SOME ELEMENTS TO IMPROVE AND EXPLORE GENETIC DROUGHT

RESISTANCE

Abel Muñoz-Orozco Genetica IREGEP, Colegio de Postgraduados, México

Francisco Muñoz-Arriolaand

D. P. Lettenmaier

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, USA

5-9 of October2008 Join Annual Meeting ASA-CSSA-SSSA

Houston, TX. USA

Outline

• Motivation and General Concepts• Examples of Drought Resistance• Drought Resistance Models• Modeling Agricultural Drought

– VIC• Further work

SOME ABIOTIC ADVERSE FACTORS CONFRONTED IN MEXICO

• Serdán, Puebla example: Great Drought of Winter, Intra Summer drought, and frost conditions; with or without residual humidity.

• Huetamo, Michoacán example: low rainfall and high temperatures, with out residual humedity

• In the numerous micro regions there are a wide diversity of combinations of abiotic adverse factors and patterns of genetic resistance

•In micro regions (ecological niches) most of the patterns of crop’s genetic resistance to drought and other adverse factors are unknown

•These patterns are important to study crop’s genetic resistance in the context of climate change

Motivation

M o n t h l y m i n i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d r a i n f a l l a t S e r d a n , P u e b l a , M e x i c o ( 2 6 7 6 m a b o v e s e a l e v e l , a n n u a l r a i n f a l l 8 1 3 m m )

- 2 0

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

1 0 0

1 2 0

1 4 0

1 6 0

J F M A M J J A S O N D

M o n t h s

Min

imum

tem

pera

ture

s (C

); R

ainf

all (

mm

)

R a i n f a l l M i n i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e s

I n t r a - S u m m e r D r o u g h t

G r e a t W i n t e r D r o u g h t G r e a t W i n t e r D r o u g h t

F r o s t p e r i o d F r o s t p e r i o d

R e s i d u a l s o i l h u m i d i t y

P l a n t i n g

M o n t h l y m i n i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d r a i n f a l l a t S e r d a n , P u e b l a , M e x i c o ( 2 6 7 6 m a b o v e s e a l e v e l , a n n u a l r a i n f a l l 8 1 3 m m )

- 2 0

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

1 0 0

1 2 0

1 4 0

1 6 0

J F M A M J J A S O N D

M o n t h s

Min

imum

tem

pera

ture

s (C

); R

ainf

all (

mm

)

R a i n f a l l M i n i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e s

I n t r a - S u m m e r D r o u g h t

G r e a t W i n t e r D r o u g h t G r e a t W i n t e r D r o u g h t

F r o s t p e r i o d F r o s t p e r i o d

R e s i d u a l s o i l h u m i d i t y

P l a n t i n g

M o n t h l y m a x i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d r a i n f a l l a t H u e t a m o , M i c h o a c a n , M e x i c o ( 3 0 0 m a b o v e s e a

l e v e l , a n n u a l r a i n f a l l 8 3 4 m m )

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

J F M A M J J A S O N D

M o n t h s

Max

imu

m t

emp

erat

ure

s (C

)

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

Rai

nfa

ll (m

m)

M a x i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e s R a i n f a l l

G r e a t W i n t e r D r o u g h t G r e a t W i n t e r D r o u g h t P l a n t i n g

H i g h t e m p e r a t u r e s

M o n t h l y m a x i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d r a i n f a l l a t H u e t a m o , M i c h o a c a n , M e x i c o ( 3 0 0 m a b o v e s e a

l e v e l , a n n u a l r a i n f a l l 8 3 4 m m )

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

J F M A M J J A S O N D

M o n t h s

Max

imu

m t

emp

erat

ure

s (C

)

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

Rai

nfa

ll (m

m)

M a x i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e s R a i n f a l l

G r e a t W i n t e r D r o u g h t G r e a t W i n t e r D r o u g h t P l a n t i n g

H i g h t e m p e r a t u r e s

F r o s t P e r i o dF r o s t P e r i o d

GENERAL CONCEPTS

• Drought is a period with low rainfall• Drought Resistance, is the energy accumulated by a variety against drought• Effects of drought are modified (not the drought) mainly by elements as t, T,

S, ψa, Ll, D, O, Sp, A + I

– t, duration of drought– T, temperature– S, different elements of the soil– Ψa, water potential of the air– Ll, amount of rainfall– D, its distribution– O, ontogenetic stage of the plant– Sp, species– A, pre-conditioning– I, an interactión of the genetic elements with environmental elements

Muñoz Orozco, A. (2004). Conceptos fundamentales para evaluar la resistencia a sequia. XI International Conference on Rainwater Catchment System (Colegio de Posgraduados), pag. 518-522

• In peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.): flowering plasticity; when there is Drought, flowering reduces and renews when raifall resumes

• In sorgo (Sorhum vulgare Pers.): heat tolerance; the panicle produces grain and the leaves do not dry during high temperatures

• In maize (Zea mays L.): tolerance; when there is drought, growing is reduced and renewed when rainfall reasumes. It is asociated to stomatal hipersensitivity, stomatal closure at higher leaf-water potentials.

