10/04/2013

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Dams:

Read the comments on this article and see what some people say and know about dams and hydropower - hold down the ctrl key and click on the link below:http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/09/refurbishing-hydropower-to-increase-project-life-and-boost-capacity?cmpid=WNL-Wednesday-September25-2013

(Little guy, huh)Dam replacement on course in West Milford Thursdaynorthjersey.com, September 19, 2013 Suburban Trends l –David M. Zimmer –

A plan to revamp Bubbling Springs Park’s lower dam is on course for 2014. According to West Milford Township records, the preliminary design for the rehabilitation of the 41.5-acre park’s 335-foot-long lower pond dam was recently sent to the state Bureau of Dam Safety and Flood Control for review. The local government is preparing for some back and forth with state officials on the state-mandated replacement effort. However, it is expecting to have the project’s final design and specifications ready for construction next year, according to township records. In 2008, the 8.2-

Copy obtained from the National Performance of Dams Program: http://npdp.stanford.edu

Some Dam – Hydro News TM

And Other Stuff

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Quote of Note: “I'm a great believer in luck, and I find the harder I work, the more I have of it." - Thomas Jefferson

Some Dam - Hydro News Newsletter Archive for Back Issues and Search http://npdp.stanford.edu/Click on Link (Some Dam - Hydro News) Bottom Right - Under Perspectives

“Good wine is a necessity of life.” - -Thomas JeffersonRon’s wine pick of the week: 2009 Ravenswood Zinfandel "Big River" “ No nation was ever drunk when wine was cheap. ” - - Thomas Jefferson

foot-tall earthen dam that holds back the township-owned park’s 2.2-acre lower pond was rated a significant hazard by Civil Dynamics of Stockholm. The rating, which was confirmed by Pennoni Associates of Cedar Knolls in 2009, triggered the need for a rehabilitation project. Still, the bureau has classified the project as low priority, after Pennoni Associates deemed that the dam had a low risk of breach and subsequent property damage around Wooley and Vreeland roads. The 8-foot-deep pond is the less utilized of the two in the recreation area off Macopin Road. Not used for swimming like the upper pond, its main function is circulation. Last summer, the town council hired Guerin & Vreeland Engineering of Flanders to develop the preliminary designs for its dam’s renovation at a cost of up to $47,000. As proposed, the settling basin for the dam’s 15-foot-long spillway is due to be enlarged during the rehabilitation. The height of the dam is also due to be increased.

(Don’t you wonder sometimes if people know that their water supply usually comes from a reservoir? Water never comes where or when you want, that’s why people have been building dams for thousands of years! Some of the statements are gems! Good luck building anything!)September 22, 2013, heraldnet.comViewpointsNew dams aren't the way to address water needsKarl ForsgaardYakima Basin water plan benefits farmers and fish By Chris Maykut, Brock Evans and Estella Leopold "In arid regions we attempt to offset the process of wastage by reclamation, but it is only too evident that the prospective longevity of reclamation projects is often short. In our own West, the best of them may not last a century." -- Aldo Leopold, writing on "The Land Ethic" in "A Sand County Almanac"

The Everett Herald recently published a guest column by supporters of the Yakima Water Plan ("Yakima Basin water plan benefits farmers and fish," September 15, 2013). While the Yakima Water Plan has good elements -- improving Yakima River salmon passage and some wilderness protections -- the costs are too high. The Yakima Water Plan proposes two new irrigation dams (Bumping Lake and Wymer) costing taxpayers billions and destroying places precious to people and wildlife. The Bumping Lake dam would drown magnificent ancient forests adjacent to the William O. Douglas Wilderness -- comparable to the Olympic's Hoh River Valley. The Wymer dam would drown sage grouse shrub-steppe habitat.

How did we get to this point? Weren't we just recently celebrating the removal of the Elwha dams? First, dam proposals are the "undead." They never die. New Yakima Basin irrigation dams have been cussed and discussed for decades -- but never built. Under scrutiny, dam construction and maintenance are money-losers for taxpayers. Indeed, the 2012 Green Scissors report on wasteful and damaging federal projects includes both proposed Yakima dams. Nationwide, dams and other infrastructure are largely built out -- many deteriorating and in disrepair, as reported in October by the National Research Council. We can't afford existing dams, let alone new ones. New Yakima dams would merely "kick the can down the road." Water would go unused except in water-short years -- at first. But irrigation expands to use available water. Then we'll need another dam, and another. Crops are water -- and when we export such crops as hay for Japanese racehorses, we are exporting our most precious natural resource: Washington's water. The costs of water delivery from new storage projects would be mostly borne by taxpayers, and by salmon and other wildlife that depend on these same waters, not by the irrigation districts that would benefit.

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Canoeists paddle on Bumping Lake. Behind them are Nelson Ridge and Mount Aix.

Hikers pause in the forest near Bumping Lake.

