Solid Waste as Substitute Energy for Bislig City

Solid Waste as Substitute Energy for Bislig City

A Research Report

Submitted to

The Faculty of Engineering Department

University of Southeastern Philippines

Bislig-Campus

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Bachelor of Science

in Mechanical Engineering

Submitted by

Kirby T. Abanil

Shela Mae C. Baliad

March 2015

APPROVAL SHEET

This undergraduate thesis entitled SOLID WASTE AS SUBSTITUTE

ENERGY FOR BISLIG CITY prepared and submitted by Kirby T. Abanil and Shela

Mae C. Baliad, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree, Bachelor of

Science in Mechanical Engineering, has been examined and recommended for

acceptance, and approval.

FELICISIMO P. PIANDONG JR.

Adviser

________________________________________________________________________

ADVISORY COMMITTEE

APPROVED by the Committee on Oral Examination.

ANASTACIO G. PANTALEON JR.

Chairman

GERVACIO C. MORGADO JR. NOEL C. OCAP

Member Member

________________________________________________________________________

ACCEPTED as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor

of Science in Mechanical Engineering.

AMOR D. DE CASTRO

Dean

March 2015

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is a pleasure to thank the many people who made this research possible. We, the

researchers would never have been able to finish this research without the guidance of

our Almighty God, to the committee members, help from friends, and support from

family.

We would like to express our deepest gratitude to our advisor, Engr. Felicisimo P.

Piandong, Jr., for his excellent guidance, caring, patience, knowledge and providing us

with an excellent atmosphere for doing research. We are also thankful to Engr. Adam C.

Macapili for the suggestions which helped to a great extent in the study.

We wish to thank Engr. Anastacio G. Pantaleon Jr., Engr. Noel C. Ocap and Engr.

Gervacio C. Morgado Jr. who give their best suggestions. Our research would not have

been possible without their helps.

We would also like to thank our families for the love and support they provided

through our entire life. They are always there cheering us up through the good times and

bad.

Lastly, and most importantly, we wish to thank our Almighty God for giving us

strength and answering our prayers despite on our hectic schedules in academic, thank

you so much Lord God.

The Researchers

Abstract

We, Abanil, Kirby T. and Baliad, Shela Mae C., the researchers from College of

Engineering in University of Southeastern Philippines, Bislig Campus, conducted a study

entitled Solid Waste as Substitute Energy for Bislig City . The purpose is to determine

the following objectives; (1.) the volume by category of solid waste in Bislig City (2.) the

heating values of each category (3.) the available energy for conversion (4.) to compare

to the previous study. The researchers used secondary data that was taken from City

Administrators Office of Solid Waste Management Division. It was presented and

analyzed using calculations. This study reveals the following conclusions; (1.) there was

6,989,253.6 kg/year, the estimated total volume of biodegradable waste generated in

Bislig City as of 2014, (2.) the selected biodegradable waste namely papers, yard wastes,

and woods were used for incineration. The heating values used in calculations are in dry

basis, (3.) there was 943.6556 kJ/sec. total energy content available across the entire year

only from the biodegradable waste collected in Bislig City as of 2014. (4.) the total

energy content available per second across the entire year in previous study is high

(3,476.95 kJ/sec.) compare to the present one (943.656 kJ/sec.). It was because the

researcher used the total volume of biodegradable waste in present study while the

previous, the total volume of solid waste was used for calculations.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

APPROVAL SHEET ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii

Abstract iv

LIST OF TABLES v

Chapter

1 INTRODUCTION 1

Background of the Study 1

Statement of the Problem 4

Objectives of the Study 4

Significance of the Study 5

Scope and Limitation 5

Definition of Terms 6

Conceptual Framework 7

2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 9

3 METHODOLOGY 16

Research Design 16

Locale of the Study 16

Respondents/Participants 17

Research Instrument 17

Research Procedure 17

4 PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS 19

5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 24

References 26

APPENDICES

Appendix A

Appendix B

Appendix C

Appendix D Calculations

Appendix E Approval Letter

Appendix F Curriculum Vitae

LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.0 Volume of Biodegradable Waste Generated in Every Barangay within Bislig

City (kg/day)

Table 4.1 Physical Composition and the Heating Value in dry basis

Table 4.2 Energy Content of the Selected Biodegradable Waste from Previous Study

and Present Study

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of Study

Waste is usually buried or burned. Burning waste is no longer a common practice,

primarily due to inadequate pollution control measures in the past (Vesilind et al., 2002).

Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills are now the method by which most municipalities

dispose of their solid waste. Certain components of the waste stream lend themselves

inherently to reuse or recycling under the right economic and geographic circumstances

(Curlee et al.,1994). For other fractions of the municipal waste stream (e.g. the wet

putrescible organic fraction), beneficial recycling or re-use is infeasible in the North

American context because it is more expensive than landfill disposal (FCM, 2004).

