SomeManagementOptionsfortheFutureofCOMPRESandGSECARS

CarlB.Agee1,MarkL.Rivers2,AndrewJ.Campbell3

January3,2020

1President,ConsortiumforMaterialsPropertiesResearchinEarthSciences(COMPRES),2Director,GeoSoilEnviroCenterforAdvancedRadiationSources(GSECARS),3Chair,COMPRES

ExecutiveCommitteeIntroductionTheConsortiumforMaterialsPropertiesResearchintheEarthSciences(COMPRES)andGeoSoilEnviroCenterforAdvancedRadiationSources(GSECARS)aresupportedbytheNationalScienceFoundation(NSF)EarthSciencesInstrumentationandFacilities(EAR/IF)tooperatenationalmulti-userfacilities,primarilyatDepartmentofEnergy(DOE)synchrotronlightsources,andtoprovideEarthscientistswithaccesstoworldleadingsynchrotron-basedtechniquestoanswermajorquestionsinEarthandplanetaryscienceresearch.CurrentlythereisasynergisticrelationshipbetweenCOMPRESandGSECARSthatbenefitstheircombinedandoftenoverlappingcommunitiesofusers,butthetwoorganizationshavedistinctlydifferentmissionsandmanagementstructures.Aswelooktothefutureandmapourcourseforthecomingdecade,NSFEARIFhasrequestedthatCOMPRESandGSECARSexplorethepossibilityofmerging.Theearliesttimeframeforsuchachangewouldbe2022whenbothorganizationswouldbeupfortheirrespective5-yearrenewals.Atthe2019COMPRESAnnualMeetingheldonAugust4,inBigSky,MT,aspecialsessionwasheldtoannouncethisactivityanddiscusstheprosandconsofsuchamergerinapublicforumaccessibletoallmeetingparticipants.MarkRiversandCarlAgeegavepresentationsandthesessionwasattendedbyapproximately100participantswithabout15peoplevoicingcommentsinthediscussion.NSFrepresentativesSoniaEsperança,JenniferWade,andPaulRaterronwerealsoinattendance.NSFEARIFhasrequestedthatCOMPRESandGSECARSsubmitareportsummarizingpossiblefuturerelationshipsoftheorganizationsbytheendof2019.Tostrengthentheobjectivityofthereportandallowexaminationofthequestionfromanindependentperspective,Dr.PeterOlsonhasagreedtoformanadhoccommittee(withmembersfromtheCOMPRES/GSECARScommunitiesandneighboringdisciplines)toreviewthisreportindraftform.Tocapturecommunityinputandtopromoteinclusivenessandtransparency,thedraftreporthasbeencirculatedtothelargerCOMPRES/GSECARScommunityforcomments.Thus,thisreportisaproductoftheauthorsAgee,Rivers,andCampbell,plustheOlsonCommitteeandourgreaterstakeholdercommunity.WhenNSFrequestedthatCOMPRESandGSECARSstudytheprosandconsofapotentialmerger,wewerenottoldwhatthegoalsofsuchamergershouldbe.Webelievethatanypotentialmergershouldhavethefollowinggoals,inorderofdecreasingimportance:

- Enhancingtechnicaldevelopmentstoprovideopportunitiesfornewscience.Thisincludestakingadvantageofthetremendousopportunitiesofferedbynewandenhancedsources,suchasthecomingupgradestotheAPSandALS.

- Strengtheningthecommunitysupportforthesefacilitiesandguidanceforfutureexcitingareastopursue.

- ReducingtheadministrativeoverheadfortheNSF.- StreamliningadministrationofCOMPRESandGSECARS.

HerewedescribethecurrentmanagementstructuresofCOMPRESandGSECARS,andexplorethreemodelsforapossiblefuturemergerofthetwoorganizations,withadiscussionofprosandconsofeach,andcontrastswiththecurrentmanagementmodels.WebelievethatthecurrentorganizationofCOMPRESandGSECARSisservingthecommunitieswell,andthatourModel1,whichstrengthensformalcollaborationwhilelargelypreservingthecurrentmanagementstructure,isourpreferredmodelforthefuture.

MissionsofCOMPRESandGSECARSTheoverallmissionoftheConsortiumforMaterialsPropertiesResearchinEarthSciences(COMPRES)istoprovidefacilitiesandinfrastructuredevelopmentleadingtoanimprovedunderstandingoffundamentalprocessesonandwithintheEarthandotherplanetsbystudyingadiversespectrumofmaterialsundertherangeofthermodynamicconditionstowhichtheyaresubjectedinnature,includingthehighpressureandtemperatureconditionsthatexistintheinterioroftheEarth.COMPRESisaresearchsupportorganizationservingacommunityofeducationalandnot-for-profitUSinstitutionswithprogramsinmineralphysicsand/orrelatedfields.ThepurposeofthecurrentCOMPRESaward(NSFCooperativeAgreement)istoprovidefiveyearsofsupportforthemanagementandoperationofCOMPRESfacilities,infrastructuredevelopmentprojects,andeducationandoutreachprograms.TheoverallmissionofGeoSoilEnviroCARS(GSECARS)istoprovideanationaluserfacilityforfrontierresearchintheEarth,planetary,soilandenvironmentalsciencesusingsynchrotronradiationattheAdvancedPhotonSource(APS),andArgonneNationalLaboratory(ANL).GSECARSprovidesscientistsaccesstothehigh-brightnesshardX-raysfromtheAPS,athird-generationsynchrotronlightsourceatANL.GSECARSencompassesamuchlargervarietyoftechniquesandgeosciencedisciplinesthanCOMPRES.TheprimaryCOMPRESmissionisresearchonthepropertiesofEarthmaterials,andithasanemphasisonhigh-pressuremineralphysicsanddeepplanetaryinteriors.ThistypeofresearchisamajorthrustatGSECARSaswell,anditaccountsforabout55%oftheGSECARSbeamtime.However,theother45%ofthebeamtimeatGSECARS,usingthex-raymicroprobe,surfacesciencetechniques,ambientpressurepowderdiffraction,andmicrotomography,isdirectedtowardapplicationsinthefieldsofgeochemistry,petrology,shallowcrustalgeophysics,andplanetaryscience.WhereasCOMPRESisfocusedprimarilyonsupportingthemineralphysicscommunity,theGSECARSmissionistosupportEarthscienceresearchthatcanutilizesynchrotronresearchmorebroadly.Asaconsequence,GSECARSsupportsNSFfundedPIsfromanumberofsectionprogramswithintheEARdivision,includingGeobiologyandLow-TemperatureGeochemistry,Geophysics,PetrologyandGeochemistry,andSedimentaryGeologyandPaleobiology.CurrentManagementStructureofCOMPRESThehistoryofCOMPRESstartedwithaTownHallgatheringattheFall2000AGUMeetinginSanFranciscoorganizedbytheAGUMineralandRockPhysicsCommittee,andtheplanningcontinuedwithaworkshopattheScrippsInstitutionofOceanographyinLaJollainFebruary2001,andculminatedinasuccessfulproposaltotheNSFDivisionofEarthSciencesinAugust2001.InMay2002,aCooperativeAgreementwasestablishedthatfundedCOMPRESfrom2002-2007.Thiscooperativeagreementwasrenewedin2007(COMPRESII),2012(COMPRESIII,andin2016(COMPRESIV,thecurrentcooperativeagreement).COMPRESisledbyaPresident/CEO;pastPresidentswereRobertLiebermann(StonyBrookUniversity)andJayBass(UniversityofIllinois,Urbana-Champaign),thecurrentPresidentisCarlAgee(UniversityofNewMexico).TheCOMPRESgovernanceandmanagementstructureisaninterfacebetweenthescientificcommunity,fundingagenciesandtheprogramsofCOMPRES(Figure1).Anelectorate