There are better, less costly ways to remedy the imbalance between water demand and limited water supply. Here are some: Yakima irrigators have not paid for the costs of the existing five federal dams. Market forces need to play a greater role to curb water waste. Rather than taxpayers spending billions, water conservation in the Yakima should be mandatory, not optional. Large volumes of federal water-project-grown hay are exported to Japan for racehorses. In a water-scarce basin, appropriate crop selection is essential, Canals and ditches need to be lined and piped to stop wasting precious water. Finally, a word about ethics and public participation. From the start, the Bureau of Reclamation and the Department of Ecology manipulated the process and participants to achieve their desired outcome: new dams. "Anything to achieve an end" may expediently get to pouring concrete -- but it breaches trust and corrodes institutions. Behind-closed-doors dealings help explain the Yakima Plan's provisions. The Plan would have Congress forever constrain the Forest Service's ability to manage wildlife habitat and watershed in the Teanaway and Manastash-Taneum basins within the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest by designating 41,000 acres of our National Forest lands for "backcountry motorized" National Recreation Areas (NRAs) degrading headwater habitat with increased motorcycles on trails and snowmobiles cross-country. The public had 45 days to comment on the agencies' draft Yakima Plan -- until Jan. 3, 2012. One day later, on Jan. 4, Plan proponents revealed the motorized NRA provision, and later added it to the Plan. Not even Forest Service staff of the Cle Elum Ranger District was consulted. Now the Plan supporters are backing away from the proposal for NRAs, saying they will "defer" it until after the current Forest Plan process -- but the proposal for NRAs is still in the Yakima Water Plan. Because of all these substantive and procedural flaws, more than thirty conservation organizations have refused to support the Yakima Plan, its dams and its proposed NRAs, including the Sierra Club, Audubon, The Mountaineers, the Washington Environmental Council, Friends of Bumping Lake, Washington Wild, ALPS, the North Cascades Conservation Council, the Endangered Species Coalition and the Federation of Western Outdoor Clubs. Many of them testified in the state Legislature's hearings this year. We need a new ethic for the lands and waters -- for the Yakima, and far beyond. We cannot dam our way out of climate change and water shortages. Bumping Lake and the Wymer site (between Ellensburg and Yakima) are now threatened with destruction by new irrigation dams. You can help. Together we need to wave a big red stop sign at the Yakima Plan: STOP new dams and STOP water waste in the Yakima Basin. The Yakima Plan does not deserve the support of elected officials, state and federal resource agencies, or any conservation organization. It does deserve more scrutiny by the Everett Herald. A lot more. Chris Maykut is a Seattle restaurateur who leads Friends of Bumping Lake. Brock Evans is President of Endangered Species Coalition, and served for many years as the Sierra Club's Northwest Regional Director. In 1972, he received the Washington Environmental Council's "Environmentalist of the Year" Award, the first time the award was given. Estella Leopold, youngest daughter of Aldo Leopold, is a paleobotanist who has worked to protect forests and waters of the Pacific Northwest.

(Really, they’re building a new spillway/dam)Man and Machine: Construction at the Minidoka Dam spillway gears up for winter work.By Laurie Welch - Magicvalley.Com

Rupert, Idaho • When the Minidoka Dam Spillway was built in 1906, men with sledgehammers, picks, shovels and mules did much of the work. Piece by piece they chipped out bits of basalt at the base of the spillway and hand-mixed and poured the concrete. Today, a complex dance of man and machinery is creating the $21.3 million new spillway and canal headworks replacement project. And when it’s completed, flooding along the Snake River, such as the flood of 1997, won’t happen. “The gates will be able to control that overflow,” said Eduardo Lopez-Owsley, resident engineer for the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. “Construction is going well,” said Sal Varela, project manager for Record Steel and Construction Inc., the project’s general contractor.The crew will demolish the 2,237-foot-long pier and stop-log structure at the dam, about 10 miles northeast of Rupert on Lake Walcott Reservoir, and replace it with a roller-compacted concrete, gated spillway. The new structure will have headworks and control gates for the Burley and Minidoka irrigation districts. Money for the project came from both districts, which passed bond issues, and from federal dollars.

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Under Construction The work started in November 2011 and is more than halfway done. Completion is expected in the spring of 2015. Varela said most work has been finished on the North and South Canal headworks structures and the north and south dikes. The southside headworks, which feed the Burley Irrigation District, were operating this spring. “They (the Burley district) are really happy with their new structures,” said Lopez-Owsley. The northside headworks, operated by the Minidoka Irrigation District, are expected to be in operation next spring. “We are currently finalizing gate installation at the south gated spillway and preparing for a busy work season this winter,” Varela said. Over the next months, the workers will build the roller-compacted concrete, south gated spillway and will demolish the old cracked and deteriorated spillway, said John Tiedeman, Bureau of Reclamation activity manager. “Our next big push will be the overflow spillway in 2014,” said Lopez-Owsley. “Construction actually revs up during the winter when the water draws down so we can get as much done as possible before the start of the irrigation season.” Material from the demolition will be stockpiled near the construction site.“As much of that will be reused as possible around the site,” Tiedeman said. Most of the concrete is in place now, he said, and some winter work will center on excavating a channel that leads to the new spillway. Work also will proceed on one of two access roads downstream, Tiedeman said.

Building a Dam – Then and NowOne of the biggest differences will be better control of water flow through the radial gates, Lopez-Owsley said. The old stop-log system actually let most water over the spillway. “The new overflow spillway will only be used for major events when the water flows exceed the gates’ capacity,” he said. Tiedeman said the spillway was moved downstream from the old one, realigned and shortened to save costs. The new dam’s design also will allow the water level at the reservoir to stay the same year-round, Varela said. Another big difference, said Lopez-Owsley, is the concrete quality and technology — which has made leaps and bounds since the early 1900s.Although, he said, some parts of the old structures that were immersed in water are still in good shape. “They did a good job with what they had to work with back then,” he said.

(I was advised that there were 5 dam failures in Colorado, all small low hazard dams, with a total of 100 acre-feet of storage and had nothing to do with the massive flooding. The article, which is more up to date, says 9 low hazard dams failed. Inspecting the dams is a good idea though! It doesn’t rain this much very often.)Colorado launching massive emergency dam inspection programBy David Olinger, The Denver Post, 09/23/2013, denverpost.com

Colorado is undertaking the largest emergency dam inspection program in state history, seeking to check 200 dams in 10 days, mostly along the South Platte River and its tributaries. All of Colorado's high-hazard dams, which likely would kill people if they fail, withstood the recent record rainfall. But nine low-risk dams have breached, and an uncounted number of small ponds overflowed, contributing to the flood. Twenty other dams can be reached only by helicopter because roads below them washed out. At least 55 engineers have offered to help the state dam safety branch with the inspections, and the agency has called all of its engineers in western Colorado to Denver.

In two days, "we had to write up the plan for what we wanted these engineers to do," dam safety chief Bill McCormick said. "They'll help do a workload that would have taken us six months."The inspectors will be looking for problems like increased seepage from large earthen dams, damaged spillways and clogged drainage outlets. Some small lakes and reservoirs might have to McCormick, his deputy Scott Cuthbertson and John Batka, a safety engineer for dams along the St. Vrain and Big Thompson river systems, set out Thursday afternoon to see some of the known damage to the dams. In Boulder County, at Pella Ponds Park, a trail system winds past a trio of ponds and lakes beloved by anglers and birdwatchers. The flood breached two, and their waters are pouring out. The parking lot is a cavernous hole, tipping over an outhouse at the edge. The trail, now a bumpy mix of gravel, stones, driftwood and landscape fabric, ends abruptly at a 10-

Copy obtained from the National Performance of Dams Program: http://npdp.stanford.edu4

foot-high cliff. The nearby St. Vrain River demolished this park. "Utter devastation throughout the floodplain," Batka said. "Whatever was in its path." Upstream, the river jumped its banks and formed new channels. The deluge filled McCall Lake, a high-hazard reservoir saved by its spillway. At Left Hand Valley Reservoir, two spillways sent water over the edge. One, a staircase of concrete, survived with little apparent damage. The other, which doubled as the road to the reservoir, was destroyed. A 3-foot emergency berm now blocks the base of the access road. Above it, floodwaters carved giant gullies all the way to bedrock.It is among 70 reservoirs whose waters roared down spillways, some for the first time since they were built.