However, this fraction of the waste stream, subsequent to some processing, may have

value as fertilizer (Parker and Roberts, 1985).

The biological degradation of organic materials almost always yields energy in

some form, and in the right conditions such energy can be harnessed (Kayhanian et al.,

1991). Similarly, components of MSW such as paper, cardboard, and plastic have an

inherent energy value that can be realized by combustion or other means (Anderson and

Tillman, 1977). This thesis discusses the technical aspects and feasibility of various

techniques of converting MSW into energy in rural Saskatchewan in the context of a

study of waste composition.Waste composition has a major influence on the economic

feasibility of waste-to-energy (Lamborn, 1999). Many studies show waste composition

varies from community to community based upon demographic and socio-economic

factors (Dayal et al., 1993. In order to determine the feasibility of waste-to-energy in

small cities and towns in Saskatchewan, understanding of the composition of the

municipal solid waste (MSW) is essential.

Many authorities and communities are aware of the challenges associated with

municipal solid waste and are seeking cost effective and environmentally acceptable

solutions (Millrath and Themelis, 2003). Not only is the quantity of waste increasing, but

alternative waste management strategies are limited as a result of environmental

regulations and political and social realities associated with the location of waste

management facilities in willing host communities. In order to rationally evaluate

alternatives, the first step for municipalities is to conduct a waste composition study.

Determining the composition of their waste will provide a firm basis upon which to

determine the technical feasibility of future waste diversion projects such as recycling,

composting, and waste-to-energy.

Hundreds of small municipal landfills are located throughout the province of

Saskatchewan. In many communities, recycling programs are not economical due to

insufficient amounts of waste to compensate for the distance to market. Many of these

landfills require continuous expansion to accommodate the growing amount of waste

being produced. One option many municipalities are considering for reducing their MSW

is waste-to-energy (Vesilind et al., 2002). Several different types of waste-to-energy

technologies are available, all differing in their associated costs and environmental

effects, and the types and quantities of waste they can use. Using municipal solid waste

for energy results in a reduction in the total amount of waste going to the landfill.

In some cases this reduction can be very significant, reducing landfilling costs and

environmental impact. Waste-to-energy can be very appealing to many municipalities,

because it turns a liability into a resource that can generate revenue.

Waste-to-energy is renewable because its fuel source and garbage is sustainable

and non-depletable. As the world population grows, so do the amount and type of wastes

being generated. Many wastes produced today will remain in the environment for

hundreds and perhaps thousands of years. The creation of non-decaying waste materials,

combined with a growing consumer population, has resulted in a waste disposal crisis.

According to the U.S. EPA, waste-to-energy is a clean, reliable, renewable source of

energy.

In Singapore, the hierarchy is based on waste minimization (reduce, reuse, and

recycle-3R) followed by incineration and landfill. Land is very scarce in this country and

this has resulted in incineration as the most preferred method of treatment (Bai and

Suntanto, 2001). The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA, 2006)

has ranked the most environmentally sound strategies for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

as source reduction (including reuse) the most preferred method, followed by recycling

and composting, and, lastly, disposal in combustion facilities and landfills.

The World Bank defines the types of wastes according to source as: Municipal

solid waste (MSW): Includes non-hazardous waste generated in households, commercial

and business establishments, institutions, and non-hazardous industrial process wastes,

agricultural wastes, and sewage sludge. As part of municipal solid waste, commercial

waste includes all municipal solid wastes emanating from business establishments such

as stores, markets, office buildings, restaurants, shopping centers, and entertainment

centers. The World Economic Forum released its Global Energy Architecture

Performance Index Report (EAPI, 2015), which benchmarks the current performance of

national energy systems and explores how the most successful countries manage the

energy triangle (energy security, energy affordability, and environmental sustainability)

and achieve balance through energy diversity. While ongoing policy is critical to helping

countries achieve energy diversity, so is a commitment to energy innovation.

Thus, the researchers were conduct a study of solid waste as substitute energy for

Bislig City to be able to determine if our City has enough source of energy in waste.

Statement of the Problem

This research was conducted to further understand the study of solid waste as

substitute energy for Bislig City. This study was probably answering the queries of the

following questions:

1. What is the volume of biodegradable waste in Bislig City?

2. What are the heating values of each category?

3. What is the available energy for conversion?

4. Compare to the previous study.

Objectives of the Study

General Objective

To conduct a study of Solid Waste as Substitute Energy for Bislig City

Specific Objectives

1. To determine the volume of biodegradable waste in Bislig City.

2. To determine the heating values of each category.

3. To determine the available energy for conversion.

4. To compare to the previous study.

Significance of the study

Through this study, we will be able to know or determine the volume by category

of solid waste in Bislig City, heating values for each categories and the available energy

for conversion. This study will also evaluate the significance of land-based sources of

solid waste as substitute energy. Solid waste to energy is very essential because it make

use of the systems approach which helps reduce the environmental impacts. If there will

always have a waste of human, there is also a reliable source of fuel. This will also serve

as a guide for those who want to conduct a study related to this.

