SOL BIOLOGY REVIEW

Everything you wanted to know and then some…..

GENERAL INFORMATION

• 60 Questions

• 10 are research questions.

• You must answer 34 correctly to pass.

• You must answer 45 correctly to achieve an advance pass

THE BREAKDOWN

• Scientific Investigation- 11

• Life at Molecular and Cellular Level- 14

• Life at Systems and Organism Level- 14

• Research questions-10

SOME STRATEGIES

• Four responses: The right one, the two really wrong ones and the distractor.

• The distractor is almost right. It is basically a trick.

More Strategies

• The incredible POE : PROCESS OF ELIMINATION

BOTTOM LINE

• ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS

• GO AHEAD AND GUESS!

SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS

UNIT ONE

SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS

• Observations- gathering data using your senses.

• Quantitative observations: Use numbers

• Qualitative Observations: Describe things

SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS

• INFERENCES: gathering data based on previous knowledge

SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS

• USING APPROPRIATE SOURCES

SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS

• HYPOTHESIS – an educated guess Must be in IF,Then format

• INDEPENDENT VARIABLE- the thing that changes in an experiment

SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS

• DEPENDENT VARIABLE- The thing that is changed by the experiment- what will you measure?

SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS

• CONTROL- The variables are compared to the control. For example, the sugar pill given to a group of people

SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS

• SCIENTIFIC METHOD- a way to standardize the science- 5 steps

• 1. Ask a question

• 2. Develop a hypothesis

• 3. Do the experiment

• 4. Gather data

• 5. Draw Conclusions

SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION

• GRAPHING- the independent variable goes on the X axis

• The dependent variable goes on the Y axis

UNIT TWO: BIOCHEMISTRY

“I thought this was Biology?”

MOLECULES OF LIFE

• ORGANIC COMPOUNDS:

• MUST HAVE CARBON IN THEM

• Exception is CO (carbon monoxide)

MOLECULES OF LIFE

• Four Types:

• PROTEINS-

• Made from amino acids

• Used for repair, building and structure

• Test: Biuret’s Solution

• Made by the Ribosome

• Examples: any meat, hair nails

MOLECULES OF LIFE

• PROTEINS-

• ENZYMES- special type of protein

• Speed up reactions

• Affected by temp. and pH

• Have an active site.

• Lock and Key theory

MOLECULES OF LIFE

• Carbohydrates:

• Two types:

• Simple- sugars like those in juice or candy

• Complex: like pasta or bagels

• 2:1 ratio of C to H

• Test with Benedicts

• Used for energy

MOLECULES OF LIFE

• LIPIDS:

• Fats, Waxes and Oils

• Saturated- are solid at room temp. Like butter

• Unsaturated- liquid at room temp.- olive oil

• Test: brown paper

• Used for long term storage of energy

MOLECULES OF LIFE

• NUCLEIC ACIDS-

• Hereditary material

• Examples: DNA, RNA

• Made up of nucleotides

THE CELL!!!

Unit 3

CELLS

• HISTORY:

• Hooke- named Cells, Cells. Observed cork.

• Leewenhook- developed the microscope

CELLS

• SCHLEIDEN- says all plants are made of cells

• SCHWANN-all animals are made of cells.

• VIRCHOW-Cells come from other cells.

CELLS

• CELL THEORY-• 1. Cells are the basic

unit of life.• 2. Cells come from

pre-existing cells

• 3.All organisms are made from one or more cells

CELLS

• TWO BASIC TYPES

• 1. Prokaryotes

• Simple

• No nucleus or organelles

• Example Bacteria :Kingdom Monera

• PRO THINK NO!!

Cells

• 2. Eukaryotes:

• Has a nucleus

• Has organelles

• More complex

• Came from prokaryotes

• Examples: Humans, protists

PLANT CELLS

• Have a cell Wall

• Have a HUGE vacuole- store water

• Have a Cell Plate in cell division

• Are usually rectangular

• Chloroplasts

Animal Cells

• Have Centrioles

• Cell Membranes

• May have Cilia, flagella or pseudopodia

ORGANELLES

• Small specialized structures that have special functions within cells.

ORGANELLES

• Nucleus- brain of cell• Nucleolous- inside

nucleus- makes ribosomes

• Chromosomes- inside nucleus- made of DNA- heredity

• Mitochondria- powerhouse of the cell

ORGANELLES

• Lysosome- cleans up the cell

• Ribosome- makes protein

• Cytoplasm- jelly like stuff inside the cell

• E.R.- smooth or rough-with ribosomes- transport

ORGANELLES

• Golgi body or apparatus- packages things

• Vacuole- storage

CELL MEMBRANE

• Fluid Mosaic Model-

• Bilayer

• Made of Phospho-lipids

• Lipids on the inside- hydrophobic

• Phosphates on the outside- hydrophillic

CELL MEMBRANE

• Purpose: Gate keeper

• Semi-Permeable- let’s some things in keeps others out

GETTING THINGS INTO AND OUT OF THE CELL MEMBRANE

• Holes in the membrane let some things in and out with no problem- like O2 and water

• The Proteins help get bigger things across the membrane.