"This is a generational event," Cuthbertson said, surveying the wreckage. The dam safety program already took emergency action at 14 locations. One was Gaynor Lake, a Boulder County open space reservoir near houses and roads. When the lake filled, emergency workers brought in a backhoe to clear out clogged outlet ditches, leaving behind a mess of equipment tracks and a urine-like stench emanating from piles of dead cattails. Its embankment is temporarily braced with sand and gravel. McCormick watched the lake draining away for dam repairs. "We saw this as a serious condition," he said. He said Colorado residents can be thankful that its most hazardous dams met strict engineering standards and that grants from the Federal Emergency Management Agency's national dam safety program helped train engineers and dam owners for this crisis.He said he hopes that a massive dam inspection program will find any hidden dangers — and reassure the worried people who call his office daily to report potential dam failures. One came from a personal acquaintance who lives near the Button Rock reservoir in Larimer County. "Everyone in this neighborhood is on edge," she told him.

(Ouch! This what bad foundation info can do. They might save some money if they do a site-specific PMP for the PMF.)Duck River Dam Project skyrockets to $110 million; up $40 million from original estimate By Trent Moore The Cullman Times, September 22, 2013, cullmantimes.com

The price of the Duck River Dam, Alabama is going up, and water rates along with it. City officials spent the summer anxiously waiting to find out how much the Duck River Dam would cost, after some additional excavation earlier this year proved the site was less suitable than anticipated for construction. Following a full-scale engineering study over the past several months, the cost of the project is expected to jump from $70 million to approximately $110 million — a $40 million and 57 percent increase to build the reworked design. Officials received the details of the engineering study earlier this week, and the findings will be formally announced at a utilities board meeting on Tuesday. Overall, the dam design will still have a roller-compacted concrete spillway in the center, with earthen dam sides on the east and west banks, though some engineering specifics have been greatly adjusted to fit the site. When asked if the dam might be scrapped because of the cost increase, Cullman Mayor Max Townson said he still believes it is in the best interest of the community — even with the higher price tag. More than $20 million has already been spent on the project, and the board still has approximately $28 million in the bank from the initial bond. The next few phases will be funded with a new, approximately $60 million bond. “We’re past the point of no return, and we’ve come too far at this point,” he said. “This is still something we need for future generations, and it’s

Copy obtained from the National Performance of Dams Program: http://npdp.stanford.edu5

amazing to me how quickly people can forget the drought we had just in 2007, and 1999 before that. We’re obviously not happy about what we’ve found out, but we still need this reservoir as an insurance policy for our future.”

Engineers have also spent the past several months trying to find ways to “value engineer” the design and bring down the higher costs, though engineers say the $110 million price tag is likely as low as it will go, barring an under-budget construction bid for the next phase. The price could also rise even further, as the current estimate allows for a -20/+30 margin. “Once we got into the study, we realized it was a huge cost increase — not small,” said Tom Harwell, with engineer of record CH2M Hill. “So, we wanted to go back and look everything, and we took a step back and looked at everything we could.” Most of the price increase revolves around the reworked spillway, which will be constructed using roller-compacted concrete with a fixed-crest design. The spillway will cost an additional $18 million, while additional soil grouting (a process to reinforce the ground with concrete and fill air voids) will add $5 million to construction costs. Additional focus on earthen sections of the dam and the intake will add $5 million more. An additional $6 million will also be needed for higher-than-expected costs to relocate some Tennessee Valley Authority and Cullman Electric Cooperative power lines, as well as to cover an increased cost in land acquisition, legal, engineering and construction management fees. Some changes to the dam pipeline and pump station are expected to add an additional $6 million, largely related to route constraints and right-of-way requirements. Once complete, the project will create a 640-acre lake with a 32-million-gallon-per-day capacity in northeast Cullman County, which will work in conjunction with the area’s current sole major water source Lake Catoma.

Wholesale, consumer water rates going upConsumer and wholesale water rates were already expected to increase, but now costs will be going up even more to fulfill the obligations of the larger bond needed to finish the project. The wholesale water rate is expected to increase from $2.03 per 1,000 gallons to between $3.55 to $4.03 per 1,000 gallons by around 2015, once a full year’s debt service is paid on both bonds needed to fund the project. The dam project will directly result in a $1.55 to $2 increase per 1,000 gallons. For example, a minimum water bill of 2,000 gallons will increase by approximately $3.10 to $4 per month. A minimum water bill of 3,000 gallons will increase by approximately $4.65 to $6 per month. An average water bill of 5,000 gallons will increase by approximately $7.75 to $10 per month. When briefed about the potential increase late this week, the Duck River Advisory committee, which is made up of designees representing the major water systems across the county, expressed concern over what the higher price will mean to poultry farmers. Cullman County is home to one of the biggest poultry markets in the state, and an average chicken house can reportedly use between 330,000 to 540,000 gallons of water per year. “Something that is on everyone’s mind is the poultry industry, and that is absolutely important,” advisory committee chairman Jimmy Knight said. Current estimates note the increased rates could cost poultry farmers between $511 to over $1,000 more per-year per-house, depending on the size of the operation. When asked if he was concerned the project might potentially hurt the area’s strong farming community, Townson said he agrees the increased cost could be a burden — but it’s a better option than running out of water. “Is it better to pay a little more for water, than to run the risk of not having any at all during a drought?” he said. “Yes, it might be higher than we thought, but it will still make more water available.”