consistingofmemberinstitutions(ratherthanindividuals)chartsthefutureandestablishesprioritiesoftheconsortiumviagovernanceprocessesclearlydefinedbytheCOMPRESBylaws.Currentlythereare70US-basedmemberinstitutions(Electorate).COMPREShasabicameralorganization,withthePresidentactingasPIoftheorganization,andthememberinstitutionsrepresentedbytheExecutiveCommitteeandtwostandingcommittees,theFacilitiesCommitteeandtheCommitteeonEducationandOutreachandInfrastructureDevelopment(EOID).ThePresidentofCOMPRESistheChiefExecutiveOfficeroftheorganizationandexecutesallcontractsandagreementsonbehalfoftheorganizationandcarriesoutthedirectivesoftheElectorate.InrelationshiptotheNSFCooperativeAgreement,thePresidentofCOMPRESalsoservesasthePrincipalInvestigator.ThePresidentisappointedbytheExecutiveCommittee,inconsultationwiththecognizantNSFProgramDirector,andwitharecommendationfromanadhocSearchCommittee.Historically,theCentralOfficeofCOMPRESandtheNSFCooperativeAgreementhaverotatedtothehomeinstitutionofthenewly-appointedPresident.UnderthecurrentCooperativeAgreement,theCOMPRESCentralOfficeislocatedattheUniversityofNewMexico.TheCentralOfficebudgetcovers9monthsoftheCOMPRESPresident’ssalary(Agee),and~50%ofstaffmembers’salaries(GloriaStatomandBethHa).TheUniversityofNewMexico(UNM)contributes1.25FTEtosupporttheCentralOfficesalaries.Inadditiontosalarycostsharing,UNMprovideshighqualityofficespaceandbasicservicesfortheCOMPRESofficesinNorthropHallonitsMainCampusinAlbuquerque.TheCOMPRESPresidentplaysthemajorleadershiproleintheorganization.Broadlyspeaking,thePresidentworkswiththeelectedcommittees,thecommunity,andadministrativesupporttoadvancethegoalsofCOMPRES.ThismissiononbehalfofitscommunityofmemberinstitutionsistofacilitatetheoperationofbeamlinesanduseofEarthsciencesfacilitiesatnationallaboratories,todevelopnewtechnologies,andtoadvocateforscienceandeducationalprograms.TheresponsibilitiesoftheCOMPRESPresidentinclude:

1. OverseesCOMPRESfacilities,educationoutreachandinfrastructuredevelopment(EOID)projects,andorganizestheCOMPRESannualmeeting.

2. CarriesoutthemainadministrativefunctionsofCOMPRES.3. NegotiatespartneruseragreementsandMOUswithnationallaboratoriesandother

partners.4. CreatesandauthorsCOMPRESrenewalproposalsandcooperativeagreementswith

NSF.5. LeadsthegovernanceofCOMPRES.6. CarriesoutcommunityadvocacyforCOMPRESbothwithinandoutsidethe

organization.7. LeadsthestrategicplanningactivitiesofCOMPRES.

TheExecutiveCommittee(5members)iselectedbytheCOMPRESElectorateandhasfullpowerinthemanagementoftheaffairsoftheConsortium,representingtheinterestsoftheresearchcommunityandtheconsortiummembers.TheresponsibilitiesoftheExecutive

Committeeincludecoordinationofactivities,meetings,workshops,andeducationalandoutreachprograms.TheExecutiveCommitteeauthorizestheCOMPRESbudgetannually,andmakesdecisionstoinitiateorterminateCOMPRESprojectswhenneeded.ThetwoCOMPRESStandingCommitteesarealsoelectedbytheCOMPRESElectorate.TheydeveloppoliciesandprovidedetailedoversightofthetwocoreactivitiesofCOMPRES.Theseare:1)TheFacilitiesCommittee(5-6members)whichevaluatestheeffectivenessoftheservicedeliveredbythecommunityfacilities,coordinatesbetweenfacilitiessoastomaximizethecommunity’seffectivenessinusingthesefacilities,considersthecommunity’sneedsandrecommendchangesinthelevelsofsupportofallpossiblecommunityfacilities,andformulatespartneruserproposalsforaccessingCOMPREScommunityfacilities.2)TheEducation,OutreachandInfrastructureDevelopment(EOID)Committee(4-6members)whichreviewsinfrastructuredevelopmentprojectsandallformsofeducationaloroutreacheffortsthataresupportedbyCOMPREStoassurethattheseprojectsservetheneedsofthecommunity,recommendswhetheraprojectshouldcontinueornot,andwhatchangesareneededtobettermeettheneedsofthecommunity,andalsoevaluatesproposalsbythecommunityfornewdevelopmentprojectsandmakesrecommendationsconcerningfunding.

Figure1.CurrentmanagementandorganizationalstructureofCOMPRES.TheNSFsupportsCOMPRESthroughaCooperativeAgreementforwhichtheCOMPRESPresidentisPrincipalInvestigator.COMPRESgovernanceisdefinedinitsbylaws.TheCOMPRESPresidentisthechiefexecutiveofficeroftheorganizationandimplementstheordersoftheExecutiveCommittee.TheExecutiveCommitteeiselectedbytheCOMPRESmemberinstitutions(Electorate)anditrepresentstheCOMPRESElectorateinmanagingtheaffairsoftheorganization.TheFacilitiesCommitteeandEOIDCommitteereporttotheCOMPRESExecutiveCommittee.TheCOMPRESPresidentandCentralOfficemonitorthescientific,technical,andfiscalperformancemetricsofallsub-awardsmadeunderthetermsoftheCooperativeAgreement,ensuringthatallNSFrequirementsareobserved.GreenboxesrepresentsourcesoffinancialsupportforCOMPRES.

