Upload
others
View
3
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
1
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
Solar Solar Solar Solar CollectorsCollectorsCollectorsCollectors for Solar for Solar for Solar for Solar CooolingCooolingCooolingCooolingMarketMarketMarketMarket status status status status andandandand newnewnewnew developmentsdevelopmentsdevelopmentsdevelopments
João Farinha [email protected]
DER / INETI
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
1878 Paris World Exibition :
In the 29th September, Augustin Mouchot used
the absorption machine of Edmund
Carré to obtain the first piece of ice with solar
energy.
Mouchot, Augustin:La chaleur Solaire et ses Applications Industrielles(German translation, published in Olynthus, 1987)
Active solar cooling. The first experiments
2
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
Father Himalaya FatherHimalaya in 1902
Father Manuel A. Gomes near his Pyrheliophoro showedto the public during the Universal Exposition of Saint
Louis (USA), in 1904, where he obtained the Grand Prix(50 m2; ~3800ºC).
Father Himalaya : a pionneer in Portugal
[1] – Jacinto Rodrigues –“A Conspiração Solar do Padre Himalaia ” – Edited by Cooperativa de Actividades Artisticas, Porto (Portugal), 1999.
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
Electricity consumption in Portugal
20000
30000
40000
50000
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 20050
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
GWh [%]
In Spain the electricity consumption is increasing at a rate of 6-7% / year
Both countries import more than 80% of total energy consumption
3
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
� Buildings are responsible by 58% of electricity consumption in Portugal
� Buildings are responsible by 22% of final energy consumption in Portugal
�� Residential sector represent 13% of final energy consumption in Portugal.
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
Solar radiation availability
4
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
Global radiation
at optimally
inclined surface
Annual average
of daily sums[Wh/m2]
Solar radiation availability
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
5
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
SSSSolarolarolarolar cooling:cooling:cooling:cooling:
. High level of solar radiation in summer
. Reduction of fossil fuel consumption
. Increased ecomomic viability (annual utilization)
. Low CO2, NOx, SOx, etc., emissionsand also :
. No dangerous refrigerants to ozone and greenhouse effect
. High quality of the air conditioned (100% new air )
Solar assisted air conditioning
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
comercial availability
Tested in pilotinstalations
Solar Cooling Technologies
6
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
Cooled water temperature : 8°C
Cooling water temperature: 28°C
Cooled water temperature : 8°C
Cooling water temperature: 28°C
Solar cooling. Closed cycles
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
Solar cooling. Closed cycles
7
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
desiccant
adsorption1-effect
absorption2-effect
absorption
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
∆∆∆∆T/G [Km 2/W]
ηη ηη col
l
SYC
EDF
FPC
SAC
EHP
CPCSAC = air solar collector
CPC = stationary CPC
FPC = flat plate solar collector with selective surface
EHP = vaccum tubes with heat pipes
EDF = evacuated collecor with direct circulation
SYC = Sydney vacuum tubes, stationary, with concentration
SAC = air solar collector
CPC = stationary CPC
FPC = flat plate solar collector with selective surface
EHP = vaccum tubes with heat pipes
EDF = evacuated collecor with direct circulation
SYC = Sydney vacuum tubes, stationary, with concentration
Solar collectors and solar cooling
Hans-Martin Henning
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
Collector Performance
G = Ib + Id
Efficiency equation :
Increase optical efficiency
Decrease thermal losses : radiation (selective surface, concentration ratio) convection (vacuum, double cover, TIM …)conduction (vacuum)
8
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
Stationary Collectors. Improved flat plate collectors
ISE/ESE Double glazed withAR glass cover
Operating Temp.: 80-150ºCArea: 2 m2
OperatingTemp.: 80-150ºCArea: 2.7 m2
SCHUCO Double glazed glass cover
η > 50%Τ <120 ºC
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
Stationary Collectors. Flat plate collectors
A new polimeric collector: Selective flat plate collectors (Solar Keymark ’06)
9
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
2D geometry 3D geometry
The limits of concentration – 2nd Law Thermodynamics
Welford, W.D., Winston, R.