The ‘clay’ problemOnce major excavation work began earlier this year, engineers say they started to notice unexpected clay layers slicing through the bedrock of the proposed dam foundation. When his team first started to look at the redesign after discovering the site issues, Newton said the problems came close to potentially derailing the entire project. “At one point, there was no project,” he said. “So, we sat down and came up with a dam that will fit that site.” CH2M Hill was working off core and soil borings taken by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in the late 1990s, which had not revealed the clay layers at the site. Officials say they could not have known about the issues until the excavation work was complete, as the Corpse’s samples reportedly did not indicate there were problems with the site. “What we found was very different than what we were

Copy obtained from the National Performance of Dams Program: http://npdp.stanford.edu6

expecting,” CH2M Hill engineer Steve Newton said. “It’s not something that has anything to do with who is doing the work, or a reflection of the job done by the Corps. of Engineers. It’s just a case of dealing with what nature has given us.” By slicing through different areas of the foundation area, Harwell said the clay deposits could compromise the stability of the dam, which is why the design had to be fully reworked. “Those clay layers go through different layers of the rock, and that’s problematic for the dam because the stability is not there,” he said. “It’s also not practical to just dig those out, because there are so many different spots. So, that’s why you have roller-compacted concrete in the middle, where the better foundation is available.” The reworked design also accounts for additional grouting work to create additional stability in the foundation area.

The flood level factorMuch of the reworked spillway design revolves around attaining a probable maximum flood (PMF) rating, which is necessary to move forward with construction. The PMF rating is essentially a flow level that could only be reached in the most extreme flooding conditions, to ensure the structure could withstand the deluge. After CH2M Hill took over the project from the Corps. as engineer of record, the team went about reviewing the original hydrology report at the recommendation of the Corps. It was at that point the engineers determined the PMF level for Duck River is actually more than double the Corps.’s original estimate — which means a much longer emergency spillway could be required. The report concluded a 600-foot spillway could be necessary, which is twice the size of the original 300-foot design. “We considered two other designs, but they had disadvantages, and the costs were almost equal to what we were seeing already,” Harwell said. Designers are now eyeing a design for a 250-foot spillway with a sand layer “fuse plug” at the top that could serve as a trapdoor to allow water to flow out to a designated area in the event of an unprecedented flood. “Obviously, we want to make sure it’s a safe dam, in the unlikely event that a flood does occur,” Newton said. “That basically means we had to have a longer spillway to accommodate for a flood.” Considering the dam’s location — near a major highway with residential areas nearby — the dam is labeled a high hazard dam, meaning it could cause loss of life and damage if it were to break. The safety measures are needed because engineers determined that if the dam were to fall, it could endanger lives and structures within up to 60 miles. At its peak, the dam could potentially create a massive wave more than 40-feet high if it were to breach — which is why officials say the redesign is necessary to ensure the dam could withstand potential flood conditions. “It’s just not practical to not have this as a high hazard dam,” Harwell said.

(Another backhoe job! That means it’s not much of a dam!)Crews remove dam on Whychus CreekBy Jim Cornelius, News Editor, 9/24/2013, nuggetnews.com

The babble of Whychus Creek was interrupted last week by the roar of heavy equipment as work crews removed the old Leithauser irrigation dam on Whychus Creek. The dam removal is part of a wider project to restore salmon and steelhead runs in the streams of Sisters Country. The Upper Deschutes Watershed Council, the City of Sisters, water-right holders and adjoining landowners partnered to remove the dam located near the intersection of E. Black Crater Drive and N. Fir Street. In addition to the removal, work crews are bioengineering stream banks with logs and boulders to control erosion and eventually host riparian plantings to improve fish habitat. The creek was diverted into a bypass channel to allow crews to work in dry conditions. Fish were salvaged from the creek

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Heavy equipment moved rocks and logs to bioengineer new banks where a dam was removed on Whychus Creek. photo by Jim Cornelius

before work began. Once work is completed, the creek will flow through a more "natural" channel, with the bioengineered west bank keeping it a few feet farther away from the homes that line the creek. "Now there's a little more room for the creek," said Upper Deschutes Watershed Counci Project Manager Mathias Perle. "The center line of the creek will come out maybe 10 feet or so. We wouldn't call it a realignment."

The grant-funded project cost approximately $180,000, from design to the work in the channel. Perle noted that the Leithauser family participated directly in the project. The dam once diverted irrigation water on water rights dating back to the 1880s. "The water ran through town and irrigated an area out near the airport," Perle said. With the dam out of the way, passage for fish is unimpeded through that section of the creek. There are two other diversions upstream; the plan is to create passage around those impedances. Perle readily acknowledges the paradox of engineering a more natural creek. "You can't go back necessarily to the way it was before town," he said. "You have to find a balance, given that you're in an urban setting and there are homes." Materials were being brought in to create new banks. Trees removed as part of the Uncle John Ditch piping project were staged in Sylvia Cara's front yard and brought down into the channel, where they were placed along with boulders to build new banks which will eventually be planted to create shaded riparian habitat. Henderson Environmental Design-Build Professionals did the design work. The Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board, the Pelton-Round Butte Mitigation Fund, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and others contributed to the project. Work will be completed by October 15.

(This looks like a hard one to assess! It goes back 180 years!)Report: Windsor Dam Safety Below StandardBy Patrick O’Grady, Valley News Correspondent , September 25, 2013, vnews.com

Windsor, Mass. — A consulting engineer hired to analyze the Ascutney Mill Dam that forms Kennedy Pond said that the dam’s overall stability and spillway capacity are both below safety standards and higher spillway flows raise the risk on the buttress shell. The analysis was presented at the Selectboard Tuesday night as part of a report on the condition of the dam and options for repairs. “We are looking at the ability of the dam to pass floods based on the design criteria of a 44 square mile drainage (watershed) basin,” said Phil Moreschi of Manchester, Conn.-based Fuss & O’Neill, explaining the goal of their analysis and recommendations. Moreschi and Mike Taylor of Geo Design in Middlebury, Conn., and Windsor and said they expect to finalize their recommendations to present to the Selectboard in November. Toward the end of Tuesday night’s presentation, Town Manager Tom Marsh said the town should have cost estimates for the repair options about the beginning of the year and can then decide on a bond amount for voters to consider at Town Meeting in March.In the spring, a cofferdam was constructed and a large amount of silt was removed to allow the installation of a new sluice gate on the roughly 180-year-old dam. Water can now flow from the bottom, reducing the pressure on the spillway.