• The evaluation of drought resistance is based in the model one

Muñoz Orozco et al., (1983). Transpiracion, fotosintesis, eficiencia en uso de agua y potencial hídrico en maices resistentes a sequia y heladas. Agrociencia. 51, pag. 115-153

EXAMPLES OF DROUGHT RESISTANCE CARACTERISTICS DETECTED

Y=G+D+G*D

Y, total variation

G, variation of genotypes (estimates of genetic generic effects such as those expressed under drought or wet conditions)

D, variation of drought levels (or through locations)

G*D interaction of G by D (estimates the specific effects to drought, which are expressed only under drought conditions)

Muñoz Orozco, A. (1990). Modelo matématico para evaluar la resistencia a sequia: casos uno a seis. Evolucion Biológica (ASIBE), pag. 93-106.

MODEL ONE TO EVALUATE DROUGHT RESISTANCE

• Ontogenetic drought resistance (DO) or resistance through ontogenetic stages of a variety, such as early, intermediate or late varieties

• Phylogenetic drought resistance (RP) or resistance among averages of varieties of different precocity

S S

S S

SS

Fl

Fl

Fl

G

G

GEarly

Intermediate

Late

ROOntogenetic

droughtresistance

Dro

ught

res

ista

nce

(Ene

rgy

accu

mul

ated

aga

inst

dro

ught

con

ditio

ns) Y1

Y3

Y2

Early

Intermediarte

Late

RF P

hylogenetic drought resistance

ROOntogenetic

droughtresistance

ROOntogenetic

droughtresistance

G=GERMINATIONF=FLOWERINGS=SEED FORMATION

ONTOGENETIC DROUGHT RESISTANCE AND PHYLOGENETIC DROUGHT RESISTANCE

• Y=RO+RP+RO*RP

WhereY, total variationRO, ontegenetic drought resistance or resistance through the ontogenetic

stagesRP, phylogenetic drought resistance or resistance among averages of

varieties RO*RP, interactión of RO by RP

• These concepts contribute to better understand the drought resistance of the maize varietal patterns in the mexican micro regions.

• These varietal patterns are clusters of early, inermediate, and late varieties adapted to different environmental conditions of the micro regions

Muñoz Orozco, A. (1997). Model 2 to select for drought tolerance. Developing drought and low N-tolerant maize. (CIMMYT), pag 541-543

MODEL TWO TO EVALUATE DROUGHT RESISTANCE

Maize varietal pattern from mexican central high valleys, the white and cream color grain variety is late, the yellow one intermediate and the blue one early

VIC Model• Available Indices

– Palmer Drought Index– Standardized

Precipitation Index– Surface Water Supply

Index• Proposed Method

– Use of Hydrological Models to create continuous spatiotemporal patterns of drought-linked variables

– SM and RO Percentiles relative to the climatology (1960-1999)

– Allow monitoring and forecast

Short- and Long-term Drought predictions

Predicted Soil Moisture Percentile using the UW Seasonal Hydrological Forecast System

Short-term hydrological predictions based on ensemble techniques

Long-term hydrological assessments based temperature increments

Huetamo Serdan

Monthly minimum temperatures and rainfall at Serdan, Puebla, Mexico (2676 m above sea level, annual rainfall 813 mm)

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Months

Min

imum

tem

pera

ture

s (C

); R

ainf

al

(mm

)

Rainfall Minimum temperatures

Intra-Summer Drought

Great Winter Drought

Great Winter Drought

Frost period Frost period

Residual soil humedity

Planting Late variety

Intermediate variety

Early variety

Assemble to rain fall and temperatures conditions of the maize varietal pattern from Mexican central high valleys

Use of hydrological modeling to predict short- and long-term agricultural drought integrated into the Genetic Drought Resistance Modeling Framework

Acknowledgments

• Shraddhanand Shukla, UW

• Alan Hamlet, UW

D0 D1

Yie

ld o

r A

ccum

ulat

ed E

nerg

y

Drought Level

G1

G2

+g-g

+d

-d

D0

D1

+g*d

-g*d

0

0

Yie

ld o

r A

ccum

ulat

ed E

nerg

y

D0 D0D0

D0D0

D0

D1

D1 D1 D1

D1 D1

6 cases (P=Yield)

1) PG1=PG2 ( in D0); PG1>PG2 (D1)

2) PG1>PG2 ( in D0); PG1=PG2 (D1)

3) PG1>PG2 ( in D0) = PG1>PG2 (D1)

4) PG1=PG2 ( in D0) > PG1=PG2 (D1)

5) PG1=PG2 ( in D0) < PG1=PG2 (D1)

6) PG1>PG2 ( in D0) ; PG1<PG2 (D1)

Plus n intermediate cases