Scope and Limitation

This study focuses mainly on collected biodegradable waste as substitute energy.

This covers the disposal of all biodegradable waste within the City of Bislig. The amount

of collected garbage is being utilized in order to produce energy. The collected datas

(see Appendix A and B) is from the office of Solid Waste Management, it includes the

the City average solid waste generation, the volume of waste generated in every barangay

within Bislig City and the total number of population in the City as of 2014.

Definition of Terms

Biodegradable waste - a type of waste which can be broken down, in a reasonable

amount of time, into its base compounds by micro-organisms and other living things,

regardless of what those compounds may be.

Bislig City - a third class city in the province of Surigao del Sur, Mindanao, Philippines.

According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 96,578 people. It is approximately

208 kilometers (129 mi) northeast of Davao City, 152 kilometers (94 mi) south of Tandag

City (the provincial capital) and 158 kilometers (98 mi) southeast of Butuan City.

Energy - the capacity of a physical system to perform work.

Heating value - calorific value of a substance, usually a fuel or food is the amount of

heat released during the combustion of a specified amount of it.

Incineration - a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic

substances contained in waste materials. Incineration and other high-temperature waste

treatment systems are described as "thermal treatment". Incineration of waste materials

converts the waste into ash, flue gas, and heat.

Solid Wastes - any discarded or abandoned materials. It can be solid, liquid, and semi-

solid or containerized gaseous material.

Waste-to-energy - the process of generating energy in the form of heat from the

incineration of waste.

Conceptual Framework

In Figure 1.0 Conceptual Framework, human mainly produced biodegradable

waste namely paper, wood, and yard waste into solid waste management. This solid

waste is being process to convert fuel as a substitute to coal or fuel due to the presence of

solid waste, prior to conversion to a fuel; a drying process is required to remove the

moisture from such waste to allow the solidification of the waste in suitable shapes and

densities.

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Figure 1.0 Conceptual Framework

Biodegradable Waste Fuel

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Wastes are inevitable part of human activity. The problems associated with waste

can be traced back to the very beginning of civilization, when humans gathered in

communities (Priestly, 1968). Wastes generated then were contained and disposed of by

natural processes. However, as population increased and villages grew into towns and

then into cities, the amount of waste generated increased. Consequently, wastes were

dumped indiscriminately into waterways, empty lands and access roads. The appalling

conditions gave rise to epidemics like the Black Plague that destroyed large

population of Europe in the 14th century (Priestly, 1968). Similar conditions were also

experienced in the other continents.

Environmental Aspects of Solid Waste Management

Environmental degradation due to unplanned waste disposal and improper waste

management in urban areas was not the prime concern even a few decades ago in the

developing countries like Bangladesh (Bhuiyan et al., 2003). But the increasing urban

population made the environmentalists thinks about the scientific waste management with

topmost priority in urban planning in the developing countries. It has only been in the

very recent times, when certain NGOs started working and highlighting the pathetic state

of municipal waste services provision in the country. Then the decision-makers began to

realize the importance of this particular aspect of environmental management (Rahman

et al., 2000).

Waste Stream Characterization

Waste stream characterization is important for developing solid waste

management programs; such as recycling, composting, landfill design, and waste-to-

energy facilities. Each type of waste-to-energy utilizes certain components of the waste

and thus, waste composition plays a major role in determining which type of waste-to-

energy is technically and economically feasible for a given waste stream. According to

Khan and Burney (1989), the success of any recovery or recycling effort is directly

related to accurate determination of solid waste composition.

Pyrolysis and gasification can be done very efficiently for the conversion of

cellulose, so therefore paper products and other materials high in cellulose are better

suited for this type of waste-to-energy (Mantell, 1975). Pyrolysis could be considered for

waste streams that contain higher amounts of paper waste. These processes are also well

suited for mixed waste streams that contain high amounts of organics (Kumar, 2000).

As with anaerobic digestion, the amount of methane available from a sanitary

landfill also depends upon the amount of biodegradable material. Municipal solid waste

composition also affects the leachate quality, landfill gas composition and quality, and

waste degradation rates, which are important to landfill gas utilization, and particularly

bioreactor landfills (Reinhart and Townsend, 1998).