Cell Transport

• TWO TYPES

• PASSIVE- no energy required.

• Examples include Diffusion

CELL TRANSPORT

• OSMOSIS-diffusion with water- passive transport

CELL TRANSPORT

• ACTIVE TRANSPORT-requires energy

• Used to get large molecules into and out of the cell.

• Proteins act as channels/tunnels

Cell Transport

• EXOCYTOSIS- getting things OUT of the cell

CELL TRANSPORT

• ENDOCYTOSIS- getting things INTO the cell

CELL ENERGY Photosynthesis and

Respiratioin

Unit FOUR

CELL ENERGY

• CELL RESPIRATION:

• Done by all cells

• Done in the mitochondria- powerhouse of the cell.

• Method by which the cell gets energy.

• ATP- Unit of Energy

• C6H12O6 + O2-> ATP

CELL ENERGY

• Two types of Cell Respiration:

• AEROBIC-

• Uses oxygen

• Is more efficient-> 32 ATPS

• ANAEROBIC- No oxygen

• Less efficient-> 8 ATPS

ANAEROBIC vs. AEROBIC

• ANAEROBIC:

• No oxygen

• Done by yeast

• Inefficient

• Produces Alcohol or CO2

• AEROBIC:

• Oxygen

• Efficient

• Produces ATPs

Cell Respiration Steps

• Glycolysis: break sugar down into pyruvic acid.

• This happens in BOTH anaerobic and aerobic respiration.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

• Done by plants.

• Done in the chloroplast.

• CO2 + H2O with sunlight ---- C6H12O6 + O2

RESPIRATION & PHOTOSYNTHESIS

• Take home Message

• They are called complementary or opposite reactions to each other. WHY? Because the reactants of one are the products of the other.

CELL REPRODUCTION

UNIT 5

CELL CYCLE

• INTERPHASE: longest part of cell cycle. Includes:

• G1- growth phase• S- synthesis phases-

DNA is replicated here

• G2- second growth phase

CELL CYCLE

• After interphase there is the M phase.

• M=Mitosis/ Meiosis This is when the cell actually divides.

CELL CYCLE

• MITOSIS:• Occurs in body

(somatic) cells, in bacteria or some protists

• Only one parent cell• End up with two

identical daughter cells.

CELL CYCLE

• Mitosis:

• Different Phases- these just tell you what the chromosomes are doing.

• Prophase- chromosomes thicken, nuclear membrane disappears

• Metaphase- chromosomes line up in middle

CELL CYCLE

• MITOSIS:

• Anaphase: chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides of cell

• Telophase: the cell forms a cleavage furrow and begins to split.

CELL CYCLE

• MEIOSIS: Occurs in gametes- sex cells- eggs and sperm ONLY!!!

• End up 4 Haploid ( only half the number of chromosomes) cells.

• Two Divisions

CELL DIVISON

• MITOSIS

• In body cells

• End up with 2 identical diploid cells

• Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

• Cytokinesis

• MEIOSIS

• In sex cells

• End up with 4 haploid cells

• Goes through 2 divisions

GENETICS!!

Unit 6

DNA

• The take home message!

• DNA contains all the information to create proteins.

• DNA is found in every living cell.

• DNA is in the nucleus

• DNA can be used to identify any organism

• It is amazing!!

NUCLEIC ACIDS

• DNA- Deoxyribonucleic Acid.

• Made up of nucleotides- consist of nitrogen base and sugar and phosphate

• Double stranded- double helix- twisted ladder

• Rungs are nitrogen bases (ATCG)

• Sides are sugars and phosphates

• RNA- Ribonucleic acid:

• Single stranded

• Made from nucleotides

• Bases are: AUGC

HISTORY

• Rosalind Franklin used X- Rays to held determine DNA shape

• Watson and Crick Discovered DNA

• Chargaff’s rules- A&T, C&G

DNA REPLICATION

• Only molecule in the universe to do this

• 1. The Hydrogen bonds break and the DNA unzips.

• 2. Free floating nucleotides fill in

• 3. The sides re-form• Replication happens during

the S phase of Interphase in the cell cycle.

Protein Synthesis

• DNA directs protein synthesis.

• Two parts:

• Transcription: mRNA is formed from information from DNA. mRNA leaves the nucleus.

• Codons- three bases= an amino acid

Protein Synthesis

• 2. Translation: The mRNA attaches to a ribosome. Then tRNA brings matching anti-codons to the mRNA.

• This forms amino acids

• Groups of amino acids = protein

DNA TECHNOLOGY

• We Can’t clone Humans

• We can clone some animals

• Human Genome Project- effort to sequence human DNA

Genetics

• Mutations: errors in the DNA that can result in disease.