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
Stationary CPC type collectors
Efficiency equation : Concentration ratio:
+θa−θa2nd degreecurve
involute
G = Ib + Id / C
10
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
• Stationary CPC type collector : C = 1.2
• Aluminium reflector,
• Low cost structure
• Reactor: borosilicate glass tube
• UV in the direct and difuse radiation
• Operating temperature = Tambient
UV Solar Detoxification
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
Secondary concentration in the
solar furnace of PSA
TERC - Tailored Edge Ray Concentrator
• Material Treatment• TERC type secondary • Aluminium reflector cooled with water
Secondary Concentration
11
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
Stationary Collectors. CPC type collectors
Operating Temp.: 80-110ºCArea: 2 m2
Operating Temp.: 80-120ºCArea: 2.7 m2
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
Operating Temp.: 50-90ºCArea: 3.78 m2 (6m*0.63m)
EW assymmetrical CPC
12
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
Dewar type - built in selective surface or with adjusted inner coated metal Glass / metal seal, with or without heat pipeWith and without back reflectorCPC type reflector or not
Stationary Collectors. Vacuum tube collectors
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
CPC collector development
Stationarity at 150ºC
Concentration ratio : C= 1 / sin (θθθθa)Stationarity : C<2 (θθθθa>30º)
� Gas rarefaction
� Double cover
� TIM (honeycomb)
� Convection blocking mechanism
Convection losses minimization:
13
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
Integrated Low Concentration CPC type Collector
Stationnary Collector : C = 1.3Operat.Temp.= 180ºC with η=50%
• Solar Cooling Applications• Steam for Industrial Processes
CPC collector development
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
Collector Performance – Imaging optics
0
5
10
15
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
G = Ib
Efficiency equation : Concentration ratio:
14
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
• Need to follow the apparent motion of the sun in one axis
• Operating temperature: thermal fluid – until 390ºC + auxiliary (gas) to operate between
450 and 470ºC.
• Absorber in vacuum tube
• DISS : direct steam production
• Concentration 30 to 80 X ; power 30 to 80 MW
• Opimal sizing >50MWp (2-3 euro / Wp)
Parabolic Trough Power Plants
Mojave Desert / California
Years 84-91 / 354 MWp = 9 SEGS
Annual Efic 14 a 18% ; max=21%
CF =24% Hibrid: 5 a 25%Eurotrough collector
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
Solar Thermal Electricity with Parabolic TroughsSecondary Concentration wih CPC (ARDISS proj. )
Direct prodution of steam in the absorberT > 400 ºC.
Parabolic Trough Power Plants
15
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
• Spain
• Mexico
• Germany
• Austria
• Israel
Non-stationary collectors. The parabolic troughs
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
Operating Temperature: 100-200ºCArea: 2.0 m2 (4m*0.5m)Focal length : 10 cm
16
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
Operating Temperature: 80-300ºCArea: 2 m2 (2m*1m)
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
Operating Temperature: 130-300ºCArea: 2.62 m2 (6m * 0.44m)Foca length: 70 cm
Parabolic Trough CollectorMexico - CIE/UNAM
T 220ºC
17
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
SOLEL Collector, Israel
Operating Temperature: 80-150ºCArea: 37.2 m2 (24m * 1.55m) C=38Focal length: 85 cm (11.5kg/m2)
Designed for electricity (mono cristalinesolar cells) and heat production (by cooling cells)
Australian National University
SOLEL#6, the sixth generation, upgraded version of the LS2 parabolic trough (T 400ºC)
T 180ºC : cogeneration system
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
18
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
Operating Temperature: 100-200ºCArea: 9.162 m2 (5.09m*1.8m)Focal length : 78 cm
Operating Temperature: 100-200ºCArea: 9.162 m2 (2*6*6m*0.5m)Focal length : 250 cm
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
To come close to the parabola by set of flat tangent mirrors
CLFR - Compact Linear Fresnel Reflector
Solarmundo / PSE
19
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
• Less absorber per m2 : lower thermal losses
• Absorber is fixed : possibility to have DISS
• Flat mirrors (lower cost), which can have a small curvature, i.e. extra concentration or
greater size to the same concentration.
• Sun tracking with lower accuracy: clock mechanism, simpler and cheaper
• Temperature <290ºC: turbine with lower efficiency but also low requirements for
materials, survival, etc.
• The ground surface requirement per m2 of mirror is around 70% of other technologies.
CLFR Power Plant
1MWth - Liddell Coal Power Station, Australia by SH&P
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
20
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
http://www.iea-ship.org
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
www.eurosun2008.orgwww.eurosun2008.orgwww.eurosun2008.orgwww.eurosun2008.org
21
IEA SHC Task 38 Workshop – Aix-les-Bains, 25th April 20 07
Lisbon will host the
congress …