Solution Solution ChemistryChemistryPhysical SciencePhysical Science

StrattonStratton

Tasty Solution

Nature of Solutions

Conductivity Inquiry

Conductivity

Alka-Seltzer Lab 1

Rates of Solution

Alka-Seltzer Lab 2

Solubility Graph

Solubility Graph Lab

Acids and Bases

Cabbage pH Lab

Heartburn Lab

Acid Rain WebQuest

Eggshell Titration

Tasty SolutionTasty Solution

Place one of the candy pieces in Place one of the candy pieces in your mouth without chewing or your mouth without chewing or moving your tongue around. moving your tongue around.

Record the time that it takes for Record the time that it takes for this candy piece to dissolve. this candy piece to dissolve.

Tasty SolutionTasty Solution

Place a second candy piece in Place a second candy piece in your mouth, this time moving your mouth, this time moving your tongue, but not chewing. your tongue, but not chewing.

Record the time it takes to Record the time it takes to dissolve this candy piece. dissolve this candy piece.

Tasty SolutionTasty Solution

Place the third piece of candy in Place the third piece of candy in your mouth and chew it. your mouth and chew it.

Record the time to dissolve this Record the time to dissolve this third piece of candy. third piece of candy.

Nature of SolutionsNature of Solutions

1.1. solution solution a. homogenousa. homogenousb. well mixedb. well mixed

2.2. Parts Parts a. solutea. soluteb. solventb. solventc. ex. kool-aidc. ex. kool-aid

3.3. Types Types a. aqueousa. aqueousb. tinctureb. tincture

Assignment:Assignment:

Make a list of 10 common Make a list of 10 common solutions and determine solutions and determine solute and solvent for solute and solvent for

eacheach

Conductivity InquiryConductivity Inquiry Materials:Materials:

– 1 graduated cylinder1 graduated cylinder– 1 beaker1 beaker– 1 spoon or glass stir rod1 spoon or glass stir rod– 1 balance1 balance– access to poled lightsocketaccess to poled lightsocket

Challenge: Find what types of solution are Challenge: Find what types of solution are conductive and at what levels those conductive and at what levels those solutions are conductive.solutions are conductive.

Day 1: Make a procedure and have it Day 1: Make a procedure and have it critiquedcritiqued

Day 2: Carry out your procedureDay 2: Carry out your procedure Day 3: Present your findings to the classDay 3: Present your findings to the class

ConductivityConductivity

a. ionsa. ions

b. waterb. water

c. electrolytesc. electrolytes

Alka-Seltzer Alka-Seltzer Reactions:Reactions:

The effects of temperature on The effects of temperature on rate of solutionrate of solution

Adapted from Adapted from http://www.alka-seltzer.com/as/experiment/student_ehttp://www.alka-seltzer.com/as/experiment/student_e

xperiment1.htmxperiment1.htm

Hypothesis & PredictionHypothesis & Prediction

Hypothesis: Hypothesis:

Changing the temperature of the Changing the temperature of the solution will effect rate of solution.solution will effect rate of solution.

Prediction: Prediction:

(discuss with your lab group and write)(discuss with your lab group and write)

MaterialsMaterials

3 original Alka-Seltzer tablets 3 original Alka-Seltzer tablets 3 250 ml beakers 3 250 ml beakers Graduated cylinderGraduated cylinder Thermometer Thermometer Stopwatch Stopwatch Mortar and pestle Mortar and pestle Source of hot water Source of hot water Ice cubes Ice cubes

ProcedureProcedure

Design a procedure to test the Design a procedure to test the hypothesis using the materials listed hypothesis using the materials listed on the previous slide.on the previous slide.

Turn the procedure in for critique and Turn the procedure in for critique and change it if necessary.change it if necessary.

Be sure to design data tables for Be sure to design data tables for measurements you will be collecting.measurements you will be collecting.

Alka-Seltzer Reactions: Alka-Seltzer Reactions: The Effect of Particle Size on Rate of ReactionThe Effect of Particle Size on Rate of Reaction

Adapted from Adapted from

http://www.alka-seltzer.com/as/experiment/student_experiment1.htmhttp://www.alka-seltzer.com/as/experiment/student_experiment1.htm Using any of the materials from the Using any of the materials from the

last lab, prepare a procedure and data last lab, prepare a procedure and data tables to test the hypothesis below.tables to test the hypothesis below.

Hypothesis: Changing the size of the Hypothesis: Changing the size of the solute particles will effect rate of solute particles will effect rate of solution.solution.

