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Dr. Deniz AKGÜL
Marmara University
Department of Environmental Engineering
Solid Waste Management
What is solid waste??
All wastes from human and animal activities that are normally solid and that are discarded as useless or unwanted
Solid waste composition of Turkey Source:http://www.msgenerji.com/tci/27/Turkiyede-ve-Avrupada-Atik-Uretimi
Sources of Solid Wastes
Composition of Solid Wastes
Municipal Solid Waste
Municipal solid waste is defined as the refuse from
Households
non-hazardous solid waste from industrial, commercial and institutional establishments (including hospitals)
market waste
yard waste
street sweepings
Integrated Solid Waste Management
Integrated solid waste management involves
the selection and application of suitable techniques, technologies and management programs to achieve specific waste management objectives and goals.
use of a variety of waste management practices to safe and effective handle the municipal solid waste stream with the least adverse impact on human health and the environment
Waste Management Hierarchy
Waste Management Hierarchy
Source reduction: reducing the volume and/or toxicity of generated waste.
Source reduction includes the switch to reusable products and packaging.
Consumers can participate by buying less or using products more efficiently.
Reuse: the repeated use of products and components.
Ink cartridges and computer printers can all be refurbished for re-use.
Waste Management Hierarchy
Recycling: process to change waste materials into new products to prevent waste of potentially useful materials
helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions, by diverting waste from landfills.
Energy Recovery: conversion of waste materials into energy
Landfilling: controlled final disposal of solid waste
There are certain materials, which cannot be reduced at the source, recycled or transformed. Therefore, they are landfilled
Functional elements of a solid waste management system
Waste generation
Waste handling and separation, storage and processing at the source
Waste handling refers to the activities associated with managing SW until they are placed in the containers used for their storage before collection.
Separation of waste components, such as waste paper, cardboard, aluminum cans, glass and plastic containers at the source is one of the most effective ways to achieve recovery and reuse of these materials.
Processing at source involves activities such as compaction and yard waste composting
Collection
Gathering of solid wastes and recyclable materials, and transport of collected materials , to location where collection vehicle is emptied.
Transfer andTransport
Locations of transfer stations in Istanbul
Transport to landfill
Separation and Processing of Solid Waste
Unit operations for separation and processing
Size reduction
Screening
Density Separation
Magnetic Separation
Densification/Compaction
It increases the density of waste materials so that they can be stored and transported more efficiently
Disposal of Solid Wastes
Development and completion of landfill
Preparation of the site for landfilling
Placement of solid waste in landfill
Placement of wastes
Landfilling in Turkey
Solid waste management is one of the major problems that Turkey has to overcome.
In the past, solid wastes were disposed to wild dumping sites in Turkey. Due to its harmful and dangerous effects to environment, sanitary landfills are preferred over wild dumping sites for over a decade in most of the cities in Turkey.
Landfill gas management
The purpose of a landfill gas management system is to:
minimize the impact on air quality and the effect of greenhouse gases on the global climate;
avoid unnecessary ingress of air into the landfill and thereby minimize the risk of landfill fires;
minimize the damage to soils and vegetation within the restored landfill area;
permit effective control of gas emissions; and permit energy recovery
Landfill Leachate
Leachate treatment is one of the most serious issues in landfill operation due to
İts high pollutant content
its adverse effects on environment
difficulty in treatment
Waste Conversion Technologies
Biological conversion of MSW
the organic fraction of MSW is composed of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, cellulose, lignin and ash
There are two common biological processes used to transform these organic materials into gaseous, liquid and solid conversion products are;
Aerobic Composting
Anaerobic Digestion (AD)
Composting
Composting is the most commonly used biological process for the conversion of organic fraction of MSW to a stable humus-like material known as compost
The aim of the composting is;
To transform the biodegradable organic materials into a biologically stable product and reduce the volume of waste
To destroy pathogens, insect eggs and other unwanted organisms and weed seeds that may be present in MSW
To retain the maximum nutrient (nitrogen, phophorus and potassium) content, and to produce a product that can be used to support plant growth and as a soil amendment
www.planetnatural.com
Anaerobic digestion
Anaerobic digestion is the conversion of organic waste into biogas that can be used to produce energy.
Management of Solid Wastes in Istanbul
Main Indicators of Waste Disposal and Recovery Facilities in Turkey (TUIK, 2010)
Landfilling
Number 52
Capacity (ton) 423,142,000
Incineration
Number 2
Capacity (ton/year) 44,000
Composting
Number 5
Capacity (ton/year) 556,000
References
http://mebig.marmara.edu.tr/teaching/enve-330/
Access date: 29.04.2015
Integrated solid waste management: engineering principles and management issues. G Tchobanoglous, H Theisen, S Vigil - 1993
http://mebig.marmara.edu.tr/teaching/enve-330/http://mebig.marmara.edu.tr/teaching/enve-330/http://mebig.marmara.edu.tr/teaching/enve-330/http://mebig.marmara.edu.tr/teaching/enve-330/http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19931378795.htmlhttp://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19931378795.htmlhttp://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19931378795.html