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Solaris
Group F
Kevin Franklin
Jay Lee
Greg Nesslerodt
Travis Thomas
Chris Woodley
Overview
• Environment
• State of the Art
• Commercial Success
• Technical success
• Pro’s
• Con’s
Environment
• UNIX
• SPARC (32- and 64-bit)
• Intel Architecture (32-bit)
State of the Art
• Advanced the state of the art by:– Manageability– Commercial Presence– Also Java-based applications
Commercial Success
• Called “the #1 UNIX operating environment”
• Good reviews– InfoWorld– D.H. Brown
Commercial Success (cont’d)
• Satisfied customers:• ATG • BEA Systems, Inc. • Cadence Design Systems, Inc. • Computer Associates
International, Inc. • Data Connection Ltd. • Gemstone Systems, Inc. • Hewlett-Packard, Inc. • Industri-Matematik • Informix • J.Crew • Lexmark International • Lotus Development Corporation • Magma Design Automation • Mentor Graphics Corp.
• Metrowerks • Novell • Oracle • Platform Computing • RealNetworks, Inc. • Resonate • RSi Solutions Ltd. • SAS Institute • SBE.com • Sybase • ThinAirApps • TimesTen • VERITAS
Commercial Success (cont’d)• The UNIX versus NT Organization lists 103
prominent companies web servers and their OSes• Many use Solaris including: AOL, Apple, AT&T,
Bank of America, CBS, CNN, The Coca-cola company, FBI, Geico, Lockheed-Martin, McDonalds, MCI, MIT, Netscape, NSA, Oracle, Sony, Sprint, Time-Warner,Verisign
Commercial Success – InfoWorld Review
Sun Microsystems Solaris
• Current release: Solaris 8
• Platform: Sun Sparc and Intel PC workstations and servers
• Standard: Unix 98
• Application score: 10 out of 10
• “…Sun's ownership of Java and its involvement in iPlanet, make Sun the safest choice in enterprise Unix systems.”
Commercial Success – InfoWorld Review (cont’d)
Name Platform Standard Score
SGI Irix 6.5 SGI MIPS servers and workstations
Unix 95 2 out of 10
Hewlett-Packard HP-UX 11i
HP 9000 servers Unix 95 9 out of 10
IBM AIX 5L IBM RS/6000 and selected other systems running IBM Power and PowerPC series processors; Intel IA-64 edition planned
Unix 98 9 out of 10
SCO UnixWare 7.1 Intel PC workstations and servers
Unix 95 0 out of 10
Commercial Success – D.H. Brown
• D.H. Brown Associates, 2001 UNIX Function Review– Rated Solaris the best overall against UnixWare 7.1.1,
AIX 4.3.3, Tru64 UNIX 5.1, and HP-UX 11i
– Rated Solaris first in RAS (Reliability, Availability/Scalability, and Serviceability) and Directory and Security Services
– Gives Solaris a strong standing in Internet and Web-Application Services
Technical success – Availability
• allows installation of updates while applications continue to run
• when installation is complete, a simple reboot enables the new version to take control – This reduces the amount of downtime
• Backward compatible
Technical success – Scalability• Designed for multiprocessing and 64-bit
computing• the Solaris platform supports:
– One million simultaneous processes on a single system
– Up to 128 CPUs on a single system – More than four billion network connections – 32- and 64-bit applications – Two-, four-, and eight-node clusters – IPv4 and IPv6 network addresses – Up to 512 CPUs in a clustered environment
Technical success – Manageability• Solaris Web Start Wizards[tm]• Solaris JumpStart[tm]• Solaris Management Console• Sun Cluster 3.0 • Sun Management Center • Solaris Volume Manager (formerly known as Solstice
DiskSuite[tm] software)
Technical success – Security
• IPSec for creating virtual private networks (VPNs) • Smart card authentication compatible with the open
card framework (OCF) 1.1 specification • “Role-based access control for distributing superuser
authorizations”
• Trusted Solaris– extension of Solaris– more security measures
Technical success – Security: Trusted Solaris
• Mandatory Access Controls (MAC)– allows information to be processed at multiple sensitivity
levels
• Labels: Sensitivity and Clearances– Sensitivity labels are assigned to system objects accessed
by users– Clearances set an upper and lower sensitivity boundary
where a user can work.
• Discretionary Access Controls (DAC)– used to restrict access to information based on a user's
identity or group membership.
