Solids in Day to Daylife

8/3/2019 Solids in Day to Daylife

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SOLIDS IN DAY-TO-DAY LIFE

PRESENTATION FORCHILDRENS CLUB

S. Chandravathanam26/4/2005


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CONTENTS

PIGMENTS

MEDICINAL USE

AUTOCATALYST

DETERGENTS


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PIGMENTS


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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PIGMENTS AND DYES

Pigments are dispersions in the medium but dyesare solutions.

Pigments possesses the particulate properties,

while dyes do not.Pigments are far more durable and resistant tofading than dyes.

PIGMENT

Is a particulate solid dispersed into a medium ( a liquid)without significant solution or other interactions.


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Difference between Pigments and Dyes

Dye

Pigment


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Applications of pigments

Inks

Paints and varnishes

Wood-stains

PlasticsTable ware (Pottery and Glass items, eg., plates and

cups)

Sanitary ware (eg., baths, toilets and wash basins)Ceramic tiles

Cement products

cosmetics


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REQUIRED PROPERTIES OF PIGMENTS

Colour

Colour strength

Heat resistance

Light fastnessWeather stability

Insolubility

Opacity

Transparency

Chemical stability


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Effect of particle size of the pigment

Smaller particles

eg., metallic car paints

Bigger particles

eg. Pottery enamels and glazestains


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BASIC COLOURS


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Iron oxide yellow and redCobalt blue - Blue

Titanium dioxide White

Charcoal Black - Black

PIGMENTS OF FEW FREQUENT USED COLOURS


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Applications of Iron oxide pigments


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Chemical name: Iron(III)oxide hydrate

Formula: Fe2O3.H2O

Used throughout history

Yellow ochre


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Red Ochre

( obtained by loosening water of hydration fromyellow ochre ) Chemical name: AnhydrousIron(III) oxide

Formula: Fe2O3

Natural Mineralcontaining bothyellow and redochre


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Dust-storm

1% limonite ( Brown iron oxide)


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Strongest and most brilliant white available

Outstanding chemical stability

Titanium Dioxide Whites ( TiO2)

Anatase Rutile

Sources of TiO2 White

Pile of ground TiO2Whites


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Crystal Structure of Anatase

Crystal Structure of Rutile

Crystal Structure:Tetragonal

Crystal Structures of Titania White


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Pile of ground Pbwhite

Lead white (flake white) is the oldest of the whites still used by modern painters.

Chemical Name: Basic Lead(II)carbonate

Formula: 2Pb(CO3)2.Pb(OH)2

Crystal System: Trigonal

LEAD WHITE


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Zinc White

Chemical Name: Zinc(II) oxide

Formula: ZnO

Zinc white has a much colder, cleaner, whitermasstone than the best grades of lead white ortitanium white.


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Source of Chalk

Chemical Name: Calcium Carbonate

Formula: CaCO3

Crystal System: Trigonal-Hexagonal

Excellent lightfastness, incompatible withalkali-sensitive pigments such as Prussianblue

CHALK


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Charcoal Black

Chemical Name: Carbon

Formula: C

A common grayish black used as a pigment since

very earliest times.

Source of Carbon Black

Burnt wood


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Bone Black or ivory black

Chemical Name: Carbon containing residualcalcium phosphate andcalcium carbonate

Formula: C,Ca3(PO4)2 and CaCO3

Blue-black in colour

Charring of bones or waste ivory

Denser than charcoal black

Contain Carbon, Calcium phosphateand Calcium carbonate


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Cobalt blue ( or Thenard blue )

Chemical Name: Cobalt(II) oxidealuminum oxide

Formula: CoO. Al2O3

Non-Crystalline

CostlyExtraorinary stable pigments of pureblue colour


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Mixture of 1g Co(II) chloride and 5gAluminum Chloride homogenized

Heating of themixture in a test tube

Reaction is completedafter 3 to 4 minutes

Finished Product

Pile of groundCobalt blue

Laboratory preparation of Cobalt blue


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MEDICINAL USE


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Discovery of Platinum anti-cancer activity

Under the influence of electromagnetic fieldgenerated using Platinumelectrodes on E. Coli bacteria


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CisPlatin Today

Neutral cis complex the more activeAmmine groups inert

Chloride groups - susceptible for substitution


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cis-[PtCl 2(NH 3)2] + H 2O cis-[PtCl(OH 2)(NH 3)2]+ + Cl -

cis-[PtCl(OH 2)(NH3) 2]+ cis-[PtCl(OH)(NH 3)2] + H +

cis-[PtCl(OH2)(NH

3)

2]+ + H

2O cis-[Pt(OH

2)

2(NH

3)

2]2+ +Cl -

cis-[Pt(OH 2)2(NH 3)2]2+ cis-[Pt(OH)(OH 2)(NH 3)2]+ + H +

cis-[Pt(OH)(OH 2)(NH 3)2]+ cis-[Pt(OH) 2(NH3) 2] + H +

In aqueous solution cisplatin undergoes hydrolysis andsubsequent deprotanation reactions