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Geo Design and Fuss & O’Neill were hired in June to conduct a hydrologic and structural analysis of the dam. Some the options in the report included reconstructing the spillways and related masonry, repairing the concrete face and rebuilding the buttress shell, the stone portion at the base of the dam. Engineers presented slides during the presentation that showed the condition of

the dam, including the severe cracks in the concrete on the upstream side. Also in the report were some preliminary alternatives to reducing the flow at the 300-foot spillway, or the top of the dam. Lengthening the spillway 80 feet to the west and building a concrete spillway channel, lowering the level of Kennedy Pond or raising the height of the spillway were presented for consideration. Taylor and Moreschi referred to “factors of safety” of the dam and designing the repairs to make it resistant to high flows as would be experienced in a 100-year flood. The report gives the dam a fair or poor rating for different conditions including high spillway discharge. “The buttress shell has a low safety factor,” Taylor said. While removing the dam was mentioned, it was not among the alternatives presented and would likely not be considered because Kennedy Pond is a popular recreation area for the town.

(The benefits of dams. Does this come under the heading “I told you so”?)Dams provide resilience to Columbia River basin from climate change impactsBy News On September 25, 2013 - sciencecodex.com Corvallis, Ore. – Dams have been vilified for detrimental effects to water quality and fish passage, but a new study suggests that these structures provide "ecological and engineering resilience" to climate change in the Columbia River basin. The study, which was published in the Canadian journal Atmosphere-Ocean, looked at the effects of climate warming on stream flow in the headwaters and downstream reaches of seven sub-basins of the Columbia River from 1950 to 2010. The researchers found that the peak of the annual snowmelt runoff has shifted to a few days earlier, but the downstream impacts were negligible because reservoir management counteracts these effects.

"The dams are doing what they are supposed to do, which is to use engineering – and management – to buffer us from climate variability and climate warming," said Julia Jones, an Oregon State University hydrologist and co-author on the study. "The climate change signals that people have expected in stream flow haven't been evident in the Columbia River basin because of the dams and reservoir management. That may not be the case elsewhere, however."The study is one of several published in a special edition of the journal, which examines the iconic river as the United States and Canada begin a formal 10-year review of the Columbia River water management treaty in 2014. The treaty expires in 2024. Jones said the net effect of reservoir management is to reduce amplitude of water flow variance by containing water upstream during peak flows for flood control, or augmenting low flows in late summer. While authorized primarily for flood control, reservoir management also considers water release strategies for fish migration, hydropower, ship navigation and recreation. These social forces, as well as climate change impacts, have the potential to create more variability in river flow, but the decades-long hydrograph chart of the Columbia River is stable because of the dams, said Jones, who is on the faculty of the College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences at OSU."The climate change signal on stream flow that we would expect to see is apparent in the headwaters," she said, "but not downstream. Historically, flow management in the Columbia River basin has focused on the timing of water flows and so far, despite debates about reservoir

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New England Scenery at its best

management, water scarcity has not been as prominent an issue in the Columbia basin as it has elsewhere, such as the Klamath basin." The study, which was funded by the National Science Foundation's support to the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, looked at seven sub-basins of the Columbia River, as well as the main stem of the Columbia. These river systems included the Bruneau, Entiat, Snake, Pend Oreille, Priest, Salmon and Willamette rivers."One of the advantages of having a long-term research programs like H.J. Andrews is that you have detailed measurements over long periods of time that can tell you a lot about how climate is changing," Jones pointed out. "In the case of the Columbia River – especially downstream – the impacts haven't been as daunting as some people initially feared because of the engineering component. “Will that be the case in the future?" she added. "It's possible, but hard to predict. Whether we see a strong climate change signal producing water shortages in the Columbia River will depend on the interplay of social forces and climate change over the next several decades."

Hydro: (When a governor is against you, it’s a hard sell!)Pursuing energy alternatives does not require accepting Northern PassBy Maggie Hassan, September 20, 2013, bostonglobe.comThe Globe’s recent editorial concerning the Northern Pass project (“Gains outweigh the costs for hydropower from Quebec,’’ 9/15) compels me to respond on behalf of the people of New Hampshire.

It is disappointing that the Globe perpetuated the myth that large-scale hydroelectric power and Northern Pass are one and the same. Rather, Northern Pass is one proposed project that would import large-scale hydro to southern New England – and as the Globe points out, the project has made every possible misstep thus far. Since entering office, I have focused on working with the people and businesses of New Hampshire to build a stronger economic future through innovation, and in no sector is innovation needed more than our energy industry. And yet, the Northern Pass project discounts innovative technologies and new approaches in favor of old transmission methods that could harm our state. It is true that New England, like the rest of the country, is experiencing a rapidly changing energy landscape. It is also true that energy prices for our consumers remain too high and there is not enough of a focus on innovation to break the cycle. On average, electric utilities spend less than 1 percent of their revenue on research and development, a mere fraction of what competitive industries do. New Hampshire understands the need to pursue modern and long-term energy strategies that will help lower costs, protect our natural resources, and create good jobs. Our State Energy Council is developing a 10-year energy strategy for New Hampshire that will address a variety of issues. We are also working with other states in the region on many other related energy-planning projects, including an analysis of the role of a wide range of energy sources.

The recent editorial failed to note that New Hampshire already produces more energy than we use, and that we have done more than our fair share of establishing a diverse mix of energy resources, which benefit the rest of the region and help to power southern New England. While we appreciate that those who are net importers of energy need new sources, other states must understand that New Hampshire must do our own math on the costs and benefits of any energy project that would impact our state. Expanding traditional energy sources like large-scale hydropower does not mean just accepting what Northern Pass has put on the table, and no one should accept Northern Pass’s assertion that the only way for New England to access Canadian hydropower is to trade away the majestic beauty of the White Mountains. The Globe is absolutely right that New Hampshire’s natural beauty is one of our region’s treasures, but that description does not come close to explaining what our natural resources mean to the Granite State. They are essential to our high quality of life, which helps attract talented people and new businesses to

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our state. Our natural resources and natural beauty are also essential to our travel and tourism economy - our second largest industry - which generates billions of dollars and creates thousands of jobs. Year-round, visitors come from across the country and around the world to ski our mountains, hike our trails and kayak on our lakes. While it’s clear that Northern Pass officials recognized the need to revise their proposed route, their latest proposal buries only eight miles of lines and would still put towers, potentially taller than trees, through miles of the White Mountain National Forest, a treasure that draws admirers from around the world. Like our New England neighbors, New Hampshire is working hard to reduce harmful fossil fuel emissions in order to clear the air and views of our great vistas. Why would we then sacrifice those views to miles and miles of towers?

