SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATOR WITH MPPT AND BATTERY … · Shweta Dikshit 43 [email protected] speed, sensor requiredand cost. The V-I characteristics of the solar module is nonlinear

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International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET) Volume 8, Issue 3, May- June 2017, pp. 42–49, Article ID: IJEET_08_03_004

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJEET/issues.asp?JType=IJEET&VType=8&IType=3

ISSN Print: 0976-6545 and ISSN Online: 0976-6553

Journal Impact Factor (2016): 8.1891 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

© IAEME Publication

SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATOR WITH

MPPT AND BATTERY STORAGE

Shweta Dikshit

M.E. Student, Department of Electrical Engineering,

TSSM’S Bhivarbhai Sawant College of Engineering and Research,

Narhe, Pune, Maharastra, India

ABSTRACT

The distributed energy sources are commonly used small energy generating

sources. Combination of these small energy sources will form microgrid in an

interrelated manner to provide a required amount of demand power management. A

grid connected PV system consist of solar panels, batteries with back up in case of

emergencies, DC-DC converters, Maximum power point tracker (MPPT) and Demand

power management .The main objective of this paper is to supply power to the load

using renewable energy as source such as photovoltaics and battery as a backup and

extracting maximum power from solar panel through maximum power point tracking

technique using dc-dc converter.

Key words: Maximum power point tracking (MPPT), Photovoltaics (PV), Distributed

energy storage system (DESS) voltage/frequency V/F Control, Distributed generation

(DG).

Cite this Article: Shweta Dikshit, Solar Photovoltaic Generator with MPPT and

Battery Storage. International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology, 8(3),

2017, pp. 42–49.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJEET/issues.asp?JType=IJEET&VType=8&IType=3

1. INTRODUCTION

Microgrid is a small grid, integration of large number of distributed generators. Microgrid is

combination of generating units and energy storage units located close to load centers.

Microgrid is widely used in generation systems, due to benefits of achieving high efficiency

and increasing demand. Renewable resource of energy such as photovoltaics are commonly

used for generating power as demand is increasing. Solar cells are the building block of PV

array. When sunlight strikes solar cell it generates electricity. These cells are connected in

series and parallel to form module.

Power conversion efficiency of solar module is very low. To increase the efficiency of

solar module proper impedance matching of source to load is required. Different types

ofMPPT methods are developed for extracting the maximum power from the solar module .

There are many MPPT algorithms and they are varying due to simplicity, efficiency, tracking

Shweta Dikshit


speed, sensor requiredand cost. The V-I characteristics of the solar module is nonlinear and it

mainly depends on irradiation and temperature.

2. SOLAR PV CELL

Solar cells are electrical device which converts the light energy into electricity .It is the form

of photoelectric cell, whose electrical characteristics vary when exposed to light. Solar cells

are building blocks of photovoltaic modules, known as solar panels, the commonly used solar

PV cell model is single diode model. The circuit diagram of solar PV cell is shown below, is

one diode equivalent circuit. In this circuit Iph is the electricity generated by P-N Junction

diode of solar cell from sun lighti.e. current source. Rshis the shunt resistance and Rsis the

series resistances of solar cell .

Figure 1 Equivalent Circuit of Solar PV cell

Figure 2 The I-V characteristics of solar module is shown with (a) varying irradiance at a cell

temperature of o25 C and; (b) varying cell temperature at 1000W/ 2m

3. BATTERY MODELLING

Energy storage is able to perform multiple functions, such as ensuring power quality,

including frequency and voltage regulation, smoothing the output of renewable energy

sources, providing backup power to the system. The scientific modelled battery has two

equations representing the battery discharge and charge model is given below:

)(exp)()(

*= *ttit

itQ

QKiRVV obattery ++

−−−

(1)

Solar Photovoltaic Generator with MPPT and Battery Storage


)(exp][]0.1

[*= *t

itQ

QKi

Qit

QKiRVV obattery +

−−

−−−

(2)

Where Vbattery is the battery voltage (V), Vois the battery constant voltage (V), K is

polarization constant (V/Ah) or polarization resistance ( Ω ), Q is battery capacity (Ah), R is

the internal resistance ( Ω ), i is battery current (A), and *i is filtered current (A).