Incineration

Incinerated municipal waste leaves a residue approximately equal to the inert

content (Wilson, 1977). Knowing the composition of the waste will allow for appropriate

design of a system to handle the amount and type of residue produced. The waste

composition will also affect the amount of energy that can be obtained. Waste streams

high in moisture and non-combustible materials may not be suitable for incineration.

Incineration, also referred to as combustion, is a specialized process that involves

the burning of organic (putrescible, combustible and plastic) materials in any state to

form gases and residue (Vesilind and Rimer, 1981). The basic elements of an incinerator

include a feed system, combustion chamber, exhaust gas system and a residue disposal

system; whereas modern incinerators use continuous feed systems and moving grates

within a primary combustion chamber lined with heat resistant materials (Vesilind and

Rimer, 1981). The waste must be mixed, dried, and then heated, all for specific amounts

of time and at controlled temperatures (Mantell, 1975). Four different types of

incinerators are in common use: mass-fired combustors, refuse derived fuel combustors,

modular combustion units, and on-site commercial and industrial incinerators (Salvato et

al., 2003). Four types of incineration have been put to use in Canada: rotary kiln

incineration, mass burn incineration, starved air incineration and fluidized bed systems

(FCM, 2004). The first three of these are types of mass-fired combustors. Fluidized bed

systems do not fall into any of the categories mentioned by Salvato et al.(2003).

The primary objective of incineration is to combust solid waste, reducing its

volume and producing non-offensive gases and non-combustive ash residues (Wilson,

1977; Vesilind and Rimer, 1981). Volume can be reduced by 80-95% and weight by 70-

80% and thus incineration significantly reduces the land required for disposal of

municipal wastes (Baum and Parker, 1974; Vesilind and Rimer, 1981; Salvato et al.,

2003;). Although incineration produces air pollutants primarily in the forms of nitrogen

oxides, sulphur dioxide, and hydrogen chloride, these emissions can be reduced

substantially through combustion modifications and air pollution control equipment

(California Air Resources Board, 1984).

Methods of Waste Stream Characterization

Municipal solid waste is a very heterogeneous mixture of materials, which makes

characterization quite difficult. Two basic methods exist for characterizing municipal

solid waste (Kaldjian, 1990; Embree, 1991; Martin et al., 1995; McCauley-Bell et al.,

1997): a.) Site specific sampling, and b.) The materials flow approach.

Site-specific sampling can be done by one of three methods: 1) single sampling of

the waste stream, 2) characterization of numerous samples taken over a period of time to

account for seasonal variation, or 3) landfill excavation (Martin et al., 1995). Generation

rates of municipal solid waste usually peak in the summer and are lowest during the

winter. The composition also changes with the season (Klee, 1993); for example, more

organic waste will be present in summer and fall due to an increased inflow of yard

waste. Site specific sampling methods are typically suitable for defining local waste

streams and may be more accurate than the material flows approach; a disadvantage is

that the number of samples taken is limited (Embree, 1991). Therefore, the limited

number of samples is assumed to represent the entire population from which they were

taken. However, a common misconception about waste composition sampling is that

exact values need to be obtained. Knowing the exact composition of one waste collection

vehicle has limited value, since each truck has different waste (BC Environment, 1991).

In the materials flow approach, the number and types of products sold are used to

make predictions with regards to the quantity and composition of the resulting waste

(Martin et al., 1995). A major consideration used to develop such predictive models in

this system is the estimated product life (Embree, 1991). The advantage of this method is

that an estimate of the overall solid waste stream composition can be accomplished for

very large geographical areas. Some drawbacks include the fact that some material

components may be left out or poorly estimated because they are not part of the

production sector (such as yard waste) (Embree, 1991). Gay et al.(1993) found the

materials flow approach (or the economic input/output method as they refer to it) to be

comparable to estimates obtained from sorting studies, and could prove to be a useful

complement or alternative to conventional sorting. However, their study did not attest

that the materials flow approach could replace conventional sorting methods.

The Effects of Demographics and Socio-economic Factors on Waste Stream

Characterization

The waste generation rate has increased over time in North America due primarily

to income and population growth (Chang et al., 1993). The generation rate may also vary

with many demographic factors; for example it is significantly less for farm households

(Rhyner, 1976).