• Examples: PKU- can’t metabolize an amino acid

• Sickle-Cell Anemia

• Tay Sachs

Chromosome Structure

• DNA is tightly coiled to form a Chromosome

• Humans have 46 chromosomes.

• The chromosome has genes on it.

• Genes are packets of information.

Chromosomes

• Karyotype- the way chromosomes are organized on paper. Done by size- biggest to smallest.

• Used to determine if too many or few, and any problems

Genetics

• Traits- characteristics that are inherited

• Half of DNA comes from mom, half from dad.

• This is why you can have your moms smile and dad’s eyes.

Genetics History

• Mendel- Father of genetics• A monk who worked with

pea plants• Came up with three laws• 1. Law of Dominance- one

“gene” is dominant over another

• 2. Law of Segregation- genes separate

• 3.Law of Independent Assortment- genes are shuffled

Genetics Vocabulary

• Alleles- different forms of the same gene

• Phenotype- the physical appearance of a trait

• Genotype- the genetic makeup of a trait

Genetic Vocabulary

• Homozygous- same genes for a trait. Ex. TT or tt

• Heterozygous- different genes for a trait. Ex. Tt

• P1- first generation or parent

• F1- second or filial generation - offspring

Genetics

• Punnet Square- a table used to show all possible outcomes from a mating

Genetics

• PEDIGREE-a chart used to track a trait through generations.

Genetics

• Incomplete Dominance- Blending of traits ex. Pink flowers blend with red flowers to form pink

• Co Dominance : Equal expression of two alleles ex. Blood type

Taxonomy

Unit 7

TAXONOMY

• Science of naming and classifying organisms.

• Each level of organization is called a taxon

• Linneaus- father of taxonomy

Taxonomy

• The taxa:• Kingdom• Phylum• Class• Order• Family• Genus• Species• Goes from broadest to

most specific

Taxonomy

• Binomial nomenclature: fancy way of saying two name naming system.

• We use genus species

• Homo Sapien

Taxonomy

• KINGDOMS:

• Animalia

• Plantae

• Monera- bacteria

• Protist- paramecium, amoeba

• Fungi- mushrooms

Taxonomy

• Organisms grouped by structural, biochemical, locomotive behavioral and genetic similarities.

• As you go from kingdom to species, the creatures are more similar.

Taxonomy

• Homologous structures- similar and have a common ancestor. EX. The wings of birds and bats. The actual physical structure is similar.

Taxonomy

• Analogous Structures

• Strucures that provide the same function- but DO NOT have a common ancestor.

• EX. Bird and winset wings

EVOLUTION

Unit 8

EVOLUTION

• Change over time• Gradualism- change

takes place over millions of years

• Punctuated Equilibrium- Everything stable for a long while then a sudden change then stable again

EVOLUTION

• Darwin- came up with Natural Selection- the idea that organisms gradually change by adapting to their environment so they have a better chance for survival.

• Survival of the Fittest

EVOLUTION

• Geographic Isolation- New species develops because part of the population becomes isolated and develops different features.

• Ex. Darwin’s finches

ECOLOGY

Unit 9

ECOLOGY

• Biosphere 8km above and 8km below the surface of Earh

• Ecosystem- all living and non-living parts of an area

• Community: All living parts of an area

ECOLOGY

• Population: one particular group of organisms within an area.

• Biotic: any living thing

• Abiotic: any non-living thing

• Biome: an area determined by climate ex. Desert, ocean

ECOLOGY

• Succession: replacement of one community for another

• Primary succession/ pioneer community: first organisms into an area- Ex. Mosses, lichens

ECOLOGY

• Secondary succession: a community is replaced by another one due to some natural disaster- flood, fire

ECOLGY

• Carrying Capacity:

The number of organisms an area can support

Makes an S shaped curve.

ECOLOGY

• Exponential growth: organisms growing without any limits

• Curve goes straight up.

ECOLOGY

• NICHE: the job or role an organism has in an ecosystem

• Producer: plants- anything that makes it’s own food (autotroph)

• Consumer: anything that has to get it’s own food.

ECOLOGY

• DECOMPOSERS: Take care of all the dead organic matter

• Ex. Bacteria/ fungi

ECOLOGY

• Synbiosis: a close personal relationship between two or more organisms

• 3 Types:• Mutualism: both benefit

ex. Bees and flowers• Parasitism: one harms the

other- Dog and flea• Commensalism- one

benefits the other is neither harmed nor benefitted ex. Whales and barnacles

ECOLOGY

• Predator/Prey – Lions and zebras

• Boom/Bust curve- as one increases, the other decreases.

ECOLOGY

• Food Chain- two or three organisms that demonstrate the flow of energy

• Food Web- many organisms that demonstrate the flow of energy in an ecosystem

ECOLOGY

• Ecology Pyramids- show you biomass or energy flow.

• Plants make up the most biomass and have the most energy