COMPRESbeamlinescientistsandfacilitiesaresupportedthroughsub-awardstoPrincipalInvestigators,whoprovideintellectualandmanagerialleadership.Sub-awardPIsdonotreceivesalaryfortheconsiderabletimetheyputintomanagingCOMPRESfacilities,andtheytypicallycontributeadditionalresourcesfromtheirhomeinstitutionorfromresearchgrantsfromotherNSFprogramssuchasEARGeophysicsandEARPetrologyandGeochemistryorotherstateorfederalsources.Forexample,theStonyBrookUniversityMineralPhysicsInstitute(MPI)hasbeenalong-timesourceofpersonnelandequipmentsupporttoCOMPRES.Likewise,thehostinstitutionsofallCOMPRESsub-awardPIsprovideatleastsomesignificantlevelofin-kindsupport.Inaddition,COMPRESandtheChicagoDOEAllianceCenter(CDAC)haveanMOUthatprovidessupplementaryNationalNuclearSecurityAdministration(NNSA)supportfortheNSLS-IIFISbeamline.COMPRES-supportedbeamlinesareheavilysubsidizedbyDOEsynchrotronhostsattheAdvancedLightSource(ALS)atLawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory,AdvancedPhotonSource(APS)atArgonneNationalLaboratory,andNationalSynchrotronLightSource-II(NSLS-II)atBrookhavenNationalLaboratory.Typically,abeamlinewillcostseveralmilliondollarsperyeartooperateandnoneofthiscostispassedontoCOMPRESoritsusers.COMPRESalsomanages“off-line”facilitiessuchasthelong-termMulti-AnvilDevelopmentprojecthostedatASU,aswellasshort-termEOIDprojectsthataretypically2-3yearsinduration.FacilitiesandprojectscurrentlymanagedbyCOMPRES

1. ALS12.2.2BeamlineDiamondAnvil(PI:QuentinWilliams,UCSantaCruz)2. APSBeamline6-BM-BMulti-anvil(PI:DonWeidner,MattWhitaker,StonyBrook)3. NSLS-IIXPDBeamlineMulti-anvil(PI:DonWeidner,MattWhitaker,StonyBrook)4. APSBeamline13-BM-CPX^2DiamondAnvil(PI:PrzemekDera,Univ.Hawaii)GSECARS

partnership5. APSGasLoadingforDiamondAnvil(PI:MarkRivers,Univ.Chicago)GSECARSpartnership6. APSSector3and30IXSDiamondAnvil,Mössbauer(PI:JayBass,UIUC)7. NSLS-IIFISIRBeamlineDiamondAnvil(PIs:RussellHemley,ZhenxianLiu,UIC)CDAC

partnership8. Multi-AnvilProject(PI:KurtLeinenweber,ASU)9. Deep-EarthLarge-VolumeExperimentation"DELVE”(Lead:YanbinWang,Univ.Chicago)10. MineralElasticityDatabase(PI:TomDuffy,PrincetonUniversity)

Table1showsthebeamlinesmanagedbyCOMPRES,withthefractionofthatbeamlineavailabletoCOMPRES.ThecurrentandfuturesourcesformostofthesebeamlinesareshowninFigure3.COMPRESbeamline

Fractionofbeamline Currentsource Futuresource

ALS12.2.2(diamondcell)

0.50 ALSsuper-bend(ALSSB). ALSupgradesuper-bend(ALS-USB)

NSLS-IIFIS(infrared)

0.50 NSLS-IIinfrared NSLS-IIinfrared

APS6-BM-B(multi-anvil)

0.50 APSbendingmagnet(APSBM) APSupgradebendingmagnet(APS-UBM)

NSLS-IIXPD(multi-anvil)

0.25 NSLS-IIdampingwiggler(NSLS-IIDW)

NSLS-IIsuperconductingwiggler(NSLS-IISCW)

APSSector3,30(nuclear,inelastic)

0.60 APSundulator APS-Uundulator

APS13-BM-CPX2(diamondcell)

0.35 APSbendingmagnet(APSBM) APS-Ubendingmagnet(APS-UBM)

Total 2.70 NotethatthePX2projectonAPS13-BM-CisrunjointlybyCOMPRESandGSECARSandreceivesabout70%ofthetime.Wehaveassigned0.35fractionofthisbeamlinetoCOMPRES,0.35toGSECARSaspartofPX2,and0.30toGSECARSforotherprograms.Currentlythereare9COMPRESsub-awards(#2and#3shareasubaward),7beamlinefacilities,and9beamlinescientists.TheCOMPRESannualbudgetis$2.4million.COMPRES-acknowledgedpeer-reviewedpublicationstotaled278fortheperiod2017-2018.CurrentManagementStructureofGSECARSCurrentlyGSECARSoperates4simultaneousbeamlinefacilitiesatSector13,with11scientificstaff,3post-docs,and3.5supportstaff.GSECARSwasdesignedandconstructedasacommunityfacility,beginningin1994.Thedesignwasacommunityeffortsupportedbyfivedesignteams,consistingofleadersinthefieldofeachtechnique.Thesewere:

1. Diamondanvilcell(RussHemley,BillBassett,DaveMao,Li-ChungMing,TomDuffy,GuoyinShen)

2. Largevolumepress(DonWeidner,JayBass,BillDurham,IvanGetting,KurtLeinenweber,MurliManghani,MikeVaughan,YanbinWang)

3. X-raydiffractionandscattering(JohnParise,LarryFinger,JosephPluth,CharlesPrewitt,JoeStucki,PeterEng,JVSmith)

4. X-rayabsorption(GlennWaychunas,GordonBrown,PaulBertcsh,FrancoisFarge,MattNewville)

5. X-raymicroprobeandmicrotomography(SteveSutton,MarkRivers,DarrellSchulz,KeithJones,IanSteele)

GSECARSisoneofthreesectorsattheAPSmanagedbytheUniversityofChicagoCenterforAdvancedRadiationSources(CARS).BioCARSislocatedatAPSsector14andisfundedbytheNIH,primarilyforultra-fasttime-resolvedstudiesofbiologicalsystems.ChemMatCARSislocatedatsector15,andisfundedbyNSFChemistryandMaterialsScienceforliquidsurface,micro-crystallographyandsmallanglescattering.MarkRiversiscurrentlytheExecutiveDirectorofCARS.TheGSECARSgovernanceandmanagementstructure(Figure2)hasasimpleinterfacebetweenthefundingagenciesandthePrincipalInvestigators(Co-DirectorsandBeamlineScientists)ofthecooperativeagreementandgrants.TheCo-DirectorsarethePIsoftheNSF-EAR-IFCooperativeAgreementwithacurrentannualbudgetof$2.97millionaccountingfor~75%ofGSECARSsupport.GSECARSstaffalsohavegrantsfromNSF-EAR(Geophysics,Petrology,andGeochemistry),DOE-BES-Geosciences,andNASA-SMD(LARS,SSERVI,ANGSA)makingup~25%ofGSECARSsupport.TheGSECARSDirectorsoverseesixTechnicalGroupsorganizedaroundthesixprincipaltechniquesinSector13.EachofthesegroupshasaseniorGSECARSstaffmemberasaleaderasshownbelow:

1. DiamondAnvilCell(VitaliPrakapenka,ResearchProfessor)2. Large-VolumePress(YanbinWang,ResearchProfessor)3. Microtomography(MarkRivers,ResearchProfessor)4. X-rayAbsorptionFineStructureSpectroscopy(MattNewville,ResearchProfessor)5. X-rayDiffractionandScattering(PeterEng,ResearchProfessor)6. X-rayFluorescenceMicroprobe(StephenSutton,ResearchProfessor)

Theseindividualshavetheresponsibilitytoleadthedevelopmentofscience,instrumentationandusercommunityintheirparticulararea.Inaddition,theleadersworkcloselywithuserstoensurethesuccessofexperiments(experimentdesign,experimentconduct,dataanalysis,etc.)andreceiveinputfromthemonpotentialnewscientificandtechnicaldirections.GSECARSstaffoftenplayleadingrolesintheorganizationofinternationalmeetingsandworkshopsoncutting-edgescientificandtechnicaldevelopmentscoveringentiretheGSECARS(includingCOMPRES)communityaswellasbeinginvolvedintechniquedevelopmentatothersynchrotrons.Thismanagementconfigurationhasworkedsuccessfullythroughoutthe23-yearhistoryofGSECARS.

GSECARSfundingproposalstoNSF-EARandotheragenciesidentifykeyscientificprojectstobepursued,andproposenewtechnicaldevelopments.BothactivitiesalwaysinvolvecollaborationswithmembersofthegeosciencecommunityoutsideofGSECARS.GSECARSencompassesamuchlargervarietyoftechniquesandgeosciencedisciplinesthanCOMPRES.TheprimaryCOMPRESmissionisresearchonthepropertiesofEarthmaterials,andithasanemphasisonhigh-pressuremineralphysicsanddeepplanetaryinteriors.ThistypeofresearchisamajorthrustatGSECARSaswell,anditaccountsforabout55%oftheGSECARSbeamtime.Theother45%ofthebeamtimeatGSECARS,usingthex-raymicroprobe,surfacesciencetechniques,ambientpressurepowderdiffraction,andmicrotomography,isdirectedtowardapplicationsinthefieldsofgeochemistry,petrology,shallowcrustalgeophysics,andplanetaryscience.WhereasCOMPRESisfocusedonsupportingthemineralphysicsEarthsciencecommunityprimarily,theGSECARSmissionistosupportEarthscienceresearchthatcanutilizesynchrotronresearchmorebroadly.Asaconsequence,GSECARSsupportsNSFfundedPIsfromanumberofsectionprogramswithintheEARdivision,includingGeobiologyandLow-TemperatureGeochemistry,Geophysics,PetrologyandGeochemistry,andSedimentaryGeologyandPaleobiology.SomeusersarefundedbyotherNSFdivisions,DOE,NASA,USDA,EPA,andotheragenciesandorganizations.GSECARShad908user-visitsand518uniqueusersin2018.Theserepresentover130uniqueinstitutions.TheGSECARSbeamlinesareheavilyoversubscribed,particularlyforthe13-ID-Dstationwiththelaser-heateddiamondanvilcelland1000-tonmulti-anvilpress,wheretheoversubscriptionisgreaterthan2.5.

Figure2.CurrentmanagementandorganizationalstructureofGSECARS.TheNSFsupportsGSECARSthroughaCooperativeAgreementforwhichtheGSECARSDirectorsareCo-PrincipalInvestigators.ThePrincipalInvestigatorsensurethatanefficientandeffectiveprojectgoverningstructureisinplacethroughouttheawardperiodtosupportallcriticalorsignificantprojectactivities.PIsalsoensurethatthepurposesoftheCooperativeAgreementarecarriedout,andensureefficientandeffectiveperformanceofallprojectresponsibilitiesbythegoverningcomponentsthroughouttheawardperiod.GreenboxesrepresentsourcesoffinancialsupportforGSECARS.GSECARSidentifieshigh-impactsciencetopursueintwoprincipalways.First,thestaffidentify“hottopics”throughdiscussionswithmembersofthescientificcommunityandusersoftheirbeamlines.Second,itallocatesbeamtimetoproposalsthathavebeenhighlyratedbyAPSreviewpanelscomposedofpeersrepresentingawiderangeinexpertise.Thestaffworkstodevelopthenewinstrumentationandmethodologiesneededtofacilitatethoseselectedprojects.Thus,researchprojectsallocatedbeamtimearehighly-ratedproposalsbyindependently-supported(manybyNSFand/orDOE)investigatorsandareoftenconductedascollaborationswithGSECARSstaff,anapproachthatmaximizestheeffectivenessandimpactoftheexperiments.GSECARS-acknowledgedpeer-reviewedpublicationstotaled331fortheperiod2017-2018.Table2showsthebeamlinesmanagedbyGSECARS,withthefractionofthatbeamlineavailabletoGSECARSusersGSECARSbeamline Fractionof

beamlineCurrentsource Futuresource

13-BM-D 1.00 APSbendingmagnet(APSBM)

APSupgradebendingmagnet(APS-UBM)

13-BM-C 0.65 APSbendingmagnet(APSBM)

APSupgradebendingmagnet(APS-UBM)

13-ID-C/D 1.00 APS30mmperiodundulator(APSU33)

APSupgrade28mmundulator(APS-UU28)

13-ID-E 1.00 APS36mmperiodundulator(APSU36)

APSupgrade33mmundulator(APS-UU33)

Total 3.65 (Seethenotefor13BM-CPX2withTable1above)SynchrotronSourcesforCOMPRESandGSECARSbeamlinesTheCOMPRESandGSECARSsynchrotronbeamlinesarelocatedattheAdvancedLightSource(ALS)atLawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory,AdvancedPhotonSource(APS)atArgonneNationalLaboratory,andNationalSynchrotronLightSource-II(NSLS-II)atBrookhavenNationalLaboratory.TheseareallsynchrotronlightsourcesoperatedbytheDOEforthescientificcommunity.InFigure3weplotthebrightnessofthesesourcesasafunctionofx-rayenergy.