Composition of municipal solid waste varies from one community to another, as

well as with time within any one community (Weiner and Matthews, 2003). According to

Grossman et al. (1974), four basic factors affect the solid waste generated by a

community or household:

population

dwelling unit size and character

income level

cultural characteristics

Khan and Burney (1989) used multi-linear regression techniques to determine the

relation between categories of paper, plastic, food, and certain demographic factors

(persons per dwelling, income, climate, population and GDP). The first three of these

demographic factors were found to be the most influential. The model uses waste stream

composition data (% weight) from various major centres from around the world. More

paper in the waste stream was found to be related to higher income. Higher occupancy

rates resulted in higher percentages of food; lower occupancy rates resulted in higher

percentages of glass. The percentage of metal increased with increasing average

temperature. Richardson and Havelick(1978) used a very similar technique for selected

United States cities, and developed an equation to determine the quantity of components

of waste based on income, household size, percentage of people 18 to 61, percentage of

black people, and a random disturbance variable. Their results indicate higher income

families produce more newspaper and less clothing, and that household size, household

age and income were important factors affecting the waste composition and quantity, but

no consistently strong statistical relationship was evident.

Hocket et al.(1995) researched the determinants of per capita municipal solid

waste generation in the south-eastern United States. They studied the effects of per capita

retail sales, per capita value added by manufacturing, per capita construction costs, cost

per ton to dispose of waste, per capita income, and urban population percentage on the

amount of waste generated, and found retail sales and the waste disposal fee were the

most influential.

Waste-to-Energy Schemes

After determining the composition of the waste, the appropriate waste-to-energy

system, if any, can be selected. Several techniques for converting waste-into-energy will

be discussed in this section. The principal components involved in recovering the energy

from the heat, steam, gases, oils or other products produced in the waste-to-energy

process are similar and typically include: boilers for the production of steam, steam and

gas turbines for motive power, and electric generators for the conversion of motive power

into electricity (Tchobanoglous et al., 1977). This section provides an overview of the

waste conversion processes that may be used to yield valuable products such as heat,

steam, gases, and oils from the waste.

Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) systems treat waste to produce fuel that can be used

to substitute conventional fossil fuels, typically coal, in industrial manufacturing, utility

power generation, and institutional applications (e.g., district heating). In Canada, one

such facility is in operation in Caledon, Ontario, however commercial use of their gas has

yet to occur (FCM, 2004).

Waste-to-energy plants can also produce useful heat, which improves process

economics. Japanese incinerators have routinely implemented energy recovery or (Japan

Ministry of the Environment, 2006).

Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

The researchers were used descriptive type of research in this study and this was

conducted within the City of Bislig. The respondent of this study was the head of solid

waste management. The instruments used in gathering data are the Record of Solid Waste

available within the City of Bislig, Table (heating value), Calculator, Ball pen, Paper.

Research Design

The researchers will employ descriptive type of research in this study. According

to Polit & Hungler (1999), this type of research describes what exists and may help to

uncover new facts and meaning. The purpose of descriptive research is

to observe, describe, and document aspects of a situation as it naturally occurs. This

involves the collection of data that will provide an account or description of individuals,

groups or situations. Furthermore, the Office of Human Research Protections (OHRP)

defines a descriptive study as Any study that is not truly experimental.

To determine the energy value of a typical municipal solid waste with an average

composition shown in Table 4.1, it is recommended to follow the steps below:

Step 1: Determine energy content using data in Table 4.1

Step 2: Calculate the Energy Content of MSW using

Total Energy = (Biodegradable waste (kg)) * (Heating value (Btu/lb))

Locale of the Study

This study was conducted within the City of Bislig. This study was concern about

the solid waste as substitute energy.

Respondents of the Study

The respondent of this study was the head of solid waste management.

Research Instruments

The instruments used in gathering data are the following:

1. Record of Solid Waste available within the City of Bislig

2. Table (heating value)

3. Calculator

4. Ball pen

5. Paper

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers used the following procedures to gather information.

Step 1. The researchers gathered information through internet related to the topic.

Step 2. The researchers dug up previous studies related to the topic.

Step 3. The researchers asked permission to the Head of Solid Waste Management to

gather data for the study.

Step 4. After the permission was given, the researchers gathered data regarding to the

objectives.

Step 5. Compute and list down the data gathered from solid waste management.

Step 6. After the given span of time, the researchers evaluate gathered data.

Chapter 4

PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS

This chapter presented the data from the series of analysis of information gathered

by the researcher and its interpretation. The following data presented below is relevant to

the study. This study presents the following data to provide clear appearance on the case

being analyzed and being interpreted.

The solid waste management gives or produces exact information in presenting

the data. Before the solid waste has been collected by the carts men, it has been imposed

by the administrators of the Solid Waste Management Office the rules of the segregation

at source, meaning that the proper segregation will first be done at household level. For

incineration process, the researcher used only the selected biodegradable waste namely

paper, wood, and yard waste.

Table 4.0 shows the volume of biodegradable waste generated in every barangay

within Bislig City as of 2014 and the total number of population provided by the City

Health Office. This table provides the data in determining the volume by category of

solid waste in Bislig City. In relation of making calculations, the total volume of

biodegradable waste would be the basis in solving the energy content.