4. CONTROL METHOD

4.1. MPP Tracking Method

Power conversion efficiency of solar module is very low, to increase efficiency of solar

module proper Impedance matching of load to source is required. There are many MPPT

algorithms and they differ due to simplicity, sensor required, tracking speed and cost. The V-I

characteristics of the solar module is nonlinear and extremely affected by the solar irradiation

and temperature.

Perturb and Observe (P and O)

The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is algorithm used for extracting maximum

available power from PV module under various conditions. The most commonly used MPPT

algorithm is P and O method.In this algorithm a slight voltage perturbation is introduce to the

system, this perturbation causes the power of the solar module varies. If the power increases

due to the perturbation then the perturbation is continued in the same direction. After the peak

power is reached the power at the MPP is maximum and next instant decreases and hence

after that the perturbation reverses as shown in Figure 3. When the stable condition is arrived

the algorithm oscillates around the peak power point. In order to maintain the power variation

small the perturbation size is remain very small. A PI controller then acts to transfer the

operating point of the module to that particular voltage level, some power loss due to this

perturbation also fails to track the maximum power under fast changing atmospheric

conditions

.

Figure 3 Graph power verses voltage for P and O Algorithm

Shweta Dikshit


Figure 4 Perturb and Observe Alogorithm

5. RESULTS

Figure 5 Simulation Main Diagram

Microgrid is a cluster of loads,microsources,storage devices, for extracting maximum

power from solar photovoltaic module maximum power point tracking algorithm is used so as

to increase efficiency.

Solar Panel

Discrete,

Ts = 5e-006 s.

powergui

DC Link

v+-

v+-

TRANSMISSION LINE/ LOAD

Converter

DC Link

Inverter

Converter

Scope3

Scope1

Scope

MPPT

MPPT

+

_

m

Battery

<Current (A)>

<Voltage (V)>



Figure 6 Simulation Diagram of MPPT technique

Perturb and Observe method is commonly used for extracting the maximum power from

the PV module.It is simple and easy to implement.Due to change in irradiance step input is

taken from PV module Vn and Vb is the step delay to limit drop in voltage or fall in

voltage.Similarly for the current In is the step input taken from the PV module and Ib is the

step delay to limit fall in current.Pn - Pb measures the power with feedback for reference is

used ,Similarly Vn - Vb measures the voltage with feedback for reference is used.If dP/dV=0

then switch is closed and maximum power is tracked.If dP/dV>0 or dP/dV<0 then there will

be repeated cycle for tracking the maximum power.

Figure 7 Simulation Diagram of Buck Boost Converter.

Relational logical operator is used for giving the constant voltage to the load.PBattref=Ppv -

PinvwherePpvis the power generated by photovoltaics and Pinv is active power of inverter.PI

controller receives error signal,error signal = PBattref - PBatt where PBattis actual battery power

and PBattrefis reference power to the battery and is compared with various inputs.If Ppv> Pinv

then battery is in charging mode signal from PWM generates result and result of this

comparison is passed through logical AND gate to generate signal which activates buck mode

of DC-DC converter.If Ppv<= Pinv then boost mode of the DC-DC converter operates.With this

logic converter operates in buck boost mode and effectively charging and discharging the

battery.

Shweta Dikshit


Figure 8.Simulation Diagram of Inverter

For balancing power of all three phases 180 degree conduction mode is used to convert

single phase DC to three phase AC.

Figure 9 Simulation Diagram of 13 Bus Distribution Feeder.

It consist of 13 buses or nodes.It consist of loads which is combination of constant

impedance,constant current and constant power loads.



Figure 10 Waveform of the solar panel output(scope)

Figure 11 Waveform of solar panel and battery output 2(scope1)

Figure 12 Waveform of output

Shweta Dikshit


6. CONCLUSIONS

This paper presents the control strategy with efficacious coordination between PV generator,

battery and inverter in microgrid for demand power management. PV generator gives

maximum power through MPPT control. It shows the control strategy with coordination

between PV generator, battery for V-f control. It also shows the soft synchronization.

ACKNOWLEDMENT

I would like to thank Head of Department Electrical Engineering Professor A.P. Kinge

T.S.S.M’S Bhivarabhai Sawant College of Engineering and Research Pune, for providing

immense support for his exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement

throughout the course of this project. The blessing, help and guidance given by him time to

time shall carry me a long way in the journey of life on which I am about to embark.

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Documents

SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATOR WITH MPPT AND BATTERY … · Shweta Dikshit 43 [email protected] speed, sensor requiredand cost. The V-I characteristics of the solar module is nonlinear