Thesourcesincludeundulators(NSLS-IIU20,APSU33,APS-UU28),wigglers(NSLS-IISCW,NSLS-IIDW),andbendingmagnets(APS-BM,APS-UBM,ALSSB,ALS-USB).Brightnessisthefigureofmeritthatdeterminesthenumberofphotonsthatcanbefocusedtoasmallspotwithagivendivergenceandenergybandwidth.Itisthustherelevantfigureofmeritformanyofthegeosciencebeamlinessuchasdiamondanvilcelldiffraction,andx-raymicroprobesandmicrospectroscopy.Notethatthesourcesdifferbynearly8ordersofmagnitude.ThefuturesourcesincludetheAPS-Uupgrade,theALS-Uupgrade,andtheNSLS-IIsuperconductingwiggler.TheAPSupgradewillreplacetheentireacceleratorin2022withanewdesignwithamuchsmallerelectronbeamsizeinthehorizontaldirection,andover100timesgreaterbrightnessontheundulatorbeamlines.Thiswillpermit100timesmorephotonstobefocusedintothesamespotsizeastoday,orafocalspot10xsmallerineachdirectionwiththesamenumberofphotonsastoday.TheALS-Uupgradewillsimilarlydecreasethesizeoftheelectronbeam,butforthesuperbendbeamline12.2.2thatCOMPRESusesitwilldecreasethemagneticfield,reducingthebrightnessathighenergy.TheNSLS-IIsuperconductingwigglerwillbeanewsourcewithmuchhigherbrightnessthanthedampingwigglerthatCOMPREScurrentlyusesontheXPDbeamline.

Figure3.BrightnessofsourcesforanumberofcurrentandfutureCOMPRESandGSECARSbeamlines.Currentsourcesareplottedassolidlines,andfuturesourcesaredashed.TheNSLS-IIsourcesareblue,APSisblack,andALSisred.CurrentRelationshipbetweenCOMPRESandGSECARSCOMPRESandGSECARSarecomplementaryorganizationsthatcollaboratecloselythroughcoordinationofcommunitydevelopmentactivities,andthedesign,constructionandoperationofadvancedinstrumentation.MarkRivers,Co-DirectorofGSECARS,iscurrentlytheelectedChairoftheCOMPRESFacilitiesCommitteefor2018-2021.AttheendofhiscurrenttermRiverswillhaveservedeitherasChairorRegularMemberoftheCOMPRESFacilitiesCommitteeforatotalof14yearsoutofthe20yearsCOMPRES’existance.GSECARSparticipatesintheCOMPRESannualmeetingwithpresentationsonoverallGSECARSstatus.TheCOMPRESFacilitiesCommitteehashadsitevisitsatGSECARSandprovidedadvicetoitsdirectorsonoperationsandfuturedirections.COMPRESandGSECARShaveformedtwosuccessfulpartnershipsattheGSECARSAPSbeamline:1)PartnershipforeXtremeXtallography(PX^2)whichisaCOMPRESsub-awardtotheUniversityofHawaii(PI,PrzemekDera);and2)APSGasLoadingFacilityforDACwhichisaCOMPRESsub-awardtotheUniversityofChicago(PI,MarkRivers).ThePX2projectuses~70%ofthebeamtimeontheGSECARS13-BM-Cstationfordiamondanvilcellexperiments,particularlyforsingle-crystaldiffraction.ThiseffortfollowedtheclosingoftwoCOMPRES-operateddiamond-anvilcellbeamlinesattheNSLS(X-17CandX-17B3)inSeptember2014whentheNSLSceasedoperations.GSECARSupgradedthe13-BM-Cmonochromatortoalsoallowoperatingat28.6keV,andCOMPRESinvestedabout$180Ktoaddx-raymicro-focusingoptics,cleanupslits,resistiveheating,membraneremotepressurecontrol,andanopticalplatformforsampleviewing,laserheating,andopticalspectroscopy.In2018COMPRESandGSECARSjointlyfundedaPilatus3S1Mdetectorwhichgreatlyreduceddatacollectiontime,improvedsignal/noise,andenhanceduserexperienceatthefacility.ThegasloadingfacilityhasbeenapartnershipprojectbetweenCOMPRESandGSECARSsince2006.Byprovidingacapabilityforuserstoloadinert,nearlyhydrostaticpressuremediaintheirexperiments,thisfacilityhasgreatlyimprovedtheprecisionofmanyhighpressureexperiments.COMPREScurrentlyfunds~50%ofSergeyTkachev’ssalarytoprovideamail-inservicetoloadcellsfornon-APSusers,andtoassistusersfromnon-GSECARSbeamlineswithloadingtheircells.COMPRESrecentlyfundedthepurchaseofastate-of-the-artAxisProAPSSmicromanipulatorlocatedinthelaserlaboratoryatGSECARS.ThisisavailabletotheentireCOMPREShigh-pressurecommunity,notjustusersofGSECARS.COMPRESandGSECARSusercommunitiesCOMPRESandGSECARShaveoverlappingbutdifferentusercommunities.ManyofthemineralphysicistswhousetheCOMPRESbeamlinesalsousetheGSECARSbeamlines.However,thereisalargecommunityofnon-highpressureuserswhoonlyuseGSECARSanddononconsiderthemselvesmembersoftheCOMPREScommunity.COMPRESisfocusedlargelyondeepEarthandplanetaryprocesses,andwebelievethatstrongfocushasbuiltastrongcommunitythatgovernsitselfwellandparticipatesenthusiasticallyinitsannualmeeting.TheGSECARScommunityismuchbroader.IntheModels2and3thatwepresentbelowwithCOMPRESandGSECARSbeinggovernedsimilarlytoCOMPREStoday,butwithamuchexpandedscopeand

thuscommunitymembership,wefeelthereisarealdangeroflossofthecommunityidentities.Wouldsuchanexpandedcommunityparticipateinanannualmeetingwithamuchbroaderscope?Wouldthemembersfromonescientificfieldfeelthatitsinterestswerebeingfairlyrepresentedinanexpandedelectorate?ProsandConsoftheCurrentManagementStructuresofCOMPRESandGSECARSPros

1. ThedistinctCOMPRESandGSECARSusercommunitiesappeartobesatisfiedandwellservedbythecurrentstructure.Theusersatisfactionsurveyresultsindicatestrongsupportforthewaythefacilitiesarecurrentlybeingrun.

2. COMPREShasbeenoperatingsuccessfullyunderthecurrentmanagementstructurefor17years(established2002),nowwith9COMPRESsub-awardsand7beamlinefacilitiesdistributedbetween3DOEsynchrotrons,with~140publicationsperyear.