New England is demanding newer, cleaner and more innovative energy sources – energy sources that create jobs here in New England. We should also demand newer, cleaner and more innovative transmission methods. In New York, the Champlain Hudson Power Express, an energy transmission project that includes Canadian hydropower, is burying more than 300 miles of lines. Why shouldn’t we fully examine those types of technology — and route — alternatives for New England? If the solution can be found for New York, we should find a solution for New England and train New England workers to lead the way in new transmission technology and infrastructure construction. Exploring new energy sources like large-scale hydro power does not mean just accepting what Northern Pass has offered. As it stands, for the people of New Hampshire, the project is all costs and few, if any, savings. All people in New England deserve better, and the people of New Hampshire will continue to demand better. Maggie Hassan is the governor of New Hampshire.

(Congress caused the problem, now we blame everyone else! Repeal ECPA and the problem is solved! The environment survived before ECPA! What is interesting is that PG&E was the reason we have an ECPA! The PG&E person that testified probably doesn’t even know that.)Witnesses Agree Federal Regulatory Changes will Benefit Current and Future Hydropower Projects Press Release

Washington, D.C., September 19, 2013 - Today, the House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Water and Power held an oversight hearing on “Keeping Hydropower Affordable and Reliable: The Protection of Existing Hydropower Investments and the Promotion of New Development.” This hearing highlighted how existing federal and non-federal hydropower resources are compromised by litigation and regulation, while new hydropower projects face uncertainty and federal inaction. Hydropower provides abundant, renewable and emissions free energy that contributes to long-term jobs and economic growth throughout the U.S. In Washington state, hydropower accounts for 70 perfect of electricity generated. Hydropower accounts for seven percent of electricity generated nationwide. “Although hydropower is the cheapest form of electricity generation our technology has developed, it has been held stagnant, while infinitely more expensive generation has moved forward, at huge expense, both to taxpayers and ratepayers. If you want to know why your electricity bill is skyrocketing, you need look no farther than these misguided but deliberate public policies,” said Subcommittee Chairman Tom McClintock (CA-04). “Our existing hydropower-producing dams are slowly being put to death by a thousand cuts. That status quo is simply unacceptable. Other developed countries, such as Canada and Sweden, embrace clean and renewable hydro-electricity and make it a national policy to protect this valuable resource. We must do the same, and if it takes additional legislation to do it, then we will pursue this option,” said Chairman Doc Hastings (WA-04). “Legislation must also promote hydropower. Conservation and efficiency are important parts of our energy strategy, but they will not meet demand in the long-term. We simply need to tap more of our existing non-powered” During today’s hearing, Committee Members heard from witnesses about how bureaucratic red tape, federal regulations and lawsuits challenge the development of

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hydropower.

Leslie James, Executive Director, Colorado River Energy Distributors Association, testified on the importance of hydropower projects and how existing federal regulations must be balanced. “Federal hydropower is a valuable clean, renewable resource that faces a number of challenges today. Those challenges include the need to balance competing interests, including requirements of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) and other federal law, to maintain the affordability of the resource, and to deal with hydrological challenges like the current drought affecting the Colorado River. Opportunities exist to expand hydropower resources and federal generating agencies should be encouraged to maximize production from these resources…but those must be considered cautiously in light of potential ESA and legal requirements, and there must be a balance between costs and impacts.

“Randy Livingston, Vice-President, Power Generation, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, highlighted how improvements are necessary to ensure that federal agencies do not impose unnecessary, duplicative costs and mandates on hydropower. “The cost and duration of the process to relicense an existing hydroelectric project can be just as cumbersome and complex as seeking a license for a new, un-built hydroelectric project. In both cases, the cost and duration associated with licensing is typically far greater than any other established electric generation technology.”

John Grubich, General Manager, Public Utility District No. 1 of Okanogan County, Washington described the roadblocks utilities face while pursuing the addition of hydropower to existing non-federal dams. “The key federal land management agency pursued excessive and costly additional requirements with little or no relationship to Project impacts. BLM pursed this wish list of additional measures without regard to their potentially serious economic consequences for the Project.”

(Dam gets a bounce! What’s that gray thing in the reservoir?)Rainbow Dam project nearly finishedOfficials hope to raise water levels in next few daysSep. 20, 2013, greatfallstribune.com, Written by Peter Johnson Tribune Staff Writer

Replacement of two rubber bladders at Rainbow Dam that help control the reservoir level is nearing completion, a PPL Montana official said Friday, and the company hopes to raise the river back to normal levels by early next week. “The water drawdown and bladder replacement work has gone really well,” said Jeremy Butcher, north end hydro supervisor for PPL. “We have one of the rubber bladders in place and did a successful stress test Thursday night. The second bladder is nearly installed, and we will do a stress tonight.”

Butcher said officials expect the replacement project to be completed Sunday or Monday, with the reservoir behind the dam raised to normal levels by Monday or Tuesday. PPL hired Pacific Pile & Marine LP of Seattle in August to build a barge to house equipment on the south side of the river just upstream of the dam and used it to float a crane and other equipment to the staging area. Under PPL supervision, Pacific Pile workers in early September to replace two rubber bladders that make up a rubber dam that is raised and lowered to control the reservoir level. The inflatable rubber bladders are 20 years old and nearing the end of their useful lifespan, officials said. They’re on the spillway section of Rainbow Dam on the north side of the river. PPL drew down the Missouri River about 13 feet to allow work on the project, which cost about $2 million. Meanwhile Great Falls resident Pat Douglas observed about 10 odd impact craters or indentations on the

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north shore near the boat launch while walking there with his son. He wondered whether they might be signs of people fishing with explosives. Matt Marcinek, regional parks manager for the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, speculated that existing depressions within the muddy bottom might be worn away gradually by rock flakes swirling around in the current when the reservoir is filled.