Advantages• the Sparc and Intel versions are the same OS
• Solaris has the broadest application support of any commercial Unix-based OS.
• Java compatibility
• Availability
• Manageability
• Security
• Presence in commercial environment– Free Binary License
• Backwards compatibility
Disadvantages
• Sparc processors don't scale as efficiently as rivals’
• large-scale Sun systems are notoriously expensive
• Solaris ships with an anemic standard software bundle with costly options
• Some advantages lost when majority of network is not Sun-based
– E.g., Sun Management Center
7 FILE TYPES
• ‘-’ Ordinary File
• ‘d’ Directory File
• ‘b’ Block Device File
• ‘c’ Character Device File
• ‘l’ Symbolic Link File
• ‘s’ Socket
• ‘p’ Pipe File
SOLARIS FILE SYSTEM
• Boot Block
• Super Boot Block
• Data Block
• I-node List
Thread Creation and Control
• Threads created from process
• Begin from main-like sub-routine
• ID from creator
• Shared verse local data
Thread Relationships
Thread Execution• States of user-level threads:
– Sleeping– Stopped
– Runnable– Active
Thread Execution
• Events causing thread to exit active state:– Suspension– Preemption– Yielding– Synchronization
Synchronization
• Uses four primitives to accomplish synchronization– Mutual exclusion locks– Semaphores– Multiple readers, single writer locks– Condition variables
Mutual Exclusion Locks
• mutex_enter() – obtains lock
• mutex_exit() – releases lock
• mutex_tryenter() – busy wait for blocked
Semaphores
• sema_p() - decrements
• sema_v() - increments
• sema_tryp() –decrements with out blocking
Readers/writer Lock
• rw_enter() – obtains lock
• rw_exit() – releases lock
• rw_tryenter() – obtains lock using busy-wait
• rw_downgrade() – converts writer to reader
• rw_upgrade() – converts reader to writer
Condition Variables
• cv_wait() – blocks
• cv_signal() – removes block
• cv_broadcast() – removes all blocks
Processes: Memory
• Has own virtual memory space
• Require address translation map and memory management unit to access real memory– MMU must update translation maps when
context switch occurs
• Must contain a u area and kernel stack
Process Context
• Contains information about the process– Hardware context:
• program counter, process status word, memory management registers, floating point unit registers
– User Address Space• Program text and data, user stack
– Control Information• U area, proc structures, kernel stack, address
translation maps
Process Context Continued
• Credentials– User and group Ids (real and effective)
• Environmental variables• The u area must contain:
– Process control block, pointer to the proc structure, info about system calls, signal handlers, memory management info, table of open files, pointers to current directory, CPU usage statistics,
Threads
• Relatively independent set of instructions
• Control point within process
• Advantages:– Context switches are cheaper– Application is able to continue to run if
resources aren’t available to all threads
Kernel Threads
• Entity scheduled by the kernel
• Uses kernel text and data, but unique kernel stack
Lightweight Processes
• Swappable portion of a thread
• Performs the processing for the application
• 12 states:– Preempt, wakeup, stop, blocking, system, call,
dispatch, runnable, running, active, stopped, continue
User Threads
• Created by lightweight processes
• Used to control time and locking issues
• Handles segmentation violations
Zombie Processes
• A process that has been killed by a parent but has not been removed from the system
• Not accessible by scheduler
• Can be restored but only by programmer, not system.
Sources• http://www.sun.com/software/solaris/• http://www.sun.com/trustedsolaris/• “Six flavors run the gamut: The good, the bad, and the
ugly”, By Tom Yager, InfoWorld Test Center , 1/12/01; http://www.infoworld.com/articles/tc/xml/01/01/15/010115tcunix.xml
• “Microsoft Admits NT Trails Solaris”(07/28/98, 12:40 p.m. ET) By Barbara Darrow and Stuart Glascock -http://www.techweb.com/wire/story/TWB19980728S0004
• http://www.unix-vs-nt.org/webservers.html
Sources
• Sun tops charts with security system By Maggie Biggs, For InfoWorld Test Center, 4/5/01; http://www.infoworld.com/articles/tc/xml/01/04/09/010409tctsolaris.xml
• Fighting the threat within, Maggie Biggs, Federal Computer Week, 3/26/01; http://www.fcw.com/fcw/articles/2001/0326/tec-solaris-03-26-01.asp