3. COMPRESandGSECARShavecollaboratedsuccessfullyfor17yearstothebenefitofthecommunity.

4. COMPREShaswelldefinedgovernancethroughitsbylaws.5. COMPREShas70memberinstitutions.6. COMPREShasanExecutiveCommitteeelectedbyitsmembership.7. COMPREShasaPresidentthatcarriesoutthedirectivesoftheExecutiveCommittee.

ThePresidentisappointedbytheExecutiveCommitteeinconsultationwithNSFthroughrecommendationsfromanadhocsearchcommittee.

8. COMPREShasaFacilitiesCommitteeandanEOIDCommitteeelectedbyitsmembership.

9. COMPRESCentralOfficebenefitsfromsupportofitshomeinstitutionUniversityofNewMexico.

10. COMPRESsupportsanAnnualMeetingand2-3communityworkshopsperyear.11. COMPRESsub-awardPIsarestakeholdersintheenterpriseandsub-awardsarea

mechanismforenhancingdirectcommunityparticipationandstewardshipinCOMPRESfacilitiesandEOID.

12. GSECARShasbeenoperatingsuccessfullyunderthecurrentmanagementstructurefor23years(established1996),withcurrently>800uservisitsperyearand>165publicationsperyear.GSECARSisconsistentlyinthetop10%ofAPSsectorsinpublicationsperyear,andconsistentlyisjudgedtobeoneofthebestmanagedCollaboratingAccessTeamsinthereviewsbytheAPSScientificAdvisoryCommittee.

13. GSECARShasasimple,streamlinedgovernanceandmanagementstructurewithasingledirectreportofitsDirectorstoNSFEARIF;therearenosub-awardmanagementtasks.

14. GSECARSformallyinvolvesthecommunityincollaborativescientificandtechnicalprojectsinitsfundingproposals.GSECARSalsofrequentlyhostscommunityworkshopsdevotedtodevelopingnewtechniquesandnewsciencedirections.Theseworkshopsprovidecommunityinputtothenewdirectionsthefacilityshouldpursue.

15. TheGSECARSadministrativecostsareverylow.Thereisoneadministrativestaffmember,NancyLazarz,whohandlestheusersupportforallofthe800+user-visitsperyear,purchasing,humanresources,publicationdatabase,andmanyothertasks.Over60%ofNancy’stimeisusersupport,whichissomethingthattheCOMPREScentral

officedoesnothandle.RiversandSutton,thePIandCo-PIontheGSECARSNSF-EARawards,spendmostoftheirtimeasbeamlinescientistsworkingwithusers,anddoingtechnicaldevelopments.Theactualadministrativecosts(40%ofLazarz,10%eachofRiversandSutton)isabout$130K/year,orabout5%oftheGSECARSbudget.

16. GSECARSbenefitsfromtheCARSofficeandthePhysicalSciencesDivisionattheUniversityofChicagowhichprovidemonetaryandadministrativestaffsupport.

17. GSECARShasco-locatedbeamlineswhichallowseaseofaccessforusers,andthecentralfacilitymodelthatoptimizesbeamlinepersonnel,equipmentupgrades,andtechnicalsupport.

Cons1. Despitetheiroverlappingcommunities,COMPRESandGSECARSlackaformalprocessor

managementstructuretocoordinatecollaborativeefforts,futureplanning,sharingofresources,andmitigationofduplicationofeffort.

2. Becauseofitssubawardstructure,COMPRESleadershiplacksfine-grainedcontroloverthedailyoperationsofitsprojects.Evensomecriticaldecisions,namelyhiringofbeamlinepersonnel,restprimarilywiththesubawardPIs.

3. GSECARSlacksanExecutiveCommitteeand/orFacilityCommitteethatwouldprovideformalcommunityparticipationinmanagingtheaffairsoftheorganization.

WhilewebelievethatthecurrentmanagementstructuresofCOMPRESandGSECARShaveservedbothoftheseorganizationsandtheiruserbaseswellforthepasttwodecades,thereisalwaysroomforimprovement.Inparticular,asdescribedabove,bothCOMPRESandGSECARSwouldbenefitfrommanagementstructuresthatpromotecoordinationbetweenthetwoorganizations.BelowweexploretheprosandconsofthreemanagementmodelsthatmergesomeorallaspectsofCOMPRESandGSECARS.Model1.TwoInstitutionswithFormalCoordinationThisoptionwouldpreservemostoftheexistingmanagementstructureofCOMPRESandGSECARS,whileformalizingthecoordinationbetweenthetwoorganizations.ThisoptionpreservesthedirectreportsofCOMPRESandGSECARStoNSFEARIFaswellasseparateCooperativeAgreementsandbudgets.Ideally,theNSFreviewsandfundingforbothorganizationswouldbeplacedonthesamecycle.ThisoptionalsoleavesintacttheuniqueorganizationalidentitiesofCOMPRESandGSECARSwhicharethelong-livedproductsof17and23years,respectively,ofsuccessfuloperations.Thechangeswouldbe:

1. GSECARSwouldestablishaformalAdvisoryCommitteetoprovideadviceonscientificdirectionsandhowbesttoservethecommunity.ThiscommitteewouldhaverepresentativesfromeachoftheEarthsciencesdisciplinesandtechniquesatGSECARS.ItwouldalsohaveformalrepresentationfromCOMPRES,forexampletheCOMPRESPresidentandtheChairoftheExecutiveCommittee.NotethatinthepasttheCOMPRESPresidentwasamemberoftheCARSBoardofGovernors,butthatbodywasdissolvedin2013.

2. COMPRESwouldamenditsby-lawstoformalizerepresentationoftheGSECARSDirectorsontheCOMPRESExecutiveCommittee.

ProsandConsofModel1Pros

1. PreservesthedistinctGSECARSandCOMPRESusercommunitiesandorganizationalstructurethatthecommunitiesbelievearedoinganexcellentjobservingtheirinterests.

2. ProvidesCOMPRESandGSECARSwithaformalmechanismtocoordinatecollaborativeefforts,futureplanning,sharingofresources,andmitigationofduplicationofeffort.

3. Preservesthesuccessfuloperationsofbothinstitutions,inwhichdifferentmanagementstructuresaddressdifferent(butoverlapping)goalsandusercommunities.

Cons1. SeparateCooperativeAgreements,budgets,andexternalreviewpanelsdonotreduce

administrativeworkloadforNSF.Model2.TwoInstitutionswithCommonGovernanceThismodel(Figure4)startswithModel1above,butinadditiontheDirectorsofGSECARSwouldreporttothenewExecutiveCommitteeandbesubjecttothenewCOMPRESby-laws,whichwouldbeupdatedandrevisedinaccordwithGSECARScomingunderitsumbrella.GSECARSfacilitieswouldbesubjecttoannualreviewsbytheFacilitiesCommittee.TheGSECARSbudgetwouldbesubjecttoapprovalbytheExecutiveCommittee.TheGSECARSDirectorsandtheCOMPRESPresidentwouldnormallybepresentatallmeetingsoftheExecutiveCommittee.Inthecaseofleadershipsuccession,theGSECARSDirectorswouldbeappointedbytheExecutiveCommittee,inconsultationwiththeDeanofPhysicalSciencesattheUniversityofChicago,cognizantNSFProgramDirector,andwitharecommendationfromanadhocSearchCommittee.

