1.4 µm
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
PamirBroken TheoriesSummaryDysprosium
Second Candidate: Beam Halo
Maybe diffraction halo of beam is interacting with metalsurface
Beam size is 50 µm, slit width is 200 µm
Misalign beam to measure halo.
Beam halo is small: 1.4 µm
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
PamirBroken TheoriesSummaryDysprosium
Second Candidate: Beam Halo
Maybe diffraction halo of beam is interacting with metalsurface
Beam size is 50 µm, slit width is 200 µm
Misalign beam to measure halo.
Beam halo is small: 1.4 µm
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
PamirBroken TheoriesSummaryDysprosium
Third Candidate: Entanglement?
B B Kadomtsev proposes the effect is due to the creation ofentangled states
Magnitude of effect should depend on material properties ofconductor
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
PamirBroken TheoriesSummaryDysprosium
Third Candidate: Entanglement?
B B Kadomtsev proposes the effect is due to the creation ofentangled states
Magnitude of effect should depend on material properties ofconductor
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
PamirBroken TheoriesSummaryDysprosium
Third Candidate: Entanglement?
B B Kadomtsev proposes the effect is due to the creation ofentangled states
Magnitude of effect should depend on material properties ofconductor
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
PamirBroken TheoriesSummaryDysprosium
Results
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
PamirBroken TheoriesSummaryDysprosium
Kadomtsev’s Theory also makes predictions
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
PamirBroken TheoriesSummaryDysprosium
Kadomtsev’s Theory also makes predictions
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
PamirBroken TheoriesSummaryDysprosium
The Consensus?
The experiment is modified twice more
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
PamirBroken TheoriesSummaryDysprosium
The Consensus?
The experiment is modified twice more
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
PamirBroken TheoriesSummaryDysprosium
Summary of Results
All discussed theories have failed to describe experimentalresults
Other proposed candidates (casimir force, image charges, etc)are not consistent with the magnitude of observed effect
No theories consistent with experimental results have beenproposed
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
PamirBroken TheoriesSummaryDysprosium
Summary of Results
All discussed theories have failed to describe experimentalresults
Other proposed candidates (casimir force, image charges, etc)are not consistent with the magnitude of observed effect
No theories consistent with experimental results have beenproposed
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
PamirBroken TheoriesSummaryDysprosium
Summary of Results
All discussed theories have failed to describe experimentalresults
Other proposed candidates (casimir force, image charges, etc)are not consistent with the magnitude of observed effect
No theories consistent with experimental results have beenproposed
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
PamirBroken TheoriesSummaryDysprosium
Atomic Dysprosium
Atomic Dysprosium also has nearly degenerate states of opposite parity
(3 MHz-GHz)
Dysprosium may be a sensitive tool for measuring this effect
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
PamirBroken TheoriesSummaryDysprosium
Atomic Dysprosium
Atomic Dysprosium also has nearly degenerate states of opposite parity
(3 MHz-GHz)
Dysprosium may be a sensitive tool for measuring this effect
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
PamirBroken TheoriesSummaryDysprosium
Atomic Dysprosium
Atomic Dysprosium also has nearly degenerate states of opposite parity
(3 MHz-GHz)
Dysprosium may be a sensitive tool for measuring this effectNathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
Summary
Level structure of hydrogen and Stark Effect
Near degeneracy of 2S1/2 and 2P1/2 states to electric fieldsmakes hydrogen ideal for use in atomic interferometer
There exists an unexplained interaction between hydrogenatoms and metal surfaces
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
Summary
Level structure of hydrogen and Stark Effect
Near degeneracy of 2S1/2 and 2P1/2 states to electric fieldsmakes hydrogen ideal for use in atomic interferometer
There exists an unexplained interaction between hydrogenatoms and metal surfaces
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
Summary
Level structure of hydrogen and Stark Effect
Near degeneracy of 2S1/2 and 2P1/2 states to electric fieldsmakes hydrogen ideal for use in atomic interferometer
There exists an unexplained interaction between hydrogenatoms and metal surfaces
Nathan Leefer
BackgroundSokolov Effect
Conclusions
Yu L Sokolov
Physics-Uspekhi 42 (5) 481–503 (1999)
Yu L Sokolov, V P Yakovlev, V G Pal’chikov, and Yu A Pchelin
Eur. Phys. J. D 20 27-46 (2002)
Yu A Kucheryaev , V G Palchikov, Yu A Pchelin, Yu L Sokolov, and V P Yakovlev
JETP Letters 81 (12) 644–646 (2005)
Yu L Sokolov, V P Yakovlev
Sov. Phys. JETP 56 7 (1982)
Yu L Sokolov
in Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Precision Measurements and Fundamental Constants II (1981)
B B Kadomtsev
Phys. Lett. A 210 371-376 (1996)
S T Belyaev
Eur. Phys. J. D 25 247-252 (2003)
Nathan Leefer