(Book on Hoover Dam)Hoover Dam new!

nevadamuseumstores.org, September 21, 2013

Hoover Dam was America’s shining light during the dark days of the Great Depression. This monumental structure was the largest federal works project of its time, constructed after years of scientific study and political maneuvering by California boosters. Author Renee Corona Kolvet, an archaeologist, freelance writer and former employee of the Bureau of Reclamation documents the tremendous growth of Las Vegas due to the dam’s construction and how the small, construction boom town of Boulder City, continues to thrive today in the shadow of Hoover Dam. Arcadia Publishing, Softcover, 126 Pages.

(The original elevator at Snoqualmie Falls hydro project was run by water power. This is not a new idea!)Ex-Wall Streeter Turns Eye to Untapped HydropowerBy Gabrielle Karol, Energy Innovations, September 24, 2013, FOXBusiness, smallbusiness.foxbusiness.com

For former Merrill Lynch banker Frank Zammataro, a new view in midtown Manhattan led to a complete career overhaul. Post-9/11, Zammataro found himself working in a temp space that overlooked a water tower. “I envisioned, ‘Could you use the water on these buildings to power emergency evacuations? ‘” says Zammataro, who became determined to find the answer. Speaking with professors at New York’s Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Zammataro says they were unconvinced water towers could generate electricity for evacuations, but suggested he talk to water utilities about his idea. “We soon discovered there are thousands upon thousands of valves deployed to slow down and regulate pressure,” says Zammataro, providing a major opportunity to convert that pressure into electricity. “By the end of the summer of 2002, we had enough information to actually start writing a business plan,” says Zammataro; by the spring of 2003, his renewable energy startup Rentricity was born.

How Rentricity Converts Water Into EnergyRentricity focuses on gravity-fed water, which flows from places of high elevation to low elevation. “When this water comes downhill, it needs to be regulated and slowed down, and valves are deployed by water operators. Those valves squeeze the column of water, creating friction,” explains Zammataro.

Rentricity takes advantage of that wasted pressure and essentially converts it to electricity. While the company doesn’t manufacture pumps, it integrates electrical and control systems to manage the process. In some cases, Rentricity is also financing the installation of its systems, and then sharing the energy-generating revenue with clients. Since its commercial launch in 2009, Rentricity has worked primarily with municipal water utilities. In the city of Keene, New Hampshire, for instance, the water utility processes 3 million gallons of water each day for approximately 25,000 residents. “It’s powering up their entire water treatment plant, making it the very first energy-neutral water treatment plant powered by its very own inflow of water,” says Zammataro. Over the life of the unit, he estimates Keene will save $1.5 million in energy expenses.

Untapping the Potential in Water EnergyWhile Rentricity is a relatively young company, hydropower has been a source of renewable energy since the late 1800s, with the first commercial plant introduced in Appleton, Wisconsin in

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1882. “In 1940, water produced one-third of all U.S. electrical energy,” says Matt Nocella, a spokesman for the National Hydropower Association. While the total amount of energy produced by water hasn’t been on the decline, over the last decade hydroelectricity has produced only 7% of the electricity consumed by the United States. But among renewable energy sources including wind and solar, water is king: It accounts for over 60% of all renewable energy used in the United States, according to the government’s Energy Information Administration. Seven percent of total electricity is no small feat, but the Department of Energy and the NHA suggest water is being underutilized as a source of power. The DOE reports only 3% of the nation’s 80,000 dams are generating electricity, not to mention the many water utilities that could also produce energy.

Getting down to hard numbers, a 2009 study commissioned by the NHA found 60,000 MW of potential hydropower in the United States. Harnessing the potential, the study concludes, can lead to a 60% increase in the amount of electricity created by water. It would also add an estimated 1.4 million jobs by 2025, thanks in part to new hydropower companies like Rentricity or Portland’s Lucid Energy, which employs similar technology.

Government Challenges Facing HydropowerFor hydropower companies, permitting and regulatory hurdles are major factors at play when it comes to more widespread adoption of hydropower technology, says Linda Church Ciocci, executive director of the NHA. “Licensing and permitting costs are about 25% of overall development costs,” says Church Ciocci. She says this financial burden can be challenging for businesses like Rentricity when approaching cities that need to get approval for hydropower projects. Church Ciocci says her organization is focused on streamlining the approval process, and recent laws that received bipartisan support are moving in the right direction. For instance, the Hydropower Regulatory Efficiency Act and the Bureau of Reclamation Small Conduit Hydropower Development and Rural Jobs Act were signed into law by President Obama on August 9, 2013, promising to minimize regulatory challenges for smaller projects. At the same time that it has presented difficulties, however, the government has also enabled Rentricity to grow.

“We were lucky enough to join ACRE [NYC’s Accelerator for a Clean and Resilient Economy], which is an incubator in Manhattan … cofounded by the state of New York as well as the local mayor’s office,” says Zammataro. He says the accelerator provided the company with access to rent-subsidized office space, and allowed Rentricity to use the help of students at NYU Polytechnic. Rentricity was also the beneficiary of grants from the states of Rhode Island and Connecticut, which were instrumental in helping the company develop its technology before going commercial. That said, all of the licenses and permits, not to mention the lengthy timeline associated with government projects, is leading Rentricity to seek out opportunities besides those presented by municipal water utilities. “The sales cycle at the classic B-to-G (or business-to-government) level are longer, and that’s why Rentricity is now looking at other kinds of businesses like industrial food processors,” says Zammataro. Between municipal water utilities, commercial processors, pharmaceutical companies and mining operations, Zammataro estimates Rentricity will be able to sell approximately 724 units of its technology over the next five years.

