SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT (TKA 4201) LECTURE NOTES 1

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU

TKA 4201 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

LECTURE BY: NAZAITULSHILA RASIT

Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology

A consequence of LIFE..Solid wastes will always be

generated as long as HUMAN ACTIVITIES exist




Eng. Science Dept, Faculty Science & Technology 2





1.0 Introduction

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1.1 Problem magnitude of municipal solid waste

Primitive society :Human and animals have used the

resources of the earth to support life and dispose of wastes

The disposal of human and other wastes did not pose a significant problem…..why?

A solid waste-Consequence of LifeA solid waste-Consequence of Life

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Solid Waste-Consequence of Life

Improper ______ have led to the breeding of rats with their attendant fleas carrying bubonic plaques.

The ____ of any plan for the management of solid wastes thus led to the epidemic of plague.

The Black Death: One of the deadliest ________ in human history, caused by a

bacterium named Yersinia pestis Began in Central Asia and spread to Europe by the late 1340s25-50 million deaths in Europe.Is estimated to have killed 30% to 60% of Europe’s ___________.The total number of deaths worldwide from the pandemic is

estimated at 75 million people.

1.1.1 Health Phenomena

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1.1 Solid Waste-Consequence of Life

__________ – liquid from dumps and poorly engineered landfills has contaminated surface water

and groundwater. Air pollution

1.1.2 Ecological Phenomena

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Improper management of solid wastes have direct adverse effects on health and the environment.

________________________Hazard to human and other living organisms - direct toxicity/ through contamination of aquifers, watercourses and landVisible, audible or odorous intrusionLittle financial incentives to handle in secure manner - can cause litter, fire due to improper disposal

During production, storage, transportation, transfer, disposal or after deposition

1.2 Why Waste Is a Problem?

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1.3 Management Issues and Problems

______ of reliable data.__________ planning and management.Locating new landfill sites (80 % full; fully utilized by 2003).Inadequate collection coverage –lack of vehicles/ crew; funding.Vehicles – not properly maintained._______ Storage Facilities.No leachate collection or gas management.No daily earth ________.Public awareness.









1.4 Definition of Solid Waste

All wastes arising from human and animal ________ that are normally _______ and that are discarded as _______ and _________.

Any garbage, or refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded material.

Solid waste

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1.5 Policy and legislationThe earliest legislation was passed in the 19th Century.

Solid Waste Disposal Act (1970) – but less emphasis on hazardous waste.

______________________________________. (RCRA).- had a profound effect on SWM

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Objectives (RCRA):1. Hazardous waste management (proper cradle-to-

grave approach).

2. Solid waste management (incorporate costs (health and safety) into cost of disposal).

3. The procurement of materials made from recovered wastes (govt.’s priority on products made from recyclable materials- to encourage industries to utilize the materials).





1.5.1 Malaysia Policy and Legislation: Federal Law

____________ - some provisions on aspects of the SWM system. _______________________________- controls the disposal of harmful or obnoxious matter or any matter (be a potential danger to public health, safety or welfare, and other beneficial uses). The Land Conservation Act (Act 3) of 1960 - prohibiting the clearing of any hill and destroying of any trees without a permit. Land for solid waste disposal - need permit.





Table 1.1: Federal Laws of Malaysia with Provisions on Solid Waste ManagementYear Legislation Agency

responsible

1920 Water Enactment State authority1960 Land Conservation Act

1965 The National Land Code State authority

1974 Street, Drainage, and Building Local authorities

Act (Act 133)

1974 Environmental Quality Act (Act 127)

1976 Local Government Act (Act 171)

1976 Town and Country Planning Act

(Act 172) Local authoritiesUNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU




1. The Environmental Quality Act (EQA) of 1974 (Act 127) :

The EQA - federal law (gives the mandate and regulatory power to the DOE), clear regulations so as to control the dumping of wastes.

Sec.24 (1)(2)(3) – __________ to establish refuse dump, garbage tip,

soil and rock disposal site, sludge disposal site or repository for solid or liquid waste which is obnoxious or offensive to human beings or pollute underground water or soil etc.





1.5.2 Malaysia Policy and Legislation: Solid & Hazardous Waste Legislation

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Penalty max. RM 100,000 and/or 5 years jail (raised in 1996 (amendment) from RM 10,000 and 2 yrs).

Sec. 29 – Prohibit discharge of waste in Malaysian waters. Penalty of max. __________ and/or 5 yrs. (from RM10,000 and/2 yrs jail before 1996)





2. EQA, Environmental Quality (_______________) 2005:

Notification of waste generationTreat and reduce wasteProper inventory, handling, labeling, disposalCategories of scheduled wasteProper training of waste disposal contractors; consignment notes, emergency response plans

3. EQA, Environmental Quality (Prescribed Carrier)(Scheduled Wastes).









1.6 Status of solid waste management in Malaysia

An ever-expanding population and high rates of economic development in Malaysia resulted in the generation of vast amount of waste.

It is estimated about 17,000 tonnes/day of waste ___________ in Peninsular Malaysia.

Average per capita __________ of waste 0.85 kg/cap/day.

About 1.5 kg/cap/day in Kuala Lumpur.

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1.6 Status of solid waste management in Malaysia

About 76% of waste generated are collected.

1-2% is recycled and the remainder is taken to disposal sites.

About 5% waste collected in KL are reused and recycled.