Figure4.“TwoInstitutionswithCommonGovernance”isanorganizationaltransformationthatwouldcreateamanagementstructurethatpreservesseparateorparallelNSFcooperativeagreementsandbudgetsforCOMPRESandGSECARS,howeverthetwoorganizationswouldbeformallyjoinedbyandsubjecttoCOMPRES-likecommunitygovernance.COMPRES*denotesupdatedandrevisedBylaws.ProsandConsofModel2Pros

1. ProvidesCOMPRESandGSECARSacommongovernancestructuretocoordinatecollaborativeefforts,futureplanning,andeliminateduplicateefforts.

2. ProvidesGSECARSwithanExecutiveCommitteewithformalcommunityparticipationinmanagementoftheaffairsoftheorganization.

3. ProvidesGSECARSwithaFacilitiesCommitteethatwouldevaluatetheeffectivenessoftheservicedeliveredbytheorganization’sfacilities,andwouldmakerecommendationsonthecommunity’sresearchneedsandfuturedirections.

4. ProvidescommunityinputintotheGSECARSsuccessionprocessforDirectorsoftheorganization.

5. PreservestheuniqueorganizationalidentitiesofCOMPRESandGSECARS.Cons

1. ExecutiveCommitteewouldonlyadvisetheNSF-EAR-IFportionofGSECARS.2. COMPRESwouldneedtofundamentallychangeitsmembershiptoreflectthebroader,

non-mineralphysicscommunitythatcomprisesalargefractionofGSECARSusers.Webelievethisrunstherealriskofcreatingalesscohesiveusercommunitythancurrentlyexists.AlargepartofthesuccessofthecurrentcommunitygovernanceofCOMPRESarisesfromthefactthatitisrelativelytight-knit,andcomestogethereachyeartodiscussissuesattheannualmeeting.Weareveryconcernedthatwithamorediversecommunityitwouldbedifficulttomaintaintheattendanceattheannualmeetingandthebuy-intothegovernancestructure.TheCOMPRESbylawswouldneedtobemodifiedtoensurethatitprotectsneedsofthebroadercommunityofEarthscienceresearchersusingtheseresources,andnewmemberinstitutions,newelectors,andnewCOMPRESofficerswouldneedtobechosen.

3. TheGSECARSawardhasalwaysbeentotheUniversityofChicago,whichthusholdstitletotheequipment.AllGSECARSstaffareemployedbytheUniversityofChicago.IfCOMPRESExecutiveCommitteechoosestheGSECARSdirectors,willtheybeconstrainedtoselectindividualsfromtheUniversityofChicago?Ifnot,therewillbesignificantissuesinstaffreportingandequipmentownership.

4. ThismodelonlyaddressesthefundingfromNSF-EAR.However,over25percentofthefundingatGSECARSisfromothersources.

5. WorkloadsfortheExecutiveCommitteeandFacilitiesCommitteewillincrease.6. SeparateCooperativeAgreements,budgets,andexternalreviewpanelsdonotreduce

administrativeworkloadforNSF.

Model3.UnifiedConsortiumforEarthMaterialsResearchThisstructuraltransformationwouldhaveasitsprimarygoaltounifyCOMPRESandGSECARSunderasingleorganizationinordertofullycoordinateNSFEARsynchrotronfacilities,streamlinemanagementandreduceadministrativeburdenforNSF(Figure5).

Figure5.“UnifiedConsortiumOption”isatransformationthatwouldcreateamanagementstructurethatisa“large-tent”organization,withasingleNSFCooperativeAgreement.Itwouldretainmostofthecommunity-basedgovernancebasedonCOMPRESmodel,andaCOMPRES-likeCentralOffice,withPresident/PrincipalInvestigator.GSECARSwouldtransformintoanumbrellaAPS/ANLCentralFacilitywithintheUnifiedConsortium.TheUnifiedManagementoptionhasasingledirectreporttoNSFEARIFbyaPresident/PrincipalInvestigatorwithasingleCooperativeAgreementandbudget.Thegovernanceis“COMPRES-like”withbylaws,anExecutiveCommittee,andStandingCommittees.ReportingtothePresidentareinstitutionalsub-awardsthatsupportthefacilitiesandEOIDprojects.IntheexampleshowninFigure5,thefacilitiesmaintainautonomythroughsub-awardsandarereducedinnumberto3tominimizeandstreamlineadministrativeburdenandtoenhancelocalcoordinationofhumanresources,equipment,technicaldevelopment,newinitiatives,andpartneruseragreements.Inthisexample,eachofthethreesynchrotronsALS,APS,andNSLS-II,wouldhaveasinglecentralfacilitysub-award.InthecaseofGSECARSitwouldbetransformedintotheAPSCentralFacilitywhichincludesthecurrentSector13operationbutalsoanyotherEarthscience-focusedfacilityorbeamlinethatwouldcomeundertheUnifiedConsortiumorganizationalumbrellaatAPS.Atthetwoothersynchrotrons,therewouldbetheALSCentralFacilitysub-awardandNSLS-IICentralFacilitiessub-award.EOIDprojectsupportintheUnifiedConsortiumoptionwouldstayunchanged,withthepossibilityof

multipleinstitutionshavingsub-awards,asisthecasecurrently.TheUnifiedConsortiumoptiondoesnotdependonreducingthenumberoffacilitysub-awards;analternateexamplewouldbetopreservethecurrent6COMPRESfacilitysub-awardsplusthecurrentGSECARS.However,theUnifiedConsortiumoptionwouldbemorestreamlinedwithjust3facilitysub-awardstooversee.AsingleCooperativeAgreement,budget,andpanelreviewwouldrepresentareductioninadministrativeburdenforNSF.Table3showstheCOMPRESandGSECARSfacilities,unitsandprojectsthatarefundedbyNSFEARIF.

