Energeia Group

Leeuwarden 27 June 2018

SOLAR PV & THE FUTURE OF ENERGY

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• Energeia Group

• The Netherlands; Some selected facts

• Solar PV basics

• Energy pay-back assessment in 2018

• EAM Drachtsterweg project and ambitions

• Cost of Solar PV & household budget

• Cost of electricity storage coming down

• Electrification of transportation

• Summary - Where are we heading

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TOPICS COVERED

•  Norway, The Netherlands, Italy and Myanmar •  Involved in Solar PV since 1989 •  Operation of Power plants in Italy since 2011 •  Solar power plant started in Myanmar •  Solar power plant under construction in Fryslân

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ENERGEIA GROUP

Area and people •  41,543 km2 •  17 million people •  900 km2 roof space suitable for Solar PV

Energy •  Total final energy use of 1.838 PJ •  120 TWh electricity consumed (20% of final energy use) •  Natural gas 36% and road transport 32% of final energy use Road transport •  11,2m vehicles (8,4m passenger cars) •  133bn km annual road transport •  11,5bn litres of gasoline and diesel consumed annually •  Annual fuel cost EUR 16,5bn

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THE NETHERLANDS; SOME SELECTED FACTS

•  1.300 W/m2 outside the atmosphere •  1.000 W/m2 on the ground on a sunny day (“1 sun hour”) •  The Netherlands receives 1.000 “sun hours” per year = 1.000 kWh/m2

•  Good quality PV module today @ 310W equals to 188 kWh/m2 per year. •  The Netherlands receives 8.000 TWh of electricity (41.534 km2 x 188 kWh/m2)

from the sun.

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SOLAR PV BASICS

ENERGY PAY-BACK ASSESSMENT IN 2018

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One PV module produces enough energy to make 20 new PV modules. The 20 PV modules makes enough energy to make 400 PV modules. The 400 PV modules makes enough energy to produce 8.000 PV modules. The 8.000 PV modules makes enough energy to produce 160.000 PV modules ….. Solar PV makes ”Superabundance” of energy possible.

•  High density bifacial power plant design

•  Design increases power production from 86 kWh/m2 to 170 kWh/m2

•  The design increases power production from land area used by more 100%

•  EAM is evaluating intermediate storage (battery) on site to disconnect electricity production and consumption

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EAM DRACHTSTERWEG PROJECT AND AMBITIONS

•  Current power bill for grid electricity is EUR 0,24 per kWh

•  Saving is EUR 0,19 per kWh

•  Total saving EUR 67.000 (4.8x cash return on investment)

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COST OF SOLAR PV & HOUSEHOLD BUDGET

House electricityRoof 50 m2Modules 30 noEffect installed 9 300 WpAnnual production 9 300 kWhYears 30 YearsTotal production 279 000 kWh

Cost 1,50 EUR/WpTotal 13 950 EURCost per kWh 0,050 EUR/kWh

•  Large scale electric battery prices reduced with 60% last 5 years from

USD 650 to USD 250 per kWh.

•  Massive investment in manufacturing capacity to cover increase in

demand for electric and hybrid electric vehicles.

•  Price expected to fall another 60% to below USD 100 kWh.

•  Cycle times increasing (25 year guarantees given now).

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COST OF ELECTRICITY STORAGE COMING DOWN

Example; Audi A6 vs. Tesla S Example: electrifying transport in The Netherlands

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ELECTRIFICATION OF TRANSPORTATION

Cost of car transportation

Audi A6 gasolinekm 35 000 kmConsumption Ltr/10km 0,81 ltr/10kmFuel price - gasoline 1,60 EUR/ltrFuel consumption 2 835 LtrAnnual fuel cost 4 536 EURFuel cost per km 0,13 EUR/km

Tesla S (grid electricity)km 35 000 kmConsumption kWh/10km 2,10 kWh/10kmGrid electricity 0,24 EUR/kWhFuel consumption 7 350 kWhAnnual fuel cost 1 764 EURFuel cost per km 0,05 EUR/kmSavings vs gasoline - 61% EUR/km

Tesla S (home electricity)km 35 000 kmConsumption kWh/10km 2,10 kWh/10kmHouse Solar PV 0,05 EUR/kWhFuel consumption 7 350 kWhAnnual fuel cost 368 EURFuel cost per km 0,01 EUR/kmSavings vs gasoline - 92% EUR/km

Km driven Passenger car TotalTotal km (million) 102 200 133 093No. Vehicles 8 100 864 10 908 581km/vehicle 12 616 12 201

Fuel consumption kg (mil) Ltr (mil) EUR/ltr EURm

Gasoline 3 835 5 202 1,60 8 323Diesel 5 593 6 320 1,30 8 216Total 9 428 11 522 1,44 16 539

If all road transport was electricElectricity consumption 27,95 TWh% of total electricity 23,3%Area needed 149 km2% of available solar roof space 16,5%

Fuel cost at EURc 9 per kWh 2 515 EURm% saving - 85%Fuel cost at EURc 24 per kWh 6 708 EURm% saving - 59%

Annual cost savings = total state budget for Infrastructure (EUR 10bn)

•  The cheapest electricity to produce today in large parts of the world is Solar PV.

•  Solar PV is variable and intermittent and we need electricity storage as part of the energy system.

•  Electric cars are cheaper and better than internal combustion cars – this will push down the cost of batteries.

•  Europe being a net fossil energy importer (oil bill of EUR 600bn a year) will benefit massively from this development (alongside China, Japan, India and the USA (all net energy importers).

•  Oil, coal and gas exporters will loose.

•  Timeline? – think mobile phone penetration in the 1990’s

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SUMMARY - WHERE ARE WE HEADING

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Thank you