Goshen's Millrace Canal could be tapped for powerAssociated Press, By Nick Wesman, The Elkhart Truth, sfgate.com, September 24, 2013

Goshen, Ind. (AP) — For years, the Millrace Canal wasn't only an aesthetic draw for citizens of Goshen, but also provided a source of power. A South Bend company is working with the city to restore the canal to that original purpose. Falling Waters LLC is currently engaged in negotiations with the Redevelopment Commission to lease the Goshen Powerhouse property at the north end of the canal to develop hydroelectric power, The Elkhart Truth reported (http://bit.ly/19AtTIQ ). Originally, Falling Waters had hoped to use the Powerhouse itself to convert the energy into usable power. Goshen's Redevelopment Commission, however, wanted to keep the Powerhouse available to rent for public events and private parties, leading Falling Waters to agree to construct

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a complimentary structure that will house the inverter equipment needed to convert the power from alternating current to direct current. In addition to the converting structure, a hydropower electrical-generating turbine will be installed at the north end of the canal, according to David Snyder, Falling Waters' Chairman and Manager. Falling Waters will be plugged into the NIPSCO grid. Snyder anticipates that the company will purchase the power generated by Falling Waters. He said they won't know for sure how much power will be generated as of yet but estimated that the equipment will be able to churn out approximately one megawatt per hour, or a little more.

Snyder assured that the equipment and operation will not adversely affect the canal or its wildlife. "We don't foresee any impact," he said, explaining that they haven't observed any fish bedding on the downside of the Powerhouse and that the operation will not affect any fur-bearing animals that might drink from the canal. Snyder added that the turbine to be installed is fish friendly and will not result in any fish deaths. "It's a very low-impact operation," he said. Snyder said it is a "wonderful" opportunity to use the canal as a source of power again and noted that, besides the equipment that needs to be installed, they're simply using and reusing resources that are already present. "It's the cleanest and greenest power known to man," Snyder said of hydroelectric power. "It's such an exciting project for the area." He added that the Goshen site will be just one of several that Falling Waters will look to utilize over the next few years. The lease agreement with the Redevelopment Commission could be accepted as early as next month's meeting. There may still be some wait after the lease is agreed upon before construction will begin. "We will probably be about a year away," Snyder said, due to the federal permit process. But once equipment is installed and tied into the NIPSCO grid, power production will begin within days.

(Everyone wants a piece of a hydro project if they can get away with it! It’s stealing!)Alcoa fights back after NC sues over riverbed property rights under dams, refuses water OKBy Emery P. Dalesio AP Business Writer, September 25, 2013 - therepublic.com Raleigh, North Carolina — Alcoa Inc. pushed back Wednesday against claims by North Carolina officials in a yearlong fight over control of the water and electricity coming from the state's second-largest river system. Alcoa said in court filings it should be given the water quality certification it needs for a new federal operating license for the next 50 years. State officials said in an August lawsuit that Alcoa has no ownership rights to the bed of the Yadkin River over which four dams were built beginning a century ago. The lawsuit asks a federal judge to rule North Carolina has had riverbed ownership since it became a state after the American Revolution and that the state now has a stake in Alcoa's four hydropower dams. The state environment agency cited the lawsuit in rejecting the water quality certification Alcoa needs for a new federal operating license. The company's response to the federal lawsuit said that if North Carolina ever had any ownership rights in the dams or the riverbed under them, they were lost because state officials failed to claim them until now.

Alcoa also appealed the rejected water certification in a state administrative court, saying that it was treated unfairly because the state environmental agency was about to approve it until North Carolina's riverbed lawsuit. The state Division of Water Resources denied Alcoa's bid for state certification that it is meeting water quality standards. That certification is needed before the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission will issue a new multi-year license. The state water agency should have stuck to whether the water quality in the river near the dams met state requirements rather than consider other issues like riverbed ownership, Alcoa relicensing manager E. Ray Barham said in a statement. "The denial was based solely on unproven allegations in a lawsuit filed by the state itself only hours before," Barham said. With the lawsuit, Republican Gov. Pat McCrory's administration is taking a similar position to that of his predecessor, Democrat Beverly Perdue, in opposing a new federal license that would allow the company to continue operating the dams for up to 50 years, or sell the dams to another buyer. The Pittsburgh-based company is the world's largest producer of primary and fabricated aluminum. The dams powered an aluminum smelter that closed in 2007, and the company has since sold the electricity to commercial customers. The Yadkin River extends for about 200 miles

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to the east of Charlotte and becomes the Pee Dee River before entering South Carolina on its route to the Atlantic Ocean.

Ownership of riverbeds beneath commercially navigable waterways has historically gone to state governments upon statehood. Non-navigable riverbed ownership stays with the federal government. The U.S. Supreme Court sided in 2012 with a power company in a dispute with Montana over who owns the riverbeds beneath 10 dams sitting on three Montana rivers. Montana sought to collect more than $50 million in back rent and interest after that state's highest court determined the state owns the submerged land beneath the dams. The high court ruled that entire rivers can't be declared navigable and thus state property, and courts instead should analyze whether the spots where dams were built were navigable before deciding state ownership.

Water: (The U.S. got a deal when the treaty was first signed. What do you want to bet it doesn’t work out well the second time?)U.S. regulators recommend new Columbia River treaty

Treaty signed in 1961 led to the flooding of the Columbia River ValleyThe Associated Press, Sep 21, 2013, cbc.ca

A draft report from U.S. regulators recommends renegotiating a cross-border treaty that governs the Columbia River. The Columbia River treaty governs everything from power prices and water supplies. U.S. regulators say the treaty with Canada should be reworked to make the system more flexible amid climate change, and to aid endangered species.

The Columbia is North America's fourth-largest river and is 2,000 kilometres long. Chronic flooding problems prompted negotiations between the two countries to ensure better management of the river's dams and reservoirs.

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Duncan Dam, in the Purcell Mountains, is one of four dams included in the Columbia River Treaty. (Government of B.C)

The agreement, signed in 1961, led to the flooding of the once agriculturally-rich Columbia Valley. Four dams were built: the Duncan Dam, Mica Dam and Keenleyside Dam in Canada, and the Libby Dam in the U.S. The treaty was meant to address downstream flooding and to maximize hydropower generation. The U.S. agreed to pay Canada $64 million for flood control and agreed to send electricity generated at downstream U.S. hydropower dams to Canada.The treaty has no expiration date, but either country may cancel it or suggest changes beginning in 2024 with 10 years notice.

Environment:

Other Stuff:

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iThis compilation of articles and other information is provided at no cost for those interested in hydropower, dams, and water resources issues and development, and should not be used for any commercial or other purpose. Any copyrighted material herein is distributed without profit or payment from those who have an interest in receiving this information for non-profit and educational purposes only.