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Some Aspects of Digital Cameras Usage
Andrej Yu. Sechin, Scientific Director, Racurs
VIIIth International Scientific and Technical Conference
From Imagery to Map: Digital Photogrammetric Technologies
September 15-18, 2008, Porec, Croatia
Samples of Digital CamerasSamples of Digital Cameras
150/10000
N/A15
N/A(15000x15000)
RC-30
100/13900
7.214400x9400
UltraCam X
60/8800
6.87200x5400
DSS
120/10000
1213500x8000
DMC
62.5/9600
6.512000ADS-40 (80)
F mm/pix
PixelSize (µm)
ImageSize
Camera
GSD GSD insteadinstead of image scale of image scale
1.1. RC-30RC-302.2. АФААФА3.3. DMCDMC4.4. DSSDSS
GSD = H (m) / F (pixels)GSD = H (m) / F (pixels)
GSD instead of image scaleGSD instead of image scale
0.74 FPS UltraCam
7.5 FPSVisionMap A3
0.35 FPSDSS
0.476 FPSDMC
N/AADS-40 (80)
Frame RateCamera
Minimal flying speedMinimal flying speedVmin = L*FPS = 0.4*FPS*H*(S/F)Vmin = L*FPS = 0.4*FPS*H*(S/F)
Cessna minimal flying speed isCessna minimal flying speed is40 knots (or 21 m/s, or 75 km/h)40 knots (or 21 m/s, or 75 km/h)
DMC minimal GSD ~ 4 cm, ADS-40 (SH-40) GSD ~ 15 cm (5 cm pan)DMC minimal GSD ~ 4 cm, ADS-40 (SH-40) GSD ~ 15 cm (5 cm pan)
Flying Height and GSDFlying Height and GSD
20 cm3000 * 3000
10 cm1500 * 1500
5 cm750 m * 750 m
RC-30/150/15µm
14.4 cm 2072 * 1352
7.2 cm1036 * 676
3.6 cm518 m * 338 m
UltraCam X
22.8 cm1640 * 1232
11.4 cm820 * 616
5.7 cm410 m *308 m
DSS
20 cm2700 * 1600
10 cm1350 * 800
5 cm675 m * 400 m
DMC
20.8 cm2700 m * ∞
10.4 cm1350 m * ∞
5.2 cm624 m * ∞
ADS-40 (80)
2000m1000m500mH/Camera
B/H ratioB/H ratio
0.61/0.31RC-30 F=150/300
0.27UltraCam X
0.25DSS
0.32DMC
0.29/0.49/0.78ADS-40 (80)
B/HCamera
Z accuracy:Z accuracy:dZ = c*GSD/(B/H)dZ = c*GSD/(B/H)c – image “quality”c – image “quality”
60% overlap60% overlap
Color in Digital CamerasColor in Digital Cameras
For Small and Medium FormatFor Small and Medium FormatDigital CamerasDigital Cameras
Bayer filterBayer filter
All images are fromhttp://ru.wikipedia.org
Color in Digital CamerasColor in Digital Cameras
For Large Format Digital For Large Format Digital Cameras:Cameras:
PansharpeningPansharpening
9UltraCam X
22DMC
1ADS-40 (80)
Pan/Multispectral pixel size ratio
Camera
IMU/GPS, Direct GeoReferencing, LIDARIMU/GPS, Direct GeoReferencing, LIDAR
GPS AccuracyGPS Accuracy
GPSGPSDGPSDGPS
PPP (PPP (Precise Point PositioningPrecise Point Positioning)
Table 1: Errors (RMS) of GrafNav PPPTable 1: Errors (RMS) of GrafNav PPP
6.96.95.55.55.85.8VerticalVertical
5.55.54.34.36.16.1HorizontalHorizontal
Flight 03Flight 03Flight 02Flight 02Flight 01Flight 01Errors (cm RMS)Errors (cm RMS)
IMU/GPS, Direct GeoReferencing, LIDARIMU/GPS, Direct GeoReferencing, LIDAR
LIDAR — may require the same or LIDAR — may require the same or more accurate IMUmore accurate IMULIDAR —LIDAR — can provide DEM without can provide DEM without photogrammetric stereo photogrammetric stereo processingprocessing
Δφ= 1/F ~ 0.006 (deg)Δφ= 1/F ~ 0.006 (deg)
IMU/GPS, Direct GeoReferencing, LIDARIMU/GPS, Direct GeoReferencing, LIDAR
Real project: Kstovo, Nizhegorodskij region, GSD = 9 cmReal project: Kstovo, Nizhegorodskij region, GSD = 9 cm
Orthophoto scaleOrthophoto scale: 1 : 2 000 Total images number: 1010 Direct Georeferencing accuracy: 17 cm
Orthophoto scale: 1 : 500 Total images number: 294 Bundle adjustment accuracy : 10 cm
All data was provided by Geokosmos company
What is upcoming?What is upcoming?
• Many systems (hardware and software) for oblique aerial Many systems (hardware and software) for oblique aerial photographyphotography
• Pushbroom aerial camera «3-DAS-1» by Wehrli/GeoSystem with 45Pushbroom aerial camera «3-DAS-1» by Wehrli/GeoSystem with 45º º viewsviews
Economical/Legal AspectsEconomical/Legal Aspects
• Economical aspects of Digital Cameras, GPS, IMU, LidarEconomical aspects of Digital Cameras, GPS, IMU, Lidar
• What Camera is best for…?What Camera is best for…?
• Digital Images Storage?Digital Images Storage?
Thank You for AttentionThank You for Attention