Prediction:Prediction: Procedure:Procedure: Submit for critique Submit for critique (be sure to include data table)(be sure to include data table)

Details of Making SolutionsDetails of Making Solutions

1.1. Solution Process Solution Process a. molecules separatea. molecules separate

b. molecules are moved apartb. molecules are moved apart

c. solute and solvent attract c. solute and solvent attract

Details of Making SolutionsDetails of Making Solutions

2.2. Changing rates of Changing rates of solutionsolution a. stir a. stir

b. powderb. powder

c. heat c. heat

Details of Making SolutionsDetails of Making Solutions

3.3. solubility solubility a. solubilitya. solubility

b. depends on solute and b. depends on solute and solvent solvent

c. main factors c. main factors

d. temperatured. temperature

e. pressure e. pressure

Solubility GraphSolubility Graph

ConcentrationConcentration

a. dilute a. dilute

b. saturated b. saturated

c. unsaturated c. unsaturated

d. supersaturatedd. supersaturated

Solubility GraphSolubility Graph

Solubility Graph LabSolubility Graph Lab Materials:Materials:

– Balance with weigh boatsBalance with weigh boats– Hot plate water baths on itHot plate water baths on it– SugarSugar– SaltSalt– ThermometerThermometer– WaterWater– Test tubeTest tube– Glass stir rodsGlass stir rods

Procedure:Procedure:– Write a procedure, using the materials given to Write a procedure, using the materials given to

gather data that will enable you to create a gather data that will enable you to create a solubility curve for 2 solutes (salt and sugar) in solubility curve for 2 solutes (salt and sugar) in water. water.

Acids and BasesAcids and Bases

1.1. Acids Acids a. Donate H ionsa. Donate H ionsb. common acids b. common acids

2.2. Bases Bases a. contain hydroxide ion (OH-) a. contain hydroxide ion (OH-) b. common basesb. common bases

3.3. 3. pH scale 3. pH scale a. measuresa. measuresb. 0-14b. 0-14c. Indicator papersc. Indicator papersd. Indicator liquidsd. Indicator liquidse. pH meters e. pH meters

Cabbage pH IndicatorsCabbage pH Indicators

Day 1 Materials:Day 1 Materials:– PipetsPipets– Test tubes with racksTest tubes with racks– Cabbage JuiceCabbage Juice– Buffers of various pHBuffers of various pH

Challenge: By the end of the lab period, Challenge: By the end of the lab period, your group should have a procedure ready your group should have a procedure ready that describes how to use cabbage juice to that describes how to use cabbage juice to test the pH of household chemicals using test the pH of household chemicals using the same materials as you did today (on day the same materials as you did today (on day 2).2).

Acid Rain WebquestAcid Rain Webquest

Introduction Introduction Why are the trees dying? How come there Why are the trees dying? How come there

are no fish in the lake? Why does the paint are no fish in the lake? Why does the paint on my Dad's car look so bad? Where does on my Dad's car look so bad? Where does that terrible rotten egg smell come from in that terrible rotten egg smell come from in our school yard every Spring? The answer to our school yard every Spring? The answer to these questions is simple; acid rain is these questions is simple; acid rain is responsible for many of the serious responsible for many of the serious environmental problems facing us today. environmental problems facing us today. While the answer may be simple, solving the While the answer may be simple, solving the acid rain problem is not.acid rain problem is not.

Acid Rain WebquestAcid Rain WebquestThe Task The Task A local citizens' group has hired you, and a A local citizens' group has hired you, and a

group of other researchers, to investigate group of other researchers, to investigate acid rain. You will take on the role of either a acid rain. You will take on the role of either a Chemist, or Biologist and examine the issue Chemist, or Biologist and examine the issue from that perspective. Within your group, from that perspective. Within your group, decide who is going to assume the following decide who is going to assume the following roles. Use the questions appearing under roles. Use the questions appearing under each role to assist you in your research. You each role to assist you in your research. You are responsible for completing only the are responsible for completing only the questions in your section and working with questions in your section and working with your partner to come up with suggestions on your partner to come up with suggestions on ways to reduce acid rain. Your final product ways to reduce acid rain. Your final product will be a short paper in paragraph form based will be a short paper in paragraph form based on the data from yourself and your partner.on the data from yourself and your partner.

Where to Turn for Where to Turn for HeartburnHeartburn

Evaluating the effectiveness of Evaluating the effectiveness of antacidsantacids

Adapted from Prentice Hall Biology Adapted from Prentice Hall Biology Exploring Life Lab 4A, 2004 Exploring Life Lab 4A, 2004

Question:Question:

Which antacid is most effective in Which antacid is most effective in neutralizing acid?neutralizing acid?

Materials:Materials:

– Antacid medications (2 tablet types)Antacid medications (2 tablet types)– Plastic bagPlastic bag– Clear plastic cups or beakersClear plastic cups or beakers– Masking tapeMasking tape– Graduated cylinderGraduated cylinder– WaterWater– 2 plastic spoons2 plastic spoons– transfer pipettetransfer pipette– pH stripspH strips– vinegar (weak acid)vinegar (weak acid)

ProcedureProcedure

With your group, write a procedure With your group, write a procedure using some or all of the materials to using some or all of the materials to answer the question.answer the question.

Make data tables for any Make data tables for any measurements you will make.measurements you will make.

Turn you procedures in for critique.Turn you procedures in for critique. Be prepared to share your results Be prepared to share your results

with the class later in the week.with the class later in the week.