Table3summarizesalloftheCOMPRESandGSECARSfacilities,unitsandprojectsthatarefundedbyNSFEARIF.GSECARSmaintains3.65beamlinesatAPSwithatotalfundedstaffof14.5FTE.COMPRESontheotherhand,runs2.7beamlinesat3synchrotrons,with9beamlinescientistsand1.75FTEfortheCentralOffice.Thelion’sshareofthecombinedGSECARSandCOMPRESbeamlinesarelocatedattheAPS(80%),whichwouldmakeanAPSCentralFacilitythecenterpieceoftheUnifiedConsortiummodel.OneofthereasonswhyAPShasattractedmostoftheEAR-fundedbeamlinesisbecausetheAPSundulatorbeamlinesaremorethan10timesbrighterthanbeamlinesatanyotherDOEsynchrotronfacility,andthebendingmagnetbeamlineshavehigherenergythantheALS(Figure3).However,theveryproductivepublicationrecordoftheCOMPRESALS12.2.2beamlinearguesthatmaintaininganEAR-fundedpresencethere,nowandinthefuture,isagoodinvestmentforourresearchcommunity.Likewise,theuniquecapabilityattheNSLS-IIFrontierSynchrotronInfraredSpectroscopy(FIS)beamlineshouldbeconsideredahighlyvaluableresearchasset,aswellasfutureopportunitiesatNSLS-IIsuchastheHighEnergyEngineeringX-RayScattering(HEX)beamline.Furthermore,“offline”projectssuchasthecurrentASUmulti-anvilprojectdonotbenefitfrombeinglocatedataDOEsynchrotron.ThiswouldalsobethecaseforafutureVeryLargeMulti-AnvilPress(VLMAP)UserFacilityforsynthesisofEarthmantlemineralsandnovelsuperhardmaterialsforhighpressureresearch.

Figure5.ThepiediagramontheleftshowsthedistributionofthecombinedCOMPRES(red)andGSECARS(blue)budget.PiediagramontherightshowsapossiblebudgetdistributionforaUnifiedConsortiumforEarthMaterialsResearchbasedonthecurrentcombinedbudget.Figure5summarizesthecombined2019budgetdistributionofCOMPRESandGSECARSandshowsthatGSECARSreceives55%ofthecombinedbudgetwhileCOMPRESreceives45%.IntheUnifiedConsortiummodel,67%ofthetotalbudgetwouldflowtotheAPSCentralFacilities,assumingthecurrentbeamlinedistribution.TheothertwoCentralFacilitieswouldreceive17%ofthetotalbudget,withtheCentralOfficereceiving10%.OneoptionfortheCentralOfficewouldfollowtheCOMPRESmodelandlocateitatthehomeinstitutionofthePresident/PIsoitslocationwouldperiodicallychange,instepwiththesuccessionprocess.Alternatively,theCentralOfficecouldbeco-locatedattheinstitutionwiththelargestCentralFacility;currentlythatwouldbetheUniversityofChicago.ThissecondoptionissimilartotheoriginalCOMPRESorganizationalstructurewhenStonyBrookUniversityhadboththeCentralOfficeonitscampusandalsohadthelargestCOMPRESsub-awardatnearbyNSLS.Ontheotherhand,proximityofacentralofficeorheadquartersrelativetoitsbranchesorfieldinstallationsisnotalwaysamajorfactorinthestructuralviabilityofanorganization.ProsandConsoftheUnifiedConsortiumOptionPros

1. CreatesafullycoordinatedorganizationforallNSFEARsynchrotronfacilities.2. TransformsCOMPRESandGSECARSintoabig-tentorganization.TheUnifiedConsortium

organizationwouldencompassEarthmaterialsresearchbeyondhighpressuremineralphysics,whichCOMPRESiscurrentlylimitedto.

3. Providesastreamlined,moreefficientmanagementstructurewithbylaws,ExecutiveCommittee,President/PI,singleNSFCooperativeAgreement,singlebudget,andsinglereviewpanel.

4. Hasthepotentialtostreamlineandreducethenumberoffacilitysub-awards.5. CreatesoverarchingsingleCentralFacilityateachofthe3synchrotronsthatcould

enhancelocalcoordinationofhumanresources,equipment,technicaldevelopment,newinitiatives,andpartneruseragreements.

6. ReducestheadministrativeburdenonNSF.Cons

1. SurrendersthecurrentuniqueorganizationalidentitiesofCOMPRESandGSECARSestablishedover17and23yearsofsuccessfulmanagement,respectively.

2. RequiressignificantefforttoformandmanageaneworganizationthatrepresentstheinterestsofmuchbroadercommunitythanthecurrentCOMPRESmembership.Webelievethisrunstherealriskofcreatingalesscohesiveusercommunitythancurrentlyexists.AlargepartofthesuccessofthecurrentcommunitygovernanceofCOMPRESarisesfromthefactthatitisrelativelytight-knit,andcomestogethereachyeartodiscussissuesattheannualmeeting.Weareveryconcernedthatwithamorediversecommunityitwouldbedifficulttomaintaintheattendanceattheannualmeetingandthebuy-intothegovernancestructure.TheCOMPRESbylawswouldneedtobemodifiedtoensurethatitprotectsneedsofthebroadercommunityofEarthscienceresearchersusingtheseresources,andnewmemberinstitutions,newelectors,andnewCOMPRESofficerswouldneedtobechosen.

3. TheGSECARSawardhasalwaysbeentotheUniversityofChicago,whichthusholdstitletotheequipment.Likewise,theUniversityofNewMexiconowholdstitletoallrecentlypurchasedCOMPRESequipment.Resolvingequipmentownership,staffing,andagreementswithsynchrotronfacilitiescouldbeapotentialchallengewithanewUnifiedConsortium.

4. WorkloadfortheExecutiveandFacilitiesCommitteeswillsignificantlyincrease.SummaryThiswhitepaperlaysoutpossiblemanagementscenariosintendedtoenhancetheinteractionbetweenCOMPRESandGSECARSandtostreamlinetheiroperations.Italsocomparesandcontraststhesescenarioswiththecurrentmanagementstructuresofthetwoorganizations,offeringsome“pros”and“cons”witheachoption.GiventhesuccessfulhistoryofCOMPRESandGSECARSspanning17and23years,respectively,itisnotsurprisingthatweidentifiedmanymore“pros”than“cons”forthecurrentorganizationalconfigurations.However,bothCOMPRESandGSECARSwouldbenefitfrommanagementstructuresthatpromotecoordinationbetweenthetwoorganizations.Models1and2formallysatisfythisneed,whileatthesametimepreservestheuniqueorganizationalidentitiesofCOMPRESandGSECARS.Ontheotherhand,Model3representsatotalunificationofthetwoorganizationswithasingledirectreporttoNSFEARIFandtothememberinstitutions’electedExecutiveCommittee,withagoaloflessadministrationfromNSFandmoreefficientoperations.

AppendixAdhocreviewcommitteemembershipPeterOlson,JohnsHopkinsUniversity(Chair)PeterHeaney,PennStateUniversityMiakiIshii,HarvardUniversityJamesTyburczy,ArizonaStateUniversityMichaelWalter,GeophysicalLaboratory