Over 40% of 175 disposal sites are operating as dumpsite.

Intermediate treatment is limited to small-scale thermal treatment plant in resorted islands.

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Waste generation in Malaysia until 2002

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Angg. Penduduk Angg. Sisa Angg. Penduduk Angg. Sisa Angg. Penduduk Angg. Sisadalam kaw. PBT Yang Dihasilkan dalam kaw. PBT Yang Dihasilkan dalam kaw. PBT Yang Dihasilkan

(tan/hari) (tan/hari) (tan/hari)

1. JOHOR 2,252,882 1,915 2,309,204 2,002 2,366,934 2,093

2. KEDAH 1,557,259 1,324 1,596,190 1,384 1,636,095 1,447

3. KELANTAN 1,216,769 1,034 1,247,188 1,081 1,278,368 1,131

4. MELAKA 605,361 515 620,495 538 636,007 562

5. NEG. SEMBILAN 890,597 757 912,862 791 935,683 827

6. PAHANG 1,126,000 957 1,154,150 1,001 1,183,004 1,046

7. PERAK 1,796,575 1,527 1,841,489 1,597 1,887,527 1,669

8. PERLIS 230,000 196 235,750 204 241,644 214

9. PULAU PINANG 1,279,470 1,088 1,311,457 1,137 1,344,243 1,189

10. SELANGOR 3,325,261 2,826 3,408,393 2,955 3,493,602 3,090

11. TERENGGANU 1,038,436 883 1,064,397 923 1,091,007 965

12. KUALA LUMPUR 1,400,000 2,520 1,435,000 2,635 1,470,875 2,755

JUMLAH 16,718,610 15,541 17,136,575 16,248 17,564,989 16,987

Tahun 2000

NegeriBil.

Tahun 2002Tahun 2001





1.7 Role of federal, state and local governmentThree level of Government:

__________ Government- Ministry of Housing & Local Government- Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister Dpt.- Department of Environment- Ministry of Health

_________________

_________________

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1.8 Solid waste management and public cleansing corporation

Under the Local Authority and Concession companies.

There are no spesific systematic guidelines on Solid Waste Management.

This has resulted in different level of service among the LA's that the people are unsatisfied on the service rendered.

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Objectives:

To be a _________ institute in implementing the planning policy, strategic planning and scheduled programmes.

To _________ comprehensive, effective, systematic Solid Waste Management.

To ________ and concentrated efforts involving government agencies, private sector and public.

To ________ the enforcement of Solid Waste Management is excellent and successful.

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Main function:

Recommend and carry out government policies, programmes and ____________.

_____________ and ensure the standards, specification and working culture.

To increase quality and efficiency in handling Solid Waste Management and Public Cleansing.

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Main function:

Carry out and enforce Laws on Solid Waste Management and Public Cleansing.

Increase efforts towards increasing public awareness and cooperation on Solid Waste Management and Public Cleansing.

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Strategic Plan for SWM.

Safety Closure & Rehabilitation of Landfill Sites in Malaysia.

Solid Waste Composition & Characteristic.

________________

Resource description framework (RDF).

Recycling of Tyre and Plastic.

1.9 Research on solid waste management by MHLG and other agencies

Principles to guide development of Strategic Plan: Direct participation of Federal Government.Privatization of SWM services.Sustainable waste management.Inter cooperation amongst government and stakeholders.Public awareness program.Development of technical and managerial capability

1.9 Research on solid waste management by MHLG and other agencies

Waste Hierarchy(Current Status)ReduceReuseRecyclingIntermediate

ProcessingDisposal

THE WAY FORWARD

5 % recovery

95% Landfill

Waste Hierarchy(Targeted 2020)ReduceReuseRecyclingIntermediate

ProcessingDisposal

THE WAY FORWARD

> 20 % Recycling

< 65 % Landfill

15 % Intermediate Processing

THE WAY FORWARDLegislation & InstitutionalReview existing legislationEnable federalization and privatizationEnhance waste minimizationIdentifying all stakeholders Institutional strengthening

THE WAY FORWARD PrivatizationTo improve SWM servicesTo relinquish financial burdenWider involvement by the private sectorFinal stage of agreement (transition period)

Technical Aspect Integrated solid waste management facilitiesNew Facilities with appropriate technology

- Transfer Station- Thermal Treatment Plant- Composting Plant- Sanitary Landfill

THE WAY FORWARD

INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT (ZERO EMISSION)

Solid waste management facilities

Persekitaran Kita

Kitarsemula Sisa & Tenaga

Bahan Binaan

Kitarsemula

Slag

Bahan Tidak Terbakar

atau Buang Ke

Tapak Pelupusan

Pengurusan sisa pepejal yang baik memerlukan pendekatan yang bersepadu.

Hikarigaoka University Hospital

Hikarigaoka High-Rise Apartments

Hikarigaoka Stoker Type Incineration Plant, Nerima Ward, Tokyo

THE WAY FORWARDPublic ParticipationLack of public awareness in solid waste

management.Require full attentionA key to success in waste minimization and solid

waste management.

National Recycling ProgramLong term Objective : to inculcate the habit of recycling among the population,

Reduce operation cost of solid waste management.Minimize the volume of waste disposed by landfill.Reduce utilizations of raw materials.To improve awareness and cooperation among

stakeholders,

The end





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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT (TKA 4201) LECTURE NOTES 1