Table 4.0 Volume of Biodegradable Waste Generated in Every Barangay within

Bislig City (kg/day)

BARANGAY

NO. OF POPULATION

CY 2014 (CHO)

BIODEGRADABLE

WASTE

Volume (kg/day)

1. Tabon 12,032 2526.72

2. Mangagoy 30,398 6383.58

3. Poblacion 8,885 1865.85

4. San Roque 6,099 1280.79

5. Maharlika 2,510 527.1

6. Bucto 667 140.07

7. Burboanan 1,577 331.17

8. Caguyao 693 145.53

9. Coleto 1,336 280.56

10. Labisma 2,507 526.47

11. Lawigan 1,347 282.87

12. Mone 1,785 374.85

13. Pamaypayan 1,556 326.76

14. San Antonio 1,306 274.26

15. San Fernando 2,482 521.22

16. San Isidro 1,927 404.67

17. San Jose 3,802 798.42

18. San Vicente 2,397 503.37

19. Sta. Cruz 954 200.34

20. Sibaroy 857 179.97

21. Tumanan 928 194.88

22. Pamanlinan 783 164.43

23. Kahayag 1,192 250.32

24. Cumawas 3164 664.44

TOTAL 91,184 19,148.64

Table 4.1 shows the selected biodegradable waste in dry basis, with their heating

values and composition by mass. Since the solid waste management has no available data

about composition by mass, the researchers took a data base from previous study. In

calculating the energy content of such biodegradable waste you need to consider the

composition by mass and heating values of each category. In making calculations,

convert first the unit of heating value (see conversion below the table).

Table 4.1 Physical Composition and the Heating Value in dry basis

BIODEGRADABLE

WASTES

HEATING VALUE

(Btu/lb.)

Composition by Mass

TOTAL (%)

Paper

Wood

Yard wastes

7,587

8,430

7,731

9.96

1.46

12.3

Conversion: 1 Btu/lb. = 2.326 kJ/kg.

Source:

https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=5JNfFfSpHyoC&pg=PA172&dq=standard+heatin

g+value+of+solid+waste&hl=en&sa=X&ei=UGH1VP_IM5SD8gXtq4IQ&redir_esc=y#

v=onepage&q=standard%20heating%20value%20of%20solid%20waste&f=false

Table 4.2 shows the comparison of energy content between the previous and

present study of each category namely paper, wood, and yard waste. From previous study

the total volume of solid waste was 16,929,235.28 kg/yr. The total volume of solid waste

namely biodegradable waste, recyclable, residual and special waste was being used in

getting the individual amount of energy in each category. While in present study, the

researchers used only the total volume of biodegradable waste (6,989,253.6 kg/yr.) for

calculations in getting the total energy content.

Table 4.2 Energy Content of the Selected Biodegradable Waste from Previous Study

and Present Study

Biodegradable

Waste

Energy Content of the

Present Study (kJ/sec)

Energy Content from

Previous Study (kJ/sec)

Paper

390.007

895.97

Wood

63.447

640.58

Yard waste

490.2016

1,940.40

Total

943.656

3,476.95

Note: The unit of heating value needs to be converted to J/kg, see Table 4.1

Discussion

For incineration of waste-to-energy process, a drying process is required to

remove the moisture from such biodegradable waste to allow the solidification of the

waste in suitable shapes and densities.

Table 4.0 provides the volume of biodegradable waste generated in every

barangay within Bislig City (kg/day). By this given data, we can now easily determine

the total biodegradable waste per year. The estimated total biodegradable waste given by

the administrators of the Solid Waste Management is 6,989,253.6 kg/yr. This will be the

bases in getting the individual energy content of each selected biodegradable waste

namely paper, wood, and yard waste.

Table 4.1 provides the heating values and composition mass, it is necessary to

consider it in determining individual energy of selected biodegradable waste. Heating

values should be in dry basis.

To solve the energy value of a typical municipal solid waste with an average

composition by mass shown in Table 4.1, we can now easily determine the individual

energy of selected biodegradable waste using:

Energy = (Biodegradable waste (kg)) * (Heating value (Btu/lb))

See Appendix C for calculations.

Chapter 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter is to summarize the thesis research and suggest research and policy

recommendations for further analysis. The focus of the study is to determine the available

energy of the importance in conducting a study of solid waste as substitute energy for

Bislig City.

Solid waste as substitute energy offer important benefits of environmentally safe

waste management and disposal. The Solid waste generated in Bislig City are classified

into five types which is the biodegradable waste, special/toxic waste, recyclable A,

recyclable B and residual waste. The researchers focus in biodegradable waste categories

in getting the energy content namely papers, yard waste, and woods. Since the study is all

about solid waste as substitute energy, each solid waste having different energy content

depending on its composition by mass. In order to determine the energy content from

biodegradable waste, it is necessary to consider the heating values, physical composition

and the total volume of biodegradable waste generated in Bislig City. The total energy

content in selected biodegradable waste is 943.6556 kJ/sec based from the total

biodegradable waste collected in Bislig City as of 2014.