The Action Plan of cisplatin in Blood and inside cell


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Cisplatin Binding to DNA


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Preferential Binding to Guanine


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BENT DNA STRUCTURE


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Clinical Pt(II) Complexes


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Pt (IV) Anti cancer Drugs

Very promising activity in-vitro

Reduction to Pt(II) in-vivo


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Titanocene dichloride last stage clinical trials (liverdamage)

Budotitane Phase- I clinical trails (cardiac toxicity)

Mechanism: Binding of Ti(IV) to transferrin in serum


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Anti Tumor Gold Drugs


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Gold (I) attacks mitochondria (Cardio toxic)

Gallium salts Synergistic effect with cisplatin in thetreatment of lung cancer through transferrin

Ru(III) through transferrin

Ruthenium anti-cancer drugs


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(sodium aurothiomalate)


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Bismuth citrate

Used for more than 200 years

Stable oxidation states: Bi(III) and Bi(V)

Activity through toxicity against helicobacter pyloris


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Lithium Drugs

Build- up of protein thought to cause Alzheimers(orangespots) is cut in brains treated with Li

One of the most frequently used drugs or manicdepressions.

Formula: Li2(CO3)


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AUTOCATALYST

OR

CATALYTICCONVERTER


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Important pollutants in the automotive exhaust gas

Carbon monoxide (CO)

Hydrocarbons

Nitrogen oxides ( NO and N 2O)


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Reduction Reaction

2NO N 2 + O 2

2NO 2 N2 + 2O 2 Pt/Rh

Pt/Rh

Oxidation Reaction

2CO + O 2 2CO 2

C nH 2n+2 + mO 2 nCO 2 + (n+1) H 2O

Pt/PdPt/Pd


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Cut-View of

CatalyticConverter


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Location of catalytic converter in a car


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A Three way catalytic converter


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Honeycomb structure

Structure Types of catalyst particles

HoneycombCeramic bead

Catalyst particles aresupported on ceramicmonolith of Cordierite Al 3Mg 2(Si 5Al)O 18


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DETERGENTS


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SOAP

DETERGENT

Saponification reaction


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Saponification reaction

Cleansing action of soap


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Cleansing action of soap

Agitation breaks the grease into micelles whose surfacesContd...


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Agitation breaks the grease into micelles whose surfacesare covered by the negatively charged carboxylate groups, the hydrophilic -CO 2 - groups of the embeddedsoap molecules .

The grease droplets repel each other and remainsuspended in the wash water

In the end, the suspended droplets go down the drainwith the wash water.
http://www.chemistry.nus.edu.sg/2500/soap.htmhttp://www.chemistry.nus.edu.sg/2500/soap-molecule.jpghttp://www.chemistry.nus.edu.sg/2500/soap-molecule.jpghttp://www.chemistry.nus.edu.sg/2500/soap.htm


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SYNTHETIC DETERGENT


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Typically a detergent contain some or all of the following

components, in varying proportions

a) a surfactant (detergent) (8-18%)

b) a builder (20-45%) e.g. phosphates or zeolites

c) a bleach (15-30%) e.g. sodium perborate

d) a fluorescer - 'whiter than white' (0.1%)

e) a filler (5-45%) e.g. sodium sulphateIt also contains 4-20% water and may contain up to 0.75%

enzyme .

COMPOSITION OF A DETERGENT

Comparison of Soaps and Detergents


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1. Soaps cannot be used in hardwater

1. Synthetic detergents can beused in hard water

2. Soap is made from vegetableoil or edible oils

2. Synthetic detergents madefrom byproducts of petroleumindustry ( to conserve edible oil)

3. Soaps cannot be used in acidic

medium ( otherwise precipitatethe fatty acids)

3. Synthetic detergents can be

used in any medium includingacidic.

4. Soaps have weak cleansingaction

4. Synthetic detergents havestrong cleansing action.

5. Soaps are not very soluble inwater 5. Synthetic detergents arehighly soluble

6. Soaps are biodegradable anddo not cause pollution

6. Synthetic detergents are notbiodegradable and cause waterpollution

Comparison of Soaps and Detergents

WASHING POWDERS


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Sodium sulphate and sodium silicate - to keep the powder dry.

Sodium triphosphate or sodium carbonate - to make the solution

alkaline. ( helps to remove dirt and also soften water.)

Carboxy methyl cellulose to keep the dirt particles removed are kept

suspended in the solution.

sodium perborate (bleaching agent) - for obtaining sparkling white

clothes,

WASHING POWDERS

Washing powders are a combination of soaps,

detergents and other chemicals.

washing powders have about 15 to 30% of their

weight in synthetic detergents


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Tablet detergents

offers controlled usage

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Solids in Day to Daylife