Acid/Base Titration of an Acid/Base Titration of an EggshellEggshell

From From

http://chem.lapeer.org/Chem1Docs/EggshellTitration.htmlhttp://chem.lapeer.org/Chem1Docs/EggshellTitration.html     During the 1960's and 70's the United States used a During the 1960's and 70's the United States used a pesticide called DDT extensively. Unfortunately, pesticide called DDT extensively. Unfortunately, the run-off from this pesticide entered our the run-off from this pesticide entered our waterways and eventually into many of our wild waterways and eventually into many of our wild birdlife. DDT affected the population by weakening birdlife. DDT affected the population by weakening the eggshells which would break before hatching. the eggshells which would break before hatching. An example of this devastation was the American An example of this devastation was the American Bald Eagle whose population was as low as 400 Bald Eagle whose population was as low as 400 mating pairs in the lower 48 states. mating pairs in the lower 48 states.

The pesticide has been banned in the United States The pesticide has been banned in the United States and the Bald Eagle is no longer on the endangered and the Bald Eagle is no longer on the endangered species list. One method of monitoring the species list. One method of monitoring the strength of the egg is by determining the percent strength of the egg is by determining the percent calcium carbonate in the eggshell. This can be calcium carbonate in the eggshell. This can be accomplished through an acid/base titration accomplished through an acid/base titration method. method.

Procedure: Day 1Procedure: Day 1

1.1. Clean and label a 150 ml beaker. Clean and label a 150 ml beaker. 2.2. Weigh the clean, dry beaker and record Weigh the clean, dry beaker and record

this amount onto your data table. this amount onto your data table. 3.3. Procure an egg from me. Remove the Procure an egg from me. Remove the

white and the yolk from the egg and white and the yolk from the egg and dispose of them down the drain. dispose of them down the drain.

4.4. Wash the shell with distilled water and Wash the shell with distilled water and carefully peel all the membranes from carefully peel all the membranes from the inside of the shell. the inside of the shell.

5.5. Discard the membranes. Discard the membranes. 6.6. Place ALL of the shell in the preweighed Place ALL of the shell in the preweighed

beaker and dry the shell in the oven beaker and dry the shell in the oven overnight. overnight.

Procedure: Day 2Procedure: Day 2

1.1. Acquire a buret. Fill the buret with NaOH. Acquire a buret. Fill the buret with NaOH. Run out enough NaOH from the bottom to Run out enough NaOH from the bottom to remove any air bubbles from the tip of the remove any air bubbles from the tip of the buret. Refill the buret to the 0.00 ml mark buret. Refill the buret to the 0.00 ml mark and record this amount onto the data table. and record this amount onto the data table.

2.2. Clean a 250 ml beaker and pipet exactly 25 Clean a 250 ml beaker and pipet exactly 25 ml of 1.0 M HCl into this beaker. Add ml of 1.0 M HCl into this beaker. Add approximately 50 ml of distilled water and 2 approximately 50 ml of distilled water and 2 to 3 drops of phenolphthalein. Mix well. to 3 drops of phenolphthalein. Mix well.

3.3. Slowly add the NaOH into the beaker until a Slowly add the NaOH into the beaker until a slight pink color remains throughout the slight pink color remains throughout the beaker. Record the amount of NaOH added. beaker. Record the amount of NaOH added. Determine the Molarity of the NaOH. . Determine the Molarity of the NaOH. . . . .. . .

Procedure: Day 2Procedure: Day 2

4.4. Take out the eggshell from the oven and Take out the eggshell from the oven and cool to room temperature. Reweigh the cool to room temperature. Reweigh the beaker with the eggshell and record this beaker with the eggshell and record this weight onto the data table. Determine weight onto the data table. Determine the weight of the eggshell. the weight of the eggshell.

5.5. Place the eggshell in a mortar and grind Place the eggshell in a mortar and grind it into a powder with the pestle. Weigh it into a powder with the pestle. Weigh out 0.2 grams of the eggshell and place out 0.2 grams of the eggshell and place it into a clean dry 250 ml beaker. Pipet it into a clean dry 250 ml beaker. Pipet 50 ml of HCl and add this to the beaker. 50 ml of HCl and add this to the beaker. Stir for 5 minutes. Titrate this mixture Stir for 5 minutes. Titrate this mixture with the NaOH. Determine the number of with the NaOH. Determine the number of moles of HCl left in solution. moles of HCl left in solution.

Calculations:Calculations:

Determine the moles of Calcium Determine the moles of Calcium Carbonate in the mixture. Determine Carbonate in the mixture. Determine the percent calcium carbonate in the the percent calcium carbonate in the entire eggshell. The reactions taking entire eggshell. The reactions taking place are: place are:

2 HCl + CaCO3 -------------> CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 2 HCl + CaCO3 -------------> CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

HCl + NaOH _________> H2O + NaClHCl + NaOH _________> H2O + NaCl