This study was conducted for the purpose of looking answers to the problems on

determining energy. The researchers made an intensive research by studying every single

details and information collected in City Administrators Office of Solid Waste

Management Division. Based from the study conducted, the main conclusions are as

follows:

1. There was 6,989,253.6 kg/year, the estimated total volume of biodegradable

waste generated in Bislig City as of 2014.

2. The selected biodegradable waste namely papers, yard wastes, and woods

were used for incineration. The heating values used in calculations are in dry

basis.

3. There was 943.6556 kJ/sec total energy content available across the entire

year only from the biodegradable waste collected in Bislig City as of 2014.

4. The total energy content available per second across the entire year in

previous study is high (3,476.95 kJ/sec.) compare to the present one (943.656

kJ/sec.). It was because the researcher used the total volume of biodegradable

waste in present study while the previous, the total volume of solid waste was

used for calculations.

Based on the foregoing findings of the study, the researchers recommended the

following:

The management should further improve solid waste segregation

The City should introduced incineration of solid waste as renewable energy

The management should further enhance the policies of solid waste

They should enhance monitoring and record-keeping of wastes

The solid waste management should be subjected from further researches

The solid waste management should provide more facilities

References

Dong, Y. (2011). Development of WasteToEnergy in China; and Case Study of the

Guangzhou Likeng WTE plant. Retrieval November 29, 2014 from

http://www.seas.columbia.edu/earth/wtert/sofos/Dong_thesis.pdf

Dr. Reinhart (2004). Estimation of Energy Content of Municipal Solid Waste. Retrieval

January 31, 2015 from http://msw.cecs.ucf.edu/EnergyProblem.pdf

Hamad, T., Agll, A., Hamad, Y. & Sheffield, J. (2014). Solid waste as renewable source

of energy: current and future possibility in Libya. Retrieval December 6, 2014

from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214157X1400032X

Tatarniuk, C. (2007). The Feasibility study of Waste-To-Energy in Saskatchewan based

on Waste Composition and Quantity. Retrieval January 31, 2015 from

http://www.engr.usask.ca/classes/BLE/482/Misc%20Info/waste%20to%20energy

%20thesis.pdf

Other Websites

http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/waste-renewable-energy-source/

http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/vision/towards-2030/sustainability/waste-

management

http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch10-ens10-4-3.html

http://www-tnswep.ra.utk.edu/activities/pdfs/mu-W.pdf

https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=5JNfFfSpHyoC&pg=PA172&dq=standard+heatin

g+value+of+solid+waste&hl=en&sa=X&ei=UGH1VP_IM5SD8gXtq4IQ&redir_esc=y#

v=onepage&q=standard%20heating%20value%20of%20solid%20waste&f=false

http://msw.cecs.ucf.edu/EnergyProblem.pdf

http://www.unep.or.jp/Ietc/Publications/spc/WastePlasticsEST_Compendium.pdf

http://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/284612/pb1

4130-energy-waste-201402.pdf

http://www.intechopen.com/books/integrated-waste-management-volume-i/management-

of-municipal-solid-wastes-a-case-study-in-limpopo-province

https://ideas.repec.org/a/jge/journl/615.html

http://www.elfm.eu/Uploads/ELFM/FILE_73D907E9-8225-4B93-91F8-

10F71F59B793.PDF

http://www.no-burn.org/downloads/Timarpur.pdf

http://www.seas.columbia.edu/earth/wtert/sofos/Sustainable%20Solid%20Waste%20Man

agement%20in%20India_Final.pdf

http://www.sciencepub.net

http://infofile.pcd.go.th/waste/AIT061109_sec4.pdf?CFID=2433954&CFTOKEN=13971

061

http://msw.cecs.ucf.edu/EnergyProblem.pdf

APPENDICES

Appendix A

BISLIG CITY AVERAGE SOLID WASTE GENERATION

(kg./capita/day)

0.21 0.05

0.03

0.05

0.003

WEIGHT

BIODEGRADABLE

RECYCLABLE - A

RECYCLABLE - B

RESIDUAL

SPECIAL

TOTAL

CLASSIFICATION

PERCENTAGE

WEIGHT

(kg./capita/day)

BIODEGRADABLE 61.8 0.21

RECYCLABLE A 14.7 0.05

RECYCLABLE B 8.8 0.03

RESIDUAL 14.7 0.05

SPECIAL 0.88 0.003

TOTAL 0.34

61% 14%

9%

15%

1%

PERCENTAGE

BIODEGRADABLE

RECYCLABLE - A

RECYCLABLE - B

RESIDUAL

SPECIAL

TOTAL

Appendix B

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

HOUSEHOLD

WEIGHT(kg/capita/day)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

HOSPITAL


0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

0.012

0.014

0.016

ELEMENTARY SCHOOL


0

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

0.007

0.008

0.009

SECONDARY SCHOOL


0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

MARKET


0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

ESTABLISHMENT


Appendix D

Calculations:

Biodegradable waste collected = 19,148.64 kg/day * (365 days/yr.) = 6,989,253.6 kg/yr.

Total Energy = (Biodegradable waste (kg.)) * (Heating value (Btu/lb.))

Paper = (6,989,253.6 kg/yr.) * (0.0996)

= (696,129.66 kg/yr.) * (1 yr./365days) * (1 day/24 hrs.) * (1 hr./3600sec.)

= (0.0221 kg/yr.) * (7,587 Btu/lb.) * (2.326 kJ/kg.)

= 390.007 kJ/sec.

Wood = (6,989,253.6 kg/yr.) * (0.0146)

= (102,043.1026) * (1/365) * (1/24) * (1/3600)

= (0.00324) * (8,430) * (2.326)

= 63.447 kJ/sec.

Yard waste = (6,989,253.6 kg/yr.) * (0.123)

= (859,678.193) * (1/365) * (1/24) * (1/3600)

= (0.02726) * (7,731) * (2.326)

= 490.2016 kJ/sec.

Total Energy = Energy paper + Energy wood + Energy yard waste

= 390.007 + 63.447 + 490.2016

Total Energy = 943.656 kJ/sec.

Republic of the Philippines


Bislig Campus

Maharlika, Bislig City

March 20, 2015

ENGR. FELICISIMO P. PIANDONG JR.

Instructor

USeP Bislig Campus

Sir:

Greetings of peace!

In line with the curriculum of Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering, we should

comply the requirement with the course Methods of Engineering Research/Undergraduate Thesis.

Thus, we are conducting the final defense of our thesis entitled Solid Waste as Substitute Energy for Bislig City, this coming March 24, 2015 (Tuesday 8:00 am to 5:00 pm).

As one of the member of the advisory committee, we would like to request your presence

this utmost time.

We look forward for your positive response and vigorous support.

Thank you and God bless!

Respectfully yours,

KIRBY T. ABANIL

BSME

SHELA MAE C. BALIAD

BSME



Bislig Campus


March 20, 2015

ENGR. GERVACIO C. MORGADO JR.

Instructor

USeP Bislig Campus

Sir:

Greetings of peace!





this utmost time.



Respectfully yours,

KIRBY T. ABANIL

BSME

SHELA MAE C. BALIAD

BSME



Bislig Campus


March 20, 2015

ENGR. ANASTACIO G. PANTALEON JR.

Instructor

USeP Bislig Campus

Sir:

Greetings of peace!




As the chairman of the advisory committee, we would like to request your presence this

utmost time.



Respectfully yours,

KIRBY T. ABANIL

BSME

SHELA MAE C. BALIAD

BSME



Bislig Campus


March 20, 2015

ENGR. NOEL C. OCAP

Instructor

USeP Bislig Campus

Sir:

Greetings of peace!





this utmost time.



Respectfully yours,

KIRBY T. ABANIL

BSME

SHELA MAE C. BALIAD

BSME

Name: Abanil, Kirby Tiempo

Home Address: P-1 Cacayan Village, Mangagoy, Bislig City

Mobile Number: 09207437347

Email Address: [email protected]

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Birthdate : December 26, 1994

Age : 20

Civil Status : Single

Citizenship : Filipino

Weight : 50 kg

Height : 57

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Tertiary : University of Southeastern Philippines (USeP)

Course : Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering (BSME)

Secondary : Saint Vincent de Paul Diocesan College (SVDPDC)

Primary : Agusan del Sur Pilot Laboratory School (ADSPILS)

AFFILIATION

Mechanical Engineering Students Society (Member)

Name: Baliad, Shela Mae Contreras

Home Address: P-3 Centro, San Vicente, Bislig City

Mobile Number: 09089941287

Email Address: [email protected]

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Birthdate : June 08, 1995

Age : 19

Place of birth : San Vicente, Bislig City

Civil Status : Single

Citizenship : Filipino

Weight : 52 kg

Height : 53

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Tertiary : University of Southeastern Philippines (USEP)

Course : Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering (BSME)

Secondary : San Vicente National High School (SVNHS)

Primary : San Vicente Elementary School (SVES)

AFFILIATION

Mechanical Engineering Students Society (P.I.O)

Documents

Solid Waste as Substitute Energy for Bislig City